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  • Spatial Updating of Self-Position and Orientation During Real, Imagined, and Vitual Locomotion, Klatzky Et Al., 1998

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    Cognitive psychology, executive functions

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    Spatial Updating of Self-position and Orientation During Real, Imagined, And Vitual Locomotion, Klatzky Et Al., 1998

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    Cognitive psychology, executive functions

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    2 views6 pages

    Spatial Updating of Self-Position and Orientation During Real, Imagined, and Vitual Locomotion, Klatzky Et Al., 1998

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    Cristina Trifan
    Cognitive psychology, executive functions

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    rr rrr errr PrP rrr ret rere eee rere EER EEE EEEREEEREPREEEEEETEE REE EPE PETE PEEP EEE EEE EEE EEE EP EEE EP EEE EPP EEE EEPEEHEee PSYCHOLOGIC ‘AL SCIENCE ES Research Report Roberta L. Klatzky, jack M. Loomis, | SPATIAL UPDATING OF SELF-POSITION AND ORIENTATION DURING REAL, IMAGINED, AND VIRTUAL LOCOMOTION and Reginald G. Golledge* cairn Moxchusrs ftir of Technology: and Department of Geoxraphy. Unversity af California at Santa Barbara ‘Andrew C. Beall, Sarah S. Chance,” Abstract —Divo sties investigated updating of selposition andl heading during rea. imagined. and simulated locomotion. Subjects J weve exned tt ovosegment path wi tr erneen sees | hes respond by tuning 10 face she origin as they worded if they Mad | veatked the path aad were atthe end of he secon seament. The con ros of partners exposure cluded physical walking, imagined wall dine from it verbal description, wuching another person seat and txperiencing optic lose tha simutare walkin, with without phy Teal nurm herween she path seyments. If subjects filed to update mernal representation of feng, but ad encode the path tee tory. thes snd ave overturned by the magnitude of the turn beret the path segments. Such svstemutic overturning as found ithe | descripion and warching conditions. but aot sith physical walking Simutaed ope fl was et hy itself socient to induce spatial pda | Ing that supported erect mrt Pespees | ————————— | m important component of navigation i updating knoe of one’s spatial postion and orientation. People navigating on Foot tion by the changing positions of distal landmarks and by the optic ow field, Proprioception {including vestibular sensing as well as kines= thetic feedback from muscles lendons. and joints) provides cues to the navigator’s velocity and aeeeleration. In the research reported here, we asked how well people update their internal representation ‘of location and orientation a they travel in space under conditions in which these cues are reduced or unavailuble, including condi- | tions in which they do not physically move at al, The conditions | fexamined included walking without vision (proprioceptive COs). imagining oneself walking along a verbally described path (ncither sroprioceptive nor visual cues), watching someone else walk and histo take that persons perspective (visual cues not coupled ‘in self-locomotion), and watching optiea! flow felds generated by a virtual display to correspond 10 a physical walk (visual even typically coupled with self-locomotion), ‘Past research indicated that updating of position and orientation is not equivalent across these conditions. When w subject moves physic tally alone a pathway without vision. be oF she can update by path ites) receive moltiple cues for updating. Vision signals sel “ration, the process of monitoring one's postion in space from velocity Cr aceeleration signals provided by proprioception, Many lower orgen- isms are capable of path integration ftom nonvisual cues (see Erlenne Ma or, & Séguinot, 1996: Calls. 1990; Maurer & Seguinot 1995), Sta. testing human path integration on imple pathways have indi ‘ated that responses such as potting or returning fo an origin of travel [Adiess corespondenee to Roberta L. Klaraky. Deparment of Psy chology, Camesie Mellon University, Pitsburg PA 15213-389Us e-mail \ | “Departmen of Psptotuyy. Carnegie Melon University “Department of Pssholoe, University of Calaria at Santa Barbara Man Vehicle atky@cmu.e VoL. No, 4 JULY 198 ave performed well above chance, Similar measures indicate that after reaming the locations of landmarks by visual expoture or noneisually | fide travel from a souree locaton, individuals ean update their pos | fon and orientation relative #0 those landmarks during tocomation ‘without vision (Ivanenko, Grasso, Israel & Berthoe, 1997: Loomis, Da Silva, Fujita, & Fukusima, (992: Loomis ets. 1993: Mittestaedt & Glasouer, 1981, Riser, 1989: Reser, Goth, & Hil, 1986: Soll, 1989). ‘Updating postion and orientation over the course of imagined move ent as b required when encoding from a verbal description. appears 0 te considerably more eficule thon updating trom proprioceptive