1[Page Module 5: Combustion Technology Lecture 35: Adiabatic flame temperature calculation IT Kharagpur NPTEL Phase — II Web CoursesHomeZI Pas Keywords: Constant pressure adiabatic flame temperature, constant volume adiabatic flame temperature 5.4 Adiabatic flame temperature calculation The temperature of the products in an adiabatic combustion of fuel without applying any shaft work, is defined as the “Adiabatic Flame Temperature”. In a combustion process the heat produced during the exothermic chemical reaction is released to their product and the temperature of the products is raised. There is no possibility for dissipation of the heat to the surrounding and the process will be adiabatic as there is no heat loss to the surrounding. As a result, the temperature of the products suddenly increases and it produces a flame. This will heat up the product gases in flame region and the temperature rise will be maximum. This highest temperature is known as the adiabatic flame temperature. The temperature rise depends on the amount of excess air used or the air-fuel ratio. The flame temperature has the highest value for using pure oxygen gas and it decreases by using air. So, the exact stoichiometric air is to be supplied for better result, With too large amount of excess air the flame temperature will be reduced. When the heat lose to the environment or diluted by the inert gases and there is an incomplete combustion, So, the temperature of the products will be less. The flame temperature is determined from the energy balance of the reaction at equilibrium. There are two type of adiabatic flame temperature: constant pressure adiabatic flame temperature and constant volume adiabatic flame temperatureBI Page Constant pressure adiabatic flame temperature: From the first law of thermodynamics at constant pressure process AU = Qp — Wp = Op — PAV H=U+pv At constant pressure, AH = AU + pAV + Vp = AU + pAV Under adiabatic condition, Q, = 0, AH For equilibrium reaction, reactants = Hproducts Fuel Products, T ‘Combustion Reactions [+ —Air__] Fig. | Combustion of fuel DY Mreaccants TP) = J" Hyroducts (TP) YD Aproauees Tor) = m1 ic a+ Qn,4lPag Where, Qyz = latent heat of vaporization or condensation for phase change of the produet during the change of temperature of from Ty to T K. Tyis the inlet temperature of fuel and air and Tz is the reference temperature, 298 K. Where, Gp, is the heat capacities which is expressed as =A, + BT + CT? ‘Therefore, B Gq > Hproaucts TP) = » nj[AHp; + Ai (T — Ty) +> (P — Te)? + 5 TRY?) 2 3 The flame temperature, T may be calculated from the above equations. It is assumed that Qui. = 0. Also if the mean heat capacity data is used, DY Hyroducts TP) = Yn (MHP + GaTaa ~Trep | Constant volume adiabatic flame temperature: From the first law of thermodynamics, Qy = AU, and Qy = Qp— nRT = AHy —AnRT In adiabatic process, Qy = 0 = AHp ~ nRT Mreacrants(TisPs) ~ Hproducts(Tac»Pr) — R(MtreactanesTi ~ MproductsTaa) Example 1: Determine the constant pressure adiabatic flame temperature for the combustion of methane with a stoichiometric air at 1 atm pressure. The reactant temperature at initial condition, T/=298 K. The reaction is CHy + 202 + 7.52 Nz = CO; + 2H,0 + 7.524 Nz -Also, determine the constant volume adiabatic flame temperature using the following Table 1 (The problem may be solved by trial and error method if specific heats data are available as a function of temperature, In the present problem, the specific heats of reactants are taken at an average temperature between initial and final temperature which is (298+1850)/2 = 1074 K=1100 K. Where, the final temperature is assumed as the adiabatic flame temperature of 1850 K inair.)S|Page Table:1 Species Standard Enthalpy of Average specific heat Formation at 298 K CH. -72.1 kl/mol -75.328 ki/kmolK. COz -394.0 55.396 kI/kmolK 20 -244.5 42.44 kI/kmolK Np 0 33.0 kJ/kmolK O2 0 _ Solution: Basis: 1 kmol of methane , Teer =298 K At constant pressure process, we have Hyeactants = Hproducts Hreactants ~ -72100 + 2(0) + 7.524(0) = -72100 kJ/kmol Hproaucts ~ 3.74 (MHP, + Gi (Taa — 298)] = [-394000 + 55.396(Tag -298)] +[-244500 + 42.44(Tos -298)](2) [0.0 + 33.0(Tyq -298)](7.52) 883000+388.436 (Ta -298) —Hreactants= -72100 ki/kmol Hence, Tyy= 2385.6 K, So the adiabatic flame temperature is 2385.6 K. At constant volume process, R(treactantsTi ~ NproductsTad) is to add with the final enthalpy of products, Hproducts - The constant volume adiabatic temperature will be larger than the constant pressure adiabatic flame temperature.6IPage ‘Then we can write, Hproauets = Em (AHP, + CpaTaa ~ 298)] — R(Mreactantsl — MproductsTaa) Asin the above reaction, Nyeactants = Mproducts = 10.52 = constant R(MyeactantsTi — NproductsTaa) = 8.314(10.52)(298 — Taq) . For specific heat data slight higher temperature may be assumed. The problem is solved considering same C, data. Hyroducts ~ -883000+388.436 (Taj -298) + 8.314(10.52)(298- Tys ) =-72100 ki/kmol -810900 + (383.84 - 87.463)( Tag -298) =0, adiabatic flame temperature at constant volume process = 2992.3 K The constant volume adiabatic flame temperature is greater than the constant pressure value. Determination of adiabatic flame temperature using heat of combustion of fuel Ifthe heat of combustion of the fuel is known and the heat capacity data of all products are available, the adiabatic flame temperature can be calculated by using the following equation: Tf @ aia oder Where, Qc = AH? = the heat of combustion of the gaseous fuel. The mean Cp -values may be used for the calculation, Average temperature may be used as, from the arithmetic mean of 298 and Tr Example 2: Determine the adiabatic flame temperature at constant pressure combustion of, propane gas using stoichiometric air. The heat of combustion of propane is 2220 kI/mol.7[Page ‘Mean Cp data at 1200 K is available as CO; : 0.05632 kI/mol-K; HzO : 0.04365 kI/mol-K; Np : 0.03371 kI/mol-K_ Solution: Basis: 1 mol of propane burning with soichiometrie air Reaction Soichiometry: CsHe (g) + $02 (g) = 3 COa(g) + 4H:0 (g) + 18.81 No G = Ya (ty - 298) WiC (Ty - 298) = 3 x 0.08632 +4 x 0.04365 + 18.81 x 0.03371 x (Ty — 298) = 0.9777 x (Ty ~ 298) 0.9777 x (Ty — 298) = 2220, Ty = 2570 K ‘The adiabatic temperature is 2570 K with soichiometric air. NT Kharagpur NPTEL Phase — | Web CoursesHomeBl Page References 1. Chemical Process principles, Part-I, Materials and Energy Balances, 0. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson and R. A, Ragatz, 1" Edn, (Reprint), Asia Publishing House, Calcutta, 1976, 2. Physical Chemistry, P. C. Rakshit, 6" Edition, Sarat Book Distributers,India, 2001 UT Kharagpur NPTEL Phase — Web CoursesHome