Khu Man Bang

Vin khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng
Bo co thc tp tt nghip
LI M U
Nhu cu v nc ca con ngi khng ngng tng ln. hin ti ngun nc ang
thiu v trong tng lai iu ny s ngy cng tr nn nghim trng hn, c bit cc
quc gia ang pht trin v cc nc ngho c dn s ng th vn v nc sinh hot
cha c quan tm y . Vit Nam l quc gia ang pht trin, nm trong khu vc
nhit i gi ma chng ta khng phi l quc gia khan him v ngun nc nhng kh
nng tr nc l khng cao do khng th phn b u theo thi gian trong nm.
Hn na Vit Nam c hn 3260 km chiu di b bin vng bin c nhiu o v qun
o, ng bng ven bin l ni tp trung dn c ng c nht, thi gian nh bt trn
bin ca tu thuyn ngy cng ko di. ng thi, trn pht trin nhiu thnh ph ven
bin s c mc ln. Do , nhu cu v nc cho sinh hot cc khu vc ny cn c
quan tm gii quyt v nc bin v nc l khng th dng trc tip cho sinh hot.
Trn th gii, t lu con ngi ngh n vic kh mn nc bin bng cch bay
hi v ngng t nhng hiu qu cha cao. Mt gii php mang tnh t ph c a ra
v ng dng thnh cng u tin M vo nhng nm 60 ca th k trc l lc nc
bin v nc l s dng cho sinh hot bng cng ngh thm thu ngc RO. Cho n
nay k thut ny ngy cng c hon thin . Tuy nhin, Vit Nam cha c nghin
cu ng dng nhiu.
Trong khun kh n tt nghip ny em tp trung tm hiu v cng ngh mng RO
v ng dng trong lnh vc kh mn.
Bo co ny l l nhng kt qu thu thp bc u cho ti tt nghip trn trong
thi gian thc tp tt nghip.
Kt thc li m u em xin chn thnh cm n thy ng Xun Hin, Ngi to
iu kin v tn tnh gip chng em c c nhng bui tham quan cc cng trnh x
l nc cp v nc thi rt thit thc.
Sinh vin
Nguyn nh Mi
Nghin cu kh mn nc bin bng cng ngh mng thm thu ngc

Trang 1
MC LC
DANH MC CC HNH........................................................................................... 4
DANH MC CC BNG......................................................................................... 6
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V KH MUI V LA CHN CNG NGH KH
MUI NC BIN
...........................................................................................................................................
7
I.1. Cc vn v ngun nc trn tri t:........................................................................ 7
I.1.1. S cung ng v phn b nc trn hnh tinh:[2].............................................................. 7
I.1.2. Vai tr ca nc: [2]......................................................................................................... 8
I.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc v nc bin:.......................................................... 8
I.2.1. Nhng c tnh chung ca nc tinh khit:[1].................................................................. 8
I.2.2. Thnh phn ca nc bin:[1]........................................................................................... 9
I.2.3. Cn bng ca nc bin:[1]............................................................................................ 10
I.2.4. Cc cch biu th mn nc bin:[7].......................................................................... 10
I.3. S cn thit phi kh mn nc bin:............................................................................. 11
I.4. Khi qut v tnh hnh kh mn nc bin trn th gii:............................................ 12
I.5. Cc cng ngh kh mn nc bin:[3]....................................................................... 14
I.5.1. Phn loi cc bin php kh mui:.................................................................................. 14
I.5.2. Cc phng php nhit:.................................................................................................. 15
I.5.2.1. Bay hi nhanh nhiu bc (Multi Stage Flash - MSF):........................................... 15
I.5.2.2. Bay hi a hiu ng (Multiple Effect Evaporlation - MEE):................................ 18
I.5.2.3. Bay hi n hiu ng (Single Effect Evaporlation - SEE)....................................20
I.5.2.4. Mt s qa trnh kh mui s dng nng lng nhit khc................................. 21
I.5.3. Cng ngh mng:............................................................................................................ 21.. 24
I.5.3.1. Mng in thm (Electro Dialysis - ED):.............................................................. 21
I.5.3.2. Mng thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis - RO).................................................. 22
I.6. La chn cng ngh kh mui ph hp:
...................................................................
I.7. Vn mi trng ny sinh t cc nh my kh mui:.............................................. 25
II.26
CHNG II: C S L THUYT CA CNG NGH THM THU NGC RO 27
II.1. S lt v cc loi mng v qu trnh mng:............................................................. 27
II.1.1. Cc loi mng chnh:[4]......................................................................................... 27
II.1.2. Cc qu trnh mng:............................................................................................... 27
II.2. Cc khi nim lin quan: [5]........................................................................................... 27
II.2.1. Gii thiu qu trnh lc mng:................................................................................ 27
II.2.2. Hin tng thm thu v thm thu ngc:............................................................ 30
II.2.3. M hnh p sut thm thu:.................................................................................... 31
II.2.4. Tnh ton p sut thm thu:................................................................................... 31
II.3. Cc c ch vn chuyn:[ 4]............................................................................................. 32
II.3.1. Gii thiu hai c ch vn chuyn chnh:................................................................. 32
II.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thm thu ngc:[ 7]................................................. 42

II.4.1. nh hng ca cu trc dung dch:........................................................................ 42
II.4.2. nh hng ca cht in ly.................................................................................... 43
II.4.3. nh hng ca p sut lm vic:............................................................................ 43
II.4.4. nh hng ca nng dung dch:........................................................................ 44
II.4.5. nh hng ca cu trc mng:............................................................................... 45
II.4.6. Hin tng phn cc nng :............................................................................... 45
II.5. ng dng thm thu ngc trong kh mn nc bin:[ 4]........................................ 46
II.5.1. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh kh mui.................................................................. 46
II.5.2. nh hng ca p sut dng, nng mui (NaCl) v nhit ca nc cn x l n
qu trnh lm vic ca mng thm thu ngc:[4]......................................................... 47
II.5.2.1. nh hng ca p sut t vo:......................................................................................... 47
II.5.2.2. nh hng ca nng mui:........................................................................................... 47
II.5.2.3. nh hng ca nhit :.................................................................................................... 48
II.5.2.4. nh hng ca mt s yu t khc:................................................................................... 49
CHNG III: GII THIU MT S TRM X L NC CP V NC THI
THAM QUAN
.........................................................................................................................................
50
II.6. Cc trm x l nc cp v kh khong............................................................................ 50
II.6.1. Trm x l nc cp cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long:................................ 50
II.6.2. Trm x l nc cp cho nh my m km - M mu LiLaMa:............................. 54
II.6.3. Trm kh khong cho nh my m km - Mu LiLaMa:....................................... 55
II.6.4. H thng lc nc RO cp cho h thng sn xut Hir ca nh my m km - m mu
LiLaMa:......................................................................................................................... 55
II.7. Cc trm x l nc thi.................................................................................................... 57
II.7.1. Trm x l nc thi sinh hot cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long:................57
II.7.2. Trm x l nc thi ca nh my giy Bi Bng:................................................. 59
TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................... 67
DANH MC CC HNH
Chng I
Hnh I.1 T l cc loi nc trn tri t
Hnh I.2 Thnh phn cc nguyn t c bn trong nc bin
Hnh I.3 Nh my bin nc bin thnh nc ngt ti vnh Tampa, M.
3
Hnh I.4 Nh my bin nc bin thnh nc ngt vi cng sut 800m /ngy Israel, s
dng cng ngh thm thu ngc
Hnh I.5 Farasan - nh my bin nc bin thnh nc ngt ln nht trn th gii nm
ti -Rp X-t.
Hnh I.6 Nh my kh mui Tuas. Cng trnh u tin Singapore - N cung cp 10%
nhu cu nc cho nc ny
Hnh I.7 S nguyn tc qu trnh kh mui
Hnh I.8 S phn loi cc qu trnh kh mui
Hnh I.9 H thng kh mui bay hi nhanh nhiu bc - tun hon dung dch mui (MSF BR)
Hnh I.10 H thng bay hi nhanh nhiu bc - dng i qua mt ln ( MSF-OT)
Hnh I.11 H thng bay hi a bc - trn dng (MSF
M)
Hnh I.12 H thng bay hi a bc - nn hi (MSF VC)
Hnh I.13 H thng chng a hiu ng vi dng vo song song (MED - PF)
Hnh I.14 Qu trnh bay hi n hiu ng nn hi c hc (SEE - MVC)
Hnh I.15 S loi b cc ion trong qu trnh in thm
Hnh I.16 S di chuyn cc ion trong qu mng in thm
Hnh I.17 S quy trnh kh mn bng mng thm thu ngc RO
Hnh I.18 th biu din lng nc c kh mn bng cng ngh thm thu ngc
mt s nc
Chng II
Hnh II. 1 Cc loi mng c bn
Hnh II.2 Cc qu trnh mng c bn v kch thc l cc mng

Hnh II.3 M t qu trnh mng
Hnh II.4 Hai cch t p sut vn hnh trong qu trnh mng
Hnh II.5 Qu trnh thu v thm thu ngc
Hnh II.6 M t s vn chuyn dung mi qua mng xp v mng cht
Hnh II.7 Kch thc mao qun v l thuyt p dng tt nht cho cc qu trnh mng c
bn
Hnh II.8 S xuyn thm cng bc ca dung dch mt thnh phn theo m hnh khuch
tn
Hnh II.9 Th ho hc, p sut v hot ho dung mi qua mng thm thu theo c ch
khuch tn
Hnh II.10 D liu v s loi b mui v dng nc i qua khi cho thm thu mt dung
dch mui (3.5 % NaCl) qua mt mng thm thu ngc cht lng cao. Dng mui th
tng thch vi cng thc II. s gi li l mt hng s v khng ph thuc vo p
sut.Cn dng nc trong cng thc II. tng ln theo p sut v dng bng 0 p sut
350 psi ca nc bin
Hnh II.11 Hin tng phn cc nng
Hnh II.12 Biu nh hng ca p sut n qu trnh tch mui bng mng RO
Hnh II.13 Biu nh hng ca nng n qu trnh tch mui bng mng RO
Hnh II.14 nh hng ca nhit n qu trnh kh mui
Chng III
Hnh III.1 S qui trnh cng ngh trm x l nc cp cho khu cng nghip Bc
Thng Long
Hnh III.2 Mt bng trm x l nc cp cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long
Hnh III.3 S quy trnh x l nc cp cho cng ty m km m mu - LiLaMa
Hnh III.4 S nguyn l ca h thng kh khong nc cp cho dy chuyn m
Hnh III.5 S nguyn l h thng lc nc bng cng ngh RO cp nc cho h thng
sn xut hir
Hnh III.6 S quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot khu cng nghipBc
Thng Long
Hnh III.7 Mt bng trm x l nc thi sinh hot cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long
Hnh III.8 S quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi nh my giy Bi Bng
Hnh III.9 C cu co rc
Hnh III.10 Khuy trn ho cht
Hnh III.11 Ngn phn ng
Hnh III.12 B lng ngang v c cu ht bn
Hnh III. 13 S iu khin h thng cho b cn bng, thp lm mt v b tip xc
sinh hc
Hnh III.14 S iu khin v kim sot cho b tip xc sinh hc v aeroten
Hnh III.15 S iu khin v kim sot thp kh kh, b lng th cp v bm bn
Hnh III.16 S iu khin cho b cha bn, v h thng p bn bng ti
Hnh III.17 Bn tn ng cui b lng ngang
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng I.1 Tnh hnh sn xut nc ngt t nc bin mt s nc trn th gii
Bng I.2 So snh phng php kh mui bng phng php nhit v mng
Bng II. 1 Th hin kch thc mao qun v p sut cn t vo cho mt s qu trnh
mng
Nc bao ph 71% di
Hn na xt v mt a l, s phn b ca nc l khng ng u. 15% l
I.1.2.Vai tr ca nc: [2]
Nc gi cho kh hu tng i n nh v pha long cc yu t gy nhim mi

trng.
Nc l thnh phn cu to chnh yu trong c th sinh vt, chim t 50% - 97% trng
lng ca c th, chng hn nh ngi nc chim 70% trng lng c th v Sa
bin nc chim ti 97%.
Trong lnh vc nng nghip th nc li cng khng th thiu, khng c nc s
khng c lng thc nui sng con ngi v cung cp nng lng cho s vn ng ca
cc h sinh thi trong t nhin. Mt nghin cu ton cu gn y do cc nh nghin cu
Vin Qun l Nc Quc t cho thy t nht 30% cc dng chy ca sng ngi trn th
gii cn c s dng duy tr iu kin ca cc h sinh thi nc ngt.
Tuy khng s dng nc nhiu nh nng nghip nhng nc cng khng th thiu
trong hu ht cc hot ng cng nghip.
Ngy nay dch v v du lch ngy cng c ch trng pht trin v y cng l lnh
vc tiu tn nhiu nc.
I.2.Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc v nc bin:
I.2.1.Nhng c tnh chung ca nc tinh khit:[1]
Nc tnh khit c cng thc ho hc l H2O, trong phn t nc c hai phn t hyro
v mt nguyn t xy. Cc phn t nc khng tn ti ring r m to thnh tng nhm
phn t nh cc lin kt hyro.
Nc c th tn ti th rn, lng hoc hi. p sut kh quyn 1at, nc ng c
o
nhit 0 C, si nhit 100 C. nhit thng nc tn ti th lng. Phn

t nc c mmen lng cc cao, hng s in mi cao, t trng 1kg/l, nhit dung ring
o
1cal/g C , nhit bay hi cao (540 cal/g), sc cng b mt ca nc bng 73 dyn/cm v

o
nht bng 0.01 poise 20 C.

