Novec Flow Calc Manual Rev A

NOVEC MENU
DESIGN & FLOW CALCULATION MANUAL

FOR
ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

Designed for use with
3M NOVEC 1230 FIRE PROTECTION FLUID

For use with Chemetron Flow Calculation Program
CHEM-1230, Version 1.0.2
Issued July 1, 2004

Revision A
October 5, 2004
Manual Stock Number 30000066
ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REVISION PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GENERAL COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
ENGINEERED SYSTEM DESIGN
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Agent Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Piping System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The Discharge Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FLOW CALCULATIONS
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Nozzle and Piping Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Hydraulic Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Two-Phase Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
APPENDIX
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE NUMBER
DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATION
PAGE NO.
1.2.4.1A
Graph: Novec 1230 Fluid - Calculated Cylinder Pressure vs.

Percent of Agent Supply Discharged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.4.1B
Graph: Novec 1230 Fluid Discharge Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1
Graph: Novec 1230 Fluid Density Specific Nozzle Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2
Graph: Chemetron 8 Port Nozzle Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.5
Graph: Cylinder Pressure Recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1.5A
Orientation of Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1.5B
Minimum Distance From Elbow to Tee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3A
Plan View - Above Floor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3B
Plan View - Underfloor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1
Flow Calc Program Screen View - System Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.1.1.A
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Project Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.1.1.B
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Revision Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.1.1.C
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Cylinder Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.1.1.E2
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configuration Variables - Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.1.2
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Hazard Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1.2.A2
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Class B fuels list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1.3
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1.3.A3
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Nozzle Reference Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1.3.A7
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.1.3.A8
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1.3.A9
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.1.3.C
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Fixed Pounds & Orifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1.4.A
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Calculation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.1.4.B
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1.4.C
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.1.4.D
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4.1.5
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Print Data and Results

or Print Output Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4.1.5.C
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configure Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.3.1
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Load Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.5
Flow Calc Program Screen View - Volume/Weight/Concentration

Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
2.1.1.4
Pipe Size vs. Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1.1.C
Cylinder Capacity Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.1.3A8
Pipe Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Fitting Equivalent Length Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Cylinder/Check Valve Equivalent Length Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3/8" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1-1/4" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1-1/2" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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REVISION SHEET
Date of issue for original and revised pages is:
Original . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 1, 2004
Revision A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
Section Number
Page Numbers
Revision Date
Title Page (blank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
General Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
Section 1.0 - 1.4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
Section 2.0 - 2.5.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Appendix - Example #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 - 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 2004
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Foreword
Chemetron Fire Systems reserves the right to revise and improve its products as it deems necessary without
notification. This publication is intended to describe the state of this product at the time of its publication, and may
not reflect the product at all times in the future. The software screen prints depicted in this manual are presented
for reference and example purposes only and may not reflect the most current version of the Novec 1230 Fluid
Flow Calculation software (CHEM-1230.exe and support files).
This technical manual provides the necessary information for designing and performing flow calculations for a
Chemetron Engineered System with Novec 1230 fluid. This is a single volume technical manual arranged in 2
sections, followed by an Appendix.
This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose, without
the express written consent of Chemetron Fire Systems.
Any questions concerning the information presented in this manual should be addressed to the Matteson Office.
Copyright 2004 Chemetron Fire Systems. All Rights Reserved.
Chemetron Fire Systems and Cardox are registered trademarks of Chemetron Fire Systems.
3M and Novec are trademarks of 3M Company.
A World of Protection
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4801 Southwick Drive, 3rd Floor

Matteson, IL 60443
Phone 708/748-1503 Fax 708/748-2847
Customer Service Fax 708/748-2908
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General Comments
Factory Mutual Research Corporation does not accept metric unit calculations. They will not be approved for
Factory Mutual installations.
UL, ULC & FMRC require multiple tiers of nozzles for heights above 16' 0" (4.88 M).
The calculation method used by Chemetron Fire Systems has been investigated using A-53, Schedule 40
pipe and 300 lb malleable iron fittings for test installations.
When specified limitations noted in this manual and in the Chemetron software are not maintained, there is
the risk that the system will not supply the required amount of extinguishing agent.
For installation, design, operation and maintenance of Chemetron Fire Systems Fire Suppression Systems
designed for use with Novec 1230 fluid, please refer to the Beta, Gamma, & Sigma Series Engineered
Systems Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual, Part Number 30000058.
For installation, design, operation and service of Chemetron Fire Systems Marine Fire Suppression Systems
designed for use with Novec 1230 fluid, please refer to the Fire Protection System for Marine Service with
Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid Design, Installation, Operation and Service Manual, Part Number
30000067.
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ENGINEERED SYSTEM DESIGN
1.1
Introduction
1.1.1
Decomposition
An adverse characteristic of Novec 1230 fluid is that it will decompose into toxic and corrosive byproducts
if exposed to fire or to objects heated above 1,300oF (704oC). Such decomposition is kept at a negligible
level by rapidly discharging the agent so as to extinguish the flames promptly. This minimizes the quantity
of agent that passes through a flame front at concentrations too low for flame extinguishment. The
problem of Novec 1230 fluid decomposition has led to a requirement in NFPA 2001 that discharge of
95 percent of the agent mass needed to achieve minimum design concentration be discharged within
10 seconds. This 10 second discharge time requirement is very important in hazards where flammable
liquids are likely to be the fuel.
1.1.2
Design Difficulties
The requirement for a rapid discharge makes it more difficult to adequately mix or distribute Novec 1230
fluid in the hazard area, but proper nozzle and orifice design can overcome this problem. The two-phase
nature of the Novec 1230 fluid as it flows through pipes and orifices complicates the design of agent
distribution piping networks. The use of a computer program overcomes this difficulty. The two-phase
compressible nature of agent flow also demands that piping installations are done in rigorous conformance
to the system design parameters. Such things as pipe that is rougher than the norm or the addition of
unanticipated changes in pipe direction can introduce performance problems - especially if the system
is unbalanced and intended to simultaneously flood separate compartments. Simple piping layouts
help overcome this difficulty.
1.1.3
Flow Calculation
Pipe and nozzles for Chemetron systems with Novec 1230 fluid are sized using a computer program.
The program is based on recognized hydraulic theory and the results of the program have been verified
in rigorous laboratory tests. Calculations made with this program have been checked by FMRC, UL,
and ULC to assure accuracy and determine the limitations beyond which it is not practicable to predict
results accurately. The calculations are based on an ambient cylinder temperature of 70oF 10oF (21.1oC
5.5oC). Therefore, the cylinder shall be located in a climate controlled environment to ensure a temperature consistently within this range. Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are not
maintained within this range may not be accurate and the designed quantities of agent may not be
discharged from one or more discharge nozzles.
1.1.4
System Check
While the basic computer program used for calculating pipe and orifice sizes cannot be checked by
manual means, there is a definite need to check the input information upon which the calculation is based.
Since there may be inadvertent or necessary changes due to on-site job conditions, it is also essential
to check the system as calculated against the system as installed. All of this does not preclude the
desirability of an actual discharge test on the installed system to check for unanticipated circumstances
that might influence overall system performance.
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1.2
Agent Characteristics
1.2.1
Pressure vs. Temperature

For optimum pipeline flow characteristics over the entire range of possible ambient temperatures, it is
necessary to superpressurize the agent with another gas such as nitrogen. At the present time, one
pressurization level is permitted: 360 psig measured at 70oF (25.8 bar at 21.1oC).
1.2.2
Nitrogen Superpressure
When a storage container is pressurized with nitrogen, some of the nitrogen goes into solution in the
liquid phase. The volume of the liquid phase increases slightly because of the addition of nitrogen, which
behaves as though it were liquefied. The remainder of the nitrogen remains in the vapor phase where
it combines with the partial pressure of Novec 1230 fluid vapor to produce the desired level of
pressurization when the system is in equilibrium at 70oF (21.1oC). If the ambient temperature rises, the
pressure will increase and the volume of the liquid portion will also increase.
1.2.3
System Discharge
The delivery of Novec 1230 fluid into the hazard area is accomplished by means of a piping network
that terminates in one or more specially designed discharge nozzles. In order to best study the discharge
of Novec 1230 fluid from the storage cylinder to the hazard area, it is desirable to consider the delivery
system in three parts: the storage container, the piping system, and the discharge nozzle.
1.2.4
The Storage Cylinder

When the storage cylinder is open to the pipeline, pressure in the cylinder will force liquid from the bottom
of the cylinder into the piping network. As the liquid is discharged, the pressure in the cylinder will drop
and the volume of the vapor phase will increase. With the drop in pressure, nitrogen gas comes out
of solution with the liquid and forms bubbles. These bubbles are not pure nitrogen, but contain proportionate amounts of Novec 1230 fluid vapor, depending upon the partial pressure relationship.
1.2.4.1
Pressure Recession
Pressure recession curves for filling densities of 35, 40, 50, 60, and 70 lbs./cu.ft. have been calculated
and are plotted in Figure 1.2.4.1A. These calculated pressure recession curves are based upon an
assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases in the storage cylinder.
In an actual system discharge, a sharp drop in pressure is noted during the initial rush of liquid into the
pipeline. Figure 1.2.4.1B shows actual pressure versus time data taken during an Novec 1230 fluid
discharge. The cylinder pressure initially falls below the pressure calculated for the equilibrium condition.
This effect is due to a time lag between the initial depressurization and the boiling of the liquid in the
storage container. As soon as the liquid begins to boil violently forming vapor bubbles, the surface area
of the liquid-vapor interface increases at a tremendous rate and the cylinder pressure recovers to follow
the pressure recession curves for saturation equilibrium. It is assumed that virtually all of the vapor formed
by boiling in the cylinder remains in the cylinder during the discharge and only the liquid phase enters
the pipeline. Depending upon the initial fill density, between 85% and 96% of the total contents is
discharged as liquid, with the remaining agent following as a residual vapor phase.
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N O V E C C Y L IN D E R P R E S S U R E R E C E S S IO N
400
350
PRESSURE (PSIA)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0%
10%
2 0%
3 0%
40 %
50%
6 0%
7 0%
80 %
90%
100 %
P E R C E N T D IS C H AR G E D
70 L B /C U F T
60 L B /C U F T
50 L B /C U F T
40 L B /C U F T
35 L B /C U F T
Figure 1.2.4.1A Calculated pressure in the storage container versus the percent of agent supply discharged from the container is plotted for
the 360 psig system.
Figure 1.2.4.1B Pressure versus time data taken during an actual Novec 1230 fluid discharge at 70 lbs/cu.ft. density.
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1.3
The Piping System
1.3.1
Pipeline Flow
The liquid continues to boil because of further pressure drop as it flows through the pipeline. Hence,
the agent flowing in the pipeline is a true two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor. Since the volume of
the vapor phase increases with the dropping pressure, the average density of the mixture falls off from
an initial value of about 103 lbs/cu.ft. as it leaves the cylinder to values of 67 lbs/cu.ft. or less, depending
upon the pressure at the end of the pipeline. In order to maintain a constant flow rate through the pipeline,
the velocity must continuously increase and, of course, the rate of pressure drop per foot of pipe also
increases. Hence, the rate of pressure drop for a given flow rate is not linear as with water, but is a
variable depending upon the density existing at the particular point in the pipeline.
1.3.2
Pipeline Density
The density of the two-phase mixture in the pipeline can be calculated on the basis of the thermodynamic
properties of the agent, taking into account the effects of the nitrogen used for superpressurization.
The density of the agent as it leaves the cylinder varies from the start to the completion of the liquid phase
of the discharge. The starting density is lowest for the first portion of liquid to leave the cylinder and
becomes progressively greater until the final portion of liquid leaves the cylinder.
1.3.3
Temperature
As the agent flows from the cylinder into the pipeline, the drop in cylinder pressure is accompanied by
a drop in temperature. As the agent flows down the pipeline, the additional drop in pressure is likewise
accompanied by a further drop in the agent temperature. The net effect is the introduction of a cold liquid
into the pipeline at ambient temperature.
1.3.4
Initial Vapor Time

After the cylinder valve opens, there is a brief period of time during which the air in the pipeline is
discharged from the nozzles. As Novec 1230 fluid begins flowing into the pipe, heat is extracted from
the pipe until the temperature of the pipe is approximately the same as that of the flowing liquid. This
effect is most pronounced at the very beginning of the discharge. For the first few moments of the
discharge, virtually all of the liquid entering the pipeline is vaporized before it reaches the discharge
nozzles. The mass flow rate for vapor averages about 75% of the rate for liquid in a given system.
Therefore, this initial vaporization limits the flow rate until a type of equilibrium condition is achieved
between agent temperature and pipe temperature.
1.3.5
Liquid Flow
At the beginning of the discharge, there will be a time delay between the opening of the cylinder valve
and the time at which liquid begins to discharge from the nozzles. This delay in liquid arrival time at
the nozzle is due to three physical phenomena: evacuation of air from the pipe, the time needed for the
pressure wave to travel from the cylinder outlet to the nozzles, and vaporization of some liquid Novec
1230 fluid due to heat input from the pipe. The delay for each nozzle to begin discharging liquid may
vary in an unbalanced system - nozzles close to the cylinder may begin discharging liquid somewhat
before more distant nozzles. After these initial transient conditions, the mass flow rate in the system
is relatively constant until the last of the liquid phase leaves the cylinder. The last slug of liquid leaving
the cylinder is propelled by residual vapor in the cylinder. Transient conditions again take effect as the
liquid discharge ends and the nozzles discharge the residual vapor. The end of liquid occurs at slightly
different times for the various nozzles. Nozzles closer to the cylinder generally will stop discharging
liquid sooner than more distant nozzles.
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1.3.6
Phase Separation
As already noted in paragraph 1.3.1, the liquid phase of the discharge, in reality, contains a mixture of
both liquid and vapor. In a properly sized pipeline, the velocity will be so great that the flow is in a highly
turbulent state and the liquid and vapor phases will be uniformly mixed. However, if the pipe size is too
large for the flow rate, the liquid and vapor phase may tend to separate. If such separation does occur,
the pipeline flow pattern will take one of two forms - both of them very undesirable: 1) alternate slugs
of liquid and vapor will flow through the pipe; or 2) the liquid phase will run along the bottom of the pipeline
while the vapor phase flows above it. If such separation were to occur in a branch line leading directly
to a nozzle, the discharge from that nozzle would be sporadic due to the alternate flow of the liquid and
vapor phases. The computerized flow calculation also uses a friction factor for system piping that is
based on turbulent flow conditions. In order to help assure turbulent flow, minimum flow rates are
specified based on pipe diameter. The minimum flow rates are tabulated in paragraph 2.1.1.4.
1.4
The Discharge Nozzle

The discharge nozzle is the ultimate device that delivers the agent to the hazard area. The nozzle flow
rate is dependent upon the velocity, pressure and density of the agent as it enters the nozzle. The flow
rate from any nozzle device is limited to the amount of flow that the pipeline can deliver to the nozzle.
1.4.1
Maximum Pipeline Flow

The maximum flow rate that can be carried by a pipe at a given velocity, pressure and density condition
is determined by the laws of energy conservation. Figure 1.4.1 shows calculated maximum pipeline
specific flow rates as a function of total nozzle pressure for the 360 psig (25.8 bar) storage condition.
The densities used for this calculation correspond to the average pipeline densities for the various systems
with a factor added to compensate for velocity effects. These figures represent the maximum flow rates
that might be expected from an open-end pipe at the given pressures. Any orifice attached to the end
of a pipe will necessarily restrict the flow rate to something less than these maximum figures.
N O V E C 7 0 lb /c u ft F IL L D E N S IT Y S P E C IF IC N O Z Z L E F L O W R AT E S
70
SPECIFIC RATE (lbs/sec/sq in)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
P R E S S U R E (P S IA)
Figure 1.4.1
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1.4.2
Nozzle Rating
Nozzles are rated in terms of their efficiency relative to perfect flow from an open ended pipe. Thus,
all nozzle rates will fall between 0 and 100 percent. It is not possible to increase the rate of flow from
a pipeline by attaching a nozzle. Hence, it is impossible to have a nozzle with efficiency greater than
100. Because of geometry considerations for the Chemetron 8 port nozzle, the maximum ratio of nozzle
orifice area to feed pipe area is limited to 85% for all nozzles except the 1/4" NPT nozzle. The limit is
75% for the 1/4" NPT nozzle. This information has been plotted in Figure 1.4.2.
NOTE
THE 1/4" NOZZLES ARE NOT UL LISTED NOR FMRC APPROVED.
Figure 1.4.2 Nozzle efficiencies for the Chemetron 8 port nozzle are related to the ratio of total orifice area to feed-pipe area. See
Note in Paragraph 1.4.2.
1.4.3
Nozzle Characteristic Curve

Test work using a nozzle with radial discharge ports was done to determine the relationship between
orifice area, feed pipe area, and nozzle efficiency. The results of this test work are summarized in Figure
1.4.2. This figure shows the relationship between the percent of open-end pipeline flow rate permitted
by a nozzle and the ratio of actual orifice hole area to feed pipe cross-sectional area. This data is valid
only for the Chemetron Fire Systems line of eight port nozzles. Other orifice geometries will yield their
own characteristic code vs. area-ratio curve.
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1.4.4
Average Pressure Conditions

Since the changing conditions in the storage cylinder throughout the discharge are reflected at the nozzle,
an average condition for purposes of calculation must be chosen. The volume of piping, however, has
a marked effect on the average pressure, density, and velocity conditions at the nozzle. It is the average
conditions at the nozzles that ultimately determine the quantity and duration of agent discharge from
each nozzle.
1.4.5
Average Nozzle Pressure

The average nozzle pressure is chosen at the point in the discharge when half of the liquid phase of
the agent has left the nozzle. The pressure drop between the storage container and nozzle should be
calculated for this point in time. In order to choose the proper cylinder pressure for this calculation, the
quantity of agent that resides in the pipe must be considered. For example, consider a system in which
20% of the agent weight resides in the pipeline during equilibrium discharge. When 50% of this liquid
phase has been discharged from the nozzle, approximately 70% of the agent will have left the storage
container. The pressure in the cylinder at this point in time will be that indicated on the storage pressure
recession curve for the 70% outage condition. Figure 1.4.5 depicts this situation.
Figure 1.4.5
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1.4.6
Liquid Arrival Time

The amount of time required for the initial slug of liquid to travel from the cylinder to each of the nozzles
is the Liquid Arrival Time. This time is dependent on both the length of pipe between the cylinder and
nozzle and the velocity of liquid in the pipe. The difference between the longest and shortest initial vapor
time cannot exceed 2 seconds.
1.4.7
Liquid Runout Time

