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seduced. If che pumps supplying an unprotected pipeline are stopped sucidenly the Now will also stop, If the pipeline profile ss celatively close to the hydraulic grade line, the sudden deceleration of the water echimn may cause the pressure to deop to a value less than atmospheric pressure. ‘The lowest value to which pressuce could drop is vapour pressure. Vaporization or even water ccohimn sepaestion may thus occur at peaks along dhe pipeline. When the pressore wave is retumed as a positive wave the water columns will rejoin giving rise to water hammer over pressures Unless some method of water haramer proteton i insted, a pumping pipeline sytem will nosy have to be sesned fora water hammer head This soften Gone wth high pressive Then whore water amet heads may be smal in compasion withthe pumping head. For kor Ties tis may bean economic solton Suitable loeatons for various water hammer protection devices ae showa i Fig ‘The philosophy behind the desig of moct methods of prosection aginst water acne 8 sieves The obtetive in ost cases 4 the down surge in the pipetine caused by mopping the pumpe The upsurge wil then be correspondingly recused, Ot may even be ently SGEERED The ose conmaom meso o enti te dovenstge io feed water nt the pipe ts soon a5 the presse tends op The sudden momentum change of the water cohumo beyond the tank is prevented so the clastic water hammer phenomenon is converted to 2 slow motion surge phenomenon. Past of the original kinetic energy of the water cohuma is converted into poteotial energy instead of clastic energy. The water column geacually deceloeates under the effect of the difference m heads beiween dhe ends. If itis allowed! to decelerate the water columa would gather momencusm in the ceverse dieection and impact against the pump t0 cause water hammer overpressures. If however, the water cohimn is aecested at its point of maximum poteatial energy, which coincides with the point of atinimum kinetic energy, there will be no sudden change in momentum and consequently no water hammer overpressuce. The reverse flow may be stopped by installing @ reflux valve or throttling device at the entranoe to the dischaege tank or air vessel, or in the pipeline, A small orifice bypass to the reflux valve would then allow the pressures on cither side to gradually equalize Charts are available for the design of aie vessels and for investigation of the pamp inertia effects, so that a water hammer analysis is not normally necessary. Rigid watee column theory may be employed for the analysis of surge tank cetion, and in some cases, of discharge tanks. 1 che pipeline system incorporates in line «eux valves or a pump by pass valve, an elastic wate haaumer analysis is usually necessary, The analysis may be done geaphically or, if number of solutions of similar systems ate envisaged, a computer peagram could be developed. Normally the location, size and discharge characteristics of a protective device such as 2 sischazge tank have to he determined by taal and error. The location and size of inline or bypass reflux valves may similarly have to be determined by tral In these instances a computer pengise is usually the mast economical method of solution, as & general program could be developed and by varying the design parameters methodically, an optimusa solution acrived at 1st FIG.6.2 : PIPELINE PROFILE ILLUSTRATING SUITABLE LOCATION FOR VARIOUS DEVICES FOR WATE. HAMMER PROTECTION 891 SUCTION PIPE ux vatvi REFLUX VALVE ogce ume ¥1G.6.3; PUMP WITH BYPASS REFLUX VALUE, If the rotational inertia of a centefugal pump and motor continue to rotate the pump for while after power failure, water hammer pressure transients may be reduced. ‘The coating, pump, motor and entrained water will continue to feed water into the potential vacuum on the delivery side, thereby alleviating the sudden deceleration of the water column, ‘The effect is most noticeable on low head, shost pipelines After the power supply to the motor is cut off, the pump will gradually slow down until it can no longer deliver water against the delivery head existing at the time. Ie the delivery head is stil higher than the suction head it will chen force water through the pump in the reverse direction, with the pump stil spinning in the forward direction, provided there is no eeux or contsot valve on the delivery side of the pump. The pump will rapidly decelerate and gather ‘momentum in the reverse direction, and wil act as a turbine under these conditions. The reverse speed of the pump will increase until it reaches runaway speed. Under these conditions there isa rapid deceleration of the reverse flow and water hammer overpressures will cn If Giewe jp a reflux valve on he delivers side of the pump, the reverse flow will be sersted, bur water haramee ovegpressures will sill cous. The pressure changes at the pump following power fuluce may be calculated graphically or by computer “The upsurge could be reduced considembly if reverse flow through the pump was permicwed. If flow reversal was prevented, the maximum head.