Nc c mt s tnh cht c bit sau:
Nc c kh nng ho tan mt s cht rn, n l dung dch in ly vi anion, cation
v cc cht khng in ly c cc c th ho tan trong nc vi nng cao. Khi nng
cht tan cng ln th nhit si ca dung dch cng cao v nhit ng bng cng
thp
ho tan ca kh vo nc ph thuc vo nhit v p sut. Thng th ho tan
tng khi nhit gim v p sut tng. Gi tr ca cc thng s ho tan c th xc
nh theo nh lut Henry.
Sc cng b mt ca nc ln hn sc cng b mt ca nhiu cht khc, tnh cht ny
gip ta kim tra cc yu t v mt vt l, iu chnh git v hin tng b mt
Nc khng c mu, trong sut, cho nh sng v sng di i qua.

o
Nc c t trng ti a 4 C cho nn bng ni trn mt nc.
Nhit bay hi ca nc ln hn nhit bay hi ca cc cht lng khc cho nn n

thng c s dng trong cc qu trnh truyn nhit.
Nhit ho tan ca nc cao hn cc cht lng khc v to iu kin gi nhit n
nh im tinh khit ca nc.
-
Nhit dung ring ca nc cao hn nhit dung ring ca cc cht lng khc.
I.2.2.Thnh phn ca nc bin:[1]
Nc bin l sn phm kt hp gia nhng khi lng khng l cc axit v baz t

nhng giai on u ca s hnh thnh tri t. Cc axit HCl, H2SO4 v CO2 sinh ra t
trong lng t do s hot ng ca ni la kt hp vi cc baz sinh ra do qu trnh
phong ho cc thi nguyn thu v to thnh mui v nc.
-2
-2
-2
Thnh phn ch yu ca nc bin l cc anion nh Cl , SO4 , CO , SiO ,v cc
3
+2
cation nh Na , Ca ,Nng mui trong nc bin ln hn nc ngt 2000 ln. V

bin v cc i dng thng nhau nn thnh phn cc cht trong nc bin tng i
ng nht. Hm lng mui ( mn) c th khc bit nhng t l v nhng thnh phn
chnh th hu nh khng i.
Trong nc bin ngoi H2 v O2 ra th Na, Cl2, Mg chim 90%;K, Ca, S (Di dng
-2
SO4 ) chim 7% tng lng cc cht.

i Ty dng t l Na/Cl = 0.55 0.56.
Thi Bnh Dng v i Trung Hi t l Mg/Cl = 0.06 0.07 v K/Cl = 0.02
i dng l ni lng ng cui cng ca nhiu vt th, sn phm cu nhiu qu
trnh ho a cng nh cc cht thi do hot ng ca con ngi thi vo. i dng
chp nhn qu trnh tun hon li t cc lc a, s ho tan v bay hi ca nhiu sinh vt
trn tri t.
Din t theo ngn ng ho hc th Nc bin l dung dch ca 0.5 mol NaCl, 0.05
mol MgSO4 v vi lng ca tt c cc nguyn t c mt trong ton cu
H thc lin h gia Clo v tng lng mui qua h thc sau
= 0.073 + 1.811Cl
- Nc bin cha cng nhiu mui ho tan th cng c v ngc li. biu th
mc c, long ca nc bin, ngi ta dng mt thut ng nng . Nng
o
nc bin o bng Bm k c gi l nng Bm ( B). Nc bin cha cng

nhiu cc mui ho tan th Bm cng ln.
o
Quan h gia nng Bm v t trng nc bin 15 C

d15 =
144.3
144.3 o Be15
Trong :
o
d15 : T trng ca nc bin 15 C

o
B: Nng Bm ca nc bin 15 C
Quan h gia nng Bm v nhit ca nc bin:

o
Bt = (0.00002748 B15 0.00007837)t (0.00158 B15 + 0.00326)t

o
(1.01675 B15 + 0.2242)

Trong :
o
Bt : Nng Bm ca nc bin 15 C
t : Nhit nc thi.
o
B15 : Nng Bm ca nc bin 15 C

o
Phm vi p dng cng thc trn trong khong t 0 40 C

I.3.S cn thit phi kh mn nc bin:
Trn Tri t, nc bin ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp nc
ung do vic pht trin cc ngun nc ngt t nhin b hn ch. Nh ni n trn,
khong 97% nc trn tri t l nc bin. Nc m con ngi c th s dng d dng
chng hn nh nc trong sng v h ch chim 0,01% tng lng nc ngt. Trong khi
, dn s ton cu tng ti su t ngi vo nm 2000 v s t tm t vo nm 2025.
3,5 t ngi trong s ny chc chn s i mt vi tnh trng thiu nc.[9]
Nhng con s thng k gn y ang thc s lm chng ta lo ngi. C 6 ngi, c 1
ngi khng thng xuyn c c ngun nc ung an ton. Hn 1/3 dn s, tc
khong 2,4 t ngi khng c cc iu kin v sinh y . C mi 8 giy li c mt tr
em cht v cc bnh lin quan n nc, v cc bnh ny gy ra 80% bnh tt v ci cht
cc nc ang pht trin- tht s l bi kch i vi loi ngi khi t lu chng ta

nhn ra rng cc cn bnh ny d dng phng trnh c [9]
i vi Vit Nam chng ta khng thiu nc n mc trm trng nhng din tch t
nc tri di dc theo 3260 km dc theo b bin, ng nghip l ngnh pht trin theo
hng nh bt xa b phi lu lu ngy ngoi bin, ngnh vn ti bin ang trn pht
trin mnh m, nhng chin tu ch hng i trn bin rt di ngy. c bit dn c trn
cc o ca Vit Nam vn cha c nc sinh hot. Ngun nc sinh hot cho c dn
trn o ch yu l nc ma hoc nc c ch t t lin ra, tuy nhin nc c
ch t t lin ra vi chi ph tng i cao v khng phi l cch gii quyt tt nht.
ng thi t nc ta ang trong qu trnh cng nghip ho mnh m, cc thnh ph du
lch ven bin, cc thnh ph cng s mc ln nhanh chng v ti cc th ny ngun
nc ngt cng khng d dng g c c.
T nhng nhn nhn nh vy ta thy kh mn nc bin l vic lm cn thit gii
quyt phn no ngun nc sinh hot cho cng ng.
I.4.Khi qut v tnh hnh kh mn nc bin trn th gii:
Ngy nay, trn th gii c nhiu nh my bin nc bin thnh nc ngt ti

Trung ng (Israel, rp Xt), a Trung Hi (Malta), chu M, Nam u, Caribbean,
Nht Bn, qun o Channel, o Tenerife v Gran Canaria - ni ngun nc t nhin rt
him do lng ma thp. Israel v -Rp X-t phi ph thuc nhiu vo nhng nh
my nh vy cp nc cho ngi dn trong khi cc bang Florida v California ca M
cng bt u xy dng nh my lc nc bin. 18 nh my kiu ny ang c xem xt
xy dng ti California.
Trong nhng thp k 1960-1970, cu tr li cho tnh trng thiu nc l xy dng
nhiu h cha hn. Tuy nhin, gi t gia tng lm cho cc cng ty nc thng mi
khng th la chn gii php ny. Kh mui trong nc bin l mt gii php tng
i mi. N bt ngun t Trung ng vo nhng nm 1980 v 1990. Trong tng s hn
7.500 nh my kh mui ang hot ng trn ton th gii, 60% nm ti Trung ng vi
tng cng sut 16 t lt nc mi ngy.
Nh my lc nc bin ln nht Tri t -Rp X-t sn xut 128 triu galon mi
ngy (tng ng 581 triu lt). -Rp X-t l nc sn xut nc ngt t nc bin
ln nht th gii, p ng 70% nhu cu nc ung hin nay ca t nc cng nh cung
cp cho cc trung tm th v cng nghip thng qua mng li ng ng di hn
3.700km. Nhiu nh my mi ang c trin khai v s a tng s nh bin nc bin
thnh nc ngt ln gn 30.
Trong khi , 12% nc c kh mui ca th gii c sn xut chu M vi
phn ln nh my nm ti Caribbean v Florida.
Bng I.1 Tnh hnh sn xut nc ngt t nc bin mt s nc trn th
gii
Nc
S t my
Cng sut (m /ngy)
Cc tiu vng quc Rp

thng nht
382
5.465.784
Bahrain
rp Xt
Oman
Qatar
Kuwait
Llibya
Iraq
Ai Cp
Israel
Algeria
Tunisia
Yemen
156
2.074
102
94
178
431
207
230
?
174
64
66
1.151.204
11.656.043
845.507
1.223.000
3.129.588
1.620.652
418.102
236.865
149.594
301.363
148.882
132.897
Ngun:
http://vietnamnet.vn/khoahoc/hoso/2004/06/160869/
Hnh nh mt s nh my kh mui trn th gii
Hnh I.5 Farasan - nh my

HnhI.3 Nh my bin nc bin Hnh I.4 Nh my bin nc bin bin nc bin thnh nc ngt
thnh nc ngt ti vnh Tampa, thnh3 nc ngt vi cng sut ln nht trn th gii nm ti
800m /ngy Israel, s dng cng
M.
-Rp X-t.
ngh thm thu ngc.
Hnh I.6 Nh my kh mui Tuas. Cng trnh u tin

Singapore - N cung cp 10% nhu cu nc cho nc ny.
Ngun:
http://vietnamnet.vn/khoahoc/hoso/2004/06/160869/
I.5.Cc cng ngh kh mn nc bin:[3]

I.5.1.Phn loi cc bin php kh mui:
Bn cht ca qu trnh kh mui l tch cc mui t do c trong nc bin hoc nc

l, vi cc mui c trong dng nc u vo ca qu trnh kh mui s c nng cao
nng trong dung dch ca dng nc thi b sau x l. C hai phng php nhit v
lc mng c s dng trong lnh vc ny. Hnh I.7 m t khi nim ca qu trnh kh
mui, hnh I.8 a ra cc loi cng ngh chnh trong hai qu trnh trn.
Hnh I.7 S nguyn tc qu trnh kh mui
Ngun: H. El-Dessouky and H. Ettouny, Study on water desalination technologies, prepared for
ESCWA in January, 2001.
Hnh I.8 S phn loi cc qu trnh kh mui
thp. Theo kinh nghim chung th nhit bc cui cng khong 30 40 C tng ng
vi vn hnh trong ma ng v ma h.
0
Nhi bc bay hi ca h thng MSF hot ng di 100 C v p sut thp. Trong

qu trnh hot ng dung dch nc mui c th gia tng cc kh ho tan di dng vt do
s r r t ngoi vo, do s kh kh khng hon ton thp kh kh hay do phn gii
CaHCO3, iu ny c th l nguyn nhn chnh l gim vn tc ti nhit gia cc bung
bay hi vi nhau. Theo thi gian iu ny c th lm gia tng khuynh hng n mn v
gim vn tc bay hi.
Qu trnh tin x l nc bin trc khi a vo h thng (Mf + Mcw) thng ch l
qu trnh lc s b v k hn l thm cng on kh kh v b sung cc ho cht gim
s ng cn hay ko mng trong thit b.
Hnh I.9 H thng kh mui bay hi nhanh nhiu bc - tun hon dung dch mui (MSF - BR)
H thng kh mui bay hi nhiu bc cho dung dch i qua mt ln:

H thng ny cng tng t nh h thng trn (Hnh) vi s bc tng ng nhau .
Nhng khng c c b phn gii nhit nh h thng (Hnh ), nh vy dung dch mui
thi ra cn mang mt nhit tng i cao iu ny c th lm nhim nhit i vi
ngun tip nhn li n (thng th n c a li bin)
Hnh I.10 H thng bay hi nhanh nhiu bc - dng i qua mt ln ( MSF-OT)
H thng kh mui bay hi nhiu bc khuy trn dung dch mui

H thng ny cng c nguyn tc hot ng nh h thng MSF vi s bc tng
ng, tuy nhin trc khi i vo dy bung chng th dng nc bin c trn vi mt
phn ca dng dung dch mui x. B trn c tc dng gia nhit cho dung dch trc khi
vo cc bng bc hi.
Vi h thng ny ta tn dng c mt phn nhit thi a tr li h thng ng thi
gim mt phn nhit thi ra mi trng.
Hnh I.11 H thng bay hi a bc - trn dng (MSF M)
H thng kh mui bay hi nhiu bc nn hi
Vi h thng ny th nc c gia nhit v lm bay hi u vo sau hi ny

c ht v nn bng cc Ejecter v to thnh dng kh nng, nhit ny c a n
gia nhit cho cc bung bay hi theo bc pha sau. V dng dung dch mui sau khi ra
khi dy bung chng c a li gia nhit bc hi nc u vo.
Hnh I.12 H thng bay hi a bc - nn hi (MSF VC)
I.5.2.2.Bay hi a hiu ng (Multiple Effect Evaporlation - MEE):
Bay hi a hiu ng hay cn gi l qu trnh chng a hiu ng (Multiple Effect

Evaporlation - MED) v n c c s t qu trnh bay hi nhiu bc (MSF).
MED l qu trnh chng ct cng nghip lu i nht c s dng trong kh mn
nc bin. N l cng ngh chc chn, k thut hon ho, cht lng nc ct cao, v qu
trnh hot ng theo di d dng. Hin ti khong 3.5 % lng nc kh mui trn th
gii c to ra bng phng php ny.
Phng php ny c th c phn thnh hai loi l MED nhit thp (LT - MED)
v MED nhit cao (HT - MED). i vi h thng LT MED th nhit lm vic c
0
th thp 60 C 70 C v nhit ra hiu ng cui cng c th 40 C, qu trnh ny

s dng nng lng hiu qu hn so vi h thng MSF v thi gian lm vic khong 23
nm. Cn HT MED th s dng dng kh nhit cao, qu trnh ng cn c kim
sot trong sut qu trnh tin s l ca dng nc bin vo, HT MED c s dng
nhiu hn LT MED v hiu sut ca qu trnh ny gp i HT MED. Sau y l mt
qu trnh in hnh cho cng ngh ny
Bay hi a hiu ng vi dng vo song song:
H thng MED bao gm mt s thit b bay hi thng t 8 16, thit b ny lm
vic theo nguyn tc trao i nhit gin tip, mt dy cc hp bc hi, cc b ngng t v
h thng thng gi. Mt hiu ng ring r bao gm b phn trao i nhit, khng gian
bay hi, b kh sng v cc ph kin khc. Trong thit b bay hi th dng nc c
phun t trn xung di dng cc ht nh li ti v tip xc vi cc ng c b tr nm

ngang, cc ng ny c dng kh i qua bn trong.
Trong h thng dng hi i t tri sang phi theo chiu gim p sut, cn dn nc
bin hay dung dch mui i thng gc vi cc hiu , dng nc c dn t thit b bay
hi th nht n b phn bay hi th hai, ti y dng nc c trn ln vi dng hi.
Nc bin ht vo c a vo bnh ngng, ti y n hp th n nhit ca hi nc
ngng t hiu ng cui cng, sau khi qua bnh ngng nhit ca nc u vo c
tng ln, mt phn nc lm lnh th c a tr li ngun, phn kia th chia thnh
nhiu dng c x l ho hc, c kh kh ri sau phun vo cc thit b bay hi
Trong mi hiu ng, nhit tng ln n nhit si tng ng vi p sut trong
khng gian bay hi trc mt lng nh hi nc c to thnh. Ngng t kim sot
lng hi qu nhit i vo bn trong cc b ng hiu ng th nht cung cp nhu cu
nhit cho gia nhit li v bay hi
Dng hi mang nhit i vo qu trnh c cp t mt ni hi bn ngoi, nc c
sch cao thit b bay hi th nht c a tr li ni hi.
Hnh I.13 H thng chng a hiu ng vi dng vo song song (MED - PF)
Ngoi qu trnh trn i vi quy trnh bay hi nc bin a hiu ng cn mt s cng