cues Tn one pariaigny (Riser et a. 1986 ee aso Loomis et a, 1993) sub jpom were expoved toa set of objects by walking to them from an init to atarger object, er moving to new location by ether physical oF imagined locomo: thon, Performance was worse inthe imagination condition iparicutly | for sighted subyecs). Rieser (1989: Rieser etal, 1986) bus suggested tht during physical translation or rotation, even withour Wision, updat ing ofthe distances and relative hearings of objects occurs through auto- trate pereeptual processes, Updating ater imagined tations nd i Teant some cases imagined trimsations (Easton & Soll. 1995), in con- teas apparently requires elfortul cognitive proeessing “The cificulty of updating orientation through smagination is apse ‘ent when imagined rotations and translations are compared. Rotations postin without vision They were then asked 10 poin frie relatively Fong response times, ad errors tend fo increase or diference between the physical and imagined orien ion (Easton & Sholl, 1995: Fare & Robertson, 1998: May, 1996; | Prewon & Montel. 1994; Rieser, 1989). The cognitive effort | incolved in iniagning rotation can aso be seen from the dificlty peo- fle have when using map that snot aligned with thee ovienttion in tpace CLevine, Jankovic, & Pal 1982: Prewon & Hazelrigg, 1984; Roskos-Ewokdsen, McNamara, Shelton, & Car, 1998). “fo determine how various conditions affect spatial updating, We used phenomenon tat can be demonstrated. follows. Suppose you nk a colleague to stand with eyes closed ad take an imaginary walk that you dexcribe— without physically moving. At the end ofthe walk. the colleague is immediately to make the physical turn that eal tnatker, having traveled along the same path. would make in ord 10 Marthe inital orgin of ravel. The imagined pathway o be walked is | tolows: "Go forward 2m, tum clockwise 90°, then go forward 3. | Now face the origin.” (The reader invited take the imaginary walk tnd rake the turn before teaing further) If your colleague is lke the Sutjcts dosribed ete and ike many colleagues we have induced t0 try our demonstration), he or she will make a turn of about 225°, o¢ toon toward the southwest if the intial heading were non, The correct Teaponse, however isa tr of 135°, or toward the southeast As the ‘apormens reported here demonstrate 2 person who hd physically seked the sume pathway, without vision, would corecty tt 135°. | ‘The situation sllstrated in Figure | with the an Copyright © 1998 Amerisan Psychological Society 298 PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Updating Spatial Representations , Erongous Coneet heading hoaang reponse, incre LU se Fig. 1. Schematic of the tiangle-completion task. The subject (indie ated by unshaded head) is presented with the path consisting of Leg 1 Tum 1, Leg 2, and is then to turn and face the origin. Subjects who «do fot update heading (indicated by shaded head) will erroneously overt by the value of Turn 1 Further discussion requires defining terms used in describing spa {al relations. The hearing from a navigator (or oer object toa target object is the ange between a reference direction (eg. north) and «line ‘originating at the navigator and directed toward the target. Iran object has an angular orientation, as defined hy a intrinsic ais such asthe | sapittat plane of humans, its heading i its direction of orientation rela, tive to some reference direction, An object within the same space as 4 ‘navigator has an egocentric (or velrive) bearing. which is the tec, tion ofthe object relative tothe navigator’ axis of orientation (equiva. lent tothe difference between the navigator's heading and the bearing from the navigator to the objec). If @ navigator wishes 0 face an object, the required tur angle (ie. degrees of rotation of the body) is ‘equal to the value of the egocentric bearing, An object's physical heading is what can be objectively measured with respect tothe reference diction. People’s movements in space, however are governed by their internal representation of heading: The research described earlier indicates, in fet, a distinction between two intemal representations. Perceived heading results from automatic. Processes (eg. during physical locometion) and is what one believes to be one’s orientation in a space. In addition, one ean use effortl cognitive provesses to take an imagined heading, which may or may ‘not be discrepant withthe perceived heading. An important issue is Whether taking an imagined heading tesukis in updating of the por. rived heading; if mot, person will be aware of any discrepancy, Inthese terms, people who have imagined walking two legs ofa r- angle in our task should make a tum equal tthe epocentie bearing from the end of the secon leg to the origin, ftom the perspective of 204 someone who has physically walked and hence has updated percsived beading tthe initia uring point inte pathway. ut instead of dong ‘0. people typically make the tum necessary to face the imagined or gin of travel from their current physical heading, as aligned