As the last slug of liquid leaves the cylinder, residual vapor follows. On an unbalanced piping system
there may be a difference in time at which the liquid-vapor interface reaches the various nozzles. The
program limit is set at a 6.3 second maximum difference in the liquid runout time.
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FLOW CALCULATIONS
2.1
Design Criteria
The Chemetron Fire Systems method of flow calculation is embodied in a computer program that is
capable of computing flow to a very high degree of accuracy, provided proper input data is supplied.
2.1.1
Limitations
Any distribution system that does not employ exactly the same actual and equivalent lengths of pipe
from the storage cylinder to each nozzle, and the same orifice sizes for each nozzle has some degree
of system imbalance. Such systems are, however, the rule rather than the exception. Due to structural
components present at the job site, it is often impossible to install perfectly balanced piping systems.
However, it is desirable to maintain balanced piping whenever possible.
2.1.1.1
Splits at Bullhead Tees

The mechanical separation of phases that is evidenced at bullhead tees is outside classical thermodynamic theory. In order to predict the amount of agent that will be discharged from nozzles fed by
bullhead tees, a correction for this phase separation must be incorporated in the flow calculation. The
correction is an empirical factor based on a body of laboratory test data. The empirical correction is
adequate for bullhead splits with as little as 25% of the flow going to the minor branch. Of course, the
upper limit of the correction is a balanced, 50-50 split at a bullhead tee.
2.1.1.2
Splits at Side-Thru Tees

A similar empirical correction for side-thru tee phase separation effects is incorporated in the flow
calculation program. The empirical correction is adequate for side branch flows from 10% up to 35%
of the incoming flow.
2.1.1.3
Discharge Time
NFPA 2001 currently requires that 95% of the design quantity shall be discharged within 10 seconds
or less from start of discharge. A system must, therefore, be designed to meet this criterion unless the
authority having jurisdiction permits a longer discharge time. The Chemetron program is listed for discharge times between 5 seconds and 10 seconds.
2.1.1.4
Minimum Flow Rates

The pipe friction factor embodied in the energy conservation equation used to calculate pressure drop
for two-phase flow in fire protection systems is based on the premise that highly turbulent flow is present
in the pipeline. Also, a high degree of turbulence must be maintained in pipe sections that approach
dividing points. The pipe size that can be used for a given flow rate is thus based upon the minimum
flow rate required to maintain complete turbulence. This limitation is shown in Figure 2.1.1.4 and
is automatically taken into consideration when the computer selects pipe sizes for the system. Flow
rates as low as 60% of the minimum rates on the graph may be used in branch lines that lead
directly to nozzles with no intervening flow division.
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Table 2.1.1.4 - Pipe Size vs Flow Rate

Schedule 40 Pipe
Pipe Size
Nominal
Inches (mm)
Schedule 80 Pipe
Minimum Flow Rate

For All Sections
Leading to a Tee
60% of Flow Rate

For All Sections
Ending with a Nozzle
Minimum Flow Rate

For All Sections
Leading to a Tee
60% of Flow Rate

For All Sections
Ending with a Nozzle
Lbs/Sec
Kg/Sec
Lbs/Sec
Kg/Sec
Lbs/Sec
Kg/Sec
Lbs/Sec
Kg/Sec
1/4
(8)
0.68
0.31
0.41
0.19
0.30
0.14
0.18
0.08
3/8
(10)
1.55
.70
0.93
.42
1.06
0.48
0.64
0.29
1/2
(15)
2.58
1.17
1.55
.70
1.95
0.88
1.17
0.53
3/4
(20)
4.53
2.05
2.72
1.23
3.68
1.67
2.21
1.00
(25)
7.29
3.31
4.37
1.98
6.08
2.76
3.65
1.65
1-1/4
(32)
12.67
5.75
7.60
3.45
10.83
4.91
6.50
2.95
1-1/2
(40)
17.46
7.92
10.48
4.75
15.06
6.83
9.04
4.10
(50)
29.82
13.53
17.89
8.12
25.96
11.78
15.58
7.07
2-1/2
(65)
44.06
19.99
26.44
11.99
38.51
17.47
23.11
10.48
(80)
71.34
32.36
42.80
19.42
62.96
28.56
37.78
17.13
3-1/2
90
98.32
44.60
58.99
26.76
87.46
39.67
52.48
23.80
(100)
129.28
58.64
77.57
35.18
115.87
52.56
69.52
31.53
(125)
205.71
93.31
123.43
55.99
187.31
84.96
112.39
50.98
(150)
286.54
129.97
171.92
77.98
262.77
119.19
157.66
71.51
NOTE:
The pipe friction factor embodied in the energy conservation equation used to calculate pressure drop for
two-phase flow in fire protection systems is based on the premise that highly turbulent flow is present in the
pipeline. Also, a high degree of turbulence must be maintained in pipe sections that approach dividing points.
The pipe size that can be used for a given flow rate is thus based upon the minimum flow rate required to
maintain complete turbulence.
This limitation is tabulated in the Table and is automatically taken into consideration when the computer
selects pipe sizes for the system. Flow rates as low as 60% of the tabulated minimum rates may be used in
branch lines that lead directly to nozzles with no intervening flow division.
NOTE
THE 1/4" NOZZLES ARE NOT UL LISTED NOR FMRC APPROVED.
2.1.1.5
Tee Installation
Pipe tees supplying branch lines are to be installed with both outlets discharging horizontally.
This is to eliminate any possible effect of gravity upon the degree of liquid-vapor separation. This limitation
does not apply to manifold piping for groups of cylinders where flow is combining rather than dividing.
There must be a minimum of 10 nominal pipe diameters between an elbow and the inlet to any tee (does
not apply in manifolds where flow is combining).
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Figure 2.1.1.5A - Orientation of Tees : Tee outlets should be placed in the

gravitational effects on liquid - vapor separation
horizontal plane to minimize
Figure 2.1.1.5B - Minimum Distance From Elbow to Tee: Minimizes centripetal effects on liquid - vapor separation before
entering a flow split.
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2.1.1.6
Ratio of Agent in Pipe Limit

This limit is 99.5%. This was established through testing. This limit is defined as follows:
Volume of pipe x density of the agent in storage / quantity of agent in storage
2.1.1.7
Minimum Nozzle Pressures

The minimum nozzle pressure for which the Chemetron 8 port nozzle is approved is 75 psia (4.1 bar).
If the program is used to calculate an as-built system, it will calculate lower nozzle pressures - an error
or warning message will result if pressures below the pressures required for the approval agencies are
calculated.
2.1.1.8
Maximum Orifice Size

A. 360o Nozzle
The maximum nozzle orifice size that may be used in the system is limited in two ways. First there
is a limit on the ratio of actual nozzle orifice area to cross section area of the feed pipe. This ratio
is limited to 85% for all Chemetron 360o - 8 port nozzles except the 1/4" NPT size. The internal
geometries of the 1/4" NPT size nozzle are such that the ratio of actual nozzle orifice area to cross
sectional area of the feed pipe is 75%. NOTE: The 1/4" nozzle is not FMRC approved or UL listed.
This limitation is checked by the computer and could be checked manually. (For details regarding
the second limitation, see paragraph C below.)
B. 180o Nozzle
Due to geometric constraints and the need to keep a sharp-edged orifice, in sizes up to and including
3/4" NPT (19 mm), the 180o sidewall nozzle has a lower ratio of orifice area to feed pipe area. This
value is different for each size nozzle through 3/4" NPT. The program checks the calculated orifice
area to see if the optimal nozzle calculated is within the acceptable range. If it is not, the program
will show Not Avail. in the nozzle stock number column.
C. Common to Both 360o and 180o Nozzle
For both 360o and 180o nozzles there is a limit on the ratio of flow through the nozzle to the theoretical
maximum flow that the feed pipe branch could carry under the calculated pressure, density and
temperature conditions. This limit is 65% of the maximum feed pipe flow. The computer checks
this. This limitation serves two purposes: 1) it insures that the nozzle, and not the equivalent length
of the pipe run, will control the amount of discharge from that nozzle; and 2) it provides an automatic
check against calculating systems having nozzle flow rates that cannot be achieved under the
calculated terminal pressure conditions.
2.1.1.9
Minimum Orifice Area

The minimum nozzle orifice area ratio relative to the cross section area of feed pipe is 20%.
2.1.1.10 Transient Effect Limits

A program limit is set to permit no more than 2 seconds difference between the shortest and longest
liquid arrival times at the system nozzles. If the time difference is greater than 2 seconds, an error
message is generated. A similar limit is set for the end of liquid times for the various nozzles in the
system. If the maximum difference in calculated end of liquid times is greater than 6.3 seconds, an error
message is generated.
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2.2
Design Philosophy
The basic philosophy underlying the method of flow calculation presented herein is to provide a mathematical model of the events that take place during an actual Novec 1230 fluid discharge. In the final
analysis, the main criteria for a good design procedure is that it accurately predict the amount
of agent that each nozzle in the system will discharge. The calculating procedure has been tested
and shown to be accurate within plus 10% or minus 10% of the actual distribution. All of the
considerations mentioned in the first chapter of this manual are taken into account in the computerized
method of system design. The following considerations are also made in the computerized design
procedure.
2.2.1
Average Cylinder Pressure During Discharge

The average pressure in the storage containers for purposes of flow calculation is dependent upon both
the cylinder fill density and, as already discussed, percent in the pipe. Calculations may be based upon
cylinder fill densities of 35, 40, 50, 60, or 70 lbs/ft3 (560.7, 640.8, 801, 961.2, 1121.4 kg/m3).
2.2.2
Velocity Head
The velocity of flow is constantly changing as the agent proceeds from the storage cylinder in route to
the nozzles. This conversion of pressure energy to velocity, necessitated by the changing density, is
accounted for in the two-phase flow equation. When a change in pipe size is encountered or when the
flow branches, an added change in the velocity of flow must occur. If the velocity is increased, there
will be a drop in pressure to provide the energy needed for acceleration. If the velocity is reduced, a
portion of the velocity head energy is converted back to pressure. These changes are over and above
those accounted for in the two-phase energy conservation equation. Correction for these effects is
automatically made in the computer program.
2.2.3
Elevation Changes
Head pressure corrections are made in each pipe section where a change of elevation takes place.
The corrections are based upon the calculated density of the fluid as it enters each such section.
When the elevation difference between outlet tees is in excess of 40 feet (12.2 m), consideration should
be given to rerouting piping to reduce the elevation difference between tees. Even though sound
engineering theory is used to predict pressure changes due to elevation, no actual testing has been
performed incorporating the combination of maximum and/or minimum limits with elevations outside
this range.
1. If nozzles are located above the container outlet, then the maximum elevation difference between
the container outlet and the furthest horizontal pipe run or discharge nozzle (whichever is furthest)
shall not exceed 40 feet (12.2 m).
2. If nozzles are only located below the container outlet, then the maximum elevation difference between
the container outlet and the furthest horizontal pipe run or discharge nozzle (whichever is furthest)
3. If nozzles are located both above and below the container outlet, then the maximum elevation
difference between the furthest horizontal pipe runs or discharge nozzles (whichever is furthest)
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2.3
Nozzle and Piping Layout

The first step in designing the piping distribution system is to prepare a layout of nozzle location, storage
location, and piping on a suitable plan drawing of the hazard. Such a layout is illustrated in Figures 2.3A
& 2.3B. Note that the nozzles are installed at the same elevation. The following points should be
considered:
2.3.1
Nozzle Location
The Chemetron Fire Systems line of total flooding nozzles was tested to demonstrate adequate distribution
over a nominal area of 1,248 ft2 (115.9 m2).
The 360o nozzle cannot be mounted in a corner or against a wall. The maximum discharge radius
is 25.0 ft (7.6 m). A single nozzle may be used to flood a rectangular area of a nominal 1,248
ft2 (115.9 m2), with the longest side of this rectangle not to exceed 35.4 ft (10.8 m). Nozzles
must be oriented so that a pair of orifice holes parallels the wall of the enclosure. These nozzles
should be centered in the area of protection when multiple nozzles are discharged into the same
hazard.
The maximum throw distance of the 180o nozzle is 35.0 ft (10.7 m). The maximum distance between
180o nozzles is 35.4 feet (10.8 m). The maximum coverage distance from the nozzle to a wall is 17.7
feet (5.4 m). The 180o nozzle must be installed at no more than 6 inches (15.2 cm) from the enclosure
wall and at a maximum of 14.0 inches (35.6 cm) down from the ceiling.
For UL, ULC, and FMRC, the maximum enclosure height that may be flooded by a single tier
of nozzles is 16 feet (4.88 m) with the nozzle located no more than 14.0 inches (35.6 cm) below
the ceiling.
Before using a single nozzle at the maximum area or volume rating, consideration should be given to
whether the contents of the hazard might be damaged by the resultant high velocity discharge. In hazards
such as computer rooms or areas where fragile apparatus is stored, the number of nozzles used to flood
an area should be increased so as to limit discharge velocities to a safe level. After considering possible
damage to the hazard by the Novec 1230 fluid discharge and determining a reasonable area [not to
exceed 1,248 ft2 (115.9 m2)] to be covered by each nozzle, the nozzles should be located. The Chemetron
8 port nozzles must be placed in the center of each area. The discharge rate for each nozzle should
be based upon flooding the volume protected by that nozzle within the design discharge time.
2.3.2
Underfloor Nozzles
The maximum area of coverage for a single nozzle in an underfloor is likewise 1,248 ft2 (115.9 m2) with
the same limitations on height and positioning noted in the preceding paragraphs. The MINIMUM height
of an underfloor that may be protected is 12 inches (30.5 cm). The coverage possible in an underfloor
is dependent upon the density of cables, runways, and other equipment that might be present in the
underfloor space. The maximum figures should be used only for underfloors that will be relatively open.
This requires some judgment on the part of the designer, but in general, if the horizontal line of sight
is more than 70% obstructed in an underfloor, these maximum figures should be reduced by 50%.
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2.3.3
Cylinder Storage Location

Ideally, the storage cylinder should be located in an area where the ambient temperature is at least 60oF
(15.6oC). Since systems are designed for a 70oF (21.1oC) storage condition, optimum performance can
be expected if the storage area is kept near 70oF (21.1oC). For unbalanced systems, proper distribution
and adequate system performance is approved for storage temperatures of 70oF 10oF (21.1oC 5.5oC).
Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are not maintained within this range may not
be accurate and the required quantities of agent may not be discharged from one or more nozzles.
NOTE
THE AMBIENT STORAGE TEMPERATURE MUST BE BETWEEN 0OF (-17.8OC) TO 130OF (54.4OC).
Figure 2.3A Plan View - Above Floor System
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2.3.4
Pipe Routing
The piping between storage containers and nozzles should be by the shortest route, with a minimum
of elbows and fittings. Every attempt should be made to keep the system in reasonable balance by
supplying the nozzles from a central point, if this can be done without substantially increasing the length
and volume of the piping. The maximum pipe run permissible will be somewhat proportional to the total
quantity of agent to be discharged. All piping elevation changes should be clearly indicated so that these
will not be overlooked in flow calculations.
2.3.5
Pipe Sections
The piping system must now be divided into sections and identified for flow calculation purposes. An
isometric sketch of the piping is helpful at this point. (Refer to Figures 2.3A and 2.3B.) Beginning at
the first storage cylinder, the first piping section shall begin at point 1 within the cylinder and terminate
at point 2 where the connector from the cylinder joins the cylinder manifold. The next section, beginning
at point 2, must include the entire straight portion of the manifold. A new pipe section is identified
whenever there is a change of pipe size or flow rate, or an elevation change. Pipe sections terminate
at the junction of each tee in the system and tees are included in the sections that follow them. Nozzles
are identified by a series of ID numbers from 301 to 499.
2.4
Hydraulic Flow Calculation Program (CHEM-1230)

The next step in system design is to provide the necessary design parameters to the computer program
to numerically model the system accurately. The program, CHEM-1230, has been written within the
Windows environment. (It is our assumption that the user has a basic knowledge of this operating
system and its operation will not be directly addressed within this manual.) The computer program will
establish pipe sizes, calculate terminal pressures, discharge time, and nozzle drill sizes. The primary
requirement for a proper calculation is that the system be modeled into the computer correctly. Therefore,
the parameters may be printed out as well as the calculation results. This makes it possible to verify
the input data against the intended design parameters and/or the actual installation. It is possible to
input either the flow rate required for each nozzle or the existing nozzle drill sizes.
The Chemetron flow calculation program for Novec 1230 fluid has been divided into three main areas:
Commands Available, Output and File Utilities.
NOTE
THE CALCULATION INFORMATION CAN BE ENTERED AND DISPLAYED IN US STANDARD OR METRIC UNITS. IT CAN
BE CONVERTED AT ANY TIME UPON COMMAND BY SIMPLY USING THE METRIC CHECK BOX.
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2.4.1
Commands Available
This area has been subdivided into five categories:
System Information
Hazard Information
Piping Model Data
Calculate and Display Results
Clear All Current Data
Figure 2.4.1 Flow Calc Program - Commands Available
For reference only, a Vol/Lbs/% calculator, a CARDOX valve equivalent length chart, and a minimum
flow rate chart have been included.
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2.4.1.1
System Information
Within the System Information screen there are four submenus:
Project Data
Revision
Cylinder Data
Configuration Variables
A. The Project Data section consists of the following data:
1.
Project Number: Reference number
2.
Project Name: Name of project or end user
3.
Site Location: Installation location
4.
Hazard Name: Name of protected hazard.
Figure 2.4.1.1.A Flow Calc Program - Project Data
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B. Revision: This data field is used to track versions/changes on a specific data file and/or submittal.
C. Discharge Time (sec.):
By default, this is set to 10 seconds. This box is here for troubleshooting purposes. If you have a
calculation that runs longer than 10 seconds, you can decrease this value and the flow calculation
will increase the discharge rate to try to accommodate the new discharge time setting. Alternatively,
you can set this value higher than 10 in order to attempt to achieve some type of results by decreasing
the rate. This is helpful if the pressures drop to 15 psia (1.03 bar).
Figure 2.4.1.1.B Flow Calc Program - Revision Version Data Field
D. The Cylinder Data section consists of the following data:

1. Pounds/Cylinder (Kilograms/Cylinder): This data field is used to input the actual amount of
Novec 1230 fluid required per cylinder.
2. Number of Cylinders: The number of cylinders required to contain the amount of Novec 1230
fluid required for a discharge. This value may be entered by one of two means: the value may
be directly entered into this field or a value may be selected from the drop-down list, which can
be accessed by clicking onto the arrow at the right of the data field.
3. Cylinder Capacity: This data field is used to input the description of the actual type of cylinders
to be used. The nominal cylinder capacity is displayed for the chosen cylinder assembly along
with its minimum and maximum cylinder capacity. By clicking on the arrow at the right of the
field, additional cylinder choices may be viewed. User Specified Beta, Gamma, and Sigma
can be selected from the list for special cylinder capacities, in which case the cylinder volume
capacity will need to be inputted and either the Beta, Gamma, or Sigma valve selected.
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WARNING
WHEN THE CYLINDER CAPACITY FIELD FOR USER SPECIFIED BETA, GAMMA, AND SIGMA CYLINDERS IS USED,
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION APPROVAL AND UL LISTING HAVE BEEN VOIDED.
Figure 2.4.1.1.C Flow Calc Program - Cylinder Data
TABLE 2.4.1.1.C - CYLINDER CAPACITY CHART

CAPACITY
CYLINDER
MINIMUM
LBS
CAPACITY
MAXIMUM
KG
LBS
CYLINDER
KG
Alpha Cylinders
MINIMUM
LBS
MAXIMUM
KG
LBS
KG
Beta Cylinders
Alpha 10#
2.7
12
5.4
Beta 40#
21
9.5
41
18.6
Alpha 20#
12
5.4
23
10.4
Beta 55#
28
12.7
55
24.9
Beta 95#
48
21.8
96
43.5
Gamma 150#
82
37.2
163
73.9
Gamma 250#
138
62.6
274
124.3
Sigma 600#
304
137.9
607
275.3
Gamma 400#
211
95.7
421
191.0
Sigma 750#
455
206.4
910
412.8
Gamma 550#
282
127.9
500
226.8
Sigma 1000#
620
281.2
1,000
562.0
Gamma Cylinders
Sigma Cylinders
NOTE: Chemetron Alpha cylinder/valve assemblies are not UL and ULC listed nor FMRC approved.
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4. Max Capacity: This is a read only field and is intended to inform the user of the maximum
capacity of Novec 1230 fluid to which the cylinder selected may be filled.
5. Pipe Temp: The initial average pipe temperature shall be inputted here to accurately calculate
the vapor portion of the discharge. UL listing and FMRC approval is based upon a temperature
of 70oF 10oF (21.1oC 5.5oC). Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are not
maintained within this range may not be accurate and the required quantities of agent may not
be discharged from one or more discharge nozzles.
6. Cylinder Volume [ft3 (m3)]: This heading will only appear when either the Beta User Specified,
Gamma User Specified, Sigma User Specified, or User Specified cylinder option is selected.
This shall be used to accurately compute the minimum and maximum fills for a unique cylinder.
NOTE
WHEN A BETA CYLINDER IS CHOSEN IN THE CYLINDER CAPACITY DROP DOWN LIST AND THE MAIN AND RESERVE
CHECK BOX IS CHECKED, THERE WILL BE NO EQUIVALENT LENGTH CHANGE IN LINE 1 OF THE PIPING MODEL.
THIS BECAUSE THE OVERSIZED CHECK VALVE USED HAS A NEGLIGIBLE EQUIVALENT LENGTH.
7. Main/Reserve: Automatically adds the equivalent length of a required check valve for main and
reserve systems.
E. The Configuration Variables section consists of the following data:
1. Report Title: The data entered here will appear in the general heading area on all printouts.
The intended use is to allow Chemetron distributors to incorporate their company name into the
printouts.
2. Altitude: This data field allows for the installation of a system from -3000 feet (-.914 km) below
sea level up to 10000 feet (3.05 km) above sea level. These values may be selected from the
drop-down list. These values are established in NFPA 2001.
Figure 2.4.1.1.E2 Flow Calc Program - Configuration Variables - Altitude
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3.
Calculation Method: The calculation may be performed by either Automatic or Manual means.
The automatic mode will not allow the user to view the current attempt to solve the data into
a satisfactory result and does not require any user interface during the calculation. The manual
mode will pause after each attempt to solve the system design parameters. This will allow the
user to view the results - acceptable or not - of the previous calculation run. This manual mode
may aid the user in troubleshooting a problematic design.
4.
Nozzle Material: Allows the choice of either stainless steel or brass nozzles.
5.
Exclude Pipe Sizes: When selected, it will force the flow calculation module to ignore a given
pipe size(s).
NOTE
DUE TO PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE LIMITATIONS, THIS MAY INCREASE THE DIFFICULTY IN GETTING VALID
CALCULATION RESULTS.
2.4.1.2
Hazard Information
Within the Hazard Information screen there are three subcategories:
Hazard Data
Area Data
Area Nozzle List
An example of an area would be a room. All nozzles must be in the same room. Individual data must
be entered for each area to ensure that the appropriate amount of Novec 1230 fluid is divided accordingly.
This portion of the program will model the data for each area. UL and FMRC will accept no less than
a 4.2% design concentration in any application.
Additional areas may be added to the data list to calculate more than one area simultaneously. Example:
room area, underfloor and false ceiling.
Figure 2.4.1.2 Flow Calc Program - Hazard Data
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A. Hazard Data
The first section is used to input the hazard area name(s) for reference, concentration required and
the temperature.
1.
Area Name: Enter the name of the specific area.
2.
Fire Type: Three choices are available - Class A Fire,

Class B Fire and Class C Fire. The default design
concentration is 4.2%. If Class B Fire is chosen, a form
appears that lists all of the Class B fuels that have
been tested and the extinguishing concentration required. Simply select the Class B fuel being protected
and click the Okay button - the appropriate concentration will be inserted into the hazard data grid. To cancel
your selection, click the close button to close the form;
the default selections - 4.2% design concentration and
Class A Fire - will be inserted into the hazard data grid.
Class C fires are defined by NFPA 2001 as fires that
involve energized electrical equipment where the
electrical non-conductivity of the extinguishing media Figure 2.4.1.2.A2 - Class B fuels list
is important. This means that if the equipment cannot
be de-energized in a fire condition, it must be treated as a Class C fire.
3.
% Concentration: Enter the required concentration here.
4.
Temperature: Enter the temperature for the area.
5.
Total Volume: This field is provided for information only and may not be modified. This field
will indicate the total volume of the area as input into the Area Data section below.
B. Area Data
Enter the appropriate values in the Length, Width and Height fields and the program will compute
the correct room volume and amount of agent required automatically. As you will note, the Width
and Height fields are both set to a default of 1. If the volume is known, enter it into the Length data
field and leave the Width and Height fields as 1. Once the data has been entered, clicking on the
Add button will assign this data to the current hazard.
C. Area Nozzle List
Each area will have one or more nozzles within it. This section is intended to model the nozzles
for a particular area. Each nozzle has a unique ID number. These numbers are automatically
assigned and are incremental. Two types of nozzles are included in the program: the 8 Port 360o
discharge pattern (Style F) nozzle and the 8 Port 180o discharge pattern (Style J) nozzle. The nozzle
IDs available for 360o radial nozzles are 301-399; for 180o radial nozzles, IDs range from 401-499.
D. Add and Delete Data In The Hazard Data Screen
1.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
Add: Once the correct values have been entered into the editing box, clicking on the Add button
within that section will temporarily save the data to the screen. Another line of data may then
be entered on the blank line created at the bottom of the grid.
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2.
2.4.1.3
Delete: To delete a line of data from the data file, the name of the area containing the data
to be deleted must appear in the Current Hazard box of the Hazard Data section. Click on the
area name with the mouse so that the appropriate information is reflected on the Current Hazard
box. Again, the corresponding data will appear in the Area Data and Area Nozzle List sections.
Move the mouse to the appropriate field and click on the line to be deleted. Clicking on the
Delete button will delete this data.
Piping Data
The Piping Data is the heart of the system model; its the area where the pipe and pounds/nozzle data
is recorded. Several pieces of information are required. The following is a brief description of each of
the columns.
Figure 2.4.1.3 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data
A. Column Headings and Descriptions
ISSUED:
1.
Nodes: These points identify the section of pipe,

Figure 2.4.1.3.A3 - Hazard nozzle reference box
nozzle or a cylinder that is being modeled.
2.
Start: This indicates the beginning of a pipe, manifold, or cylinder section.
3.
End: This indicates the end of the same section. If this line is a nozzle, clicking the button that
appears in this cell will cause a hazard nozzle reference box to be visible. Here the user can
scroll through the hazards and select the desired nozzle.
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4.
Cyl Qty: The quantity of cylinders flowing through this specific section of piping.
5.
Pipe Len: Total length of pipe expressed in feet or meters, including any elevation changes.
6.
Elev: Change of elevation within the pipe section, expressed in feet or meters.
A positive number indicates a rise in elevation.
A negative number indicates a drop in elevation.
A zero (0) indicates no change in elevation.
7.
Type: Type of pipe to be installed. There are several types available, accessible through the
pop-down, for use:
a. 40T: Schedule 40 pipe with threaded fittings.
b. 40W: Schedule 40 pipe with welded fittings.
c. 80T: Schedule 80 pipe with threaded fittings.
d. 80W: Schedule 80 pipe with welded fittings.
e. 40G: Schedule 40 pipe with grooved fittings.
Figure 2.4.1.3.A7 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Type
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8.
Size: The size of pipe in the section. By accessing the pop-down window, choices from zero
(0) (no fixed pipe size) to 6" (150 mm) are available.
Figure 2.4.1.3.A8 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Size
NOTE
BOTH THE INTERNAL PIPE DIAMETER AND THE MASS OF THE PIPE ARE USED IN THE HYDRAULIC CALCULATION.
IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE PIPE USED FOR INSTALLATION HAS A DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS (WITHIN
TOLERANCES SPECIFIED IN ANSI AND ASTM STANDARD) USED IN THE CALCULATION. THE WEIGHT PER UNIT
LENGTH OF THE PIPE IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE INTERNAL DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS. THE FOLLOWING
TABLE GIVES THE NOMINAL PIPE SIZES WITH THE PIPE DIAMETER AND WEIGHT PER UNIT LENGTH USED IN THE
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION.
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Table 2.4.1.3.A8 - Pipe Size
Schedule 80
Schedule 40
Pipe
Type
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
Nominal Pipe Size

inch
mm
ID
(inches)
Weight
(lb/ft)
1/8
0.269
0.24
6.83
0.36
1/4
0.364
0.42
9.25
0.63
3/8
10
0.493
0.57
12.52
0.85
1/2
15
0.622
0.85
15.80
1.26
3/4
20
0.824
1.13
20.93
1.68
25
1.049
1.68
26.64
2.50
1-1/4
32
1.380
2.27
35.05
3.38
1-1/2
40
1.610
2.72
40.89
4.05
50
2.067
3.65
52.50
5.43
2-1/2
65
2.469
5.79
62.71
8.62
80
3.068
7.58
77.93
11.28
3-1/2
90
3.548
9.11
90.12
13.56
100
4.026
10.79
102.26
16.06
125
5.047
14.62
128.19
21.76
150
6.065
18.97
154.05
28.23
1/8
0.215
0.31
5.46
0.46
1/4
0.302
0.54
7.67
0.80
3/8
10
0.423
0.74
10.74
1.10
1/2
15
0.546
1.09
13.87
1.62
3/4
20
0.742
1.47
18.85
2.19
25
0.957
2.17
24.31
3.23
1-1/4
32
1.278
3.00
32.46
4.46
1-1/2
40
1.500
3.63
38.10
5.40
50
1.939
5.02
49.25
7.47
2-1/2
65
2.323
7.66
59.00
11.40
80
2.900
10.25
73.66
15.25
3-1/2
90
3.364
12.5
85.45
18.60
100
3.826
14.98
97.18
22.29
125
4.813
20.78
122.25
30.92
150
5.761
28.57
146.33
42.52
REVISED:
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ID
(mm)
Weight
(kg/m)
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9.
Fitting: 90 & 45 degree elbows and tees for installation.

a. 90's: Number of 90 degree elbows in the pipe
section. When 45 degree elbows are used, they are
treated as an equivalent number of elbows. In this
case, 0.5 should be included for each 45 degree
elbow and included in the 90's field.
b. Tees: Used when a separation of agent flow is required.
Fitting
Equivalent
Number of
Elbows
90 Deg Elbows
1.0
45 Deg Elbows
0.5
Tee Thru
0.6
Tee Side
2.0
i.
None: This is the default value. Choose this or simply press enter in this field if no tees
are installed.
ii.
Thru: The beginning of the pipe section begins with a thru tee. If the side branch of
a tee is used to provide pressure for tripping a pressure switch or pressure release,
it is treated as an equivalent number of elbows. In this case, 0.6 should be included
in the 90's field.
iii. Side: The beginning of the pipe section begins with a side tee. If one of the thru
branches of a tee is used to provide pressure for tripping a pressure switch or pressure
release, it is treated as an equivalent number of elbows. In this case, 2.0 should be
included in the 90's field.
iv. Blow Out: Choose this option if a tee used in the pipe section is part of a blow out,
i.e., the last nozzle on a branch line.
Figure 2.4.1.3.A.9 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Fittings
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10. Cplng/Union: The number of couplings or unions in the pipe section.

11. Pounds (Kgs) Req'd: The number of pounds (kilograms) required to be discharged from this
particular nozzle, when the option Fixed Pounds is selected. If the Fixed Orifice option
is selected, the value in this field will represent the nozzle orifice drill diameter in inches. To
set the rate for a particular nozzle, select the cell and then either type the flow rate in or use
the drop down list and select the Get Rate option. The computer will automatically calculate
and display the required flow rate needed for that particular nozzle. Alternatively, you can set
all the flow rates simultaneously after finishing the piping model by following the above steps,
but instead of selecting Get Rate, select Set All.
NOTE
THE ALPHA CYLINDER/VALVE ASSEMBLIES ARE CURRENTLY NOT UL & ULC LISTED NOR FMRC APPROVED.
HOWEVER, THE EQUIVALENT LENGTH NOTED BELOW FOR THE ALPHA VALVE HAS BEEN DETERMINED BY UL AND
FMRC AFTER WITNESSING TESTING.
12. Equiv Length: The equivalent length of a
cylinder assembly, check valve, or other
unique components that may be needed in
some systems.
Equivalent Length
(Feet/Meters)
Cylinder
Single
Cylinder
Multiple
Cylinders
w/check valve
Alpha (1/2" outlet)
30 ft
(9.14 m)
N/A
Beta
(1-1/4" outlet)
60 ft
(18.29 m)
60 ft
(18.29 m)
Gamma
(2" outlet)
51 ft
(15.55 m)
64 ft
(19.51 m)
61 ft.
80 ft
B. Add, Copy & Paste, Insert, and Delete

1.
2.
Add: The Add button works similarly to the

Add button on the previous screens. Once
the data has been entered into the grid,
clicking on the Add button will add a blank
line to the bottom of the pipe grid so that the
next line of piping input can be entered.
Sigma (3" outlet)
(18.59 m)
(22.56m)
Copy & Paste: Click the Copy button.
Alternatively, you can depress the F9 key.
Select any cell in the row or rows desired to be copied. If multiple rows are desired to be copied
at once, simply click on any cell in the first row to be copied and while continuing to depress
the left mouse button, highlight the remaining rows. Select a cell in the row where you want
to paste the copied rows. Press the Paste button. Alternatively, you can depress the F10 key.
NOTE
ONLY CONSECUTIVE ROWS CAN BE COPIED AT ONCE. THE LINES WILL BE INSERTED STARTING AT THE ROW OF
THE CELL THAT IS HIGHLIGHTED. YOU CAN PASTE THIS INFORMATION AT ANY TIME AND AS MANY TIMES AS
NECESSARY WITHOUT RESELECTING THE ROWS TO BE COPIED.
3.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
Insert: The Insert button is used to insert a line of data into the data grid in a specific location.
In order to insert a line, click on the highest line in the data grid that must be moved down. Once
the line has been chosen, click on the Insert button and the lines in the data grid will be relocated
down one line position and a new line (identical to the selected line) will be placed into the open
position.
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4.
Delete: The Delete button is used to delete a line of data in the data grid. Highlight the data
line within the data grid by clicking on it with the mouse. Click on the delete button. A verification
message will appear to validate the request. Should you confirm the request, the data line will
be deleted and any data lines below it will be moved up to compensate for the deleted line of
data.
C. Fixed Weight and Fixed Orifices

It is possible to input either the pounds or kilograms required for each nozzle or the existing nozzle
orifice drill diameter. The program has the flexibility to calculate an existing system model by allowing
the nozzle orifice diameter to be input as data. The combination of both weight required from one
nozzle and the orifice diameter of the second nozzle is not permitted and cannot be calculated.
Figure 2.4.1.3.C Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Fixed Pounds & Fixed Orifices
ISSUED:
1.
Fixed Pounds (Kgs): This radio button should be on when the values in the Pounds (Kgs)
Required column indicate the quantity of pounds (Kgs) required to be discharged from a
particular nozzle.
2.
Fixed Orifices: This radio button should be on when the values in the Pounds (Kgs) Required
column indicate the actual nozzle drill diameter in inches for a particular nozzle.
7/1/2004
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2.4.1.4
Calculate and Display Results