ngh khc nh:
-
Bay hi a hiu ng dng vo ni tip
Bay hi a hiu ng dng vo i theo hng thng ng
I.5.2.3.Bay hi n hiu ng (Single Effect Evaporlation - SEE):
y cng l qu trnh bay hi nhng n gin hn so vi cc hiu ng trn v qu

trnh ny ch i qua mt thit b chng. Sau y l quy trnh bay hi n hiu ng ph
bin nht Qu trnh bay hi n hiu ng nn hi c hc.
Qu trnh bay hi n hiu ng nn hi c hc:
Trong qu trnh ny nc bin (Mf, Tcw) u tin c chia thnh hai dng v bm
vo hai thit b trao i nhit gin tip. Mt dng trao i nhit vi sn phm (Md, Td)cn
mt dng trao i nhit vi dung dch mui thi b (Mb, Tb). Dng nc bin vo i
trong cc ng ca thit b cn dng sn phm v dng mui thi b i bn ngoi thit b
ng chm. Nc bin vo sau khi trao i nhit vi hai dng trn s c gp li mt
dng (Mf, tf) trc khi c a vo thit b bay hi, cn dng sn phm sau khi trao i
nhit vi dng nc vo s thnh sn phm cui cng (Md,To) v dng mui thi l dng
(Mb,To)
Dng (Mf,tf) sau c dn vo thp chng bng cch phun iu vo tit din thp
bng mt gin phun, nc sau khi c phun di dng cc ht nh li ti s tip xc vi
b mt ngoi ca cc ng trao i nhit c xp ngang bn trong cc ng c dng hi
nng i qua. Khi tip xc vi cc ng trao i nhit th nc hp th n nhit v tng
nhit i n nhit bc hi hi ny i qua tm kh sng v sau c ngng t thnh
dng sn phm (Md, Td), cn nc bin sau khi i qua gin bc hi s tng nng mui
v i xung y thp to thnh dng dung dch thi (Mb,Tb).
H thng ny l h thng chng c in v tng i n gin, hiu sut bay hi cha
cao ng thi cht lng nc sn phm sau khi ct cng thp hn so vi cc h thng
khc.Hnh I.14 Qu trnh bay hi n hiu ng nn hi c hc (SEE - MVC)
Ngun: H. El-Dessouky and H. Ettouny, Study on water desalination technologies,

prepared for ESCWA in January, 2001.
I.5.2.4.Mt s qa trnh kh mui s dng nng lng nhit khc:
Trong quy trnh kh mui s dng nhit ngoi cc h thng c th p dng quy m
cng nghio trn th ngy nay ngi ta pht trin thm mt s phng php mi cng s
dng nng lng nhit nhng khng tiu tn nhiu nng lng nh vo vic tn dng cc
ngun nng lng ti to nh nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri, nng lng sng hay
tn hay tn dng qu trnh bay hi t nhin. Hoc da vo s chnh lch khi lng ring
ca nc ngt v nc bin nhit ng c ng bng v thu hi nc ngt, tuy
nhin trn thc t th bin php ny khng kh thi lm.
I.5.3.Cng ngh mng:
I.5.3.1.Mng in thm (Electro Dialysis - ED):
Theo cng ngh ny nc bin hoc nc l c bm vo khong gia cc mng

trao i ion vi p sut thp, s lng cc mng c th ln n hng trm mng t song
song v xen k nhau, c mt mng trao i cation th n mt mng trao i anion thnh
tng cm.
Mng trao i cation l nhng mng ch cho php cc ion dng chuyn qua. Mng
trao i anion ch cho php cc ion m i qua.
Trong qu trnh mng in thm tch, tp cht c tch loi khi nc nh dng
in. Dng in mt chiu chuyn cc ion qua mng to ra dng nc ngt v dng
nc mui c nng cao hn. Mng s hnh thnh mt ro cn gia dung dch mui v
nc ngt. Pha mng c nng mui cao hn gy ra hin tng phn cc nng ,
nhim bn hu c, to cn khong cht vi v cc kt ta khc.
Hnh I.15 S loi b cc ion trong qu trnh in
thm
Hnh I.16 S di chuyn cc ion trong qu mng in

thm
ESCWA in January, 2001
I.5.3.2. Mng thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis - RO):
Trong qu trnh thm thu ngc, nc t ngun dung dch mui p lc cao c tch
mui ho tan bng cch thm qua mng bn thm. Dng cht lng thm qua mng c
gi l dng lc (Permeate), n c sinh ra do chnh lch p sut gia dung dch mui c
p sut ca dng sn phm xp x vi p sut kh quyn. Phn cn li ca dung dch cp
vo tip tc chy qua mng bn pha c p sut cao v to ra dng c (C hm lng
mui cao). y hon ton khng cn gia nhit v cng khng din ra qu trnh bin i
pha. Do nng lng ch yu l cp cho qu trnh to p dng vo h thng RO.
p sut lm vic ca h thng RO i vi nc l t 250400 psi, cn i vi nc
bin t 800 1000 psi.
Trn thc t, nc cp c bm vo bnh kn to ra p sut trn b mt mng. Mt
phn nc thm qua mng, phn cn li s c nng mui cao hn nng mui cp
vo. gim nng cc mui ho tan trong phn cn li ngi ta x bt mt phn ra
khi bnh cha. Nu khng x th nng mui trong dung dch cp vo s khng ngng
tng ln dn ti yu cu nng lng cp vo cng phi gia tng khc phc hin tng
gia tng p sut thm thu.
Hnh I. Biu din quy trnh kh mn ca mt h thng thm thu ngc gm cc giai
on c bn sau:
-
Ht nc t bin vo (Intank seawater):
Cc nh my kh mui thng t gn b bin nhng v mc nc bn thp ng

thi thng ly nc cch xa b t vi chc n vi trm mt do m phi tn nng
lng cho bm ht nc t bin vo.
-
Tin x l (Pretreament):
Nc trc khi cp vo cc module mng lc cn phi loi b cht rn l lng, iu

chnh pH cho ph hp, b sung thm cc c ch kim sot thnh phn cc cht gy ra
hin tng ng cn trn b mt mng nh CaSO4 , cng nh cc thnh phn c th ko
mng sinh hc trn b mt mng.
-
To p v phn tch bng mng RO (Reserve Osmosis Process):
p sut c to ra nh h thng bm. Tu thuc vo tng loi mng cng nh thnh

phn v nng trong nc m p lc c to ra khc nhau khi a vo h thng tch
mng
Do tnh cht c bit ca mng bn thm ngn chn cc mui ho tan nhng li cho
php nc thm qua. Nn kt qu l sau khi i qua cc module mng, t dng nc bin
ban u s to thnh hai dng: Dng nc tinh khit v dng dung dch mui m c.
Do mng khng hon ho nn cc mui ho tan vn c th thm qua n, kt qu l trong

dng sn phm vn c th cha mt lng nh mui ho tan.
Mng thm thu ngc thng c thit k di dng cc module vi cc dng khc
nhau nh:
+ Module dng cun xon
+ Module dng si xp
+ Module dng a
Nhng trong s th module dng xon c c s dng rng ri v hiu qu hn
c. Trong hnh I.17 biu din mt module dng xon c in hnh
-
X l b sung - n nh nc (Post - Treament)
Nc sn phm sau khi ra khi h thng lc RO s c iu chnh pH v ui kh

trc kh vo b cha v vo h thng phn phi
-
Tr trong b cha (Freshwater storage):
Thng thng th nc sau x l c x vo cc b cha trc khi a vo mng

li phn phi.
Hnh I.17 S quy trnh kh mn bng mng thm thu ngc RO
Ngun:http://www.awa.asn.au/Content/NavigationMenu2/AboutWaterandtheWat
erIndustry/WaterFacts/FactSheets/Desalination/
I.6.La chn cng ngh kh mui ph hp:
a ra s la chn ph hp nhm pht trin mt cng ngh thch ng vi xu

hng pht trin cng ngh kh mn trn th gii ng thi thch hp vi iu kin Vit
Nam ta phi c nhng so snh nht nh gia cc cng ngh khc nhau v nhiu mt.
Bng I.2 So snh v mt s ch tiu gia hai cng ngh nhit v cng ngh mng
Bng I.2 So snh phng php kh mui bng phng php nhit v mng
Nhit
lm vic
o
( C)
Dng nng
lng
Tiu th
nng lng
3
(kWh/m )
Cht lng
nc thnh
phm
(TDS)
Di cng
sut hin ti
3
(m /ngy)
MSF
MED
ME-TVC
MVC
RO
ED
< 120
< 65
< 65
< 65
< 45
< 45
Steam
Steam
Steam
Mechanical
(Electrical)
energy
Mechanical
(Electrical)
energy
Electrical
Energy
average
3,5
average
1,5
average
1
< 10 ppm
< 10 ppm
< 10 ppm
< 10 ppm
< 500 ppm

(single
stage)
< 500
ppm
5.00050.000
50020.000
50020.000
503.000
1010.000
110.000
average 814 *
average 57*
average
1-2*
(*) : Ph thuc vo hm lng mui trong nc th

Ngun: Asia EcoBest Work Programme 2001, Sea water desalination in coastal areas of Central and
South Vietnam, Synlift system, Trang 54
Hnh I.18 th biu din lng nc c kh mn bng cng ngh thm thu ngc mt s
nc
1000m3/ngy
LNG NC BIN C KH BNG CNG NGHRO MT S NC

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1996
2000
1000
500
0
Q uc gia
ESCWA in January, 2001
Qua phn tch bng s liu TRONG BNG I.2 Ta thy nhit lm vic ca h thng
RO thp, thng th nhit mi trng. Nng lng s dng l nng lng in v
3
mc tiut th l t 5- 7 kWh/m mc tiu th nng lng ny ch thp hn MVC cn cao

hn so vi cc phng php cn li. ng thi nc sau x l c hm lng TDS cao
hn so vi cc phng php cn li nu lc 1 bc. Di cng sut c th thit k l t 10
3
10000 m /ngy. Nh vy da vo bng so snh trn ta thy RO khng phi l cng ngh
chim u th.
Tuy nhin nh trn hnh I.18 biu din th lng nc c kh mn bng cng ngh
RO ngy cng tng ln c bit l nhng nc pht trin bi v cng ngh ny c
nhng u im sau v ngy cng c hon thin.
Nu cc qu trnh chng nc bin lun phi ch n vt liu khng b n mn
nhm tng tui i ca nh my th i vi h thng RO khng cn xt nhiu n yu
t n mn vt liu.
Hiu sut kh mui rt cao, cc mng RO ngy nay c th loi b n 99% mui (Tu
theo p sut lm vic v hm lng TDS trong nc ngun)
Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh vt liu th ngy nay nhiu dng mng RO mi ra i c
th p ng c iu kin lm vic tt hn
-
Theo thi gian th cng ngh ny em li hiu qu kh mui tng ln
Quy trnh cng ngh tng i n gin
C th lp c nhiu quy m khc nhau, t cc my lc nc gia nh n quy m

cng nghip trong khi mt s bin php chng ct khng th p dng quy m nh
Khng i hi kinh ph lp c ln v thi gian lp c nhanh nh vo vic module
ha cc mng lc.
Cng ngh ny c th loi b gn nh ton b thnh phn hu c v v c trong nc
Cng ngh thm thu ngc khng gy nhim nhit ti mi trng v tiu tn t ho
cht.
Ngy nay ngun nng lng cung cp cho h thng RO c th s dng ngun nng
lng ti to nh nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri.
l nhng l do em chn phng php kh mui bng mng thm thu ngc
RO
I.7.Vn mi trng ny sinh t cc nh my kh mui:
Nhiu ngi lo ngi v tc ng tim nng ca nh my lc nc bin ti mi trng.

Ti mt s nh my, c kh nng sinh vt bin b kt hoc b git cht trong cc mng
lc. Lo ngi chnh v mi trng l liu lng cn nc mui cn li sau qu trnh thm
thu s lm tng mn cng vng bin ni t nh my v nh hng ti sinh vt bin.
Hay nhit thi t cc h thng chng nc bin c lm tng nhit vng bin dn n
nh hng n h sinh thi ven b ca khu vc .
Cht thi lng: (cn nc mui cng vi ho cht c s dng lm sch cc thit
b trong nh my) c th c ho vi nc lm mt nh my in hoc nc t nh my
x l nc thi trc khi c ra bin. Do vy, mn ca nc bin khng tng.
Mt gii php khc l dn nc thi vo h thng cng ti nh my x l nc thi hoc
lm kh v chn ti bi. Cc thit b cng c th c lm sch bng sinh vt hoc nhit
cao, trnh nhim.
Vn nhit thi t cc h thng chng th ngy nay c thu hi tun hon li,
do m lng nhit thi ra ngoi t cc h thng chng nc bin cng gim i ng
k.
Vn nng lng v pht thi kh nh knh: Trc y, cc nh my kh mui nc
bin tiu tn mt lng nng lng rt ln. Nhng cc nh my thm thu nghch hin
i tiu th mc nng lng ch bng 50% so vi cng ngh trc y nh vo nhng
thit b phc hi nng lng. Ngoi ra, cng ngh RO cn gim thiu chi ph cng nh
kh nh knh pht thi. Chi ph xy dng mt nh my kh mui t nc bin vi cng
sut 100 triu lt mi ngy vo khong 100 triu USD hay ln hn. V gi nc c
sn xut t cc nh my ny ch cn khong 1.5 USD cho 1000 Lit
Cc nh my bin nc bin s gp phn ngn chn cc cuc chin tranh v nc
trong tng lai. Ti Trung ng, nhiu cuc chin tranh, c bit l Cuc chin tranh 6
ngy vo nm 1967 gia Israel vi Ai Cp, Jordan, Syria, l nhng tranh chp v nc.
Ngoi ra, chng cn gim thiu nn nhim ngun nc ngm. Chng hn, Syria
hin c hn 16.000 ging khoan bt hp php nhm khai thc nc t tng ngp nc.
Nu khng c qun l tt, chnh nhng ging ny c th lm tng nc ngm b
nhim trm trng.
CHNG II: C S L THUYT CA CNG NGH THM

THU NGC RO
II.1.S lt v cc loi mng v qu trnh mng:
II.1.1.Cc loi mng chnh:[4]
Hnh II. 1 Cc loi mng c bn
Ngun: Richard W.Baker, Membrane Technology and Application
II.1.2.Cc qu trnh mng:

Hnh II.2 Cc qu trnh mng c bn v kch thc l cc mng
II.2.Cc khi nim lin quan: [5]

II.2.1.Gii thiu qu trnh lc mng:
Cc qu trnh mng p lc c dng rng ri trong hu ht lnh vc ho hc, dc

phm, thc phm v cc qu trnh cng nghip hng ngy. Yu t ct li ca qu trnh
lc mng l cc mng cho php mt thnh phn bit i qua v gi li cc thnh
phn khc. Trc tin l mt vi yu t quan trng c dng trong k thut mng th
hin trn hnh hnh II.3
Hnh II.3 M t qu trnh mng
Ngun: Sren Prip Beier, Pressure Driven Membrane Processes,

In Zusammenarbeit mit, May 2007
Trong hnh II.3 Pha u vo thng l dung dch m c (bulk solution). Mt s

thnh phn trong dung dch m s c gi li sau khi n i qua mng. Vi mt p lc
c to ra sn gia hai bn mng th mt dng (flux) s xuyn qua mng t bn dung
dch c sang bn thm, dng ny c k hiu bng ch ci J v n v thng dng
2
cho n l [L/(m .h)]. Dng cht lng xuyn qua mng c gi l dng thm (permeate)
Mt qu trnh tch c hon thnh bng cch dng mt mng c kh nng sn sng
cho mt thnh phn d i qua hn nhng thnh phn khc. Ni cch khc, mng cho
thnh phn no thm i qua d dng hn so vi cc thnh phn cn li v s khc nhau
v tnh cht ho hc v vt l gia mng v cu t i qua c mng.
+ Khc nhau v kch thc: Trong nhiu qu trnh mng (Chng hn microfiltration
and ultrafiltration) th cc l rng c phn b. Cho nn vi kch thc l cho,
mt vi thnh phn s c g li bi s khc nhau v kch thc cn mt s thnh phn
nh xuyn qua cc l trong mng.
+ Khc nhau v s tch in: Vi mt s qu trnh mng (Chng hn qu trnh in
thm tch - electrodialysis) khc nhau v kh nng tch in cc thnh phn c tch.
iu ny c hon thnh bng cch s dng cc mng trao i anion v cation, cc
mng ny ch cho php cc cation v anion vn chuyn tng i qua mng. Chng hn
mng trao i cation l mng tch in m cho nn n s y cc anion v chuyn cc
cation i qua
Trong hnh II.3 Ta thy ng lc to ra mt dng thm t bn dung dch c v pha

bn dung dch thm. Cc ng lc khc nhau c ni n trong cc qu trnh mng
l:
Chnh lch p sut
Chnh lch nng
Chnh lch hiu in th

Chnh lch nhit
Tuy nhin trong cc qu trnh c quan tm trong n ny em th ch yu ng lc
ca n l chnh lch p sut. Trong bng II.1 th hin kch thc l v p sut cn thit
cho mt s qu trnh mng:
Bng II. 1 Th hin kch thc mao qun v p sut cn t vo cho mt s qu trnh mng

T l gia dng i qua mng v ng lc ca qu trnh c th biu din bng cng

thc tng qut:
J = - A.
dX
(2.1)
dx
Dng J t l vi ng lc, n c biu din nh mt gradient ca X ( C th l p

sut, nhit , nng , hay hiu in th) theo hng x vung gc vi b mt mng. A l
hng s, n c gi l h s hin tng ln (phenomenological coefficient). V
gradient gim theo phng x nn du (-) c t vo v phi cng thc. ng lc trong
qu trnh mng l s chnh lch p sut gia hai bn mng, do m h thc dX trong
dx
2.1 c th vit li thnh p. Khi cng thc 2.1 c vit li thnh nh lut Darcy:
J = lp.p
(2.2)
H s hin tng c vit li lp, chnh l h s thm ca mng. dy ca cc lp

mng chn lc c ghp vo h s thm trong 2.2 v y t c thm cao n
mc c th, ngi ta dng mng bt i xng vi cc lp chn lc rt mng, dy ca
cc lp chn lc trong mng bt i xng thng khong 1m. thm thng ph
thuc vo h s nht ng hc ca cht lng di chuyn qua mng v tr lc theo hng
truyn cht. thm ca mng microfiltration ln hn so vi mng ultrafiltration, cn

thm ca mng and nanofiltration / reverse osmosis membranes th thp hn rt nhiu
so vi mng microfiltration. Thnh ra qu trnh RO cn p sut cao cho hn UF and MF,
Th hin trong bng II.1
Hai cch t p sut vn hnh cho qu trnh mng
Hnh II.4 Hai cch t p sut vn hnh trong qu trnh mng

II.2.2.Hin tng thm thu v thm thu ngc:
Nu t mt mng bn thm vo gia dung mi hoc hai dung dch c nng khc
nhau, ta s quan st thy hin tng chuyn dung mi vo dung dch hoc t dung dch
c nng thp n dung dch c nng cao v c xu hng san bng nng . y l
hin tng thm thu.
Hnh II.5a v II.5b M t hin tng thm thu v cn bng nh sau: Dung mi
chuyn vo dung dch lm cho p sut thu tnh ca dung dch tng ln n mt cao
no th qu trnh t cn bng, tc l tc chuyn dung mi (A) vo dung dch
bng tc chuyn dung mi (B). p sut ng vi qu trnh cn bng ny gi l p sut
thm thu (), hay gi mt cch khc p sut thm thu bng p sut phi tc dng ln b
mt dung dch hin tng thm thu ngng li.
Hnh II.5c m t qu trnh thm thu ngc: Khi tip tc tng p sut trn dung dch
th dng chy c xu hng chuyn ng ngc tc l dung mi t dung dch c s qua
mng vo dung dch long hn. Khi p sut tng cng ln th vn tc dng chy ngc
cng ln, nh vy dung dch cng m c hn. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng thm
thu ngc
Mng bn
thm
DD
long-A
JA
JA <JB
JA =JB
JA >JB
DD c- B
DD c- B
JB
DD
J
long-A A
DD
long-A
JA
DD c- B
JB
JB
(b) Cn bng thm thu

(a) Hin tng thm thu
(C)Thm thu ngc
II.2.3.M hnh p sut thm thu:
c c dng xuyn qua mng t dung dch m c (Dung dch c nng ln)
sang bn thm (Dung dch c nng thp) th p sut thu tnh t vo pha dung dch
c phi ln hn chnh p sut thm thu gia hai bn mng nh trn hnh II.5c th p
sut thu tnh t vo bn phi phi ln hn, khi cng mt p sut thm thu vo nh
lut Darcy (Cng thc 2.2) tnh ton dng xuyn qua mng, dn n m hnh p sut
thm thu
J = lp.(p - )
(2.3)
Chng ta c th p mt p sut thu tnh p vo bn c dung dch m c lm tng

th ho ca dung mi trong dung dch c, s tng ny lm xut hin mt gradient trong
th ho qua mng. iu ny s cho php hay d dng c mt dng t bn dung dch
c sang bn thm cn bng gradient th ho (Theo ui n s cn bng ho th).
Tuy nhin, Dng dung dch m c th lun c tun hon cn dng thm th lun
c ly ra do m s cn bng s khng c thit lp v dng thm s lun c
duy tr.
Mt v d thng dng cho m hnh p sut thm thu l dung dch nc bin c p
sut thm thu l khong 30 bar.
II.2.4.Tnh ton p sut thm thu:
S chnh lch p sut thm thu tn ti qua mng c m t phn trc. Bi v

hot ho dung mi gia dung dch c v dung dch long. Hiu p sut t vo gia hai
dung dch c v dng thm phi ln hn hiu p sut thm thu to ra mt dng
xuyn qua mng t bn dung dch c sang bn dung dch thm. Cc xem xt ny c
tm tt trong m hnh p sut thm thu, nh ta thy u tin. Nhng by gi lm sao

tnh p sut thm thu ca dung dch?
p sut thm thu ca dung dch c th c tnh theo cng thc Vant Hoff:
R.T
Mi
.ci
(2.4)
Trong :
R: Hng s kh
T: Nhit ban u.
Mi: Khi lng mol ca cu t i
Ci: Nng ca cu t i
Khi p sut thm thu c tnh cho dung dch mui NaCl, th nng NaCl phi gm
+
hai thnh phn bi v n phn li thnh hai ion (Na v Cl ) T l gia p sut thm thu
vi nng dung dch c cho bi cng thc 2.4 p dng cho dung dch nng thp
v hp cht hu c phn t thp.
Khi p sut thm thu tnh cho dung dch cao phn t hay nng cao th c th p
dng biu thc m rng:
=
2
R.T
.ci +B.ci +
Mi
3
C.ci
+ ... (2.5)
y B, C l cc hng s c trng ca phn t.

II.3.Cc c ch vn chuyn:[ 4]
II.3.1.Gii thiu hai c ch vn chuyn chnh:
Thuc tnh quan trng nht ca mng l kh nng kim sot tc thm ca cc loi
dung mi (c th c cht tan) khc nhau. Hai m hnh chnh dng m t s vn chuyn
xuyn qua mng nh hnh II.6
Th nht l m hnh khuch tn dung dch (Solution difusion model), i vi m
hnh ny cc cht tan thm vo vt liu mng v khuch tn xuyn qua mng vi s gim
gradien nng . Cc cht thm qua v c phn tch nh s khc nhau v ho tan
ca cc cu t trong mng v s khc nhau v vn tc khuch tn xuyn qua mng ca
cc cu t.
M hnh th hai l m hnh dng mao qun (pore flow model): y l c ch thuc
dng lu i nht v n gin nht. L thuyt ny coi cc mng nh l mi trng xp
c to thnh t nhiu mao qun. Trong trng hp ny, la chn v thm c th
c xc nh t bn knh l xp v ng cong phn b ca chng.
Hnh II.6 M t s vn chuyn dung mi qua mng xp v mng cht
S khuch tn (diffisuon) l c s ca m hnh khuch tn. Khi nim ny c nhn

dng u tin bng l thuyt v th nghim Fick vo nm 1855. Fick a ra kt qu
bng cng thc m ngy nay c gi l nh lut khuch tn Fick nh sau:
Ji = - Di dci (2.6)
dx
Trong :
2
Ji: Tc vn chuyn ca cu t i hoc hoc dung mi (g/cm .s)

dci
dx
: Gradien
nng ca cu t i
2
Di: H s khuch tn (cm /s.) v l s o linh ng ca tng phn t.

p sut ko ca dng i lu (pressure driven convective flow) l c s ca m
hnh mao qun. M hnh ny c m t bi nh lut Darcy
Ji = - K ci dp
dx
(2.7)
Trong :
dp
dx
: Gradien
p sut ti cc l vt liu.
ci: Nng ca cu t i trong vt liu.
K : H s phn x t nhin ca mng.

S khc nhau gia hai m hnh trn l ch kch thc tng i v tnh khng i
ca cc l. Cho nhng mng trong s vn chuyn tt nht c m t bng m hnh
khuch tn v nh lut Fick. Th cc l trong mng l khong trng rt nh gia cc
chui polymer, cc l ny c hnh thnh chnh nh s chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn
t polymer. Cc l ny xut hin ri bin mt trong mt khong thi gian cng nh s
chuyn ng ca cc cht i qua mng. Mt khc, i vi cc mng s vn chuyn c
m t tt bng c ch mao qun v nh lut Darcy th cc l tng i ln v c nh,
cc l ny khng thay i v th tch cng nh v tr trong khong thi gian cc cht di

chuyn qua mng v c kt ni n mt ni khc. Theo kinh nghim th khong cch
l c coi l chuyn tip gia s vn chuyn theo c ch khuch tn v c ch mao
o
qun l di t 5 10 A .
Kch thc l trung bnh trong mng rt kh khn o c v thng thng s kt
lun da vo kch thc ca cc phn t xuyn qua mng hoc bng cc k thut gin
tip. V cc kch thc l mng c th c chia thnh 3 nhm c minh ho nh hnh
II.7
Hnh II.7 Kch thc mao qun v l thuyt p dng tt nht cho cc qu trnh mng c bn
Nh vy thm thu ngc l qu trnh c m t bng c ch khuch tn th v nh

lut Fick th hp l hn c, do m trong phn tip theo em tp trung vo m hnh
khuch tn.
II.3.2.M hnh khuch tn:
II.3.2.1.Gradient v Gradient p sut trong mng:
C s m t ton hc cho qu trnh khuch tn trong mng l l thuyt v nhit

ng hc. Trong mnh ny th sc p ca p sut, nng , nhit v th in th
tng tc vi nhau, cn ng lc cho qu trnh xuyn thm ca dung mi l gradient
trong th ho hc.
2
Ta c, dng Ji (g/cm .s) ca cu t i,c m t bng biu thc n gin

Ji
Trong :
dx
(2.8)
dx
: Ho th ca cu t i
Li : H s t l (Khng nht thit phi l h s)

Trong mi lin h trn th ng lc ca qu trnh chnh l th ho. Cc ng lc nh
Gradient nng , p sut, nhit v th in c th c bin din nh cng thc trn.
Cch tip cn ny rt c li, bi v nhiu qu trnh c th c hn mt ng lc, chng hn
nh ng lc ca qu trnh thm thu ngc l bao gm c p sut v nng . Hn ch
cc tip cn vi ng lc pht sinh t p sut v nng th ho th c vit :
di = RT d[ln(i ni )] + idp
(2.9)
Trong :
ni : Phn mol ca cu t i, (mol/mol)
i : H s hot ho ca cu t i, (mol/mol) n th hin mi lin h gia phn mol vi
hot ho.
p: p sut
i : Nng mol th tch ca cu t i, (mol/l)
Trong cc pha khng nn c nh mt dung dch lng hoc mt mng rn, th tch
khng thay i theo p sut. Trong mt h kn, tch phn cng thc 2.9 theo p sut v
nng cho ta:
i =
+ RT ln(i ni ) + i (p p i)
(2.10)
y:
o
i : Th ho ca cu t i p sut p
Trong trng hp kh nn c, nng mol th tch thay i theo p sut th p

dng nh lut kh l tng tch phn cng thc 2.9 ta c:
p
i = i + RT ln(i ni ) +
RTln(
p io
) (2.11)
chc chn rng th ho hc ban u - i l tng ng nhau trong hai cng thc
o
2.10 v 2.11 th p sut ban u p i c xem nh p sut hi bo ho ca i, pi,sat khi

cng thc 2.10 c vit li
i =
+ RT ln(i ni ) + i (p
pi,sat ) (2.12)
(i vi cht lng khng nn c v mng)
i = i + RT ln(i ni ) +
RTln(
pi,sa
t
(i vi kh nn c)
) (2.13)
Mt vi gi thit c a ra gii thch cho m hnh xuyn thm qua mng.