with the firs leg, People may appear to ignore the turn inthe stimulus path, a | this is clearly not the case, forthe response rum varies predictably with | thattum. This means that people have encoded the taectoy along the ath. It appears, however that the intemal heading that governs the response atthe end of the imagined pat is not aligned withthe sevond Jeg: it sintead the inital heading as dened by the fist le. Accor. ingly, people um the egoccatric bearing corresponding to ther phys. cal heading, hus overtining bythe angle between the Fist two lege of the path (in our example, 90°) ‘We propose thatthe response in cur task is governed by the auto ‘matically updated perceived heading rather than the cognitively efforful imagined heading, and furthermore, that people can encode the trajectory along the designated path without changing their por. ceived heading. This claim is consistent withthe literature on navi. tion in lower organisms (especially rodents). which indicates. the existence of distinct neural systems for updating postion (e.g, O'Keefe, 1976: O'Keefe & Dostrovsky. 1971; O'Keefe & Nadel, | 1978) and heading (¢.g., Blair & Sharp, 1995; Taube, Muller, & | Ranck, 1990a, 19900). I is also consistent with theoretical proposals that navigating organisms have multiple reference systems potential ‘available for spatial updating (Galliste, 1990; Hurt & Moore, 197%, Levinson. 1996; Pick & Lockman, 1981). Acconting to one fre~ quently made distinction, an egocensric efetence system represents the current distances and bearings of points in space relative tothe | ‘navigator and an alocentic refercnce system represents the relative | Positions of points in an envionment extemal to the navigator, (These are akin 10 what Gibson, 1979, called perspective stucture and in ant Structure respectively.) MAIN EXPERIMENT ‘The main experiment compared performance across several condi ions in the task described earlier F subjects updated perceived head ‘ng duting travel, they should have responded correctly: if they did aot they should have systematically overtumed by the value of the tum between the two legs they traveled. From the literature reviewed ad 4% our demonstrations indicate), we predicted that listening toa described walk would not lead subjets to update perceived heading. ‘We expected that watching someone else walk would have results sim. ilar to those of hearing 1 description. because watching provides infor: ‘ation about the coordinates of the pathway and navigator from 3 single viewpoint. Viewpoint-dependent representations of navigable spaces appear to arise when observers are allowed only & small num ber of views (Shelton & MeNamara, 1997: Divadkar & McNamara, 1997; Sholl & Nolin, 1997), Tis condition would make it difficult to ‘adopt a perspective from the end ofthe second leg, because the sub- Ject's viewpoint-spectic representation would be in coniet with the field of view that the physical walkor woukd have at the end of the pathway. In contrast, we predicied thatthe subject's own physical Walking without vision would allow the subject to update perceived heading, and hence to correctly portray the egocentric bearing of the | Pathway origin from the end of he second leg We included two conditions to investigate whether simulated opt «al flow from a viral display would induce updating of perceived VOL. 9, NO, 4, JULY 198 PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE a heading tn oe ease. only opal fw was provide Soyer va psc vetted tte pot of he um inthe pathy Beas ihe pois tm provided vets seats © change of penaig. we predised tha subjects his contioe would update Perce eating We di ot know whether sabes ith iad fw tom ar. ha without prpoceptv cue out pd ini tty We had pceouly found ha subjects Who remained tony vie wewing opto rom avira display performed es well n | rMaoulcomplcn tk thn subjects who walked or were a | fone wot an eee hl propo ces Leon Bea lstany. Goede Phitheck, 1985 nexus Chance, Gant, Beal Loom im pre) Method Subjects “The subjeets were SO university students. Each was assigned to one of five exponure condition, as defined by the way in which the iia pathway ws presented, There were 10 subjects per condition, Procedwe “The subject’ tank was 10 receive information about the frst two regs and try within a triangular pathway and then make the torn Someone who walked the pathway would make inorder 1 face the ot bin, In the describe condition, blindfolded subjects heard a verbal {fesription of the pathway, in which feg lengths were described in roters and turns were described in degrees, They were familiarized srth the tern degrees by demonstrations of six tums. In the water con- tition, subjects viewed the experimenter walking the 1wo initial les. then closed their eyes before responding. In the walk condition. Bin faded subjects were fed aver the tr te. Turn 1. und she seconde tnd then tapped an the shoulder atthe end of Leg 2. The subjects in these fist ree conditions stood during the tials Tithe simulated conditions, subjects wit ona rotating