By clicking on the Calculate and Display Results button, the data file will be passed on to the calculation
program for processing. If the Automatic mode of calculation has been selected, no input from the user
will be required during this operation. If the Manual mode of calculation was selected, the user must
press Return at the prompts to do so. In either situation, once the calculation process is completed,
the results will be displayed on four different screens:
Calculation Results
Nozzle Performance
Hazard Concentration Results
Error Messages
A. Calculation Results
The calculation results screen depicts the cylinder information and the piping model information.
1.
Conditions
a. Storage Pressure: The starting pressure just prior to the cylinder actuation.
b. Average Cylinder Pressure: The average cylinder pressure during the discharge.
c. Average Initial Pipe Temp: The average ambient pipe temperature at the beginning of
the discharge.
d. Fill Density: The fill density [lbs/ft3 (kgs/m3)] of the cylinder. For all systems, the range
is 35 to 70 lb/ft3 (560.7 to 1121.4 kg/m3).
e. Ratio of Agent in Pipe: Established limit defined as the volume of pipe x the density of agent
in storage / quantity of agent in storage.
f. Average Discharge Time: This value represents the average discharge time of all of the
nozzles.
g. Cylinders: The quantity of cylinders modeled.
h. Lbs/Cyl (Kgs/Cyl): Quantity of Novec 1230 fluid within each cylinder.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
i.
Total Lbs (Kgs) of Novec 1230 Fluid: The total amount of Novec 1230 fluid within all the
cylinders.
j.
Cylinder Type: The type of cylinder selected for the calculation.
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Figure 2.4.1.4.A Flow Calc Program - Calculation Results
2.
Piping Results
a. Section Nodes: The starting and ending nodes for a particular section of the pipe model.
b. Nominal Pipe Size: The computed or inputted pipe size and schedule.
c. Length: Length of pipe within the section, including elevation changes.
d. Elev: The length of an elevation change within the section of pipe.
e. EQL: Total equivalent length of the section of pipe. This includes pipe, elbows, tees, couplings, unions, valves, and any additional information inputted into the equivalent length
column of the data file.
f. Start PSIA (Bar): The pressure at the beginning of the section.
g. Term PSIA (Bar): The pressure at the termination of the section.
h. Flow Rate: The flow rate through the pipe section.
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B. Nozzle Performance
1.
Nozzle ID: The identification number given to a specific nozzle.
2.
Size: The selected or computed size and schedule of a nozzle.
3.
Stock Number: The Chemetron Fire Systems stock number for the particular nozzle.
4.
Style: The manufacturing designation for the particular configuration of the nozzle.
5.
Drill Diameter: The specific drill diameter in inches (mm) for each of the nozzle ports.
6.
Drill Size: The industry's designation for a particular drill diameter.
7.
Total Orifice Area: The total single orifice area for the nozzle.
8.
Novec Discharged: The quantity of Novec 1230 fluid discharged through a particular nozzle.
Figure 2.4.1.4.B Flow Calc Program - Nozzle Performance
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8-Port Styles F and J Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Charts
3/8 inch 8-Port Styles F & J Nozzle

DRILL
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5/64
47
46
45
44
43
42
3/32
41
40
39
38
37
36
7/64
35
34
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.0781
0.0785
0.0810
0.0820
0.0860
0.0890
0.0935
0.0938
0.0960
0.0980
0.0995
0.1015
0.1040
0.1065
0.1094
0.1100
0.1110
DRILL
DRILL
DIA
#
mm
1.984 *
33
1.994 *
32
2.057 *
31
2.083
1/8
2.184
30
2.261
29
2.375
28
2.383
9/64
2.438
27
2.489
26
2.527
25
2.578
24
2.642
23
2.705
5/32
2.779
22
2.794
21
2.819
20
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.1130
0.1160
0.1200
0.1250
0.1285
0.1360
0.1405
0.1406
0.1440
0.1470
0.1495
0.1520
0.1540
0.1562
0.1570
0.1590
0.1610
DRILL
DIA
mm
2.870
2.946
3.048
3.175
3.264
3.454
3.569
3.571
3.658
3.734
3.797
3.861
3.912
3.967
3.988
4.039
4.089
NOTES
1) All drill codes apply to Style F (360o) nozzle.
2) Only drill codes in shaded cells apply to Style J (180o)
nozzle.
3) Drill codes marked with an asterisk (*) denote nozzles
that require a strainer.

DRILL
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
39
38
37
36
7/64
35
34
33
32
31
1/8
30
29
28
9/64
27
26
25
24
23
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.0995
0.1015
0.1040
0.1065
0.1094
0.1100
0.1110
0.1130
0.1160
0.1200
0.1250
0.1285
0.1360
0.1405
0.1406
0.1440
0.1470
0.1495
0.1520
0.1540
DRILL
DIA
mm
2.527
2.578
2.642
2.705
2.779
2.794
2.819
2.870
2.946
3.048
3.175
3.264
3.454
3.569
3.571
3.658
3.734
3.797
3.861
3.912
DRILL
#
5/32
22
21
20
19
18
11/64
17
16
15
14
13
3/16
12
11
10
9
8
7
13/64
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.1562
0.1570
0.1590
0.1610
0.1660
0.1695
0.1719
0.1730
0.1770
0.1800
0.1820
0.1850
0.1875
0.1890
0.1910
0.1935
0.1960
0.1990
0.2010
0.2031
DRILL
DIA
mm
3.967
3.988
4.039
4.089
4.216
4.305
4.366
4.394
4.496
4.572
4.623
4.699
4.763
4.801
4.851
4.915
4.978
5.055
5.105
5.159
NOTES
nozzle.
3) Drill codes marked with an asterisk (*) denote nozzles
that require a strainer.
NOTE
NOZZLE ORIFICES ARE DRILLED USING STANDARD WIRE GAUGE AND FRACTIONAL DRILLS. THE TABLES ON THIS
PAGE SHOW THE STANDARD DRILL SIZES AND NOMINAL DIAMETERS IN INCHES AND MILLIMETERS. IF METRIC UNITS
ARE CHOSEN IN THE COMPUTER PROGRAM, NOZZLE ORIFICE DIAMETERS WILL BE GIVEN IN INCHES. EVEN THOUGH
THE METRIC OPTION IS CHOSEN, THE CALCULATION WILL BE PERFORMED IN ENGLISH UNITS AND THE NOZZLES
MUST BE ORDERED IN ENGLISH UNITS (INCHES).
ISSUED:
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DRILL
#
29
28
9/64
27
26
25
24
23
5/32
22
21
20
19
18
11/64
17
16
15
14
13
3/16
12
11
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.1360
0.1405
0.1406
0.1440
0.1470
0.1495
0.1520
0.1540
0.1562
0.1570
0.1590
0.1610
0.1660
0.1695
0.1719
0.1730
0.1770
0.1800
0.1820
0.1850
0.1875
0.1890
0.1910
DRILL
DIA
mm
3.454
3.569
3.571
3.658
3.734
3.797
3.861
3.912
3.967
3.988
4.039
4.089
4.216
4.305
4.366
4.394
4.496
4.572
4.623
4.699
4.763
4.801
4.851
DRILL
#
10
9
8
7
13/64
6
5
4
3
7/32
2
1
A
15/64
B
C
D
E
F
G
17/64
H
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.1935
0.1960
0.1990
0.2010
0.2031
0.2040
0.2055
0.2090
0.2130
0.2188
0.2210
0.2280
0.2340
0.2344
0.2380
0.2420
0.2460
0.2500
0.2570
0.2610
0.2656
0.2660
DRILL
DIA
mm
4.915
4.978
5.055
5.105
5.159
5.182
5.220
5.309
5.410
5.558
5.613
5.791
5.944
5.954
6.045
6.147
6.248
6.350
6.528
6.629
6.746
6.756
NOTES
nozzle.
1 inch 8-Port Styles F & J Nozzle

DRILL
#
19
18
11/64
17
16
15
14
13
3/16
12
11
10
9
8
7
13/64
6
5
4
3
7/32
2
1
A
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.1660
0.1695
0.1719
0.1730
0.1770
0.1800
0.1820
0.1850
0.1875
0.1890
0.1910
0.1935
0.1960
0.1990
0.2010
0.2031
0.2040
0.2055
0.2090
0.2130
0.2188
0.2210
0.2280
0.2340
DRILL
DIA
mm
4.216
4.305
4.366
4.394
4.496
4.572
4.623
4.699
4.763
4.801
4.851
4.915
4.978
5.055
5.105
5.159
5.182
5.220
5.309
5.410
5.558
5.613
5.791
5.944
DRILL
#
15/64
B
C
D
E
F
G
17/64
H
I
J
K
9/32
L
M
19/64
N
5/16
O
P
21/64
Q
R
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.2344
0.2380
0.2420
0.2460
0.2500
0.2570
0.2610
0.2656
0.2660
0.2720
0.2770
0.2810
0.2812
0.2900
0.2950
0.2969
0.3020
0.3125
0.3160
0.3230
0.3281
0.3320
0.3390
DRILL
DIA
mm
5.954
6.045
6.147
6.248
6.350
6.528
6.629
6.746
6.756
6.909
7.036
7.137
7.142
7.366
7.493
7.541
7.671
7.938
8.026
8.204
8.334
8.433
8.611
NOTE
1) All drill codes apply to both Style F (360o) and Style J
(180o) nozzle.
NOTE
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 35


1-1/4 inch 8-Port Styles F & J Nozzle
DRILL
#
7/32
2
1
A
15/64
B
C
D
E
F
G
17/64
H
I
J
K
9/32
L
M
19/64
N
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.2188
0.2210
0.2280
0.2340
0.2344
0.2380
0.2420
0.2460
0.2500
0.2570
0.2610
0.2656
0.2660
0.2720
0.2770
0.2810
0.2812
0.2900
0.2950
0.2969
0.3020
DRILL
DIA
mm
5.558
5.613
5.791
5.944
5.954
6.045
6.147
6.248
6.350
6.528
6.629
6.746
6.756
6.909
7.036
7.137
7.142
7.366
7.493
7.541
7.671
DRILL
#
5/16
O
P
21/64
Q
R
11/32
S
T
23/64
U
3/8
V
W
25/64
X
Y
13/32
Z
27/64
7/16
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.3125
0.3160
0.3230
0.3281
0.3320
0.3390
0.3438
0.3480
0.3580
0.3594
0.3680
0.3750
0.3770
0.3860
0.3906
0.3970
0.4040
0.4062
0.4130
0.4219
0.4375
DRILL
DIA
mm
7.938
8.026
8.204
8.334
8.433
8.611
8.733
8.839
9.093
9.129
9.347
9.525
9.576
9.804
9.921
10.084
10.262
10.317
10.490
10.716
11.113
NOTE
(180o) nozzle.
1-1/2 inch 8-Port Styles F & J Nozzle

DRILL
#
F
G
17/64
H
I
J
K
9/32
L
M
19/64
N
5/16
O
P
21/64
Q
R
11/32
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.2570
0.2610
0.2656
0.2660
0.2720
0.2770
0.2810
0.2812
0.2900
0.2950
0.2969
0.3020
0.3125
0.3160
0.3230
0.3281
0.3320
0.3390
0.3438
DRILL
DIA
mm
6.528
6.629
6.746
6.756
6.909
7.036
7.137
7.142
7.366
7.493
7.541
7.671
7.938
8.026
8.204
8.334
8.433
8.611
8.733
DRILL
#
S
T
23/64
U
3/8
V
W
25/64
X
Y
13/32
Z
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2
33/64
DRILL
DIA
inches
0.3480
0.3580
0.3594
0.3680
0.3750
0.3770
0.3860
0.3906
0.3970
0.4040
0.4062
0.4130
0.4219
0.4375
0.4531
0.4688
0.4844
0.5000
0.5156
DRILL
DIA
mm
8.839
9.093
9.129
9.347
9.525
9.576
9.804
9.921
10.084
10.262
10.317
10.490
10.716
11.113
11.509
11.908
12.304
12.700
13.096
NOTE
(180o) nozzle.
NOTE
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 36

2 inch 8-Port Styles F & J Nozzle

DRILL #
21/64
Q
R
11/32
S
T
23/64
U
3/8
V
W
25/64
X
Y
13/32
Z
27/64
DRILL
DIA
0.3281
0.3320
0.3390
0.3438
0.3480
0.3580
0.3594
0.3680
0.3750
0.3770
0.3860
0.3906
0.3970
0.4040
0.4062
0.4130
0.4219
DRILL
DRILL #
DIA
8.334
7/16
8.433
29/64
8.611
15/32
8.733
31/64
8.839
1/2
9.093
33/64
9.129
17/32
9.347
35/64
9.525
9/16
9.576
37/64
9.804
19/32
9.921
39/64
10.084
5/8
10.262
41/64
10.317
21/32
10.490
43/64
10.716
DRILL
DIA
0.4375
0.4531
0.4688
0.4844
0.5000
0.5156
0.5312
0.5469
0.5625
0.5781
0.5938
0.6094
0.6250
0.6406
0.6562
0.6719
DRILL
DIA
11.113
11.509
11.908
12.304
12.700
13.096
13.492
13.891
14.290
14.684
15.083
15.479
15.875
16.271
16.667
17.066
NOTE
(180o) nozzle.
NOTE
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 37

C. Hazard Concentration Results

1.
Hazard: The designation for each area inputted.
2.
Room Volume: The dimensional volume of a particular hazard.
3.
Pounds (Kgs) Discharged: The quantity of Novec 1230 fluid that was discharged into a
particular hazard area.
4.
Concentration Requested: Based on the data input, the desired concentration.
5.
Concentration Achieved: Based on the results of the calculation, the concentration that was
achieved.
Figure 2.4.1.4.C Flow Calc Program - Hazard Concentration Results
ISSUED:
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REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 38

Figure 2.4.1.4.D Flow Calc Program - Error Messages
D. Error Messages
This screen will display various piping model input errors and/or system calculation errors. There
is a Help button located in the upper right corner of this screen which will give suggestions as to
how the problems/errors should or could possibly be fixed The following is a list of system design
errors that may appear.
1.
Error: Cylinder fill density is greater than 70 lb/cu ft (1121 kg/cubic meter).
Resolution: There is too much agent inside of the storage cylinder. Decrease the amount per
cylinder in the System Information Screen.
2.
Error: Cylinder fill density is less than 35 lb/cu ft (560.65 kg/cubic meter).
Resolution: There is not enough agent inside of the storage cylinder. Increase the amount per
cylinder in the System Information Screen.
3.
Error: More than 299 pipe sections in system.

Resolution: The calculation module can only account for 299 node points in the piping network.
Redesign the system to have fewer pipe sections.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 39

4.
Error: Input file is incomplete.

Resolution: The input.tmp file that is read into the calculation module is incomplete. Please
check your input, save the file, and try again.
5.
Error: Pipe data sections are out of order - correct input FILE
Resolution: The calculation module must have the piping sections typed in order in the Piping
Model screen. Start the data input in the Piping Model screen starting with the cylinder, and
enter each piping section in order.
6.
Error: Pipe schedule code in sec ## - ## is outside acceptable range. Pipe data code is given
as ###. Check Input Data File Column 5(E)
Resolution: A pipe schedule not listed in the pipe type pull down list was chosen. Pick a valid
pipe schedule from the pipe type pull down list.
7.
Error: Pipe diameter code must be >0 and <=incR in sec ## - ##. Pipe diameter code for this
section is ###. Data input file is corrupted.
Resolution: A pipe size not listed in the pipe size pull down list was chosen. Pick a valid pipe
size from the pipe size pull down list.
8.
Error: If nozzle code is specified, all pipe sizes must be specified.

Resolution: If a fixed orifice system is being run, i.e. an as-built calculation, ALL pipe sizes
must be predetermined, and entered into the pipe size column. The program cannot calculate
a system without the pipe size being specified when performing a fixed orifice calculation.
9.
Error: The elevation change for section 1 to 2 is greater than the equivalent length of the section.
Resolution: The equivalent length must be greater than the total length of pipe or elevation
in section 1 - 2 only.
10. Error: The total equivalent length of the section must at least equal the elevation.
Resolution: The equivalent length must be greater than the total elevation. This is because
the equivalent length of an elevation is different than the equivalent length of a straight piece
of pipe. Decrease the elevation in the Piping Model Screen.
11. Error: Pipe section ## - ## has more than one tee.
Resolution: A pipe section can not contain more than one tee. A pipe section should always
begin at the beginning of a tee.
12. Error: Section ## - ## has more than one supply connection
Resolution: The start node is repeated more than twice. Check tee configuration and start nodes
for errors.
13. Error: Section ## - ## has no supply connection
Resolution: A section of the piping network is missing, or the start node is repeated more than
once without a tee shown in the piping model on both sections of the piping.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 40

14. Error: Sec ## - ## shows tee with no matching branch

Resolution: A tee must have both outlets modeled.
15. Error: Sec ## - ## and sec ## - ## show branching without proper tees.
once without a tee shown in the piping model on both sections of the piping. A tee must have
both outlets modeled.
16. Error: Sec ## - ## and sec ## - ## do not have enough tees specified
once without a tee shown in the piping model on both sections of the piping.
17. Error: Sec ## - ## has more than two outlets
Resolution: A tee MUST have only two outlets. Check tee configuration in the Piping Model
Screen.
18. Error: Fatal errors in input data as noted above. Program terminates:
Resolution: The calculation module CANNOT calculate a system if there are data input errors.
All errors listed above are data input errors. These must be corrected in order to perform the
calculation.
NOTE
THE CALCULATION MODULE WILL MOST LIKELY NEVER GENERATE THE ABOVE MESSAGES. THE PROGRAM CHECKS
ALL DATA INPUT PRIOR TO PASSING THE INFORMATION TO THE CALCULATION MODULE.
19. Error: Error in density file read
Resolution: A support file required by the calculation module is corrupted. Please uninstall
and reinstall the software.
20. Error: Manifold section may not feed nozzle branch directly
Resolution: A cylinder quantity greater than 0 is shown in non-manifolded sections. Once the
gas leaves the manifold, there is to be a quantity of 0 cylinders in the Cyl. Qty. column of the
Piping Model Screen.
21. Error: Pressure in sec ## - ## drops below ### psia. All pipe sections feeding this branch are
either at maximum size or are fixed.
Resolution: The flow rate in the pipe is too high causing excessive pressure drop. Make sure
that the pipe size is set to 0 and that all pipes are maximized for the flow rates, using the min/max
flow rate chart on the main menu.
22. Error: Pressure drops below 22 psi (1.5 bar) in sec ##- ##.
Resolution: The flow rate in the pipe is too high causing excessive pressure drop. Make sure
that the pipe size is set to 0 and that all pipes are maximized for the flow rates, using the min/max
flow rate chart on the main menu.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 41