+ Gi thuyt th nht l s iu iu tit vn chuyn qua mng l dng cht lng mt
bn mng cn bng vi vt liu mng ti b mt chuyn tip. Gi thit ny c ngha l
gradient trong ho th l lin tc t bn ny sang bn kia mng. n trong trng hp ny
l vn tc hp th v gii hp b mt phn chuyn tip th cao hn vn tc khuych tn
xuyn qua mng, s pht hin ny th bao qut cho hu ht cc qu trnh mng, nhng c
mt s tr ngi thng gp trong qu trnh vn chuyn ko theo s phn ng ho hc dn
n lm gim qu trnh vn chuyn, hay trong s khuch tn kh qua kim loi, y s
hp th b mt chuyn tip c th gim.
+ Gi thit th hai quan h gia p sut v gradient nng trong mng. M hnh
khuch tn cho rng khi p sut c t vo ngang qua mt mng kt, p sut l mt
hng s c gi tr cao. Gi thit ny th i vi mng khuych tn ng i ca p sut
ging nh cc cht lng. H qu l vi m hnh khuch tn th p sut trong mt mng l
u v gradient th ho qua mng th c biu din duy nht thnh mt gradient nng
. Hai gi thit trn c biu din nh hnh II.8, hnh ny biu din p lc thm ca
mt thnh phn trong mt dung dch xuyn qua mt mng bng c ch khuch tn.
Trong m hnh khuch tn, p sut trong mng l mt hng s c gi tr ln (po),
gradient ho th qua mng c biu din nh mt gradient phng trong dung mi hot
ho, dng to thnh lm gim gradient ny c vit cng thc 2.8 nhng v khng c
gradient p sut tn ti trong mng. Cng thc 2.8 c th c vit bng kt hp gia
cng thc 2.8 v 2.9 , gi s i l hng s ta c:
Ji = - RTL . dni
i
ni
dx
(2.14)
Hnh II.8 S xuyn thm cng bc ca dung dch

mt thnh phn theo m hnh khuch tn
Trong cng thc 2. gradient ca cu t I qua mng c biu din nh mt gradient

phn mol ca cu t I, dng thut ng thc t hn nng ci c nh ngha:
ci = mi ..ni
(2.15)
y:
mi : Khi lng phn t ca I (g/mol)
3
: Khi lng ring mol ca I, (mol/cm )

Khi cng thc 2.14 c th vit :
Ji = - RTL . dci
i
dx
ci
(2.16)
Cng thc 2.16 c s tng ng vi nh lut Fick v thnh phn
c th vit li
RTLi
ci
bi h s khuch tn
Di
Ji = - Di dc
i
(2.17)
d
x
Tch phn cng thc ny theo chiu dy ca mng cho:

Ji = - Di .
(ci (m)
o
ci (m)
l
)
l
(2.18)
Dng qu trnh thm thu l mt v d, gradient nng v p sut thch hp vi m

hnh khuch tn v c bn lun hi phc tp. Hot tnh, p sut, v gradient ho th
trong loi mng ny c biu din nh hnh II.9
Hnh II.9 (a) biu din mt mng bn thm phn tch mt dung dch mui t mt dung
mi sch. p sut bng nhau hai bn ca mng. n gin th gradient ca mui (cu
t j) khng biu din trn hnh, nhng mng c gi thit l rt chn la do nng
mui trong mng l rt nh. S khc nhau v nng hai bn mng din ra lin tc,
gradient phng trong ho th ca nc (cu t i) qua mng, t i,l bn nc i,o trong
bn mui, p sut trong v ngang qua mng l mt hng s ( l, po = pm = pl) v
gradient hot tnh ca dung mi (i(m)ni(m)) gim lin tc t bn dung mi (nc) sang bn
dung dch mui. Kt qu l nc di chuyn t phi sang tri.
Hnh II.9 (b) biu din thi im cn bng thm thu, khi p sut c p vo bn
mn th dng dung mi qua mng s bng 0. hnh II.9 (b) th p sut bn trong mng
c gi thit l khng i (po). y c mt im gy p sut ti bn thm ca mng,
ti y p sut gim t ngt theo mt ng thng ng t po xung pl, p sut bn dung
mi, p sut ny bng hiu (po - pl) c th c biu th nh trong cc biu thc v s
chnh lch th ho gia dng vo v dung dch thm.
Mi quan h gia mng v bn dung dch thm l bng vi dung dch ny. y, cng
thc 2.12 c th li dng mi quan h ca hai ho th:
i,l(m) = i,l
(2.19)
Hnh II.9 Th ho hc, p sut v hot ho dung mi qua mng

thm thu theo c ch khuch tn
V nh vy:
RT ln(il(m)nil(m)) + i po = RT ln(ilnil) + i pl
(2.20)
RT ln(il(m)nil(m)) RT ln(ilnil) = i (po pl)
(2.21)
Vit li ta c:
Ti im cn bng thm thu (i ni ) c th c biu din:
(i ni ) = ilnil il(m)nil(m)
(2.22)
V khi ilni 1, thay th cng thc 2.20 vo cng thc 2.21 ta c:

RT ln[1 (i ni )] = i (po pl) (2.23)
Khi (i ni ) rt nh th ln[1 (i ni )] (i ni ) cng thc 2.23 c rt gn:
(i ni )
=
( po
RT
(2.24)
pl )
RT
y:
chnh p sut (po - pl) = v dng bng 0
Nu mt p sut cao hn p sut thm thu c t vo bn dung dch mui ca
mng nh hnh II.9 (c) th s chnh lch th ho qua mng s tng ln, kt qu l c mt
dng chuyn t tri sang phi. y l qu trnh thm thu ngc
II.3.2.2.p dng m hnh khuch tn cho thm thu ngc:
Chng hn ta xt qu trnh thm thu ngc tch dung dch gm hai cu t nc (i)
v mui (j). Sau y l mt th tc tng qut, Cc ho th hai bn mng th lc u
c cn bng, ti b mt chuyn tip dng th p sut ca dng dung dch vi p sut
bn trong mng l ng nht (Nh hnh II.9c) cn bng ho th ti b mt ny c biu
din:
L
i,
o
cio(m) = K i .
(2.25)
Mt s chnh p tn ti b mt thm (Nh hnh II.9c) t po trong mng n pl trong

dung dch thm. S cn bng ho th qua b mt ny c cho bi:
il = il(m)
(2.26)
Chuyn i tng ng hai biu thc cho ho th ca dng nn c nh cng thc

2.26 ta c
L
oi + RT ln( n ) +
Dn
n:
(p
p
il
il
l
oi
)=
+ RT ln(
n
isat
ln( n ) =
ln(
il il
il(m)
il(m
)
n ) i ( p o pl )
+il(m)
i.c
.(
po
i
il
.exp
il(m
)
(2.27)
isat
(2.28)
RT
Quy hoch v thay th cho h s hp th, K

=
2.10, cho ta biu thc:
L
cil(m) = K
) + (p
p
R.
T
i,o(m)
m
o
(Theo Hence) vo cng thc
pl )
(2.29)
Cng thc trn cho ta cc nng bn trong mng ti b mt chuyn tip trong cng
thc 2.25 v 2.29 thay vo nh lut Fick ta c:
Ji = D .K ci,
L
i
ci, exp
l
( po
R.
T
pl )
(2.30)
Cng thc 2.30 v biu thc ng lng ca cu t j cho dng nc v dng mui
qua mng thm thu ngc trong mi lin h gia s chnh lch p sut v nng qua
mng, c mt s gii thch cho biu thc 2.30 ca mt dung dch hai cu t trn
ln l
L
cho php tnh nng lm vic ca mng c tnh ton cho cc thm Di K /l v D
i
K j/l, v cc nng dng cio and cjo . Tuy nhin, thng thng th cng thc 2.30 c
L
n gin bi gi thit mng chn lc rt cao, tc l Di K /li >> Dj KLj/l. y l mt gi
thit tt cho cc mng thm thu ngc c s dng tch mui trong nc. Xt n
dng nc u tin. mt im m ti c t vo mt p sut thu tnh cn bng
vi gradient hot ho ca nc, im cn bng thm thu (Hnh 2.9 b). Khi dng nc
qua mng bng 0 v cng thc 2.30 tr thnh:
Ji = 0 = Di
ci,o
L
i
ci,l .exp
(2.31)
( )
R.T
i
Hay:
ci,l = c .exp
i,l
(2.32)
R.T
p sut thu tnh cao hn , cng thc 2.30 v 2.32 hp li thnh:

Ji D K L
(2.33)
i i i ,o
(
p
)
exp
i
l
=
po
1l
R.T
Hay:
Ji
=
D KL
i
exp
i,o
(2.34)
R.T
y:
p: Hiu p sut thu tnh qua mng (po - pl). Mt tnh ton th cho biu thc: i (p
)/RT th nh di iu kin chun ca thm thu ngc. V d, trong nc mui khi
3
p = 1000atm, = 10 atm, and i = 18 cm /mol, th thnh phn i (p )/RT

khong 0.06
Cc iu kin khng , n gin 1 exp(x) x as x 0, cng thc 2. c vit
li mt cch gn ng:
D Kiii,oL .ci . .( p
l.R.T
Ji =
(2.35)
Cng thc ny c th n gin thnh:

Ji = A(p )
(2.36)
y, A l mt h s bng biu thc: Di K cioi /RT . Trong thm thu ngc, A

i
thng c gi l Hng s thm nc (water permeability constant).
Mt cch tng t, n gin biu thc cho dng mui, Ji, xuyn qua mng c th
c suy ra, bt u vi biu thc ng hng 2.30
Ji =
Di
c exp
j,o
j,l
( po
R.
T
pl )
(2.37)
V biu thc i (p )/RT rt nh v hm m trong biu thc 2.37 tin n 1 cho

nn c th vit li:
Ji =
DK
i
i
(c l
Hoc Ji =
c j,l
)
j,
o
B(c j,o
(2.38)
c j,l
)
(2.39)
y B thng gi l hng s thm ca mui v n c gi tr

i
B= D
Kl
L
i
(2.40)
Cc d bo v s vn chuyn ca nc v mui qua mt mng thm thu ngc p

dng m hnh khuch tn (Bt ngun u tin bi Merten v Cc cng s). Ph hp vi
cng thc 2.36 dng nc xuyn qua mt mng thm thu ngc nh mt p sut cho
trc ca dung dch mui sau tng ln theo p sut t vo. Cng thc 2.39 tng hp
vi dng mui b chn ch yu ph thuc vo p sut. Mt vi kt qu c biu hin
nh hnh II.10 , nh th hin trong hnh th mt biu thc c gi l h s thu hi (gi
li), R c nh ngha:
(2.41)
c )100%
R = (1 - ,l j
cj
,o
H s thu hi (gi li) d on kh nng phn tch mui t dng dung dch vo
i vi mt mng chn lc hon ho th mui i qua, cjl = 0 v R = 100%, i vi
mt mng khng chn lc th cj,l = cj,o v R = 0
Trong hnh II.10 Ta thy R tng ln theo p sut t vo v dng nc th tng theo p
sut nhng dng mui th khng.
Hnh II.10 D liu v s loi b mui v dng nc
i qua khi cho thm thu mt dung dch mui (3.5 %
NaCl) qua mt mng thm thu ngc cht lng cao.
Dng mui th tng thch vi cng thc 2.36
s gi li l mt hng s v khng ph thuc vo p sut.
Cn dng nc trong cng thc I2.39 tng ln theo p sut
v dng bng 0 p sut 350 psi ca nc bin
II.4.Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thm thu ngc:[ 7]

II.4.1.nh hng ca cu trc dung dch:
Dung dch l mt hn hp ng th t nht l c hai cu t v c thnh phn thay i.

V dung dch gm nhiu cu t nn c trng ch yu ca dung dch l nng , r rng
s phn b cht tan, s lin kt gia cc phn t dung mi v phn t cht tan to thnh
mt ng th s quyt nh tnh cht c trng ca dung dch, tt c c tnh cht trn ca
dung dch iu ph thuc vo cu trc dung dch v nng dung dch m t ph thuc
vo bn cht dung dch.
gii thch r nh hng ca cu trc dung dch n qu trnh lm vic ca mng
ngi ta da vo cc c trng Nhit ng v cu trc dung dch
Khi ho tan mt cht tan trong mt dung mi no , th lp tc c s tng tc gia
phn t dung mi v phn t cht tan ng thi sinh ra hiu ng nhit, hiu ng nhit ca
qu trnh ho tan nhiu khi rt ln. V vy, c th cho rng: Qu trnh ho tan l kt qu
ca mt phn ng c bit to ra mi lin kt gia dung mi v cht ta. Ngi ta gi
qu trnh ny l qu trnh solvat ho (Hay qu trnh Hyrt ho): qu trnh ny c nh

ngha:
Hyrat ho l s nh hng ca cc phn t nc xung quanh ion cht tan, chuyn
ng cng vi chng v tc dng tng h ln nhau. Solvat ho l danh t ch qu trnh
trn nhng dung mi khng phi l nc.
II.4.2.nh hng ca cht in ly:
Nhiu tc gi nghin cu qu trnh tch cc mui v c t dung dch nc bng

phng php thm thu ngc ch ra rng vi cc ion khc nhau tin hnh trong cng
mt iu kin nh nhau trn cng mt mng th cc c trng ca qu trnh tch cng
khc nhau. Nh vy, qu trnh tch cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc cht in ly
trong dung dch. Nh ni trn kh nng hyrt ho khc nhau ca cc ion c nh
hng n tnh la chn v thm thu ca mng. Qua thc t nghin cu nhiu tc gi
a n kt lun: la chn tng khi kh nng hydrat ho ca ion tng (Tng ng vi
bn knh ion gim) v ngc li.
Kh nng hydrat h o ca cc ion c sp xp nh sau:
+
Ion ho tr 1: Li >Na >Rb >Cs