-tise above operating head (H), would he approximately equal to the lowest head-drop below Hi. A simple aule of thd chumb for ascertaining whether the pump inertia will have an effect in reducing the water hammer pressures is! Te'the inertia parameter |= MN®/WALIL exceeds 0.01, the pump inertia may seduce the down sutze by at least 10%, Here Mis the moment of inertia of the pump, N is the speed in ‘pm and AL is the volume oF watee in the pip2 Some installations have a Aywhedl fitted to the pump to increase the moment of inesta. Jn most cases the Aywheel would have to be impracticably heavy, also ic should be boene in ‘mind that starting currents may thereby be increased. The effect of purnp inertia can be neglected and the pumps assumed to stop instantaneously. {@ Pump Bypass Reflux Valve (One of the simplest arrangements for prctecting a pumping main against water hammer isa roflux valve installed in parallel with the pamp (Pig, (3)). The reflux or non-retum valve would discharge only in the same direction as she pumps. Under normal pumping conditions ‘the pumping head would be higher than the suction head and the pressure difference would maintain the teflux valve in a closed position. On stopping the pumps, the head in the delivesy pipe would tend to deop below the suction head, in which case water would be 170 drawn through the bypass valve. The pressure would therefore only drop to the suction pressure less any friction loss in the bypass. The rerum wave over pressure would be reduced correspondingly. Fig. 6.6. gives the maximumn and minimum head at pump after power failure, ‘This method of water hammer protection canaot be used in all cases, as the delivery pressuce will ofien never drop blow the suction pressure. In other cases there may still be an appreciable water hammer overpressure (equal in value to the intial dcop in pressure). This method is used only when the pumping head is considerably Tess than cvo/g. In addition, the initial drop in pressure along the entie pipeline length shoald ke (olesable, The suction reservoir level should also be relatively high or there may still be colums separation in the delivery line Notmally the intake pipes deaw directly from 1 constant head reservoir, However, there muy bbe eases where the intake pipe is fsily long and water hammer could be a problem in it too. In these cases a bypass ceflux valve would, in a sinslar way to that described above, prevent che suction pressure exceeding the delivery pressure Water may also be drawn through the pump daring the period that the delivery head is below the suction head, especially if the machine was dosigned for high specific speeds, as is the case with through flow pumps. Ia some cases the bypass reflux valve could even be omitted, although there is normally a facly high head loss through & stationary pump. A constant bleeder line led off to the suction seservoie with a smaller diameter pipeline can also be connected to the pump oudlet after the sluice valve to reduce the water hammer effects. This may result in wastage of energy. (i) Surge Tanks “The water surface in a surge tank is exposed to atmospheric pressure, while, the bottom of the tank is open to the pipeline. The tank acts a+ balancing tank for the flow variations that ‘may occur, cischasping in case of head drop inthe pipe, or filling in case of a head rise. Surge ‘tanks are used principally at the head of turbine penstocks, although there are cases where they can be applied in pumping systems. It is seldom thatthe hydeuulic grade line of a pumping, line is low enough to enable an open tank to be used. Ie may be possible to construct a surge tank ata peak in the pipeline profile and protect the pipe between the pumps and the tank against water hammer by some other mcaas. If the sugp: tank is relatively loge, it could be treated as the discharge end of the intermediate pipeline length and this section could be treated as an ‘independent pipeline shorter in length than the oxginal pipeline. ‘The fluctuations of the water surface level in a surge tank following power failure may be studied analytically. The fluctuations in tank level may be dampened with a throttling orifice. In this case the pressure variations in the line may be more extreme than for the unrestricted osifice. The maximum heads at punip after power failure is presented in Fig, 64 A differential surge tank includes a small diameter rises in the middle of the tank. The tank may have a varying cross section or multiple shafts. Such variations ace more applicable to hydeopower plant thas. mpg stem ae thoy ae oat fo daenpenig the