23. Error: Percent in pipe calculated as ###. Check for fixed pipe sizes, extreme pipe lengths
(greater than 100% in pipe).
Resolution: The piping network has extremely long lengths. Redesign to reduce pipe lengths,
or add agent to the cylinder.
24. Error: All pipe sizes leading to nozzle ### are maximum. Nozzle ### requires flow greater
than 65% of feed pipe flow.
Resolution: The flow rate in the pipe is too high causing the desired nozzles equivalent single
orifice area to be greater than 65% of the feed pipe area. Add nozzles to the system to reduce
the flow rate and lower the ratio of orifice area to pipe area.
25. Error: Fixed pipe system is not converging after #### attempts (greater than 550 times total
number of pipe sections)
Resolution: The calculation module could not converge the pressures/flows after #### attempts.
Increase or decrease flow rate, orifice diameter, pipe length, or cylinder fill.
26. Error: Flow rate in sec ## - ## is less than ### lb/sec ( ### kg/sec) minimum required for pipe
size.
Resolution: In order to maintain turbulent flow inside the piping, each pipe diameter has a
corresponding minimum flow rate. If the pipe size is fixed, either decrease its size, or increase
the orifice diameter. If it is not a fixed pipe system, then increase the flow rate by adding pounds
(kgs) required for the nozzles in the Piping Model screen in column 11, or decrease the
discharge time in the System Information Screen.
27. Error: Fixed pipe size in nozzle section ## - ###. Nozzle section may not be greater than 2
inch (50mm) pipe. Nozzle section is specified as 1/8 inch pipe - smallest nozzle is 1/4 inch
Resolution: Increase the pipe size if the pipe size was not set to 0, or increase the flow rate
by adding pounds (kgs) required for the nozzles in the Piping Model screen in column 11, or
decrease the discharge time in the System Information Screen.
28. Error: Sec ## to ## bullhead tee minor flow branch carries ## percent of flow. Minimum branch
flow from bullhead tee is 25 percent
Resolution: The side of the bullhead tee that carries the least amount of flow does not carry
the minimum required. The minor branch must carry at least 25% of the combined incoming
flow (both the minor leg and major leg together). Change this so that the major leg is on a thru
tee.
29. Error: Sec ## to ## sideoutlet tee branch carries ## percent of flow. Maximum side outlet
branch flow is 35 percent.
Resolution: The side of the tee that carries the most amount of flow exceeds the maximum
allowed. The major branch must carry no more than 35% of the combined incoming flow (both
the thru leg and side leg together).
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 42

30. Error: Sec ## to ### side outlet tee branch carries ## percent of flow. Minimum side outlet
branch flow is 10 percent.
Resolution: The side of the tee that carries the least amount of flow does not carry the minimum
required. The minor branch must carry at least 10% of the combined incoming flow (both the
thru leg and side leg together). Increase the flow rate or pounds (kgs) required for this side of
the tee.
31. Error: Sec ## - ### calls for grooved coupling in pipe size less than 3/4 inch.
Resolution: Change these sections of pipe to either threaded or welded.
32. Error: Nozzle ### area equals ##% feed pipe area (limit 1/4 npt=75%).
33. Error: Nozzle ### area equals ##% feed pipe area (limit 85%).
34. Error: Nozzle ### area equals ##% feed pipe area (lower limit 20%).
Resolution: The flow rate in the pipe is too low causing the desired nozzles equivalent single
orifice area to be less than 20% of the feed pipe area. Reduce nozzles to increase the flow rate
and raise the ratio of orifice area to pipe area. Alternatively, you can increase the flow rate by
adding pounds (kgs) required for that nozzle in the Pipe Model screen in column 11, or decrease
the discharge time in the System Information Screen.
35. Error: Nozzle ### discharges ##% of maximum feed pipe flow which is above maximum of
65%
Resolution: The flow Rate for this nozzle is too high causing it to discharge more than 65%
of the feed pipe maximum flow rate. Add nozzles to the system to reduce the flow rate and lower
the percentage. Reference the min/max flows from the main menu.
36. Error: Nozzle ### has discharge time of ## sec - outside 5 to 10 second limit.
Resolution: The discharge time was either too quick or too long. Please make sure that all
pipe is maximized for the corresponding flow rates. If it is not a fixed pipe system, then increase
the pressure by maximizing the pipe sizes in the Pipe Model screen, or if it is a fixed orifice
system, decrease the nozzle orifice as well to increase pressure. Reference the min/max flows
from the main menu.
If any of the TERM Pressures read 15psia (1.03 bar), then the pressure has dropped below
the allowable minimum. Check pipe lengths, fixed pipe sizes, and choose a bigger cylinder if
possible.
37. Error: Nozzle pressure for ### is below 75 psia (5.17 bar).
Resolution: Increase the pipe size of the nozzle from that which was calculated, also check
pipe lengths, fixed pipe sizes, and choose a bigger cylinder if possible.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 43

38. Error: Maximum difference in liquid run-out time is ## sec. Upper limit is 6.3 seconds.
Resolution: Once the first nozzle in the system stops discharging liquid (i.e., usually the closest
nozzle to the cylinder), within 6.3 seconds all other nozzles in the pipe model must stop
discharging liquid. Redesign the system so that either the closest nozzle to the cylinder is farther
away, or the farthest nozzle from the cylinder is closer.
39. Error: Difference between longest and shortest initial vapor time is #.## sec. Upper limit 2
seconds.
Resolution: Once the first nozzle in the system starts discharging liquid (i.e., usually the closest
nozzle to the cylinder), within 2 seconds all other nozzles in the Piping Model must start
discharging liquid. Redesign the system so that either the closest nozzle to the cylinder is farther
away, or the farthest nozzle from the cylinder is closer. This error displays both the liquid arrival
and run-out times for troubleshooting purposes.
40. Error: Maximum difference in liquid run-out time is greater than 60% of discharge time. This
is outside listed and approved range.
Resolution: Once the first nozzle in the system stops discharging liquid (i.e. usually the closest
nozzle to the cylinder), within a time less than or equal to 60% of the total discharge time, all
other nozzles in the Piping Model must stop discharging liquid. Redesign the system so that
either the closest nozzle to the cylinder is farther, or the farthest nozzle from the cylinder is
closer.
41. Error: Ratio of agent in pipe is ##%. Maximum permitted ratio is 99.5%.
Resolution: The piping network has extremely long lengths. Redesign to reduce pipe lengths,
42. Error: The program has used all discharge times from 2.4 to ## seconds in #.# second
increments. To view specific errors not listed on this screen, rerun calc in manual mode.
Resolution: The discharge time was either too quick or too long. Please make sure that all
pipe is maximized for the corresponding flow rates. If it is not a fixed pipe system, then increase
the pressure by maximizing the pipe sizes in the Piping Model screen; or if it is a fixed orifice
system, decrease the nozzle orifice as well to increase pressure. Reference the min/max flows
from the main menu.
If any of the TERM Pressures read 15 psia (1.03 bar), then the pressure has dropped below
the allowable minimum. Check pipe lengths, fixed pipe sizes, and choose a bigger cylinder if
possible. To run the calculation in manual mode, go to the Setup - Project Data screen and
choose the manual radio button. This will display messages as the calculation is being
performed.
43. Error: Largest permitted nozzle section is 2 inch (50 mm); section ## - ### at 2 inch.
Resolution: The flow rate in the pipe at this nozzle is too high causing the desired nozzles
calculated pipe diameter to be greater than 2" (50 mm). Add nozzles to the system to reduce
the flow rate or increase the discharge time in the Setup - Project Data screen.
44. Error: Cylinders run out of liquid supply before all nozzles begin discharging liquid.
Resolution: The piping network has extremely long lengths. Redesign to reduce pipe lengths
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 44

45. Error: There are # nozzles that were calculated, but are not available.
Resolution: Due to the physical limitations of certain NPT size nozzles, there are certain drill
codes that cannot be used on the nozzles. It is recommended to either increase or decrease
the pipe size to something other than that which was calculated, so that a new drill code can
be computed.
46. Error: Nozzle sizes are given for trouble-shooting purposes-they are approximate sizes.
Resolution: This error was generated because the nozzle area versus the feed pipe area was
out of the approved range. Either increase or decrease the pipe size at the nozzle in question,
then try again.
47. Error: Concentration achieved is less than requested for #####.
Resolution: This error was generated because one of more of the hazard areas did not achieve
the concentration required. To fix this, insure that all pipe and nozzle sizes going to that hazard
area are maximized, or add agent to the storage cylinders. Adding agent to the cylinders is only
recommended if there are no other errors generated.
2.4.1.5
Print Data and Results or Print Output Results

This screen will allow the user to send both the results of the calculation and/or the input data used for
the calculation to either a selected printer, to a PDF file, or to an ASCII file on a disk drive.
Figure 2.4.1.5 Flow Calc Program - Print Data and Results or Print Output Results
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 45

A. Items to Print
1. Input Data Listing: When this option is selected, clicking on the adjacent option box will output
the data file.
2. Calculation Results: The selection of this option will output the results of the calculation.
3. BOM: The mechanical system Bill of Material, including pipe and pipe fittings. Once the BOM
has been printed, the system must be recalculated before printing the BOM again.
B. Output Units
1. U.S. Standard: This option will output the required information with standard English units.
2. Metric: This selection will produce a metric unit output.
NOTE
THE INPUT DATA FILE WILL BE OUTPUT IN THE SAME UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AS THAT SELECTED FOR THE DATA
INPUT. THE UNITS USED TO CREATE THE INPUT DATA FILE WILL BE DESIGNATED AS "(CURRENT)" AFTER THE
APPROPRIATE UNITS. IF METRIC OUTPUT UNITS ARE DESIRED, CHECK THE METRIC CHECKBOX, RECALCULATE
AND THEN PRINT - OR VICE VERSA.
Figure 2.4.1.5.C Flow Calc Program - Configure Printer
C. Configure Printer
There are numerous types of printers on the market and the program is designed to incorporate a
wide range of printers. It is advisable to click on Configure Printer to verify the current WindowsTM
selected printer.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 46

D. Printer Font
There are virtually hundreds of fonts available in the industry today. Even though the program will
accept and use a number of them, the suggested font is ARIAL. This font is commonly found within
the WindowsTM list of available fonts. However, there are a number of acceptable fonts and by
selecting and trying these fonts, based on the numerous styles and types of printers, Chemetron
cannot assure you of satisfactory results. The printout uses various configurations and sizes to
produce its hard copy printout.
E. Print to PDF
This option will export the Input or the Calculation Results to an Adobe Acrobat file in PDF format.
Please note that the Adobe Acrobat Reader will be required in order to view or print these files. The
Acrobat Reader software can easily be downloaded for free from HTTP://www.adobe.com.
NOTE
THE BILL OF MATERIAL CAN NOT BE PRINTED TO A PDF FILE.
F. Print To File
Should this option be selected, the data requested will be sent to a file on the selected disk drive.
The user will be asked to verify the drive, path, and filename prior to the data being written to the
file. The outputted data will be in Standard ASCII format and may be imported into various programs
for incorporation into drawings, manuals, etc.
G. Print
Clicking on this command will start the printing or writing of the selected data.
2.4.1.6
Clear All Current Data

When this command is executed the current data file will be cleared from all fields to allow for entry of
new data. If the current data file has modifications that have not been saved, the program will prompt
for verification prior to executing the command.
2.4.2
Output
This area will allow the user to export either the data file or calculation results.
2.4.2.1
Print Data and Results

Refer to Section 2.4.1.5.
2.4.3
File Utilities
This is the data file maintenance section of the program.
2.4.3.1
Load
An existing data file, stored on a disk drive, may be loaded into the program for modifications or recalculation.
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Figure 2.4.3.1 Flow Calc Program - Load an existing data file
2.4.3.2
Save
The current data file may be saved to a disk drive for historical information.
2.4.3.3
Delete
A data file may be erased from a disk drive. However, please note that once the data file has been
deleted, it cannot be retrieved.
2.4.4
Exit
The exit button will unload the program and return you to the previous WindowsTM system screen.
2.4.5
Vol/Lbs/% Calc (Vol/Kgs/% Calc)

This calculator may be used anywhere within the data
input or calculation results screens, wherever the
command button is visible. The required input is:
A. Temperature: [Defaults at 70oF (21.1oC)]
B. Altitude: (Defaults at 0 feet, sea level)
In addition, two of the remaining three fields must be
inputted and the third will be solved. The remaining three
fields are:
C. Volume
D. Weight
Figure 2.4.5 Flow Calc Program Volume/Weight/Concentration Calculator
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E. Concentration
For example, if the quantity of agent and the volume are known, the concentration may be computed.
If the volume and the concentration are known, the amount of Novec 1230 fluid can be computed. Should
the concentration and the amount of Novec 1230 fluid be known, the calculator will determine the volume
in which these parameters will fit.
2.4.6
Check Points
Although the computer can provide complete flow calculations, it cannot exercise the human judgement
required to decide if the results are satisfactory. Obviously, items such as actual pipe length, equivalent
lengths, elevation changes, and the types of tee junctions must be checked against the piping layout
drawing and the actual installation.
2.5
Two-Phase Hydraulics
The two-phase flow equation, which is used for calculating pressure drop in Novec 1230 fluid and Carbon
Dioxide fire extinguishing systems, is a statement of the basic laws of energy conservation. The equation
is in a form particularly suited to calculating flow in systems where the density of the flowing media is
constantly changing. Dr. James Hesson is credited with developing the two-phase flow equation.
2.5.1
Two-Phase Flow Equation

The two-phase flow equation can be derived from the fundamental equation of hydrodynamics known
as Bernoullis equation. The following is a qualitative statement of the flow equation:
(1)
Normally, the change in elevation head is zero, so it can be dropped from the above equation. When
a change in elevation is present in a system, the resultant loss or gain in pressure can be calculated
separately from the basic two-phase flow equation. The basic flow equation is as follows:
(2)
2.5.1.1
Pressure - Density
It should be apparent that a proper relationship between the pipeline pressure and density needs to be
established in order to use the two-phase flow equation. If one can assume that the heat pick-up from
the pipeline is negligible during the agent discharge, a pressure-density relationship can be established
rather easily fromt he basic thermodynamic properties of the agent. In the case of carbon dioxide, the
calculation is very straight forward. The calculation of the pipeline pressure-density relationship for nitrogen
superpressurized Novec 1230 fluid is a bit more complicated due to the fact that the nitrogen does dissolve
in the Novec 1230 fluid.
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2.5.1.2
Velocity Head
Although the flow equation contains a term that accounts for changes in velocity head due to changing
density, it will not compensate for velocity head changes that are encountered when the flow density
(lbs./sec./sq.in. of pipe area) changes. Such velocity head changes are encountered when there is a
change in pipe size or a change in flow rate due to a junction in the pipeline. The following expression
gives the velocity head energy in PSI:
(3)
2.5.1.3
Maximum Flow Rates

In paragraph 2.5.1 we saw that the flow equation is a statement of balance between pressure, velocity
and friction head. At the end of a pipeline, no more equivalent length need be overcome, and ideally,
the friction head term in equations (1) and (2) should become equal to zero. Therefore, the condition
at the end of the pipeline is one in that any change in pressure head is converted to velocity head. The
maximum flow rate at the end of a pipeline under a given set of pressure-density conditions can be
calculated by setting the velocity head term equal to the pressure head term in equation (1) or (2) and
solving for the flow rate. The calculated maximum pipeline specific flow rates plotted in Figure 1.4.1 of
this manual are based on such consideration. The densities used for this calculation correspond to the
average pipeline densities with a factor added to compensate for velocity effects.
2.5.1.4
Orifice Flow Rate

The subject of orifice flow has been the topic of many books, papers, and dissertations. Although the
orifice is an extremely important part of many systems, it is one of the least understood system components. Until recently, orifices used in two-phase systems were rated by means of testing with water
for equivalent area. As the science of predicting the flow of two-phase media in pipelines became more
advanced, the rating of orifices with water for systems designed for use with Novec 1230 was found
to have major shortcomings. The method of rating orifices of systems described in Section 1.4.2 is
intended to replace the traditional water rating of nozzles. Simply stated, the basis for this method is
the postulate that any orifice or nozzle that is placed at the end of a pipe will necessarily restrict the flow
rate less than that which would issue from the pipe if the orifice or nozzle were not present. Nozzles
are rated in terms of the fraction, in percent, of the theoretical maximum open-end pipeline flow rate
that they permit. The flow rate from a nozzle can be predicted from the following equation:
(4)
Where:
QNozzle = flow rate with the nozzle in place in lbs./sec.

Code = nozzle rated in percent of maximum feed pipe flow
APipe
= the inside cross sectional area of the feed pipe in square inches
RPSI
= the theoretical maximum pipeline specific flow rate in lbs./sec./sq.in. for the calculated pressure-density condition at the total terminal pressure (PSI). The total
terminal pressure (PSI) is the sum of the static pressure form equation (2) and
the velocity head pressure calculated from equation (3).
The total terminal pressure must be used since it is the measure of energy available to drive the flowing
media from the orifice(s). (See Sections 1.4.1 and 1.4.2).
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APPENDIX
This appendix documents six calculation examples. Examples 1 & 6 utilize a Beta cylinder,
Examples 2, 4, & 5 utilize Gamma cylinders, and Example 3 utilizes a Sigma cylinder. Example
6 was calculated using Metric units of measure. Preceding each program example are the initial
data acquisition worksheets.
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APPENDIX - EXAMPLE #1
Concentration Required:
4.2 %
PAGE 1
Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid

Surface Fire Requirements
PROJECT:
Manual Example #1
DATE: 7/1/04
HAZARD:
Room
ENGR. MR
VOLUME
13.5'
Lx
13.5'
W =
182.25
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
1822.5
Cu Ft
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Cu Ft
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Cu Ft
Total =
182.25
Sq Ft
1822.5
Cu Ft
NOVEC 1230 FLUID REQUIRED (REFER TO TABLES BELOW AND/OR THE EQUATION AS NOTED ON PAGE 2)
1822.5
Cu Ft x
.0379
69.09
Lbs x
(concentration factor)
69.09
Lbs
(altitude correction factor)
69.09
Lbs
Total Pounds Required =
70
STORAGE REQUIRED
70
Lbs Reqd /
1
Qty
Used
Cylinder
Size
# of Cylinders
Cylinders Main &
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
ALPHA
Qty
Used
Lbs/Cylinder
Cylinders Reserve
Cylinder
Type
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
BETA
10 Lb
(2.7)
12
(5.4)
40 Lb
21
(9.5)
41
(18.6)
20 Lb
12
(5.4)
23
(10.4)
55 Lb
28
(12.7)
55
(24.9)
95 Lb
48
(21.8)
96
(43.5)
GAMMA
ISSUED:
70
150 Lb
82
(37.2)
163
250 Lb
138
(62.6)
274 (124.3)
600 Lb
304 (137.9)
607 (275.3)
400 Lb
211
(95.7)
421 (191.0)
750 Lb
455 (206.4)
910 (412.8)
500 Lb
282 (127.9)
500 (226.8)
1000 Lb
620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
7/1/2004
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4.2 %
PAGE 2

Table AP-1 (US Standard)
3M Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid Total Flooding Quantity (1)
Temperature
(t)
[/F]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[ft3/lb]
(4)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
(1)
0.93678
0.96119
0.9856
1.01001
1.03442
1.05883
1.08324
1.10765
1.13206
1.15647
1.18088
1.20529
1.2297
1.25411
1.27852
1.30293
1.32734
1.35175
1.37616
1.40057
1.42498
1.44939
1.4738
1.49821
1.52262
Weight Requirements of Hazard Volume - W/V (lb/ft3) (2)