-
3-
Cl >Br >NO >I >CNS

2+
2+
2+
Ion ho tr 2: Mg >Ca >Cr >Ba

2+
2+
2+
3-
Ion ho tr 1&2: Sr > Ba >Li >Na >K

4-
SO >Cl >Br >NO >I
bn ca v hydrat ho c nh gi nh sau:
Q
Z A2
rA 0,25
(2.42)
Trong :
ZA: in tch anion
rA: bn knh ion
o
(A )
0,25: Hng s c trng cho s khng i xng v tr lng cc ca phn
t
nc.
Nh vy khi bn hydrat ho tng th la chn tng v thm thu gim.
II.4.3.nh hng ca p sut lm vic:
Mt trong nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh thm thu ngc c tnh cht quan
trng l p sut lm vic. Mun qu trnh thm thu ngc xy ra ta phi to p sut ln
hn p sut thm thu to ra ng lc ca qu trnh. R rng p sut cng tng th
ng lc ca qu trnh (P-) cng ln, thm thu v chn lc cng tng , tuy
nhin mc tng ca cc thng s ny trong tng vng p sut khng ging nhau.
Trong qu trnh lc mng th khng phi lm vic p sut cng cao th cng tt v
khng nhng thm thu gim, chn lc khng tng c bao nhiu m cn do
mng b nn qu ln dn ti mng b bin dng qu gii hn n hi, lm ph hu cu
trc ca mng. Thng thng mi loi mng cc nh sn xut u a ra cc thng s
lm vic nht nh.
II.4.4.nh hng ca nng dung dch:
Nng dung dch cng l mt yu t rt quan trng nh hng n qu trnh lm

vic ca mng, khi nng thay i khng nhng ng lc ca qu trnh thm thu
ngc thay i (do p sut thm thu ph thuc vo nng ) m cu trc ca dung dch
cng thay i.
Trong dung dch ngi ta thng chia thnh 3 vng nng sau:
- Vng nng long: L vng nng cng tn ti cc phn t nc trng thi t do
trong dung dch.
- Vng nng gii hn: Ti cng ny khng cn tn ti cc phn t nc trng thi
t do m n trong lp v htdrat gn v xa.
- Vng nng c c: Ti vng ny ton b nc chuyn vo lp v hydrat ho th
nht.
Theo mt s tc gi khi chuyn t vng nng cao sang vng nng ny sang vng
nng khc th cu trc dung dch thay i t ngt.
Vi dung dch long nh hng ca nng n chn lc v thm thu ca
mng l khng ng k v trong dung dch lun tn ti cc phn t nc t do to thnh
mt lp mng nc nguyn cht trn b mt mng. Nhng khi nng dung dch
tng dn ln th s phn t nc t do trong dung dch gim i chng chuyn dn vo lp
v hyrat th hai v th nht. Khi lc tng tc gia cc ion cht tanv dung mi rt
ln, mi lin kt ny rt bn vng do b mt mng khng to thnh lp nc nguyn
cht c v xy ra hin tng bt kn cc mao qun do chn lc v thm thu
gim i rt nhanh.
Theo Govindan v Souvirajan th quan h gia thm thu v nng c biu
hin qua cng thc:
K1
(KC n )
G= P
Trong :
P: ng lc ca qu trnh, kg/cm
: Khi lng ring ca dung dch, kg/m
(2.43)
: nht ca dung dch, Ns/m
C: Nng dung dch, mol/L

n: Hng s thc nghim
K1,K2: Hng s ng vi tng h dung dch - mng
II.4.5.nh hng ca cu trc mng:
Trong qu trnh tch bng mng thm thu ngc, mng bn thm c nh hng quan
trng n cht lng ca qu trnh. Cc mng thng c chn lc v thm thu rt
khc nhau, ngay trong cng mt loi mng sn xut theo iu kin cng ngh nh nhau
th cu trc ca mng cng khng ging nhau, khuyt tt ca mao qun trn tng
vng ca mng c ng knh khc nhau nn ng knh mao qun cng rt khc nhau
do m ng knh mao qun ch tnh trung bnh. Ni chung mng c ng knh mao
qun cng nh th c kh nng gi ion cng tt. Nhng m bo qu trnh lm vic tt
th cc mng phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
- C thm thu ln vi nc v nh vi cht tan.
- C bn c hc ln, ng u v kch thc v cu trc.
- Cc mao qun ng nht t khuyt tt.
- D ch to, sn xut hng lot, d bo qun.
II.4.6.Hin tng phn cc nng :
Hnh II.6 biu din profin nng ti b mt mng trong qu trnh thm thu ngc,
r rng s tch t cht tan trn b mt mng lm cho vn tc khuych tn qua mng chm
hn vn tc chuyn cht tan t nhn pha n b mt mng nn gy ra s chnh lch nng
(grad C) gia nhn pha v b mt mng chnh l hin tng phn cc nng
Hin tng ny s lm tng dng cht tan i qua mng do lm gim chn lc
ca mng
S tng nng trn lp bin c th t ti nng bo ho ca cu t no v to
kt ta trn b mt mng, lm gim b mt lm vic ca mng (To thnh lp mng th
hai) lm gim dng dung mi.
Hin tng phn cc nng lm gim ng lc ca qu trnh do lm gia tng p sut
thm thu.
khc phc hin tng phn cc nng th nn tin hnh trong iu kin dung mi
khng qu ln, to dng chy xoy mnh trn b mt mng.
Hnh II.11 Hin tng phn cc nng
Ci
i,p = R.T.(Ci-Cp)
b,p = R.T.(Ci-Cp)
Cs
Bin dng
nng
Cv
Cp
II.5.ng dng thm thu ngc trong kh mn nc bin:[ 4]

II.5.1.C s l thuyt ca qu trnh kh mui:
Mui v nc i qua mng thm thu ngc th ph hp vi c ch vn chuyn

khuch tn nh trnh by mc II.3
Dng nc, Ji lin h vi p sut qua mng bi cng thc
Ji = A(p - )
(2.44)
Trong :
p: Hiu ca p sut qua mng.
: p sut thm thu.
A:Hng s
Khi p < , nc s i t bn c nng mui long sang bn c nng mui

cao hn, y l qu trnh thm thu thng thng.
Khi p = , khi khng c s chuyn dch dng.
Khi p >, Nc s i t bn dung dch c nng mui cao hn sng bn c
nng mui thp hn.
Dng mui, Jj, qua mng c m t bi biu thc
Jj = B(Cj,o - Cj,l)
(2.45)
Trong :
B: H s thm ca mui.
Cj,o:Nng mui trong nc cp vo h thng.

Cj,l: Nng mui bn kia mng.
Tuy nhin Cj,l nh hn rt nhiu so vi Cj,o cho nn h thc trn c th n gin nh
sau:
Jj = BCj,o (2.46)
Theo di hai biu thc trn ta thy chuyn ng ca dng nc qua mng c mi lin
h vi p sut t vo, nhng dng mui th khng ph thuc vo p sut. iu ny c
ngha l mng c tnh chn lc hn khi p sut tng. Tnh chn lc c th xc nh theo
mt s cch, nhng thng thng, thng c xc nh da vo h s loi b mui R,

c nh ngha nh sau:
R = [1 -
C j ]100 %
(2.47)
,l
C j,
0
Nng mui trong nc bn kia mng lc c lin h vi lu lng nc v dng

mui qua mng bi h biu thc:
Trong :
Cj,l
=
Jj
Ji
(2.48)
i : T trng ca nc (g/cm )
T cc cng thc trn ta c kh nng loi b cc cht ca mng c biu th bi biu
thc.
B
R = [1 - A ( p
i
) ]100%
(2.49)
II.5.2.nh hng ca p sut dng, nng mui (NaCl) v nhit ca nc cn x l n

qu trnh lm vic ca mng thm thu ngc:[4]
II.5.2.1.nh hng ca p sut t vo:
Hnh II.12 Biu nh hng ca p sut n qu trnh tch mui
bng mng RO
nh hng ca p sut dng vo h c biu din nh hnh II.12 . th trn ta

thy ti mt p sut bng p sut thm thu (350 psi) th dng qua mng bng 0, Sau
nu p sut tng theo mt ng tuyn tnh th lng mui c loi b (ngoi suy) t 0
p sut 350 psi, nhng tng rt nhanh theo s tng p sut n kt qu t c l loi
b hn 99 % mui p sut t vo 700 psi (Gp i p sut thm thu ca dung dch).
II.5.2.2.nh hng ca nng mui:
Hnh II.13 Biu nh hng ca nng n qu trnh tch mui

bng mng RO
nh hng ca s gia tng nng mui trong dung dch vo n hiu qu lm vic
ca mng c biu th nh hnh II.13 S tng nng mui nh hng n s gia tng
p sut thm thu. Do bi, p sut khng i 1000 psi dng nc qua mng bng 0
nng mui 10wt%, im p sut thm thu bng p sut thu tnh t vo th nng
mui b loi b bng 0, nhng li tng rt nhanh theo s tng nng mui. Nng
mui c gi li hi 99% c gii hn min nng di 6%. Tng ng vi p
sut c vo khong 400 psi.
II.5.2.3.nh hng ca nhit :
Hnh II.14 nh hng ca nhit n qu trnh kh mui
Ngun: Richard W.Baker, Membrane Technology and

Application
nh hng ca nhit nc u vo ln phn trm mui c loi b v dng nc

c m t nh trn hnh II.14 Th phc tp hn hai yu t trn. L mt qu trnh ng,
v c hai tng ln theo hm m vi s tng nhit . Trn biu cho thy nh hng
ca nhit ln dng nc tng i nhy, lu lng dng qua mng tng gp i khi
o
nhit tng t 20 ln 30 C. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca nhit ln dng mui th t hn.

Thc ra dc ca ng nhit th tng i thp.
Cc biu trn c a ra t mt h thng kim tra thng hot ng dung dch
mui kim tra l 0.2 1% NaCl di p sut 150 600 psi.
II.5.2.4.nh hng ca mt s yu t khc:
Tnh cht ca mng v s phn cc nng .
CHNG III: GII THIU MT S TRM X L NC CP

V NC THI THAM QUAN
II.6.Cc trm x l nc cp v kh khong:
II.6.1.Trm x l nc cp cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long:
Gii thiu khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long:

Din tch: 198ha
a im: ng Anh, H Ni (B Bc sng Hng Bn cu Thng Long)
Ch u t: Cng ty c kh ng Anh v Tp on Sumitomo (Nht Bn)
Khu cng nghip Thng Long: KCN Thng Long c pht trin bi Thng Long
Industrial Park, mt cng ty lin doanh gia tp on Sumitomo (Nht Bn) v Cng ty
c kh ng Anh (B Xy dng), c thnh lp theo Gip php u t s 1845/GP do
B K hoch & u t Vit Nam cp ngy 22/2/1997. c cp chng ch qun l
mi trng ISO-14001.
Cp nc: Sau khi c x l ti nh my lc nc, nc tiu dng cng nghip
c cung cp bi h thng ng nc bng st mm t ngm di lng t.
Thng tin lin lc: H thng thng tin lin lc, cng c t ngm di lng t, s
cho php m rng p ng nhu cu tng ln v truyn d liu tc cao.
X l nc thi: Nc thi ca cc n v thu t s c thu hi bng h thng ng
ngm v c x l trc khi cho chy vo knh chy qua cc khu cng nghip. ng
thi cc nh my c thi ra cc loi nc thi c t trung ring bit phi c h thng x
l cc b trc khi thi vo ng ng chung.
Hin ti cc doanh nghip v cng ty c nh my t trong khu cng nghip l cc
cng ty n t Nht Bn, sn xut v kinh doanh trong mt s lnh vc: in t, gm
s, Thp
S quy trnh cng ngh:
Hnh III.1 S qui trnh cng ngh trm x l nc cp cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long
PAC
Tip nhn
Ging
khoan
v lm
thong
Javel
B sung
ho cht v
khuy trn
Ngn phn Ngn phn

ng bc 1
B cha nc
sau x l
B lng ngang
ng bc 2
i nc
B lc ct
CH THCH
ng nc chnh
ng Bn
ng ho cht
ng nc ra lc
ng nc ra lc
c lng
ngBn
B bn
B cha
nc ra lc
Sn phi
bn
- Ngun nc: Ngun nc cp cho h sinh hot ca khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long
c ly t nc ging khoan gn sng Hng v c a vo trm x l trc khi a
ln mng li phn phi nc.
3
- Cng sut ca trm: Trm c cng sut 4000 m /ngy m vi 2 n nguyn mi n

3
nguyn c cng sut 2000 m /ngy m . Tuy nhin, thi gian hot ng ca h
thng thng khong 20 h/ngy. Cng ngh v thit b ca h thng c cung cp t
Nht Bn. Nh my chnh thc hot ng t 2004 v p ng mt phn nhu cu v nc
sinh hot cho khu cng nghip.
Thuyt minh s cng ngh:
- Ngn tip nhn: Nc t ging khoan c bm vo ngn tip nhn ng thi lm thong.
Ti ngn ny c b tr mt thit b khuy trn b mt cng sut ln vi mc ch
lm cho nc tip xc vi oxi kh st v mangan v trong nc ngm c hm
lng st v mangan nht nh, ng thi tng th oxi ho ca nc, nu l nc mt th
s tip xc oxi s kh CO2 nhm nng cao pH y nhanh qu trnh xi ho v thu phn
st, mangan trong qu trnh kh chng.
- Ngn b sung ho cht v khuy trn: Sau khi qua b lm thong nc c a vo
ngn khuy trn sau khi i qua ngn b sung ho cht. Ti ngn khuy trn c b
tr b cnh khuy vi vn tc ln nhm phn tn nhanh, u PAC (Poly Aluminum
Clorua) v Javel vo nc. PAC c rt nhiu u im so vi phn nhm trong qu trnh
keo t: t tc ng pH, liu lng thp, t gy n mn thit b, c bit i vi nc c
c v kim cao. Javel c b sung vo u dy chuyn ngoi ngha kh trng n
cn ng vai tr l cht oxi ho st rt hiu qu.
Qu trnh khuy trn s din ra v t hiu qu cao nht khi gradiel vn tc do cnh
-1
khuy to ra t 200 - 300 s trong thi gian 2 n 3 pht v trn thc t th c th kim
-1
sot trong khong t 200 1000 s .