stool wear ing head-mounted display (HNID) that was par of a virwal-Jisplay {atem, wich produced binaculie stimulation appropriate 10 the Simulated motion through space. (For a detailed description of the System, se Chance etal in press.) The viral environment depicted 3 fcld of vertical posts resting on the ground plane, The posts were Spaced irregularly £0 avoid patterns that might convey azimuthel formation, the average distance berween posts was 1.5 m, The MID fel of view was 44? svide ang-33” high, wth 100% binoeulat ‘overlap, Before the fist tia, the subjects were allowed to sce Ho the visual stimulation would change under head movements, On each tial, optical flow patterns that would be produced by translating along Leg | were projected, followed by an auditory cue, Inthe real ‘ura condicion. the experimenter then tured the subject by the amount af Turn | (following markings on the floor betow the stoot) Causing the commensurate rotational flow patter ro be displayed, following which the flow pattern that would arise from the tansla- Ti “onward along Leg 2 was initiated. The tara rate was approxi- Im. iy S0*fe. Inthe viswal-turn condition, the flow patterns for the rotation and wanslation along Leg 2 (calculated assursing an average rate of gun approximating that i the real-turn condition, and accel- crating and decelerating atthe beginning and end of the simulated | fepresenting the heading error and Turn 1 foreach pathway as wel as tum petiod) were initiated directly after Leg 1. without physical rota tion of the subject. In both simulated conditions, the HMD was | ‘umed off atthe end of Leg 2. VOL. 9. No, 4, JULY 1998 RL. Klatzky eta Subjects were asked to turn and face the origin immeditely atthe cend of Leg 2. In the describe, watch, and simulated conditions, this fnstruction was elaborated to indicate that they should make the tum. they would have fo make if they had actually walked the path, were Standing a the end of i, and were crying co point back toward the of tin "so that if you started walking ina straight line, you would end up buck at the origin where you stated" After the response, the subject's heading. was measuted sith an electronic compass. ach subject took part in five tials, using leftward Turn 1 valves of | 10°, 80°, 90°, 130%, and 170°, in sondom order In all ils, Leg 1 vas “Smmand Leg 3.was 2m, Throughout the trials, subjects wore earphones qeceiving sounds from an omnidirectional microphone, precluding auditory azimuthal cus. Results and Discussion The depentent variable of interest was signed heading, eror defined as the angular difference between the heading that she subject ‘Should have assumed in order to face home and the heading tha the | “abject actually assumed. The heading esrors were used to construct Tinearfunetions relating heading errr to Tur 1; the slopes and inter- cepts of those functions were the data for our statistical analysis. {Being based only on tum and not distance. our measure is insensitive to ertors of misjudeing the scale ofthe translational movements.) “The signs of the heading erors were determined by a curve-fiting routine. Recall that our hypothesis predicted, in critical conditions that there would be heading eros inthe amount of Turn 1. However. there is an igensie ambiguity in whether he heading erors should be Signed positively or negatively. One cannot simply hold the absolute ‘alue of eror within 180° and sign errors according to the sign ssoci- Tred wih th lessee absolute value, Suppose. fr example that an indi- vial assumes & heading that 190° counterclockwise of the correct ‘aloe, when # counterclockwise eror of 170° i predicted, Should the | Dbserved enor be signed positively ¢1.e. +190"), in which ease iis ‘close wo the predicted value, or negatively (.e..~170”). in which ease it | is far from the predicted value? Observation of the tum direction does rot disambiguate matters, because we consider it irelevant whether the subjec tured lef or sight to arrive ata final orientation in space. ‘To determine the signs of the errors, we used a method based on cour prediction that the heading errors would match Tur 1 values. The method sed circular statistics fo At a Tinear function reiting the ‘bverved heading error to Turn | for each subject individually. using the five observations for that subject. Firs, he heading errs and Tarn 1 values forthe five pathways sere represented as angular positions around a circle, Parameters of the linear function relating heading ror to Turn f were then computed by aligning the circular postions ponsible,subjet to wo transformations: The Reading errs could all be multiplied by a single constant or a single constant covld be added teach, These operations move the heading tors around the circle by Tesealing them or rotating them. respectively, Thus. the multiplicative ‘peration represents & slope andthe adtive operation represents an Gmereepe inthe underlying linear function relating Beading error to Tum | With these transformations allowed, the squared angular ds tance between