Design Concentration (C) [% by Volume] (5)
4.2%
0.0468
0.0456
0.0445
0.0434
0.0424
0.0414
0.0405
0.0396
0.0387
0.0379
0.0371
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0343
0.0336
0.0330
0.0324
0.0319
0.0313
0.0308
0.0302
0.0297
0.0293
0.0288
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.0648
0.0631
0.0616
0.0601
0.0587
0.0573
0.0560
0.0548
0.0536
0.0525
0.0514
0.0503
0.0493
0.0484
0.0475
0.0466
0.0457
0.0449
0.0441
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
0.0412
0.0405
0.0398
0.0663
0.0646
0.0630
0.0615
0.0601
0.0587
0.0574
0.0561
0.0549
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0486
0.0477
0.0468
0.0460
0.0452
0.0444
0.0436
0.0429
0.0422
0.0415
0.0408
0.0562
0.0548
0.0534
0.0521
0.0509
0.0497
0.0486
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0437
0.0428
0.0420
0.0412
0.0404
0.0397
0.0389
0.0382
0.0376
0.0369
0.0363
0.0357
0.0351
0.0346
6%
0.0681
0.0664
0.0648
0.0632
0.0617
0.0603
0.0589
0.0576
0.0564
0.0552
0.0541
0.0530
0.0519
0.0509
0.0499
0.0490
0.0481
0.0472
0.0464
0.0456
0.0448
0.0440
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
7%
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0.0745
0.0728
0.0711
0.0695
0.0680
0.0665
0.0651
0.0637
0.0624
0.0612
0.0600
0.0589
0.0578
0.0567
0.0557
0.0547
0.0537
0.0528
0.0519
0.0511
0.0502
0.0494
8%
0.0928
0.0905
0.0882
0.0861
0.0841
0.0821
0.0803
0.0785
0.0768
0.0752
0.0736
0.0721
0.0707
0.0693
0.0680
0.0667
0.0655
0.0643
0.0632
0.0621
0.0610
0.0600
0.0590
0.0580
0.0571
9%
0.1056
0.1029
0.1003
0.0979
0.0956
0.0934
0.0913
0.0893
0.0874
0.0855
0.0838
0.0821
0.0804
0.0789
0.0774
0.0759
0.0745
0.0732
0.0719
0.0706
0.0694
0.0682
0.0671
0.0660
0.0650
The information was provided by the manufacturer, 3M Company, USA. This information refers only to the product Novec
1230, and may not represent total flooding quantities for any other products.
[Agent Weight Requirements (lb/ft3)] - Pounds of agent required per cubic foot of protected
volume to produce indicated concentration at temperature specified.
(2)
(3)
[Temperature (/F)] - The design temperature in the hazard area.
(4)
[Specific Volume (ft3/lb)] - Specific volume of superheated FK-5-1-12mmy2 vapor may be approximated by the
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
10%
0.1186
0.1156
0.1127
0.1100
0.1074
0.1049
0.1026
0.1003
0.0981
0.0961
0.0941
0.0922
0.0904
0.0886
0.0869
0.0853
0.0837
0.0822
0.0807
0.0793
0.0780
0.0767
0.0754
0.0742
0.0730
0.9856 + 0.002441 t
temperature, F
[Concentration (%)] - Volumetric concentration of FK-5-1-12mmy2 in air at the temperature indicated.
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4.2 %
PAGE 3

Table AP-2 (Metric)
3M Novec 1230 Fire Protection Fluid Total Flooding Quantity
Temperature
(t)
[/C]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[m3/kg]
(4)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(1)
0.060914
0.062286
0.063657
0.065029
0.0664
0.067772
0.069143
0.070515
0.071886
0.073258
0.074629
0.076001
0.077372
0.078744
0.080115
0.081487
0.082858
0.08423
0.085601
0.086973
0.088344
0.089716
0.091087
0.092459
0.09383
Weight Requirements of Hazard Volume - W/V (kg/m3) (2)

4.2%
0.7197
0.7039
0.6887
0.6742
0.6603
0.6469
0.6341
0.6217
0.6099
0.5985
0.5875
0.5769
0.5666
0.5568
0.5472
0.5380
0.5291
0.5205
0.5122
0.5041
0.4963
0.4887
0.4813
0.4742
0.4672
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.9960
0.9741
0.9531
0.9330
0.9137
0.8952
0.8775
0.8604
0.8440
0.8282
0.8130
0.7983
0.7841
0.7705
0.7573
0.7445
0.7322
0.7203
0.7088
0.6976
0.6868
0.6763
0.6661
0.6562
0.6466
1.0200
0.9976
0.9761
0.9555
0.9358
0.9168
0.8986
0.8812
0.8644
0.8482
0.8326
0.8176
0.8031
0.7891
0.7756
0.7625
0.7499
0.7377
0.7259
0.7144
0.7033
0.6926
0.6821
0.6720
0.6622
0.8640
0.8450
0.8268
0.8094
0.7926
0.7766
0.7612
0.7464
0.7322
0.7184
0.7052
0.6925
0.6802
0.6684
0.6570
0.6459
0.6352
0.6249
0.6148
0.6052
0.5958
0.5866
0.5778
0.5692
0.5609
6%
1.0479
1.0248
1.0027
0.9816
0.9613
0.9418
0.9232
0.9052
0.8879
0.8713
0.8553
0.8399
0.8250
0.8106
0.7967
0.7833
0.7704
0.7578
0.7457
0.7339
0.7225
0.7115
0.7008
0.6904
0.6803
7%
1.2357
1.2084
1.1824
1.1575
1.1336
1.1106
1.0886
1.0674
1.0471
1.0275
1.0086
0.9904
0.9728
0.9559
0.9395
0.9237
0.9084
0.8936
0.8793
0.8654
0.8520
0.8390
0.8263
0.8141
0.8022
8%
1.4275
1.3961
1.3660
1.3372
1.3096
1.2831
1.2576
1.2332
1.2096
1.1870
1.1652
1.1442
1.1239
1.1043
1.0854
1.0671
1.0495
1.0324
1.0158
0.9998
0.9843
0.9692
0.9547
0.9405
0.9267
9%
1.6236
1.5879
1.5537
1.5209
1.4895
1.4593
1.4304
1.4026
1.3758
1.3500
1.3252
1.3013
1.2783
1.2560
1.2345
1.2137
1.1936
1.1742
1.1554
1.1372
1.1195
1.1024
1.0858
1.0697
1.0540
10%
1.8241
1.7839
1.7455
1.7087
1.6734
1.6395
1.6070
1.5757
1.5457
1.5167
1.4888
1.4620
1.4361
1.4111
1.3869
1.3636
1.3410
1.3191
1.2980
1.2775
1.2577
1.2385
1.2198
1.2017
1.1842
[Agent Weight Requirements (kgs/m3)] - Kilograms of agent required per cubic meter of protected volume to
produce indicated concentration at temperature specified.
(2)
(3)
[Temperature (/C)] - The design temperature in the hazard area.
(4)
[Specific Volume (m3/kg)] - Specific volume of superheated FK-5-1-12mmy2 vapor may be approximated by the
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.0664 + 0.00274 t
temperature, C
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4.2 %
PAGE 4

Elevation Correction Factors
Altitude
Feet
Kilometers
ISSUED:
PSIA
cm Hg
Correction
Factor
-3,000
-0.92
16.25
84.0
1.11
-2,000
-0.61
15.71
81.2
1.07
-1,000
-0.30
15.23
78.7
1.04
14.71
76.0
1.00
1,000
0.30
14.18
73.3
0.96
2,000
0.61
13.64
70.5
0.93
3,000
0.92
13.12
67.8
0.89
4,000
1.21
12.58
65.0
0.86
5,000
1.52
12.04
62.2
0.82
6,000
1.83
11.53
59.6
0.78
7,000
2.13
11.03
57.0
0.75
8,000
2.44
10.64
55.0
0.72
9,000
2.74
10.22
52.8
0.69
10,000
3.05
9.77
50.5
0.66
Note:
Enclosure Pressure
Multiply the correction factor by the sea level design quantity of Novec 1230 Fluid to obtain the
correct quantity for a given altitude.
7/1/2004
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Isometric Drawing for the system flow calculation detailed in Example 1.
ISSUED:
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EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 1 Refer to Section 2.4.1.1 - System Information.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 2 Refer to Section 2.4.1.2 - Hazard Data.
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EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 3 Refer to Section 2.4.1.3 - Piping Information. At the completion and verification of
the inputted data, the current data should be saved (refer to Section 2.4.3.2 - Save). The data is then ready to
Calculate and Display (refer to Section 2.4.1.4 - Calculate and Display Results). The next 3 screens illustrate
the results of the calculation.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 4 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.A - Calculation Results.
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EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 5 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.B - Nozzle Performance.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 6 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.C - Hazard Concentration Results.
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4.2 %
PAGE 1

PROJECT:
Manual Example #2
DATE: 7/1/04
HAZARD:
Room
ENGR. MR
VOLUME
25.0'
Lx
23.0'
W =
575.0
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
5750
Cu Ft
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Cu Ft
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Cu Ft
Total =
575.0
Sq Ft
5750
Cu Ft
5750
Cu Ft x
.0379
217.98
Lbs x
217.98
Lbs
217.98
Lbs
218
STORAGE REQUIRED
218
Lbs Reqd /
1
Qty
Used
Cylinder
Size
# of Cylinders
218
Cylinders Reserve
Cylinders Main &
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
ALPHA
Qty
Used
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
BETA
10 Lb
(2.7)
12
(5.4)
40 Lb
21
(9.5)
41
(18.6)
20 Lb
12
(5.4)
23
(10.4)
55 Lb
28
(12.7)
55
(24.9)
95 Lb
48
(21.8)
96
(43.5)
GAMMA
ISSUED:
Cylinder
Type
Lbs/Cylinder
150 Lb
82
(37.2)
163
250 Lb
138
(62.6)
274 (124.3)
600 Lb
304 (137.9)
607 (275.3)
400 Lb
211
(95.7)
421 (191.0)
750 Lb
455 (206.4)
910 (412.8)
500 Lb
282 (127.9)
500 (226.8)
1000 Lb
620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
(73.9)
SIGMA
S/N 30000066
Page 60

4.2 %
PAGE 2

Temperature
(t)
[/F]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[ft3/lb]
(4)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
(1)
0.93678
0.96119
0.9856
1.01001
1.03442
1.05883
1.08324
1.10765
1.13206
1.15647
1.18088
1.20529
1.2297
1.25411
1.27852
1.30293
1.32734
1.35175
1.37616
1.40057
1.42498
1.44939
1.4738
1.49821
1.52262

4.2%
0.0468
0.0456
0.0445
0.0434
0.0424
0.0414
0.0405
0.0396
0.0387
0.0379
0.0371
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0343
0.0336
0.0330
0.0324
0.0319
0.0313
0.0308
0.0302
0.0297
0.0293
0.0288
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.0648
0.0631
0.0616
0.0601
0.0587
0.0573
0.0560
0.0548
0.0536
0.0525
0.0514
0.0503
0.0493
0.0484
0.0475
0.0466
0.0457
0.0449
0.0441
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
0.0412
0.0405
0.0398
0.0663
0.0646
0.0630
0.0615
0.0601
0.0587
0.0574
0.0561
0.0549
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0486
0.0477
0.0468
0.0460
0.0452
0.0444
0.0436
0.0429
0.0422
0.0415
0.0408
0.0562
0.0548
0.0534
0.0521
0.0509
0.0497
0.0486
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0437
0.0428
0.0420
0.0412
0.0404
0.0397
0.0389
0.0382
0.0376
0.0369
0.0363
0.0357
0.0351
0.0346
6%
0.0681
0.0664
0.0648
0.0632
0.0617
0.0603
0.0589
0.0576
0.0564
0.0552
0.0541
0.0530
0.0519
0.0509
0.0499
0.0490
0.0481
0.0472
0.0464
0.0456
0.0448
0.0440
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
7%
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0.0745
0.0728
0.0711
0.0695
0.0680
0.0665
0.0651
0.0637
0.0624
0.0612
0.0600
0.0589
0.0578
0.0567
0.0557
0.0547
0.0537
0.0528
0.0519
0.0511
0.0502
0.0494
8%
0.0928
0.0905
0.0882
0.0861
0.0841
0.0821
0.0803
0.0785
0.0768
0.0752
0.0736
0.0721
0.0707
0.0693
0.0680
0.0667
0.0655
0.0643
0.0632
0.0621
0.0610
0.0600
0.0590
0.0580
0.0571
9%
0.1056
0.1029
0.1003
0.0979
0.0956
0.0934
0.0913
0.0893
0.0874
0.0855
0.0838
0.0821
0.0804
0.0789
0.0774
0.0759
0.0745
0.0732
0.0719
0.0706
0.0694
0.0682
0.0671
0.0660
0.0650
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
10%
0.1186
0.1156
0.1127
0.1100
0.1074
0.1049
0.1026
0.1003
0.0981
0.0961
0.0941
0.0922
0.0904
0.0886
0.0869
0.0853
0.0837
0.0822
0.0807
0.0793
0.0780
0.0767
0.0754
0.0742
0.0730
0.9856 + 0.002441 t
temperature, F
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 61

4.2 %
PAGE 3

Table AP-2 (Metric)
Temperature
(t)
[/C]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[m3/kg]
(4)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(1)
0.060914
0.062286
0.063657
0.065029
0.0664
0.067772
0.069143
0.070515
0.071886
0.073258
0.074629
0.076001
0.077372
0.078744
0.080115
0.081487
0.082858
0.08423
0.085601
0.086973
0.088344
0.089716
0.091087
0.092459
0.09383

4.2%
0.7197
0.7039
0.6887
0.6742
0.6603
0.6469
0.6341
0.6217
0.6099
0.5985
0.5875
0.5769
0.5666
0.5568
0.5472
0.5380
0.5291
0.5205
0.5122
0.5041
0.4963
0.4887
0.4813
0.4742
0.4672
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.9960
0.9741
0.9531
0.9330
0.9137
0.8952
0.8775
0.8604
0.8440
0.8282
0.8130
0.7983
0.7841
0.7705
0.7573
0.7445
0.7322
0.7203
0.7088
0.6976
0.6868
0.6763
0.6661
0.6562
0.6466
1.0200
0.9976
0.9761
0.9555
0.9358
0.9168
0.8986
0.8812
0.8644
0.8482
0.8326
0.8176
0.8031
0.7891
0.7756
0.7625
0.7499
0.7377
0.7259
0.7144
0.7033
0.6926
0.6821
0.6720
0.6622
0.8640
0.8450
0.8268
0.8094
0.7926
0.7766
0.7612
0.7464
0.7322
0.7184
0.7052
0.6925
0.6802
0.6684
0.6570
0.6459
0.6352
0.6249
0.6148
0.6052
0.5958
0.5866
0.5778
0.5692
0.5609
6%
1.0479
1.0248
1.0027
0.9816
0.9613
0.9418
0.9232
0.9052
0.8879
0.8713
0.8553
0.8399
0.8250
0.8106
0.7967
0.7833
0.7704
0.7578
0.7457
0.7339
0.7225
0.7115
0.7008
0.6904
0.6803
7%
1.2357
1.2084
1.1824
1.1575
1.1336
1.1106
1.0886
1.0674
1.0471
1.0275
1.0086
0.9904
0.9728
0.9559
0.9395
0.9237
0.9084
0.8936
0.8793
0.8654
0.8520
0.8390
0.8263
0.8141
0.8022
8%
1.4275
1.3961
1.3660
1.3372
1.3096
1.2831
1.2576
1.2332
1.2096
1.1870
1.1652
1.1442
1.1239
1.1043
1.0854
1.0671
1.0495
1.0324
1.0158
0.9998
0.9843
0.9692
0.9547
0.9405
0.9267
9%
1.6236
1.5879
1.5537
1.5209
1.4895
1.4593
1.4304
1.4026
1.3758
1.3500
1.3252
1.3013
1.2783
1.2560
1.2345
1.2137
1.1936
1.1742
1.1554
1.1372
1.1195
1.1024
1.0858
1.0697
1.0540
10%
1.8241
1.7839
1.7455
1.7087
1.6734
1.6395
1.6070
1.5757
1.5457
1.5167
1.4888
1.4620
1.4361
1.4111
1.3869
1.3636
1.3410
1.3191
1.2980
1.2775
1.2577
1.2385
1.2198
1.2017
1.1842
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.0664 + 0.00274 t
temperature, C
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 62

4.2 %
PAGE 4

Altitude
Feet
Kilometers
ISSUED:
PSIA
cm Hg
Correction
Factor
-3,000
-0.92
16.25
84.0
1.11
-2,000
-0.61
15.71
81.2
1.07
-1,000
-0.30
15.23
78.7
1.04
14.71
76.0
1.00
1,000
0.30
14.18
73.3
0.96
2,000
0.61
13.64
70.5
0.93
3,000
0.92
13.12
67.8
0.89
4,000
1.21
12.58
65.0
0.86
5,000
1.52
12.04
62.2
0.82
6,000
1.83
11.53
59.6
0.78
7,000
2.13
11.03
57.0
0.75
8,000
2.44
10.64
55.0
0.72
9,000
2.74
10.22
52.8
0.69
10,000
3.05
9.77
50.5
0.66
Note:
Enclosure Pressure
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 63

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 64

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 65

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 66

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 67

4.2 %
PAGE 1

PROJECT:
Manual Example #3
DATE: 7/1/04
HAZARD:
Room
ENGR. MR
VOLUME
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Cu Ft
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
H=
Cu Ft
Total =
20000
Sq Ft
20000
Cu Ft
Cu Ft
20000
Cu Ft x
.0379
758.19
Lbs x
758.19
Lbs
758.19
Lbs
759
STORAGE REQUIRED
759
Lbs Reqd /
1
Qty
Used
Cylinder
Size
# of Cylinders
759
Cylinders Reserve
Cylinders Main &
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
ALPHA
Qty
Used
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
BETA
10 Lb
(2.7)
12
(5.4)
40 Lb
21
(9.5)
41
(18.6)
20 Lb
12
(5.4)
23
(10.4)
55 Lb
28
(12.7)
55
(24.9)
95 Lb
48
(21.8)
96
(43.5)
GAMMA
ISSUED:
Cylinder
Type
Lbs/Cylinder
150 Lb
82
(37.2)
163
250 Lb
138
(62.6)
274 (124.3)
600 Lb
304 (137.9)
607 (275.3)
400 Lb
211
(95.7)
421 (191.0)
750 Lb
455 (206.4)
910 (412.8)
500 Lb
282 (127.9)
500 (226.8)
1000 Lb
620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
(73.9)
SIGMA
S/N 30000066
Page 68