Gradiel vn tc c tnh theo cng thc
G=
0.5
P
V
Trong :
-1
G: Gradiel vn tc, s
: nht ng lc ca nc (N.s/m2);i vi nc c nhit 20 C ly bng

2
2)
0,001Ns/m (N: niwtn, Kg.m/s

P: Nng lng tiu hao tng cng, J/s
V : Dung tch b trn, m
- Ngn phn ng keo t: Tip theo nc c a i qua hai ngn phn ng keo
t. To iu kin v thc hin kt dnh cc ht keo phn tn thnh bng cn c kh nng
lng v lc vi tc kinh t cho php. Ti cc ngn phn ng th cn quan tm n

-1
gradien vn tc ca cnh khuy. Thng nm trong khong t 30 80 s th t hiu qu

cao. Tuy nhin i vi tng loi nc thi m cn nhng kinh nghim m nhng kinh
nghim ny phi c a ra bi ngi vn hnh h thng .
i vi qu trnh to bng th hiu qu to bng tt nht khi cnh khuy to ra gradiel
-1
vn tc trung bnh trong khong t 30 70 s
B lng ngang: Sau qua cc b phn ng nc c a vo ngn phn phi n nh

dng chy ri a vo b lng. Lng l qu trnh quan quan trng cn c kim sot
cht ch trong cng ngh x l nc cp v y l qu trnh d quan st c hiu qu
bng mt thng t c th iu chnh cc qu trnh pha trc nh keo t hiu qu
lng cao hn. ng thi qu trnh lng tt s gim c ti cho b lc khi thi
gian ra lc gim xung ng thi nng cao cht lng nc u ra. B lng ca h
thng ny c thit k di dng b lng ngang mng phn phi nc t ngang b v
nc c thu nh cc mng t dc theo chiu di b cui b ri c a qua b
lng.
B lc: B lc l cng on x l c hc cui cng trong trnh x l. Nc i qua lp ct
3
lc nh p lc thu tnh. Vi cng sut 2000 m /ngy m th b lc c thit k vi

2
din tch khong 16m cao 5m v chiu cao lp ct lc khong 3m chnh lch p lc
khong 1.5m nc. B c ra theo chu trnh vi ph thuc vo cht lng nc u ra.
H thng ra lc c iu khin t ng trn c s cc van vn hnh t ng bng kh
nn. Nc ra lc c dn qua mt b lng sau c bm li b tip nhn.
- Bn thi: Bn t b lng 2 c bm nh k 20 ting 1 ln vo b cha bn sau
c bm sang sn phi bn.
B tr mt bng trm x l:
Cc cng trnh trong h thng c b tr hp khi trn nn t tng i bng phng
v n nh
Nc i qua cc cng trnh chnh iu t chy nn khng tn nng lng cho bm, tit
kim c chi ph vn hnh.
Cc cng trnh chnh c xy ni trn mt t, ch co b cha nc ra lc v b
cha bn c xy chm.
Cch b tr nh vy tit kim c qu t cng nh chi ph xy dng v vn hnh
ng thi tn dng kh nng t chy ca nc tn chi ph nng lng bm.
Hnh III.2 Mt bng trm x l nc cp cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long
n nguyn th hai c cng

sut 2000m3/ngy
Ch
thch
B tip nhn v lm thong
Ngn b sung ho
cht
2
17
Ngn khuy trn ho

cht
4
Ngn phn ng bc 1
Ngn phn ng bc 2
5
15
Mng phn phi
B lng ngang
11
8
9
10
4
14
11
10
16
13
12
i nc
13
Trm bm
14
Khu cha v ho ho cht

15
16
19
B cha bn
B cha nc sau x l
12
2
18
B lc ct
B cha nc ra lc
17
Nh iu khin
ng ni b
Lang cang kim sot cc
cng trnh
18
Cu thang
nh gi cng ngh v cc yu t cn khc phc nng cao hiu qu lm

vic ca trm:
Vi cng ngh nh trn hon ton c th x l t tiu chun cho sinh hot i vi
ngun nc ngm nh ca khu vc ny. Tuy nhin cch lm thong nh cng ngh trn
tng i tn nng lng cho vic vn hnh cnh khuy, trong nhiu quy trnh khc
ngi ta thng s dng gin phun ma.
Khi quan st ta nhn thy trong b lng cn nhiu huyn ph l lng mng thu nc
cui b. iu ny lm nh hng xu n qu trnh lc ct pha sau. Hin tng ny c
th do cc nguyn nhn sau gy ra:
Do h thng ang hot ng qu ti
Do qu trnh keo t cha tt nn cc bng keo cha ln lng.
-
khc phc hin tng ny c th tin hnh mt s iu chnh nh nh:

B sung cht tr lng
Kim tra li qu trnh keo t a ra mt s iu chnh thch hp
II.6.2.Trm x l nc cp cho nh my m km - M mu LiLaMa:
S nguyn l:
Hnh III.3 S quy trnh x l nc cp cho cng ty m km m mu - LiLaMa
i nc
Gin phun lm thong
Mng phn phi v thu nc ra
B cha nc sau x l
B cha nc sau lm thong

B lc vt liu ni Lc ct
CH THCH
ng nc chnh ng nc ra lc ng ho cht
Bm nc ra ngc
Ging khoan
Thuyt minh s :
- Lm thong: Nc c bm t ging khoang ln thp lm thong bng gin
phun. Nh tip xc t nhin vi oxi m qu trnh oxi ho st v mangan trong nc ngm
c din ra. ng thi thot bt kh v hi trong lng t.
- Lc qua lp vt liu l lng: Lp vt liu ny dng ht xp (Polystyren) c gi trong b
nh mt li thp cho nc i qua nc i qua. Khi b ny ging nhu mt b lng
tip xc, cc ht cn nng va chm vi cc ht xp sau i xung dn y b khi
khi lng ln ln.
- Lc ct: Nc sau khi i qua b lng tip xc c phn phi vo b lc ct loi b
cc cn l lng khng th lng cng on trc. Mng phn phi nc cng chnh
l mng thu nc ra lc.
- Kh trng: Clo c bm vo nc ngay trn ng n c bm t b lng v b cha.
nh gi cng ngh:
Quy trnh nh trn l quy trnh x l nc ngm n gin v c in c p dng
x l nc cp cho sinh hot. Quy trnh ny ch yu l kh st v mangan trong nc
vi hm lng thp. Khc vi cch kh st quy trnh ca nh my nc cp cho khu
cng nghip Bc Thng Long y l cch lm thong t nhin bng gin phun ma.
Trong quy trnh trn c th nc ra lc c thi ra b mt t m khng c lng
tun hon li. V trong nc ra lc c cha hm lng st do nu c nu thi ra
mt t trong thi gian di c th lm nhim lp t.
II.6.3.Trm kh khong cho nh my m km - Mu LiLaMa:
S nguyn l:
Hnh III.4 S nguyn l ca h thng kh khong nc cp cho dy chuyn m
Mng lc UF kch
hot thc l 5m
Ct than
tnh
Nc sinh hot
Bn cha
Dng ra dung
dch ra
Dung dch ra ct cation

Dung dch ra ct anion
Ct trao i
cation
Ct trao i
anion
Mng lc UF kch
thc l 1m
Thuyt minh s :
Lc s b: Nc ngun c ly t nc cp sinh hot v bm vo h cc module mng
lc loi b cc cht c kch thc ln nhm gim ti cho cc h thng pha sau:
Lc qua than hot tnh: Trc khi vo h thng trao i ion nc gn nh khng cn cc
ht c kch thc ln do m n c tip tc a vo h thng lc than hot tnh.
Ti y mu s c kh bt, ng thi gim ti cho thit b trao i ion v mng
lc pha sau.
- Ct trao i cation: Nc i qua ct cation th cc ion m s c loi b
- Ct trao i anion: ln gim cng
Lc cng on cui: Cc ion v vi khun cha c lm sch cc cng on trc
s c loi b ti mng lc cui cng trc khi c cp cho dy chuyn m.
II.6.4.H thng lc nc RO cp cho h thng sn xut Hir ca nh my m km m mu LiLaMa:
S nguyn l:
Hnh III.5 S nguyn l h thng lc nc bng cng ngh RO cp nc cho h thng sn xut hir
Ct lc a vt
liu
DD axit axetic
Module mng RO
Nc bn
DD ra lc
Nc x l
Nc sinh hot
Thuyt minh s :
Lc a vt liu (Multimedia Filter): Nc ngun c bm qua thit b lc
Multimedia Filter . Ti y, cc cn th, cn l lng c gi li. Cc cn l lng khng
ho tan c kch thc 20micron s b gi li. Cng dng ca qu trnh lc ny l bo v
tng tui th cho thit b trao i ion v thit b lc thm thu ngc
Lc qua than hot tnh (Activated carbon filter): Nc sau khi i qua thit b lc
Multimedia Filter c y sang thit b lc than hot tnh. Cng dng ca cng on
ny l: Kh mu, mi , cc cht hu c, Chlorine, Chloramin, phenol ng thi bo v
tng tui th thit b trao i ion v mng lc thm thu ngc.
Thit b trao i ion (Soften): Nc sau khi qua thit b lc than hot tnh c a
sang thit b trao i ion. Ti y din ra qu trnh trao i ion, cc ion gy nn
2+
2+
cng ca nc Ca , Mg s c thay th bng ion Na . Nc sau khi i qua thit b

lm mm nc c cng nh hn 17mg/lt. iu ny gim ti cho mng lc thm thu
ngc pha sau.
Thit b lc thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis): Trung tm ca h thng x l nc
cng ngh cao ny l Thit b lc thm thu ngc RO. Thit b lc ny c
chng minh l thit b tin cy, an ton v hiu qu nht trong vic x l nc cng ngh
cao. Thit b ny c th loi b ti >99% cc mui ho tan, cc bacteria v pyrogens cng
nh phn t hu c tan.
H thng trn x l nc sinh hot cp cho nh my sn xut hir c cng sut 40
3
m H2/gi. Nc sau x l c dn thp hn 5 S/cm.

Theo yu cu vn hnh th sau khi sn xut 6 tn nc phi ra mng mt ln bng
dung dch CH3COOH.
II.7.Cc trm x l nc thi:

II.7.1.Trm x l nc thi sinh hot cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long:
S quy trnh cng ngh:

Hnh III.6 S quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot khu cng nghip
Bc Thng Long
Javel
St cha
rc
Mng
lng ct
Nc thi
vo
B kh trng
Nc thi
sau x l
Song chn
th
Ch thch
B lng th cp
Song
Aeroten s dng thit
B iu
chn
b khuy trn b mt
ho
tinh
ch i chn lp
ng nc chnh
ng bn
Bn tun hon
ng ho cht
ng ng cp kh
Bn sau khi phi

Sn phi bn
B
cha bn
Cng ngh s dng l cng ngh Aeroten khuy trn hon chnh.
3
Cng sut hot ca trm l 5000 m /ngy m, vi hai n nguyn hot ng song song.
Nc thi c thu gom t nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nhn vin cc c s
sn xut trong khu cng nghip v c a vo h thng.
Song chn rc: Nc thi u tin c a ln lt qua hai song chn rc loi b cc
vt liu rc c kch thc trn 5mm. Gia hai song chc rc th v song chn rc tinh l
mt on mng c sc kh. on mng ny c thit k vi mc ch lng
ct v cc vt liu nng ng thi sc kh c ch s hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt h
hp ym kh c trong cng dn v lm giu oxi cho nc trc khi vo h thng hiu
kh. Hn na qu trnh sc kh s b nh th ny cng lm sch mt s cht bn trong
nc nh qu trnh oxi ho.
B iu ho: B iu ho c vai tr chnh l iu chnh lu lng v nc thi sinh hot
thng nhiu v ban ngy nhng m li t. y khng b sung cht dinh dng v
nc thi sinh hot l ngun nc giu dinh dng.
Aeroten: Aeroten l h thng bn hot tnh khut trn hon chnh nh 3 b cnh khuy
hai tng hot ng song song.
- B lng 2: B lng 2 l b lng Raial vi nc c a vo ng trung tm sau phn

phi vo vng lng. B lng 2 c ng knh khong 15 m v cao 4m. Nc sau lng
c thu ra bng mng hnh rng ca t theo chu vi b.
- B kh trng: Nc trc khi a ra ngun tip nhn c kh trng bng dung dch
Javel. Nc i qua b kh trng theo cc ng dch zt tng thi gian tip xc vi
dung dch kh trng trc khi i vo cng thi ra sng Hng.
- Bn tun hon: Bn t b lng 2 c bm ln mt b cha t trn np b iu ho
nhm to ra cao trnh bn t chy v sn phi bn. Ti b cha bn c thit k 2
ngn c mng chy trn qua nhau , bn c bm vo ngn th nht tun hon cn
lng d s chy sang ngn th 2 v tip tc chy ra sn phi.
- X l bn: Bn c phi cc sn phi v lu y khong 4 thng sau c ch i
chn lp ti cc khu chn lp cht thi rn.
B tr mt bng trm x l:
Cc cng trnh: Song chn rc, b iu ho v aeroten c b tr hp khi cn b lng
2 v b kh trng c b tr ring r bn cnh.
Hnh III.7 Mt bng trm x l nc thi sinh hot cho khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long
B
2
3
5
4
13
6
6
11
14
10
12
n nguyn th hai c cng
sut 3000 m3/ngy

vic ca trm:
Cng ngh aeroten l cng ngh x l nc thi vi sinh truyn thng thng c p
dng x l cc loi nc thi n gin nh nc thi sinh hot vi chi ph r! H
thng ang ni hot ng tt do m cht lng nc u ra c th t c cht lng
mong mun. Tuy nhin cc thng s c bn cha c kim sot thng xuyn v trung
tm cha c phng phn tch ti ch.
II.7.2.Trm x l nc thi ca nh my giy Bi Bng:
S quy trnh cng ngh:

(S quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi ca nh my giy Bi Bng nh hnh III.8)
Quy trnh x l nc thi sn xut giy ca nh my c x l qua hai cng on
x l ho l v cng on tip theo l x l sinh hc.
o Giai on 1: X l ho l
V c trng ca nc thi sn xut giy l trong thnh phn ca n cha mt lng
x si rt ln v lng x si ny hon ton c th thu hi s dng li. Chnh v vy m
trong cng on u tin ca x l nc thi giy ngi ta thng s dng mt s bin
php nh: ng keo t, tuyn ni thu hi lng x si ny. Trong cng ngh ny s
Hnh III.9 C cu co rc
- Song chn rc: Nc thi sn xut c dn thng vo
h thng, trng hp c s c hoc tu s h thng th nc
thi c a vo h d tr bn cnh, hoc trng hp lu
lng qu ln th mt phn nc thi s c bm vo h d
tr. Song chn rc c nhim v loi b cc thnh phn cht
rn c kch thc ln. Rc c co bng h thng c hc v
a vo b cha bng vt ti.
on mng dn b sung ho cht: Sau khi qua song chn
rc nc thi c dn qua mt on mng m ti y pH
c iu chnh bng H2SO4 v NaOH a pH v
vng pH ti u cho qu trnh keo t bng phn nhm Al2SO4
l khong 6,5 8 trc khi a vo ngn khuy trn. pH ca
nc thi hin ti l 6,8.
Khuy trn: Khuy trn bng b cnh khuy nhm phn
tn iu ho cht vo nc thi sao cho to c s tip
xc ln nht ca phn vi cht bn.
Hnh III.10 Khuy trn ho

cht
Hnh III.5 S quy trnh cng ngh trm x l nc thi nh my giy Bi Bng
Lm giu bn
H
thng p
bn
bng ti
H3PO4
Nc Thi
sx giy
Ur
Trng quay
lm kh
bn
Song chn
rc
Khuy
trn
Ngn
phn ng
B
lng
ngang
My nn kh
B cha
bn
B cn bng
Thp lm
mt
B tip
xc sinh
hc
Polyme
NT sau
khi
qua h
thng x
l ho
l (Keo
t)
dn
Anti foam
Mng
B
aeroten
Thp kh
kh
B lng bc 2
CH THCH
ng
nc
ng ho cht
ng bn
ng kh
Bn tun hon
Nc ra bng ti
Trang
60
H d tr
Al2(SO4)2
Nghin
cu
kh
mn
nc
bin
bng
cng
ngh
mng
thm
thu
ngc
Vi
n
kh
o
a
h
c
v
c
n
g
n
g
h
m
o
c
o
th
c
t
p
t
Phn ng: Nc thi qua ngn phn ng
Hnh III.11 Ngn phn ng
c khuy trn bng b cnh khuy lng quay

