1

2

2.1

,
, ,
Atterberg.
. ,

.

2.1.1
2.1.1.1
( 2.1) - ,
,
() ( ) / (
). /
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
( ),

( ),



.


,

,

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.
( ).

. , (
)
. , ( )

,
.
,
(
)
(
) (
).
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() ,
, .
, ,

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.
2.1.1.2
, ,
,
( ) ( ). , ,

, .

. ,
: 2 mm
, 2mm 0.06 mm (

), 0.06 mm 0.002 mm , ,
0.002 mm ( 2.2).

0.002
0.001

0.006

0.02
0.01

0.06

0.2

0.6

0.1

20

10

60

200
100

(mm)

. 2.2:
,
:
,
(5).

(
) (
).
, ,
.
( )
( )
( ). ,
,
.
,
( )
. ,

. 2.3
, 0.1
m (1 m = 0.001 mm) () 0.3-1 m,
3-10.
,
. ,
10-30, ,
100.

,
. ,
,
() , ( )
( 2.4).
, ,
,
. ,
( )
( ) ,

. 2.3:

. 2.4:

.
2.3 m2/kg,
15000 m2/kg 800.000 m2/kg. H
()
() ,
' , .
,
( ).
, -,
.
2.1.1.3

,
. , ..,
. ,

.
.
, , ,
,
.
( 2.5) ',

.

, , ,
. ,
,
. ()
,
.

.
, .., (

)
,

.
,
,



(
) . 2.5:
(

). , ,
,

( ) .
,
,
(
)
.
(.. ),

( .. ).
, ,

.
() .

.


, .. .
,
,
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,

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,

.


(.. ),

,

,

( ).

"" ,
. 2.6: ()

( 2.6).

2.1.2
,
,
()
/ . 2.7 .
V Vs
Vv .
( Vw) ( Vg). (M) , ,
(W) : M ( ), Ms ( ), Mw
( ) Mg ( ).
,
( ).
, :
1. ,
:
V
n= v
V
.
2. ,
:
V
e= v
Vs
( ):
e
n
n=
e=

1+ e
1 n
3. ,
:
V
S= w
Vv
( )
.
0 100%.
,
() 1 (100%).
4. ,

. 2.7:

w= Mw
Ms
.
. ()
:
( M1) ,
( M2). ,
:

w = M 1 M 2 100 (%)
w = M1 M 2
M2
M2
5. , (
)
:
M
=
V
6. ,
:
s = M s
Vs
7. , ( ) :
w = M w = 1 Mg/m3
Vw
( ):
1+ w
= s
s w = Se w
,
1+ e

:
(i) :
1
d = s
1+ e
.
(ii) :
+ e w
sat = s
1+ e
S = 1.
(iii) () :
w
b = sat w = s
1+ e

:
(1) :
: 0,30 0,50
: 0,20 0,60 ( )
(2) :
: 0,40 1,00
: 0,30 1,50 ( )

(3)
: 0 1
(4) :
0 0,40 (40%) 0
1 (100%). (.. )
5 (500%).
(5) ( Mg/m3 ):
: 1,70 2,40
:1,40 2,10
: 1,00 1,60.
(6) :
( ):
s = 2,50 - 2,80 Mg/m3

2,50 Mg/m3.

2.2 -
- (,
)
, .

2.2.1
-
(e),
() .
.

. ,
.

.
,
.

(..
). ,

.


(Dr), :
emax e 100 (%)
Dr
emax emin
,
: e
ema
( )
emin
( ).

. ,
,
.

:
(%)
0 - 15
15 - 35
35 - 65
65 - 85
85 - 100

2.2.2
()
-
u .

. ,
(m),
10000 .
.

(British Standards),
( 2.2):

(mm)

60
20
20
6
6
2
2
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.006
0.006
0.002
< 0.002
-

:
(20m ),
,
.

( )
" ",
" ".


(

 10

2.8). ( ) .
ASTM
D422-1980.
:
()
4
10
20
40
60
100
140
200

(mm)
4.75
2
0.85
0.425
0.25
0.15
0.106
0.075

. 2.8:
200
(0.06 mm).
200
. ,
( ) ,
, .
Stokes
,
,
.