4.2 %
PAGE 2

Temperature
(t)
[/F]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[ft3/lb]
(4)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
(1)
0.93678
0.96119
0.9856
1.01001
1.03442
1.05883
1.08324
1.10765
1.13206
1.15647
1.18088
1.20529
1.2297
1.25411
1.27852
1.30293
1.32734
1.35175
1.37616
1.40057
1.42498
1.44939
1.4738
1.49821
1.52262

4.2%
0.0468
0.0456
0.0445
0.0434
0.0424
0.0414
0.0405
0.0396
0.0387
0.0379
0.0371
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0343
0.0336
0.0330
0.0324
0.0319
0.0313
0.0308
0.0302
0.0297
0.0293
0.0288
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.0648
0.0631
0.0616
0.0601
0.0587
0.0573
0.0560
0.0548
0.0536
0.0525
0.0514
0.0503
0.0493
0.0484
0.0475
0.0466
0.0457
0.0449
0.0441
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
0.0412
0.0405
0.0398
0.0663
0.0646
0.0630
0.0615
0.0601
0.0587
0.0574
0.0561
0.0549
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0486
0.0477
0.0468
0.0460
0.0452
0.0444
0.0436
0.0429
0.0422
0.0415
0.0408
0.0562
0.0548
0.0534
0.0521
0.0509
0.0497
0.0486
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0437
0.0428
0.0420
0.0412
0.0404
0.0397
0.0389
0.0382
0.0376
0.0369
0.0363
0.0357
0.0351
0.0346
6%
0.0681
0.0664
0.0648
0.0632
0.0617
0.0603
0.0589
0.0576
0.0564
0.0552
0.0541
0.0530
0.0519
0.0509
0.0499
0.0490
0.0481
0.0472
0.0464
0.0456
0.0448
0.0440
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
7%
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0.0745
0.0728
0.0711
0.0695
0.0680
0.0665
0.0651
0.0637
0.0624
0.0612
0.0600
0.0589
0.0578
0.0567
0.0557
0.0547
0.0537
0.0528
0.0519
0.0511
0.0502
0.0494
8%
0.0928
0.0905
0.0882
0.0861
0.0841
0.0821
0.0803
0.0785
0.0768
0.0752
0.0736
0.0721
0.0707
0.0693
0.0680
0.0667
0.0655
0.0643
0.0632
0.0621
0.0610
0.0600
0.0590
0.0580
0.0571
9%
0.1056
0.1029
0.1003
0.0979
0.0956
0.0934
0.0913
0.0893
0.0874
0.0855
0.0838
0.0821
0.0804
0.0789
0.0774
0.0759
0.0745
0.0732
0.0719
0.0706
0.0694
0.0682
0.0671
0.0660
0.0650
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
10%
0.1186
0.1156
0.1127
0.1100
0.1074
0.1049
0.1026
0.1003
0.0981
0.0961
0.0941
0.0922
0.0904
0.0886
0.0869
0.0853
0.0837
0.0822
0.0807
0.0793
0.0780
0.0767
0.0754
0.0742
0.0730
0.9856 + 0.002441 t
temperature, F
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 69

4.2 %
PAGE 3

Table AP-2 (Metric)
Temperature
(t)
[/C]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[m3/kg]
(4)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(1)
0.060914
0.062286
0.063657
0.065029
0.0664
0.067772
0.069143
0.070515
0.071886
0.073258
0.074629
0.076001
0.077372
0.078744
0.080115
0.081487
0.082858
0.08423
0.085601
0.086973
0.088344
0.089716
0.091087
0.092459
0.09383

4.2%
0.7197
0.7039
0.6887
0.6742
0.6603
0.6469
0.6341
0.6217
0.6099
0.5985
0.5875
0.5769
0.5666
0.5568
0.5472
0.5380
0.5291
0.5205
0.5122
0.5041
0.4963
0.4887
0.4813
0.4742
0.4672
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.9960
0.9741
0.9531
0.9330
0.9137
0.8952
0.8775
0.8604
0.8440
0.8282
0.8130
0.7983
0.7841
0.7705
0.7573
0.7445
0.7322
0.7203
0.7088
0.6976
0.6868
0.6763
0.6661
0.6562
0.6466
1.0200
0.9976
0.9761
0.9555
0.9358
0.9168
0.8986
0.8812
0.8644
0.8482
0.8326
0.8176
0.8031
0.7891
0.7756
0.7625
0.7499
0.7377
0.7259
0.7144
0.7033
0.6926
0.6821
0.6720
0.6622
0.8640
0.8450
0.8268
0.8094
0.7926
0.7766
0.7612
0.7464
0.7322
0.7184
0.7052
0.6925
0.6802
0.6684
0.6570
0.6459
0.6352
0.6249
0.6148
0.6052
0.5958
0.5866
0.5778
0.5692
0.5609
6%
1.0479
1.0248
1.0027
0.9816
0.9613
0.9418
0.9232
0.9052
0.8879
0.8713
0.8553
0.8399
0.8250
0.8106
0.7967
0.7833
0.7704
0.7578
0.7457
0.7339
0.7225
0.7115
0.7008
0.6904
0.6803
7%
1.2357
1.2084
1.1824
1.1575
1.1336
1.1106
1.0886
1.0674
1.0471
1.0275
1.0086
0.9904
0.9728
0.9559
0.9395
0.9237
0.9084
0.8936
0.8793
0.8654
0.8520
0.8390
0.8263
0.8141
0.8022
8%
1.4275
1.3961
1.3660
1.3372
1.3096
1.2831
1.2576
1.2332
1.2096
1.1870
1.1652
1.1442
1.1239
1.1043
1.0854
1.0671
1.0495
1.0324
1.0158
0.9998
0.9843
0.9692
0.9547
0.9405
0.9267
9%
1.6236
1.5879
1.5537
1.5209
1.4895
1.4593
1.4304
1.4026
1.3758
1.3500
1.3252
1.3013
1.2783
1.2560
1.2345
1.2137
1.1936
1.1742
1.1554
1.1372
1.1195
1.1024
1.0858
1.0697
1.0540
10%
1.8241
1.7839
1.7455
1.7087
1.6734
1.6395
1.6070
1.5757
1.5457
1.5167
1.4888
1.4620
1.4361
1.4111
1.3869
1.3636
1.3410
1.3191
1.2980
1.2775
1.2577
1.2385
1.2198
1.2017
1.1842
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.0664 + 0.00274 t
temperature, C
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 70

4.2 %
PAGE 4

Altitude
Feet
Kilometers
ISSUED:
PSIA
cm Hg
Correction
Factor
-3,000
-0.92
16.25
84.0
1.11
-2,000
-0.61
15.71
81.2
1.07
-1,000
-0.30
15.23
78.7
1.04
14.71
76.0
1.00
1,000
0.30
14.18
73.3
0.96
2,000
0.61
13.64
70.5
0.93
3,000
0.92
13.12
67.8
0.89
4,000
1.21
12.58
65.0
0.86
5,000
1.52
12.04
62.2
0.82
6,000
1.83
11.53
59.6
0.78
7,000
2.13
11.03
57.0
0.75
8,000
2.44
10.64
55.0
0.72
9,000
2.74
10.22
52.8
0.69
10,000
3.05
9.77
50.5
0.66
Note:
Enclosure Pressure
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 71

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 72

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 73

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 74

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 75

4.2 %
PAGE 1

PROJECT:
Manual Example #4
DATE: 7/1/04
HAZARD:
Room
ENGR. MR
VOLUME
24'
Lx
24'
W =
576
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
5760
Cu Ft
24'
Lx
24'
W =
576
Sq Ft x
1'
H=
576
Cu Ft
Lx
W =
Sq Ft x
Total =
1152
H=
Cu Ft
Sq Ft
6336
Cu Ft
6336
Cu Ft x
.0379
240.20
Lbs x
240.20
Lbs
240.20
Lbs
241
STORAGE REQUIRED
241
Lbs Reqd /
1
Qty
Used
Cylinder
Size
# of Cylinders
241
Cylinders Reserve
Cylinders Main &
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
ALPHA
Qty
Used
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
BETA
10 Lb
(2.7)
12
(5.4)
40 Lb
21
(9.5)
41
(18.6)
20 Lb
12
(5.4)
23
(10.4)
55 Lb
28
(12.7)
55
(24.9)
95 Lb
48
(21.8)
96
(43.5)
GAMMA
ISSUED:
Cylinder
Type
Lbs/Cylinder
150 Lb
82
(37.2)
163
250 Lb
138
(62.6)
274 (124.3)
600 Lb
304 (137.9)
607 (275.3)
400 Lb
211
(95.7)
421 (191.0)
750 Lb
455 (206.4)
910 (412.8)
500 Lb
282 (127.9)
500 (226.8)
1000 Lb
620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
(73.9)
SIGMA
S/N 30000066
Page 76

4.2 %
PAGE 2

Temperature
(t)
[/F]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[ft3/lb]
(4)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
(1)
0.93678
0.96119
0.9856
1.01001
1.03442
1.05883
1.08324
1.10765
1.13206
1.15647
1.18088
1.20529
1.2297
1.25411
1.27852
1.30293
1.32734
1.35175
1.37616
1.40057
1.42498
1.44939
1.4738
1.49821
1.52262

4.2%
0.0468
0.0456
0.0445
0.0434
0.0424
0.0414
0.0405
0.0396
0.0387
0.0379
0.0371
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0343
0.0336
0.0330
0.0324
0.0319
0.0313
0.0308
0.0302
0.0297
0.0293
0.0288
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.0648
0.0631
0.0616
0.0601
0.0587
0.0573
0.0560
0.0548
0.0536
0.0525
0.0514
0.0503
0.0493
0.0484
0.0475
0.0466
0.0457
0.0449
0.0441
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
0.0412
0.0405
0.0398
0.0663
0.0646
0.0630
0.0615
0.0601
0.0587
0.0574
0.0561
0.0549
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0486
0.0477
0.0468
0.0460
0.0452
0.0444
0.0436
0.0429
0.0422
0.0415
0.0408
0.0562
0.0548
0.0534
0.0521
0.0509
0.0497
0.0486
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0437
0.0428
0.0420
0.0412
0.0404
0.0397
0.0389
0.0382
0.0376
0.0369
0.0363
0.0357
0.0351
0.0346
6%
0.0681
0.0664
0.0648
0.0632
0.0617
0.0603
0.0589
0.0576
0.0564
0.0552
0.0541
0.0530
0.0519
0.0509
0.0499
0.0490
0.0481
0.0472
0.0464
0.0456
0.0448
0.0440
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
7%
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0.0745
0.0728
0.0711
0.0695
0.0680
0.0665
0.0651
0.0637
0.0624
0.0612
0.0600
0.0589
0.0578
0.0567
0.0557
0.0547
0.0537
0.0528
0.0519
0.0511
0.0502
0.0494
8%
0.0928
0.0905
0.0882
0.0861
0.0841
0.0821
0.0803
0.0785
0.0768
0.0752
0.0736
0.0721
0.0707
0.0693
0.0680
0.0667
0.0655
0.0643
0.0632
0.0621
0.0610
0.0600
0.0590
0.0580
0.0571
9%
0.1056
0.1029
0.1003
0.0979
0.0956
0.0934
0.0913
0.0893
0.0874
0.0855
0.0838
0.0821
0.0804
0.0789
0.0774
0.0759
0.0745
0.0732
0.0719
0.0706
0.0694
0.0682
0.0671
0.0660
0.0650
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
10%
0.1186
0.1156
0.1127
0.1100
0.1074
0.1049
0.1026
0.1003
0.0981
0.0961
0.0941
0.0922
0.0904
0.0886
0.0869
0.0853
0.0837
0.0822
0.0807
0.0793
0.0780
0.0767
0.0754
0.0742
0.0730
0.9856 + 0.002441 t
temperature, F
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 77

4.2 %
PAGE 3

Table AP-2 (Metric)
Temperature
(t)
[/C]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[m3/kg]
(4)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(1)
0.060914
0.062286
0.063657
0.065029
0.0664
0.067772
0.069143
0.070515
0.071886
0.073258
0.074629
0.076001
0.077372
0.078744
0.080115
0.081487
0.082858
0.08423
0.085601
0.086973
0.088344
0.089716
0.091087
0.092459
0.09383

4.2%
0.7197
0.7039
0.6887
0.6742
0.6603
0.6469
0.6341
0.6217
0.6099
0.5985
0.5875
0.5769
0.5666
0.5568
0.5472
0.5380
0.5291
0.5205
0.5122
0.5041
0.4963
0.4887
0.4813
0.4742
0.4672
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.9960
0.9741
0.9531
0.9330
0.9137
0.8952
0.8775
0.8604
0.8440
0.8282
0.8130
0.7983
0.7841
0.7705
0.7573
0.7445
0.7322
0.7203
0.7088
0.6976
0.6868
0.6763
0.6661
0.6562
0.6466
1.0200
0.9976
0.9761
0.9555
0.9358
0.9168
0.8986
0.8812
0.8644
0.8482
0.8326
0.8176
0.8031
0.7891
0.7756
0.7625
0.7499
0.7377
0.7259
0.7144
0.7033
0.6926
0.6821
0.6720
0.6622
0.8640
0.8450
0.8268
0.8094
0.7926
0.7766
0.7612
0.7464
0.7322
0.7184
0.7052
0.6925
0.6802
0.6684
0.6570
0.6459
0.6352
0.6249
0.6148
0.6052
0.5958
0.5866
0.5778
0.5692
0.5609
6%
1.0479
1.0248
1.0027
0.9816
0.9613
0.9418
0.9232
0.9052
0.8879
0.8713
0.8553
0.8399
0.8250
0.8106
0.7967
0.7833
0.7704
0.7578
0.7457
0.7339
0.7225
0.7115
0.7008
0.6904
0.6803
7%
1.2357
1.2084
1.1824
1.1575
1.1336
1.1106
1.0886
1.0674
1.0471
1.0275
1.0086
0.9904
0.9728
0.9559
0.9395
0.9237
0.9084
0.8936
0.8793
0.8654
0.8520
0.8390
0.8263
0.8141
0.8022
8%
1.4275
1.3961
1.3660
1.3372
1.3096
1.2831
1.2576
1.2332
1.2096
1.1870
1.1652
1.1442
1.1239
1.1043
1.0854
1.0671
1.0495
1.0324
1.0158
0.9998
0.9843
0.9692
0.9547
0.9405
0.9267
9%
1.6236
1.5879
1.5537
1.5209
1.4895
1.4593
1.4304
1.4026
1.3758
1.3500
1.3252
1.3013
1.2783
1.2560
1.2345
1.2137
1.1936
1.1742
1.1554
1.1372
1.1195
1.1024
1.0858
1.0697
1.0540
10%
1.8241
1.7839
1.7455
1.7087
1.6734
1.6395
1.6070
1.5757
1.5457
1.5167
1.4888
1.4620
1.4361
1.4111
1.3869
1.3636
1.3410
1.3191
1.2980
1.2775
1.2577
1.2385
1.2198
1.2017
1.1842
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.0664 + 0.00274 t
temperature, C
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 78

4.2 %
PAGE 4

Altitude
Feet
Kilometers
ISSUED:
PSIA
cm Hg
Correction
Factor
-3,000
-0.92
16.25
84.0
1.11
-2,000
-0.61
15.71
81.2
1.07
-1,000
-0.30
15.23
78.7
1.04
14.71
76.0
1.00
1,000
0.30
14.18
73.3
0.96
2,000
0.61
13.64
70.5
0.93
3,000
0.92
13.12
67.8
0.89
4,000
1.21
12.58
65.0
0.86
5,000
1.52
12.04
62.2
0.82
6,000
1.83
11.53
59.6
0.78
7,000
2.13
11.03
57.0
0.75
8,000
2.44
10.64
55.0
0.72
9,000
2.74
10.22
52.8
0.69
10,000
3.05
9.77
50.5
0.66
Note:
Enclosure Pressure
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 79

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 80

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 81

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 82

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 83

4.2 %
PAGE 1

PROJECT:
Manual Example #5
DATE: 7/1/04
HAZARD:
Rooms
ENGR. RM
VOLUME
15'
Lx
15'
W =
225
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
2250
Cu Ft
16'
Lx
19.5'
W =
312
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
3120
Cu Ft
18'
Lx
19.5'
W =
351
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
3510
Cu Ft
9'
Lx
19.5'
W =
175.5
Sq Ft x
10'
H=
1755
Cu Ft
Total =
1063.5
Sq Ft
10635
Cu Ft
10635
Cu Ft x
.0379
403.07
Lbs x
403.07
Lbs
403.07
Lbs
04
STORAGE REQUIRED
404
Lbs Reqd /
1
Qty
Used
Cylinder
Size
# of Cylinders
404
Cylinders Reserve
Cylinders Main &
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
ALPHA
Qty
Used
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
BETA
10 Lb
(2.7)
12
(5.4)
40 Lb
21
(9.5)
41
(18.6)
20 Lb
12
(5.4)
23
(10.4)
55 Lb
28
(12.7)
55
(24.9)
95 Lb
48
(21.8)
96
(43.5)
GAMMA
ISSUED:
Cylinder
Type
Lbs/Cylinder
150 Lb
82
(37.2)
163
250 Lb
138
(62.6)
274 (124.3)
600 Lb
304 (137.9)
607 (275.3)
400 Lb
211
(95.7)
421 (191.0)
750 Lb
455 (206.4)
910 (412.8)
500 Lb
282 (127.9)
500 (226.8)
1000 Lb
620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
(73.9)
SIGMA
S/N 30000066
Page 84

4.2 %
PAGE 2

Temperature
(t)
[/F]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[ft3/lb]
(4)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
(1)
0.93678
0.96119
0.9856
1.01001
1.03442
1.05883
1.08324
1.10765
1.13206
1.15647
1.18088
1.20529
1.2297
1.25411
1.27852
1.30293
1.32734
1.35175
1.37616
1.40057
1.42498
1.44939
1.4738
1.49821
1.52262