(theo thit k) nhng hin nay c thay bng
b cnh khuy chn vt nhm to ra Gradien vn tc
ph hp sao cho qu trnh to bng t hiu qu cao
nht qu trnh lng din ra tt. Vch ngn gia
b keo t v vng lng c ph b. iu ny c
th nh hng khng tt n qu trnh lng v
khng c s phn phi n nh dng nc trc
khi vo b lng nn vn tc dng vo u b lng
rt ln dn n qu trnh lng c th khng hiu
qu.
Lng: B lng c thit k l b lng
ngang c h thng ht bn di chuyn dc theo
chiu di b v bm ht bn di y b bm vo
mng bn phi t trn thnh b. Nc c thu ra
nh mng hnh rng ca t cui b.
Hnh III.12 B lng ngang v c cu ht bn
Lm giu v lm kh bn: Bn t mng thu ca b

lng chy vo hai b lm giu sau c bm
vo h thng lm kh bn bng trng quay. Bn
sau khi c lm kh s chuyn sang sn cha
bn cho cc c s lm ba cactong. Nc p bn
c bm li u vo.
o Giai on th hai: X l sinh hc
B cn bng: Nc sau khi qua cng on x l ho l c dn vo b cn bng qua
mt mng dn c cc vch ngn di dng mng rng ca lm giu oxi. B cn
bng c tc dng iu ho lu lng trc khi vo h thng x l sinh hc hiu kh ng
thi trong b c b tr 3 Ejector cp kh cho b nhm lm tng DO.
Thp lm mt: h nhit ca nc trong h thng s dng cc thp lm mt nh
cc qut gi cng sut ln. Nc c bm t b cn bng ln cc mng phn phi i
qua lp m bng nha tip xc vi gi c thi t di ln. Dng nc c a
vo b cha di thp ri bm qua b tip sc sinh hc (B chn). Bt c hng v a
li b cn bng.
Nghin cu kh mn nc bin bng cng ngh mng thm thu ngc

Trang 61
Hnh III. 13 S iu khin h thng cho b cn bng, thp lm mt v b tip xc sinh hc
- B tip xc sinh hc: Tip xc sinh hc l cng on ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh x
l sinh hc bng cng ngh aeroten. ng nh tn gi giai on ny to mi trng
thun li nht cho vi sinh vt hot ng v din ra qu trnh oxi ho cng on tip
theo (Aeroten). Ti b cn bng, nc c b sung N, P v anti foam (ph bt).
ng thi ti y c cp kh nn sc t di y v dng bm khuy trn u
nc trong b. Bn tun hon c cng c a vo b ny. S dng b tip xc sinh
hc s to s hot ng an ton cho h thng x l sinh hc. B tip xc sinh hc s loi
b cc vi sinh vt ym kh ng thi to ra mt lng sinh khi tt nht.
- B aeroten: Sau khi qua b chn nc t chy qua aeroten v qu trnh xi ho sinh hc
tip tc din ra. Ti y cc thnh phn c th oxi ho sinh hc c s c oxi ho n
cc sn phm cui cng.
- H thng cp kh: hai b tip xc sinh hc v aeroten c cp kh bng h thng my nn
m bo cho DO trong hai b ln hn hoc bng 1,5 mg/L. DO hin ti trong b chn
l 1.6 mg/L v trong b aeroten l 1.5 mg/L. Ta thy h thng cp kh c kim sot
cht ch v nu DO xung di 1.5 mg/L th vi sinh vt hiu kh b c ch hoc cht.
Nhng nu cp kh qu ln s gy lng ph. Tuy nhin theo cc gi tr thc nghim cho
thy h thng aeroten lm vic hiu qu th DO ti u thng t 2 4 mg/L.
Hnh III.14 S iu khin v kim sot cho b tip xc sinh hc v aeroten
- Thp kh kh: Sau khi ra khi aeroten trong nc thi c c cc kh in hnh l CO2 v
mt s kh khc. Cc kh ny cn phi kh v n c tc dng xu n qu trnh lng v
bt kh s lm ni bn trong b lng 2. Thp kh kh c thit k nh mt lp m,
nc i qua v kh thot ra ngoi. Sau khi qua thp kh kh nc i vo b cha v t
chy vo ng trung tm ca b lng.
- B lng 2: L cng trnh c tnh ton v thit k ht sc cn thn bn lng hiu qu
nht. B lng c thit k trong h thng l b lng raial nc t thp kh kh i vo
ng phn phi trung tm sau i ra vng lng. Trn b c b tr hai lang cang quay
trn quanh b. Bn c ht t y vng lng vo tm b nh s chnh lch p sut,
s chnh lch p sut ny c to ra nh b to chn khng. Trn lang cang cn gng
cc c cu ph bt. Nc c thu ra khi b lng nh cc ca c b tr theo chu
vi b. Ti cc ca thu c b tr cc tm rng ca cho nc i qua nhm tng DO
trc khi c bm ra ngun tip nhn. Nc ny c trn ln vi nc thi sinh hot
c qua x l n gin bng lng v kh trng s b.
Hnh III.15 S iu khin v kim sot thp kh kh, b lng th cp v bm bn
- H thng p bn bng ti: Hai bm ht bn tun hon v b tip xc sinh hc ng

thi 1 bm c b tr bm bn vo b cha. Tip theo c bm qua h thng p
bn bng ti. Bn sau p c th lm phn vi sinh. Trong qu trnh p bn lm kh
bn nhanh ngi ta b sung polyme.
Hnh III.16 S iu khin cho b cha bn, v h thng p bn bng ti

vic ca trm:
-
Cc s liu v th tch ca cc cng trnh trong h thng x l:
B ng keo t:
3
7000m B cn bng:
3
6000m B
3
chn:1500m
3
Aeroten:13000m
3
B tch bt: 1200m /h
2
B lng:S = 2500m (h = 3.8 t mt nc)
3
B bn V = 400m
Cc thng s u vo:
3
Lu lng u vo: 500 1000 m /h

Nc thi vo: pH 6 8
o
T = 32 n 45 C
COD<= 1000mg/L
TSS <= 100mg/L
Cc thng s vn hnh h thng x l vi sinh:
V tri ly mu
B cn bng
B tip xc sinh hc
B sc kh
B lng th cp
Bn hi lu
pH
7.1
7.2
7
7.7
COD
(mg/L)
572
TSS
(mh/L)
42
3848
4002
56
9132
VSS
(mg/L)
Nit
(mg/L)
2.85
PO43(mg/l)
0.9
SV 30
(ml/L)
2
0.14
1.56
700
0.5
960
3096
3246
7480
Nhn xt:
Trn c s trc quan cng nh cc thng s vn hnh c bn thu thp c ta thy

h thng hot ng n nh v rt hiu qu c bit l giai on x l bc 2 (Cng ngh
vi sinh). Bn trong b chn v aeroten c mu gch cua nn ta c th nh gi sinh khi
trong h thng vi sinh l rt tt.
Tuy nhin mu ca nc thi sau x l vn cn cao. iu ny c th do giai
on 1 cha t hiu qu cao. c bit l qu trnh keo t v lng. Phn nhm cha c
trn iu vo nc bi cnh khuy b hng v ang trn ho cht trn ng dn. Thi
gian lu nc trong ngn phn ng qu ngn do m s kt dnh bng keo cha hon
thnh. B lng cha c vn hnh tt bi cui b c mt lng bn tn ng rt ln.
Hnh III.17 Bn tn ng cui b lng ngang
Mu ca nc thi c th gim ng k nu giai on x l ho l c vn hnh

tt hn v qu trnh keo t c th gim mu nh s hp ph ca cc bng keo.
-
Mt s yu t cn khc phc gim mu ca nc sau x l:

pH phi c iu chnh trc khi vo ngn keo t
Lp li vch ngn gia ngn keo t v vng lng tng thi gian phn ng kt
dnh cc bng keo ng thi to mng phn phi nc vo b lng.
Co sch bn trong b lng.
TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
ng Kim Chi, Ho hc mi trng, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni,

2005.
2.
Gleick, P. H, S.H Scheneide, Ti nguyn nc. Bch khoa t in v kh hu v

thi tit. Quyn II, Nh xut bn i hc OXford, New york, 1996.
3.
H. El-Dessouky and H. Ettouny, Study on water desalination technologies,

prepared for ESCWA in January, 2001
4.
Richard W.Baker, Membrane Technology and Application, Wiley, 2004.
5.
Sren Prip Beier, Pressure Driven Membrane Processes, In Zusammenarbeit mit,

May 2007
6.
Synlift system, Asia EcoBest Work Programme 2001, Sea water desalination in
coastal areas of Central and South Vietnam, 2001.
7.
Trn Ngc Tn, Lun Vn Thc S Cng ngh mi trng, i hc bch khoa H
Ni, 2005.
8.
United Nations, Water desalination technology in the Economic And Social

Comission For Western Asia -ESCWA member countries, New York, 2001
9.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sea_salt-e_hg.svg
10. http://vietnamnet.vn/khoahoc/hoso/2004/06/160869

Khu Man Bang

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Vin khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng

Nghin cu kh mn nc bin bng cng ngh mng thm thu ngc

II.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thm thu ngc:[ 7]................................................. 42

Hnh II.2 Cc qu trnh mng c bn v kch thc l cc mng

Hn na xt v mt a l, s phn b ca nc l khng ng u. 15% l

I.1.2.Vai tr ca nc: [2]

Nc gi cho kh hu tng i n nh v pha long cc yu t gy nhim mi

nhit 0 C, si nhit 100 C. nhit thng nc tn ti th lng. Phn

1cal/g C , nhit bay hi cao (540 cal/g), sc cng b mt ca nc bng 73 dyn/cm v

nht bng 0.01 poise 20 C.

Nc khng c mu, trong sut, cho nh sng v sng di i qua.

Nc c t trng ti a 4 C cho nn bng ni trn mt nc.

Nhit bay hi ca nc ln hn nhit bay hi ca cc cht lng khc cho nn n

I.2.2.Thnh phn ca nc bin:[1]

Nc bin l sn phm kt hp gia nhng khi lng khng l cc axit v baz t

cation nh Na , Ca ,Nng mui trong nc bin ln hn nc ngt 2000 ln. V

SO4 ) chim 7% tng lng cc cht.

nc bin o bng Bm k c gi l nng Bm ( B). Nc bin cha cng

Quan h gia nng Bm v t trng nc bin 15 C

d15 : T trng ca nc bin 15 C

Quan h gia nng Bm v nhit ca nc bin:

Bt = (0.00002748 B15 0.00007837)t (0.00158 B15 + 0.00326)t

(1.01675 B15 + 0.2242)

B15 : Nng Bm ca nc bin 15 C

Phm vi p dng cng thc trn trong khong t 0 40 C

cc nc ang pht trin- tht s l bi kch i vi loi ngi khi t lu chng ta

Ngy nay, trn th gii c nhiu nh my bin nc bin thnh nc ngt ti

Cng sut (m /ngy)

Cc tiu vng quc Rp

Hnh nh mt s nh my kh mui trn th gii

Hnh I.5 Farasan - nh my

Hnh I.6 Nh my kh mui Tuas. Cng trnh u tin

I.5.Cc cng ngh kh mn nc bin:[3]

Bn cht ca qu trnh kh mui l tch cc mui t do c trong nc bin hoc nc

Nhi bc bay hi ca h thng MSF hot ng di 100 C v p sut thp. Trong

H thng kh mui bay hi nhiu bc cho dung dch i qua mt ln:

Hnh I.10 H thng bay hi nhanh nhiu bc - dng i qua mt ln ( MSF-OT)

H thng kh mui bay hi nhiu bc khuy trn dung dch mui

H thng kh mui bay hi nhiu bc nn hi

Vi h thng ny th nc c gia nhit v lm bay hi u vo sau hi ny

I.5.2.2.Bay hi a hiu ng (Multiple Effect Evaporlation - MEE):

Bay hi a hiu ng hay cn gi l qu trnh chng a hiu ng (Multiple Effect

th thp 60 C 70 C v nhit ra hiu ng cui cng c th 40 C, qu trnh ny

phun t trn xung di dng cc ht nh li ti v tip xc vi cc ng c b tr nm

Ngoi qu trnh trn i vi quy trnh bay hi nc bin a hiu ng cn mt s cng

Bay hi a hiu ng dng vo ni tip

Bay hi a hiu ng dng vo i theo hng thng ng

I.5.2.3.Bay hi n hiu ng (Single Effect Evaporlation - SEE):

y cng l qu trnh bay hi nhng n gin hn so vi cc hiu ng trn v qu

Ngun: H. El-Dessouky and H. Ettouny, Study on water desalination technologies,

I.5.2.4.Mt s qa trnh kh mui s dng nng lng nhit khc:

Theo cng ngh ny nc bin hoc nc l c bm vo khong gia cc mng

Hnh I.16 S di chuyn cc ion trong qu mng in

I.5.3.2. Mng thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis - RO):

Ht nc t bin vo (Intank seawater):

Cc nh my kh mui thng t gn b bin nhng v mc nc bn thp ng

Nc trc khi cp vo cc module mng lc cn phi loi b cht rn l lng, iu

To p v phn tch bng mng RO (Reserve Osmosis Process):

p sut c to ra nh h thng bm. Tu thuc vo tng loi mng cng nh thnh

Do mng khng hon ho nn cc mui ho tan vn c th thm qua n, kt qu l trong

X l b sung - n nh nc (Post - Treament)

Nc sn phm sau khi ra khi h thng lc RO s c iu chnh pH v ui kh

Tr trong b cha (Freshwater storage):