wget cote of spi loud varition on 7 FE MNZc BOWAL veg Ho FIG. : 6.4 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM HEADS AT PUMPS AFTER POWER FAILURE m2 scour ISOLATING. VALVE WIG, 6.5 : DISCHARGE TANI (ii) Discharge Tanks In situations whese the pipeline profile is considerably lower than the hydraulic grade line it may sil be possible to use a tank, but one which under normal operating conditions is isolated from the pipeline. The tank water susface would be subjected to atmosphesic pressure but would be below the hydiulic grade fine, a oppesed to that of a surge tank. A discharge task would normally be siuated on the frst rte along the pipeline and possibly con subsequent and successively higher sises, The tank will be more efficient in reducing pressuce Vasations, the neacee the level in the tanks is 0 the hydeaulic grade line, Tt should be connected ta the pipeline via a reflux valve installed to discharge fom the tank into the pipeline if the pipeline head drops below the water surface elevation in the sank, Normally the reflux valve ‘ould be held shut by the peessuse in the pumping line. A small bore bypass to the seflux valve, ‘connected to a float valve in the tank, should be installed 0 Gill the tank slowly afier it has discharged. Fig, 6.5 depicts 2 typical discharge tank arrangement. “The function of a discharge tank is to 6 apy low pressure zone caused by pump stoppages thus preventing water column separation. The water column between the tank and the dischasge ‘end of the pipeline (or a subsequent tank) will gradually decelerate under the action of the head differences between the two ends. Tk may be nzcessary to prevent reverse motion of the water 173 ‘Summit wach CoML Cause Water hammer over pressures by installing a retlux valve in the line. A dischasge tank will only operate if the water sueface is above the lowest level (0 which the head in the pipeline would otherwise drop fellowing pump stoppage. For very long pipelines with a number of successively higher peaks, more than one discharge tank may be installed along, the line, The tanks should be installed at the peaks where water cohimn separation is most likely ‘The lowest head which will occur at any point beyond a tank as the down surge travels along the line is that of the water sueface elevation of the preceding tank. ‘The best position for discharge tanks and inline reflux valves is selected by trial and ereor and. experience, In a case with many peaks or major pipelines with large friction heads, a complete analysis should be carried out, ether graphically or by computer. In paciculae, a final check should be done for flows less than the maximum design capacity ofthe pipeline. Even though a number of tanks may be installed along a pipeline, vaporization is always possible along rising sections between the tanks. Provided there are no local peaks, and the line sixes fairy steeply between tanks, this limited vaporization should not lead to water hammer overpressures 6.174 AiR VESSELS Ifthe profile of « pipeline is not high enough to use a sugge tank or discharge tank to protect the line, it may be possible to force water into the pipe behind the low-pressure wave by means of compressed aie in a vessel. The pressure ia the vessel will gradually decrease as water is released until the pressure in the vessel equils that in the adjacent line. At this stage the Gecelerating water column will tend to eeverse However, whereas the outlet of the aie vessel should be unrestricted, the inlet should be theotted, A suitable arrangement is to have the water slischarge out through a reflux valve that shuts when the water cohuma reverses. A small orifice open bypass would allow the vessel to refill slowly. (Fig 6.6) A rational design of aic vessel involves cilculation of the dimensionless parameters, as follows: Pipeline parameter = p=CV,/ 2aH, (622) 2, Air vesselparameter= QL (623) Kc= Coefficient of Head Loss such that K- Ho isthe total head loss fora flow of Qo into. air vessel. (Ref. to Fig, 6.7 0 6, 10) C is water hammer wave velocity, Vo is initial velocity and Ho is absolute head (including atmospheric head), Co is the volume of Ai, L is the length of pipeline, COMPRESSOR -s, WaTeR Lever LIMIT SWITCHES. tower OUT Let REFLUX ISOLATING THROTTLED INLET REFLUX VALVE FIGURE 6.6 : AIR VESSEL 6.17.4. Design Of Air Vessel ‘The pipeline parameter, Cis calculated from the maximum likely line velocity and pumping hhead, and the corresponding chart selected frum Figs. 6.7 o 6. 