heading errors and Turn 1, summed across the five path= sways, way minimized, An additional constraint, adopted to precise “putious slope and intercept values, was tht no point was allowed 10 rotate more then 360° under the combined transformations 2s PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Updating Spatial Representations ‘Computed foreach subject separately the output of thi «8 sfope und intercept corresponding to the best Fit ‘eluting the subject's beading error to Tur t across the ive phys, | These puramcters were used to aambiguie the signing of heading | error for individuat rials follows. There exist unique assignment ‘of signs tothe heading errors feom individual trials that produees the same parameter values when response errr is ft to Tur | by conven tional feast squares repression as when the circular method is used ‘Therefore, the heading errors were signed so that when regtemsed ‘against the Tum 1 values by conventional regression, the Function had the same parameters as were produced by the circular method. Most heading errors were signed they would have been if we had required the abvolute values to be les than I80P, The most common exceptions ‘were on trials with Turn { values of 170°, We had predicted thatthe ‘rosin these canes would be eloxe ro +170, and by our method, some Were given postive values preser than +180° rather than being sipned with negative values preter than 180° (eg. +160" rather than 1709), "Note that although the cireular method is bused on a model that heading error is related to Turn 1. ic was applied to the results of a conditions, even those for which we predicted that heading. ertor would be independent of Turn | (ea. the walk condition). ecould not Impose a relationship where none existed (as iy shown by the results, ‘ut itrevealet a relationship where one did exist by allowing ux to sig heading erors appropriately Figure 2 shows that. on average. as predicted, heading errors were iretly related o Tuan | values inthe watch, describe. and visual-tara §toups, Linear regression produced slopes close to 1.0 in those cond ions, and those slopes were signticanly greater than zemp.19) = 3.52, 4.26, and 7.02. eexpectvely. ps < 0. Inthe conditions involving phy ical urn, walk and realuen, slopes did not dilfersignitiesniy from ‘to. Analysis of variance contirmed thatthe slopes of the Functions © Visual-Turn © Describe ° 210 + Watch : | --# > Real-Turn ‘ 170) Walk Heading Error (deg) | *30 10 50 90 130 170 210 | Turn 1 (deg) | ig. 2. Mean heuding error a a function of Tur | for each condition | in the main experiment, wth linear functions ft tothe data, 296 ifferedsigniicanty across exposure conditions. F4, 45) = 7.30. p {1001 and post hoc Nevsnan-Keuls tests with alpha = IS showed ths the effect relected the parttoning of the slopes into those acar 1 (the watch, describe. an visua-turn groups) and those tear zero (ie walk and real-tur groups). The intercepts didnot ditfer significantly 1p > 25, Figure 3 indicates the meun slope and standard error of th | mean foreach conton inthe main experiment and w supplementary ‘manipulation described nent These resls indicate that without a physical tum, subjets filed to update their pereeved heading. 1t might be argued that the wwbject failed to undersand the insrdtions; however. it was clearly stated that the subjects should adopt the perspective ofthe traveler Moreover. “failure to understand” should not be taken as simply s matter of seman, tics it diretty reflects the fulure to update heading. Our colleague often say, afer making the typical error. I can’t believe did hat, SUPPLEMENTARY MANIPULATION the fist five conditions. vabjects had sight of the oom before boevianing the experimental trials. Possibly. those who remnined sta Yionary during the pth presentation mainiined a memory-based. viewpoint-specific representation of their tue sell-position relative ts the oom, which interfered with thie ability 10 adopt an imagined per spective from within the path (May, 1996: Presson I9K7). May (1996, found that subjects who wore disoriented. by being tured buck ant forth, before taking part in an imaginal updating ask performed beter than those who were not disoriented Isithough worse than subicets jos Mean Slope o ae a eee eee eee teas Fe ae eee) : i anne Fig. 3, Mean slope and standard eror of the mean foreach group in the main experiment (left ive bars) und the supplementary, disoriented eseribe group eightamost bar VOL. 9,NO. 4 JULY 1988 PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE essstonsbn be padnsdnastnnponannsnnaiarssnesneoeeneeeesnsemsanenteceetssmsnsstssstsneseoteseeseontsntoestsseseesees who updated by physically moving). He atributed the positive effect ‘of disorientation to the eeduction of interference [rom viewpoint-spe- tific memory. Accordingly. we disoriented subjects and repeated the Geseribe condition; this should have facilitated comet responding if ‘memory for the room mice it dificult to update perceived heading

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