4.2%
0.0468
0.0456
0.0445
0.0434
0.0424
0.0414
0.0405
0.0396
0.0387
0.0379
0.0371
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0343
0.0336
0.0330
0.0324
0.0319
0.0313
0.0308
0.0302
0.0297
0.0293
0.0288
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.0648
0.0631
0.0616
0.0601
0.0587
0.0573
0.0560
0.0548
0.0536
0.0525
0.0514
0.0503
0.0493
0.0484
0.0475
0.0466
0.0457
0.0449
0.0441
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
0.0412
0.0405
0.0398
0.0663
0.0646
0.0630
0.0615
0.0601
0.0587
0.0574
0.0561
0.0549
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0486
0.0477
0.0468
0.0460
0.0452
0.0444
0.0436
0.0429
0.0422
0.0415
0.0408
0.0562
0.0548
0.0534
0.0521
0.0509
0.0497
0.0486
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0437
0.0428
0.0420
0.0412
0.0404
0.0397
0.0389
0.0382
0.0376
0.0369
0.0363
0.0357
0.0351
0.0346
6%
0.0681
0.0664
0.0648
0.0632
0.0617
0.0603
0.0589
0.0576
0.0564
0.0552
0.0541
0.0530
0.0519
0.0509
0.0499
0.0490
0.0481
0.0472
0.0464
0.0456
0.0448
0.0440
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
7%
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0.0745
0.0728
0.0711
0.0695
0.0680
0.0665
0.0651
0.0637
0.0624
0.0612
0.0600
0.0589
0.0578
0.0567
0.0557
0.0547
0.0537
0.0528
0.0519
0.0511
0.0502
0.0494
8%
0.0928
0.0905
0.0882
0.0861
0.0841
0.0821
0.0803
0.0785
0.0768
0.0752
0.0736
0.0721
0.0707
0.0693
0.0680
0.0667
0.0655
0.0643
0.0632
0.0621
0.0610
0.0600
0.0590
0.0580
0.0571
9%
0.1056
0.1029
0.1003
0.0979
0.0956
0.0934
0.0913
0.0893
0.0874
0.0855
0.0838
0.0821
0.0804
0.0789
0.0774
0.0759
0.0745
0.0732
0.0719
0.0706
0.0694
0.0682
0.0671
0.0660
0.0650
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
10%
0.1186
0.1156
0.1127
0.1100
0.1074
0.1049
0.1026
0.1003
0.0981
0.0961
0.0941
0.0922
0.0904
0.0886
0.0869
0.0853
0.0837
0.0822
0.0807
0.0793
0.0780
0.0767
0.0754
0.0742
0.0730
0.9856 + 0.002441 t
temperature, F
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 85

4.2 %
PAGE 3

Table AP-2 (Metric)
Temperature
(t)
[/C]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[m3/kg]
(4)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(1)
0.060914
0.062286
0.063657
0.065029
0.0664
0.067772
0.069143
0.070515
0.071886
0.073258
0.074629
0.076001
0.077372
0.078744
0.080115
0.081487
0.082858
0.08423
0.085601
0.086973
0.088344
0.089716
0.091087
0.092459
0.09383

4.2%
0.7197
0.7039
0.6887
0.6742
0.6603
0.6469
0.6341
0.6217
0.6099
0.5985
0.5875
0.5769
0.5666
0.5568
0.5472
0.5380
0.5291
0.5205
0.5122
0.5041
0.4963
0.4887
0.4813
0.4742
0.4672
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.9960
0.9741
0.9531
0.9330
0.9137
0.8952
0.8775
0.8604
0.8440
0.8282
0.8130
0.7983
0.7841
0.7705
0.7573
0.7445
0.7322
0.7203
0.7088
0.6976
0.6868
0.6763
0.6661
0.6562
0.6466
1.0200
0.9976
0.9761
0.9555
0.9358
0.9168
0.8986
0.8812
0.8644
0.8482
0.8326
0.8176
0.8031
0.7891
0.7756
0.7625
0.7499
0.7377
0.7259
0.7144
0.7033
0.6926
0.6821
0.6720
0.6622
0.8640
0.8450
0.8268
0.8094
0.7926
0.7766
0.7612
0.7464
0.7322
0.7184
0.7052
0.6925
0.6802
0.6684
0.6570
0.6459
0.6352
0.6249
0.6148
0.6052
0.5958
0.5866
0.5778
0.5692
0.5609
6%
1.0479
1.0248
1.0027
0.9816
0.9613
0.9418
0.9232
0.9052
0.8879
0.8713
0.8553
0.8399
0.8250
0.8106
0.7967
0.7833
0.7704
0.7578
0.7457
0.7339
0.7225
0.7115
0.7008
0.6904
0.6803
7%
1.2357
1.2084
1.1824
1.1575
1.1336
1.1106
1.0886
1.0674
1.0471
1.0275
1.0086
0.9904
0.9728
0.9559
0.9395
0.9237
0.9084
0.8936
0.8793
0.8654
0.8520
0.8390
0.8263
0.8141
0.8022
8%
1.4275
1.3961
1.3660
1.3372
1.3096
1.2831
1.2576
1.2332
1.2096
1.1870
1.1652
1.1442
1.1239
1.1043
1.0854
1.0671
1.0495
1.0324
1.0158
0.9998
0.9843
0.9692
0.9547
0.9405
0.9267
9%
1.6236
1.5879
1.5537
1.5209
1.4895
1.4593
1.4304
1.4026
1.3758
1.3500
1.3252
1.3013
1.2783
1.2560
1.2345
1.2137
1.1936
1.1742
1.1554
1.1372
1.1195
1.1024
1.0858
1.0697
1.0540
10%
1.8241
1.7839
1.7455
1.7087
1.6734
1.6395
1.6070
1.5757
1.5457
1.5167
1.4888
1.4620
1.4361
1.4111
1.3869
1.3636
1.3410
1.3191
1.2980
1.2775
1.2577
1.2385
1.2198
1.2017
1.1842
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.0664 + 0.00274 t
temperature, C
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 86

4.2 %
PAGE 4

Altitude
Feet
Kilometers
ISSUED:
PSIA
cm Hg
Correction
Factor
-3,000
-0.92
16.25
84.0
1.11
-2,000
-0.61
15.71
81.2
1.07
-1,000
-0.30
15.23
78.7
1.04
14.71
76.0
1.00
1,000
0.30
14.18
73.3
0.96
2,000
0.61
13.64
70.5
0.93
3,000
0.92
13.12
67.8
0.89
4,000
1.21
12.58
65.0
0.86
5,000
1.52
12.04
62.2
0.82
6,000
1.83
11.53
59.6
0.78
7,000
2.13
11.03
57.0
0.75
8,000
2.44
10.64
55.0
0.72
9,000
2.74
10.22
52.8
0.69
10,000
3.05
9.77
50.5
0.66
Note:
Enclosure Pressure
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 87

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 88

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 89

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 90

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 91

4.2 %
PAGE 1

PROJECT:
Manual Example #6
DATE: 7/1/04
HAZARD:
Room
ENGR. MR
VOLUME
4.1 M
Lx
4.1 M
W =
16.81
Sq M x
3.1 M
H=
52.11
Cu M
Lx
W =
Sq M x
H=
Cu M
Lx
W =
Sq M x
H=
Cu M
Total =
16.81
Sq M
52.11
Cu M
52.11
Cu M x
.6074
31.65
Kgs x
31.65
Kgs
31.65
Kgs
Total Kilograms Required =
32
STORAGE REQUIRED
32
Kgs Reqd /
1
Qty
Used
Cylinder
Size
# of Cylinders
Cylinders Main &
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
ALPHA
32
Qty
Used
Kgs/Cylinder
Cylinders Reserve
Cylinder
Type
Minimum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
Maximum Fill
Lbs
(Kgs)
BETA
10 Lb
(2.7)
12
(5.4)
40 Lb
21
(9.5)
41
(18.6)
20 Lb
12
(5.4)
23
(10.4)
55 Lb
28
(12.7)
55
(24.9)
95 Lb
48
(21.8)
96
(43.5)
GAMMA
ISSUED:
150 Lb
82
(37.2)
163
250 Lb
138
(62.6)
274 (124.3)
600 Lb
304 (137.9)
607 (275.3)
400 Lb
211
(95.7)
421 (191.0)
750 Lb
455 (206.4)
910 (412.8)
500 Lb
282 (127.9)
500 (226.8)
1000 Lb
620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
(73.9)
SIGMA
S/N 30000066
Page 92

4.2 %
PAGE 2

Temperature
(t)
[/F]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[ft3/lb]
(4)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
(1)
0.93678
0.96119
0.9856
1.01001
1.03442
1.05883
1.08324
1.10765
1.13206
1.15647
1.18088
1.20529
1.2297
1.25411
1.27852
1.30293
1.32734
1.35175
1.37616
1.40057
1.42498
1.44939
1.4738
1.49821
1.52262

4.2%
0.0468
0.0456
0.0445
0.0434
0.0424
0.0414
0.0405
0.0396
0.0387
0.0379
0.0371
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0343
0.0336
0.0330
0.0324
0.0319
0.0313
0.0308
0.0302
0.0297
0.0293
0.0288
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.0648
0.0631
0.0616
0.0601
0.0587
0.0573
0.0560
0.0548
0.0536
0.0525
0.0514
0.0503
0.0493
0.0484
0.0475
0.0466
0.0457
0.0449
0.0441
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
0.0412
0.0405
0.0398
0.0663
0.0646
0.0630
0.0615
0.0601
0.0587
0.0574
0.0561
0.0549
0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0486
0.0477
0.0468
0.0460
0.0452
0.0444
0.0436
0.0429
0.0422
0.0415
0.0408
0.0562
0.0548
0.0534
0.0521
0.0509
0.0497
0.0486
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0437
0.0428
0.0420
0.0412
0.0404
0.0397
0.0389
0.0382
0.0376
0.0369
0.0363
0.0357
0.0351
0.0346
6%
0.0681
0.0664
0.0648
0.0632
0.0617
0.0603
0.0589
0.0576
0.0564
0.0552
0.0541
0.0530
0.0519
0.0509
0.0499
0.0490
0.0481
0.0472
0.0464
0.0456
0.0448
0.0440
0.0433
0.0426
0.0419
7%
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0.0745
0.0728
0.0711
0.0695
0.0680
0.0665
0.0651
0.0637
0.0624
0.0612
0.0600
0.0589
0.0578
0.0567
0.0557
0.0547
0.0537
0.0528
0.0519
0.0511
0.0502
0.0494
8%
0.0928
0.0905
0.0882
0.0861
0.0841
0.0821
0.0803
0.0785
0.0768
0.0752
0.0736
0.0721
0.0707
0.0693
0.0680
0.0667
0.0655
0.0643
0.0632
0.0621
0.0610
0.0600
0.0590
0.0580
0.0571
9%
0.1056
0.1029
0.1003
0.0979
0.0956
0.0934
0.0913
0.0893
0.0874
0.0855
0.0838
0.0821
0.0804
0.0789
0.0774
0.0759
0.0745
0.0732
0.0719
0.0706
0.0694
0.0682
0.0671
0.0660
0.0650
10%
0.1186
0.1156
0.1127
0.1100
0.1074
0.1049
0.1026
0.1003
0.0981
0.0961
0.0941
0.0922
0.0904
0.0886
0.0869
0.0853
0.0837
0.0822
0.0807
0.0793
0.0780
0.0767
0.0754
0.0742
0.0730
(2)
(3)
(4)
[Specific Volume (ft3/lb)] - Specific volume of superheated FK-5-1-12mmy2 vapor may be approximated by the formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.9856 + 0.002441 t
temperature, F
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 93

4.2 %
PAGE 3

Table AP-2 (Metric)
Temperature
(t)
[/C]
(3)
Specific Vapor
Volume(s)
[m3/kg]
(4)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(1)
0.060914
0.062286
0.063657
0.065029
0.0664
0.067772
0.069143
0.070515
0.071886
0.073258
0.074629
0.076001
0.077372
0.078744
0.080115
0.081487
0.082858
0.08423
0.085601
0.086973
0.088344
0.089716
0.091087
0.092459
0.09383

4.2%
0.7197
0.7039
0.6887
0.6742
0.6603
0.6469
0.6341
0.6217
0.6099
0.5985
0.5875
0.5769
0.5666
0.5568
0.5472
0.5380
0.5291
0.5205
0.5122
0.5041
0.4963
0.4887
0.4813
0.4742
0.4672
5%
5.72%
5.85%
0.9960
0.9741
0.9531
0.9330
0.9137
0.8952
0.8775
0.8604
0.8440
0.8282
0.8130
0.7983
0.7841
0.7705
0.7573
0.7445
0.7322
0.7203
0.7088
0.6976
0.6868
0.6763
0.6661
0.6562
0.6466
1.0200
0.9976
0.9761
0.9555
0.9358
0.9168
0.8986
0.8812
0.8644
0.8482
0.8326
0.8176
0.8031
0.7891
0.7756
0.7625
0.7499
0.7377
0.7259
0.7144
0.7033
0.6926
0.6821
0.6720
0.6622
0.8640
0.8450
0.8268
0.8094
0.7926
0.7766
0.7612
0.7464
0.7322
0.7184
0.7052
0.6925
0.6802
0.6684
0.6570
0.6459
0.6352
0.6249
0.6148
0.6052
0.5958
0.5866
0.5778
0.5692
0.5609
6%
1.0479
1.0248
1.0027
0.9816
0.9613
0.9418
0.9232
0.9052
0.8879
0.8713
0.8553
0.8399
0.8250
0.8106
0.7967
0.7833
0.7704
0.7578
0.7457
0.7339
0.7225
0.7115
0.7008
0.6904
0.6803
7%
1.2357
1.2084
1.1824
1.1575
1.1336
1.1106
1.0886
1.0674
1.0471
1.0275
1.0086
0.9904
0.9728
0.9559
0.9395
0.9237
0.9084
0.8936
0.8793
0.8654
0.8520
0.8390
0.8263
0.8141
0.8022
8%
1.4275
1.3961
1.3660
1.3372
1.3096
1.2831
1.2576
1.2332
1.2096
1.1870
1.1652
1.1442
1.1239
1.1043
1.0854
1.0671
1.0495
1.0324
1.0158
0.9998
0.9843
0.9692
0.9547
0.9405
0.9267
9%
1.6236
1.5879
1.5537
1.5209
1.4895
1.4593
1.4304
1.4026
1.3758
1.3500
1.3252
1.3013
1.2783
1.2560
1.2345
1.2137
1.1936
1.1742
1.1554
1.1372
1.1195
1.1024
1.0858
1.0697
1.0540
10%
1.8241
1.7839
1.7455
1.7087
1.6734
1.6395
1.6070
1.5757
1.5457
1.5167
1.4888
1.4620
1.4361
1.4111
1.3869
1.3636
1.3410
1.3191
1.2980
1.2775
1.2577
1.2385
1.2198
1.2017
1.1842
(2)
(3)
(4)
formula:
s=
where t =
(5)
ISSUED:
0.0664 + 0.00274 t
temperature, C
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 94

4.2 %
PAGE 4

Altitude
Feet
Kilometers
ISSUED:
PSIA
cm Hg
Correction
Factor
-3,000
-0.92
16.25
84.0
1.11
-2,000
-0.61
15.71
81.2
1.07
-1,000
-0.30
15.23
78.7
1.04
14.71
76.0
1.00
1,000
0.30
14.18
73.3
0.96
2,000
0.61
13.64
70.5
0.93
3,000
0.92
13.12
67.8
0.89
4,000
1.21
12.58
65.0
0.86
5,000
1.52
12.04
62.2
0.82
6,000
1.83
11.53
59.6
0.78
7,000
2.13
11.03
57.0
0.75
8,000
2.44
10.64
55.0
0.72
9,000
2.74
10.22
52.8
0.69
10,000
3.05
9.77
50.5
0.66
Note:
Enclosure Pressure
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 95

ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 96

EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 1 Refer to Section 2.4.1.1 - System Information. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS.
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 2 Refer to Section 2.4.1.2 - Hazard Data. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC DESIGNATIONS.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 97

EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 3 Refer to Section 2.4.1.3 - Piping Information. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS. At the completion and verification of the inputted data, the current data should be saved
(refer to Section 2.4.3.2 - Save). The data is then ready to Calculate and Display (refer to Section 2.4.1.4 Calculate and Display Results). The next 3 screens illustrate the results of the calculation.
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 4 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.A - Calculation Results. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 98

EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 5 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.B - Nozzle Performance. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS.
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 6 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.C - Hazard Concentration Results. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN
ARE METRIC DESIGNATIONS.
ISSUED:
7/1/2004
REV. A
REVISED:
10/5/2004
S/N 30000066
Page 99
Chemetron Fire Systems and Cardox are registered trademarks of Chemetron Fire Systems.
3M and Novec are trademarks of 3M Company.
These instructions do not purport to cover all the details or variations in the
equipment described, nor do they provide for every possible contingency to be
met in connection with design, installation, operation and maintenance. All
specifications subject to change without notice. Should further information be
desired or should particular problems arise that are not covered sufficiently for
the purchasers purposes, the matter should be referred to CHEMETRON FIRE
SYSTEMS, Matteson, IL.
S/N 30000066
10/5/2004 Rev. A
2004 Chemetron Fire Systems

Printed in USA

Novec Flow Calc Manual Rev A

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NOVEC MENU

DESIGN & FLOW CALCULATION MANUAL

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

3M NOVEC 1230 FIRE PROTECTION FLUID

Issued July 1, 2004

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

ENGINEERED SYSTEM DESIGN

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Graph: Novec 1230 Fluid - Calculated Cylinder Pressure vs.

Graph: Novec 1230 Fluid Discharge Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Graph: Novec 1230 Fluid Density Specific Nozzle Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Graph: Chemetron 8 Port Nozzle Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Graph: Cylinder Pressure Recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Minimum Distance From Elbow to Tee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Plan View - Above Floor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Plan View - Underfloor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Flow Calc Program Screen View - System Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Project Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Revision Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Cylinder Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configuration Variables - Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Hazard Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Class B fuels list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Nozzle Reference Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Calculation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Print Data and Results

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configure Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Load Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Flow Calc Program Screen View - Volume/Weight/Concentration

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Pipe Size vs. Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Cylinder Capacity Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Title Page (blank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

4801 Southwick Drive, 3rd Floor

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

ENGINEERED SYSTEM DESIGN

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Pressure vs. Temperature

The Storage Cylinder

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

The Piping System

Initial Vapor Time

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

The Discharge Nozzle

Maximum Pipeline Flow

SPECIFIC RATE (lbs/sec/sq in)

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Nozzle Characteristic Curve

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH

Average Pressure Conditions

Average Nozzle Pressure

ENGINEERED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS WITH