GREGOR MENDEL FATHER OF GENETICS

Gene: a segment of DNA that codes for a

specific trait.
Allele: A form of a gene. Note: You have two
alleles for every gene because you have pairs of
homologous chromosomes but more than 2 alleles can
exist for a trait.

Phenotype: The way a trait is physically

expressed.
Genotype: gene combination/type of alleles
present.
Example: heterozygous (Bb),
homozygous dominant(BB),
homozygous recessive (bb)

INHERITANCE--HUMAN KARYOTYPES
Homologous
Chromosomes:
Chromosomes
with the same
structural
features and
same
sequence of
genes.

MENDELIAN GENETICS PUNNETT SQUARES

INHERITANCE-- HUMAN KARYOTYPES

4.) Is the Karyotype male or female?
5.) Normal or abnormal?

INHERITANCE-- HUMAN KARYOTYPES

4.) Is the Karyotype male or female?
5.) Normal or abnormal?

DNA STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

-DNA Structure: Double Helix (twisted ladder). Watson
and Crick are credited with discovering the structure
of DNA.
-DNA Replication: DNA copies itself according to the base
pairing rule A-T and C-G. DNA must replicate before
cells divide (mitosis or meiosis). Mutations can occur.
-DNA Function: DNA directs the machinery of a cell to
make specific proteins. It stores the hereditary
information for individuals.

DISCOVERING THE STRUCTURE OF DNA

WAT S O N & C R IC K :
DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX

ROSALIND FRANKLIN:
HER X-RAY PICTURES G AVE
WAT S O N A N D C R IC K DATA .

DNA STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

What is the name of the genetic material held in the
nucleus of all eukaryotic cells?
What is the relationship between DNA, Chromosomes,
Base Pairs, Nucleotides and the double helix?

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

If DNA was undergoing replication what would be the
complementary sequence for ATTAGCGTC?

DNA STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

What is the name of the genetic material held in the nucleus of
all eukaryotic cells?
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the relationship between DNA, Chromosomes, Base
Pairs, Nucleotides and the double helix?
Base pairs < Nucleotides < DNA Double Helix < Chromosomes
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
If DNA was undergoing replication what would be the
complementary sequence for ATTAGCGTC?
TAATCGCAG

RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Types of RNA:
1. mRNA: messenger for DNA
2. tRNA: transfers amino acids
3. rRNA: makes up ribosomes
Transcription: DNA is transcribed
into mRNA in the nucleus using
the base pairing rule A-U, T-A, CG, G-C
Translation: mRNA codons are
translated into amino acid
sequences (proteins) by the
ribosomes.

RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA ->

RNA ->

Proteins

(Replication )

(Transcription)

(Translation)

In the nucleus

In the nucleus

Outside the nucleus by

the ribosomes

RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

3.) Transcribe the DNA strand into mRNA then use the
mRNA codons chart to translate it into a protein
sequence.
DNA: TAC- AAT- CGC- ATG- ACT
mRNA:
protein:

RNA PROTEINS (TRANSLATION)

RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

3.) Transcribe the DNA strand into mRNA then use the
mRNA codons chart to translate it into a protein
sequence.
DNA: TAC- AAT- CGC- ATG- ACT
mRNA: AUG- UUA- GCG-UAC-UGA
protein: Meth (START)-Leu-Ala-Tyro-STOP

CHARLES DARWIN FATHER OF EVOLUTION

CHARLES DARWIN FATHER OF EVOLUTION

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Universal
genetic code
analysis of
DNA /
Proteins

Fossil
Record, age
of Earth

Biogeographygeographic
distribution of
living things.

Similar
embryological
development

Anatomical
similarities/
Homologous
Structures

EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION / CLASSIFICATION
Cladogram: a branching
diagram that shows
evolutionary relations
among organisms.

Derived characters:
something different (or
newer) than what was
seen in previous groups.
24. Which organisms pictured in the cladogram have amniotic eggs?
25. Which derived character do all the groups pictured share?
26. Which organisms share a most recent common ancestor with primates?
27. Which organisms have bony skeletons but do not have four limbs?

EVOLUTION / CLASSIFICATION

CARL LINNAEUS FATHER OF TAXONOMY

SCIENTIFIC NAMES: BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

CLASSIFICATION

KEY TERMS
ProkaryoticUnicellular organisms
without a nucleus.
EukaryoticMulticellular or
unicellular
organisms with
cells that have a
nucleus.

AutotrophicPRODUCERS can
make their own
energy.
HeterotrophicCONSUMERS who
need to eat/obtain
energy.

THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY

FROM THE SUN TO PRODUCER
TO PRIMARY CONSUMER THEN
TO HIGHER ORDER CONSUMERS
CAN BE SHOWN IN A FOOD
CHAIN.

47

ENERGY FLOWS IN ONE DIRECTION

SUN AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
ENERGY DOES NOT CYCLE LIKE
NUTRIENTS.

48

ECOLOGY