A vacancy is produced when an atom or an ion is missing from its normal site in the crystal structure.

Interstitial defect
Formed when an extra atom or ion is inserted into the crystal structure at a normally unoccupied position.
Substitutional defect
Introduced when one atom or ion is replaced by a different type of atom or ion.
Plastic deformation
Elastic deformation
Dislocation density
Metallography

Refers to irreversible deformation or change in shape

that occurs when the force or stress that caused it is
removed
Temporary change in shape that occurs while a force or
stress remains applied to a material
Represents the amount of dislocations present
Process of preparing a metallic sample and observing or
recording its microstructure is called metallography

Effect on mechanical properties via control of the slip process

Defects in materials, such as dislocations, point defects, and grain boundaries, serve as stop signs for
dislocations.
Strain Hardening: Mechanism of increasing the strength of a material by deformation
Solid-solution strengthening
Intentionally introducing substitutional or interstitial atoms.
Effects on electrical, optical, and magnetic properties
Dislocations and other defects can interfere with motion of charge carriers.
Dislocation densities in optical and electrical applications should be very small.