,
.
,
,

( ). 2.9,

( ).

,
( )
. , D10 (

11

. 2.9:
10% )
D60 ( 60%
).
, :
D60
Cu =
D10
. ,
Cu = 1. ,
Cu > 5, . ,
, Cu < 5, . ,
,

.

2.3
, .
, ,
. ( )

( ) , ,
.
, ' - , Atterberg.

.
( ) .
2.10 (

 12

- )
. ,
,

. , ,

:
1. :
( )
. , ,
.. .
2. : (
) ( )
.
3. : ,
(-)
().
.
4. :
().
( )
, , ,
.

: ws SL (
), wp PL ( )
wL LL ( ). ,
Atterberg,
. ,
,
Casagrande (
2.11) 25 .
,
3 mm. ,

. 2.10:

13

,
.
, ()

:
1. , ..
,
.
(, .). , ,
,

Van der Waals.
,
( ). ,
()
.
2.
.

.
Stokes.
,
.
Atterberg
,

,
. ,

. ,

(, , ) Atterberg. ,

. 2.11: Casagrande

 14

,

,
.
Atterberg.
,
:
1. :
PI I p = wL w p
,
( )
.
,


.
2. :
w wp
LI I L =
wL w p
( w )
. ,
IL = 1, IL = 0.
, IL 0 1 .
, IL < 0 ,
IL > 1 .
Atterberg

, '
, .. .
, ,
,
. ,
Atterberg ()

(..
, , , .),

Atterberg.

2.4

.
, ,
. , ..,
,

' . ,
( ) ,

15

.
:

.


Atterberg, ,
.
.
, "
" (Unified Soil Classification System).
200 (
) 4 ( ),
Atterberg " Casagrande",
2.12.
,
- 50%.
- (C),
- (M).
, LL = 50%
(H),
LL = 50% (L).
2.1 .

2.5

.
.

. 2.12: Casagrande

 16

. ,

. ,

.

17

 18

2.1

, 2000
,
2.1-1.

2.1-1: 2.1
(),
: : = 1.85 Mg/m3, :
w = 9%, : = 2.70 Mg/m3.
18 .

w = 12%
, = 1.90
Mg/m3.
:
1. (
).
2.
, (12%).
:
1.
:
20+29 = 38 m, : 0.5(20+38)6 = 174 m2
: V = 174 2000 = 348000 m3.
, , :
1
1
=
1.90 = 2.70
e = 0.421
1 + e
1 + e
: V / V = 0.421. , : V = 348000 = V + V . , :
V = 103102 m3, V = 244898 m3.

, : V = V = 244898 m3.
, :
1 + 0.09
1+ w
=
e = 0.591
1.85 = 2.70
e
1+ e
V / V = 0.591 : V = 0.591244898 = 144735 m3.
, :
V = V + V = 144735 + 244898 = 389633 m3 ,
: A = 389633 / 18 = 21646 m2, 22 .
2.
( V w ) V
:

V
w= Mw = w w
V w = wV
w
M V

19

2.70
= 59510 m3.
1.00
( ):
2.70
= 79347 m3.
V w = 0.12 244898
1.00
, :
Vw = 79347 - 59510 = 19837 m3.
: V w = 0.09 244898

2.2
,

,
(.. ) . ,
,
, :
()

()
.


. : () ()
.
:
Atterberg 16
.
, (
).
Atterberg 2.2-1.
2.2-1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
:
:

LL (%)
31
35
36
34
32
31
37
33
34
38
30
36
33
32
35
34
33.81
2.33

PL (%)
14
16
15
14
17
16
18
12
15
14
13
17
12
11
16
15
14.69
1.97

PI (%)
17
19
21
20
15
15
19
21
19
24
17
19
21
21
19
19
19.12
2.38

 20

2.2-1, :
PI = LL - PL. ( x ) (s)
:
1 N
x = xi
N i =1
1 N
(xi x )2
s2 =

N 1 i =1
N = 16 .

