.

World Cultures 11

Name: Anthony Tammaro

III: Latin America

Date:

Unit

LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE

Directions: After reading the document below, please answer the following questions
completely and thoroughly in complete sentence format.
Background Question:
1.

What three factors motivated the people of Latin America to rebel against their

European controllers?
The successful American Revolution and the French Revolution, the Enlightenment Ideas,
and Napoleon preoccupied Spain and Portugal.

Haitian Independence
1.

Who controlled the colony of Haiti and what two leaders were responsible for their

independence?
Toussaint LOuverture controlled the colony of Haiti. Jean-Jacques Dessalines and General
Dessalines were responsible for their independence.
2.

Why were they able to win their independence so quickly and easily?

In August 1791, 100,000 enslaved Africans rose in revolt. In 1810, rebellion broke out in
several parts of Latin America which created the tipping point in the revolution.
3.

How was this movement for independence different from revolutions in the rest of

Latin America? [You will have to answer this question after reading the entire document.]
It was different because there was violence involved in the independence movement. The
others didnt involve any major violent acts.
Viceroyalty of Peru
1.

Identify and explain the specific events on the European continent affected the

movement for independence in Peru.

San Martn left his army for Bolvar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolvars
army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, 1824
2.

The movement from independence was spearheaded by what two creoles. Who were

they and explain how they were able to gain it.

Simn Bolvar and Jos de San Martn. Bolvar was a brilliant general, a visionary, a writer, and
a fighter. San Martn was a modest man. Though born in Argentina, he spent much of his youth
in Spain as a career military officer

3.

What name did they give to the independent viceroyalty?

Gran Colombia was the name given.

Viceroyalty of New Spain
1.

How did the movement for independence differ from that of Peru?

There were no Creoles that played leading roles. The Mexicans and Mestizos played a big
role in the movement for independence.

2.

The movement began with the leadership of what two leaders? Explain their

rebellion and its successes/failures.

A priest named Miguel Hidalgo and Jos Mara Morelos were the beginning leaders. On
september 16,1810 Miguel Hidalgo rang the church bells for all the peasants to come and
gather. He discussed the rebellion against the spanish. This church is known as grito de
Dolores (the cry of Dolores). Both of these failed because they were killed.

3.

Ironically, a creole DID eventually was successful in gaining freedom from Spain.

Who was he, and why did favor independence in 1820 when he did not earlier?
Agustn de Iturbide who had defeated the rebel Padre Morelos announced their
independence in 1821.

4.

What government/title did this liberator give the newly independent viceroyalty?

What happened to his government?

It was named United Provinces of Central America.

Brazil
1.

Why was this colony governed differently than the Spanish colonies just prior to

independence?
For 14 years, the Portuguese ran their empire from Brazil.

2.

How did the movement for independence differ in this Portuguese colony than

those of the Spanish colonies?

It occurred without violence at all. The royal families all fled from Brazil because of
Napoleon.