" ". , ,
( )
. , ..,
24%.
, ..,

24% (
). , ,
, 24%
(: PI < 24%),
PI > 24%. ,
, ( 16
), 24%
, .
,
Atterberg .
Atterberg ( )
. , x (
) xo ( 24%)
:
24 - 19.12

x x xo x
p[x > xo ] = p
= p[z > 2.05] = 0.02 = 2%
>
= p z >

s
2.38

s
2%
, z (x - x )/s
.
, 2% ( 2% )
24%. (2%) ,

(PI < 24%)
.
" "
,
( ).
,
90%,
, 90% ()
.
, ()
. ,

21

(x)
(), (N) ( x )
(s), :
x
(2.2-1)
t=
s N
t-Student, (N-1) .
, [-to, to], :
p[-to < t < to] = 0.90. Student 15
(N = 16 ) 90% : to = 1.753.
: -to < t < to , ( 2.2-1):
x
to <
< to
s N
, :
s
s
x to
< < x + to
(2.2-2)
N
N
2.38
2.38
< < 19.12 + 1.753
: 19.12 1.753
16
16
: 18.08 < < 20.16. ,
18% 20% 90%.
,
18% 20%, 99%
( 1%
18% - 20%). ,
.
, to 99% to = 2.60
( ,
16).
, ( 2.2-2):
s
s
x to
= x t o
N
N
N , :
2

t
2.60
N = N o = 16
= 35
1.753
to
,
90% 99%, 35
Atterberg 16.
,
" " .
, (
) 5% . , ..,
(c) ,
5% ( 95% (c).
, (Cc) ,
5% . , ""
, ,
( .. ), ""

 22

, ,
( .. ).


(EC-7). ,

.

( ),
2.2-1.
(PI) ,
(PIc )
5% , : p [ PI > PIc ] = 0.05.
, , x (
) ().
x N , ( x )
(s). (xc) (x)
:
()
(.. > 10)
, , :
x
t=
s N
t-Student 1 ,
tc, : p[t > tc] = 0.05. , N = 16 ,
tc = 1.753. (xc) :
|x xc|
= tc
s N
, :
s
(2.2-3)
x = xc t c
N
, ,
:
s
2.38
= 19.12 + 1.753
= 20.16
xc = x + t c
N
16
, PIc = 20.16%,
19.12%.
:
(2.2-3) . ..,
:
s
c = tc
N
( ) s .
(.. < 10)
()
, Student (
), Chebyshev,
:

23

2
s

p > x + h
= 2

N 9h

, : 2 9 h2 = 0.05 , : h = 2.11, :
s
: xc = x + h
N
s
: xc = x h
N
:

2.2-1, : 17%,
19%, 21%, 20%, 15% : x = 18.4% : s = 5.8%,
:
5.8
P I c = 18.4 + 2.11
= 23.9 %
5

15 (PIc = 20.16%), ,

.

2.3
1.
() .
50.70 gr. , ( )
105oC 24 .
, 45.99 gr.
18.90 gr. .
2.
37.6 gr ( ).
( ),
( = 0.90 gr/cm3) .
40.9 gr. ,
( )
, 16.5 gr.
2.70 Mg/m3, :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
:
1.
:
= 50.70 - 18.90 = 31.80 gr
:
= 45.99 - 18.90 = 27.09 gr
, () :
= 31.8 - 27.09 = 4.71 gr
:

 24

4.71
w= =
= 0.174 = 17.4 %
27.09
2.() :
= 40.90 - 37.60 = 3.30 gr
:
= 3.30 = 3.67 cm3
V =
0.90
( )
. ,

. , V :
40.9-16.5
V + 3.67 =
1
: V = 20.73 cm3
:
.
()

()

()

:
37.60
= =
= 1.814 Mg/m3
V 20.73
:
37.60

= 32.03 gr
=
=
1 + w 1 + 0.174
:
32.03

= 1.545 Mg/m3
= =
20.73
V
e :

1
e = 1
=
1+ e

()

e = 2.70 / 1.545 - 1 = 0.748.

n :
e
0.748
n=
=
= 0.428
1 + e 1 + 0.748
S :
w
w = S e w S =
e w
2.70 0.174
:
S=
= 0.628 = 62.8 % .
0.748 1

25