10 for an assumed Ke value i e 0.0, 03, 0.5 oF 0.7. The value of Air Vessel parameter corresponding to the selected line is used to tead off the maximum head envelope along the pipeline from the same chact ‘The volume of ait, Co, is calculated once the air vessel parameter is known. The vessel capacity should be sufficient to ensure no aie Wheee escapes into the pipeline, and should exceed the maximum air volume. This is the volume during minimum pressure conditions and is S(Ho/Flag)¥2 ‘The outle diameter is usually designed to be about one-half the main pipe diameter. ‘The foutlet should be designed with a bellmouth to suppress vortices and enterthinment. The sie in the vessel will dissolve in the water to some extent and will have to be replenished by means of a compressor. MAX UPSURGE MAX. DOWNSURGE rT 24567890 20° 30 40 «60 80 2G0G AIR VESSEL QoL PARAMETER FIGURE 6.7 SURGES IN PUMP DISCHARGE LINE, Ke= 0 176 “The requisite efTectve capacity of the vesslis also calculated from the expression. Vy= 1200 t0 1500 Q/2p om Where, Vy = effective volume ines. Q. = discharge of pumps in Ips and Zp = peanissile number of swctching operation per hour for three-phase motors (10-15 for squirrel-cage motors direct inline, 6-10 for oquicre-cage motors with star deita starter, 6-10 for motors with rotor starter, Permissible number of starts for motors as per 1S 325 is 3. Awworked out example is at Appendix 6.7} 6.17.4.2 In-Line Reflux Valves Inline rex valves would notmally be used in conjunction with surge tanks, discharge tank or Aie ves. Following pumps shutdown, the tank or vessel would discharge water into the pipe either side of the reflux valve. This would alleviate the wolene pressure deop and conver the phenomenon int» x stow motion effect. ‘The refiax valve would chen aerest the water column at the time of eversl, which coincides, with the point of minimum kinetic cnecgy and maximum potential enesgy ofthe water column. There would therefore be litle moment change in the water column when the reflux valve is shut and consequently negligible water hammer pressure rise, There are situations where water column separation and the Formation of vapour pockets in the pipeline following pump stoppage would be tolerable, provided the vapour pockets did not collapse resulting in water hammer pressures. Reversal of the water column beyond the vapour pocket could in fact be prevented with an in-line reflux valve at the downstzeam extremity of the vapour pocket. The water column would be artested at its point of ‘minimum momentum, so there would be litle head tse. Vaporization would occur at peaks in the pipeline where the water hammer pressure drops to the vapoue pressute of the water. the frst rse along the pipeline was higher than subsequent peaks, the vaporization would be confined ro the frst peak, In locating the reflux valve, allowance should be made for some lateral dispersion of the vapour pocket. The valve should be installed sta suitable dip in the pipeline in order to tap the vapour podket and to ensue prope finetoningof the wake door when the water column returns im MAX. UPSURGE MAX. DOWN SURGE Ho 23 4 567990 20° 30 40 «9 80 aac AIR VESSEL, PARAMETER FIGURE 6.8 : SURGES IN PUMP DISCHARGE LINE, Ke= 0.3 m8 A small diameter bypass to the reflux valve should be installed to permit slow refilling of the vapour pocket otherwise over pressures may occur on restarting the pumps. The diameter of the bypass should be of the order of one-tenth of the pipeline diameter. An ait selease valve should be installed in the pipeline atthe peak to release air which would come out of solution during the period of tow pressure It is common practice to install reflux valves immediately downstream of the pumps. Such reflux valves would not prevent water hammer pressures in the pipeline. ‘They merely prevent return flow through the pump and orevent water hammer pressure reaching the pumps. Normally a eflux valve installed on its own in pipe-ine will not reduce water hammer pressures, although it may limit the lateral extent of the shock. In fact, in some situations indiscriminate positioning of reflux valves in aline could be detrimental to water hammer pressures. For instance ifa pressure cclicf valve was installed upstream of the reflux valve the reflux valve would counteract the effect of the other valve. It may also amplify reflections feom branch pipes of collapse of vapour pockets. Jn some pumps installations, automatically slosing control valves, instead of reflux valves, are installed on the pump delivery sie. 6.17.4.3 Release Valves ‘There are a number of sophisticated water hamnmer release valves (often referred to as surge relief valve or surger suppressors) available commercially. These valves have hydraulic actuatoes ‘which automatically open, then gradually close after pumps tipping. The valves are normally the needle type, which discharge into a pipe leading to the suction reservoir, or else sleeve valves, mounted in the suction reservoic. The valves ‘must have a gradual throtding effect over the complete singe of closute, Needle and sleeve valves are suitably designed to minimize cavitation and corrosion associated with the high discharge velocities which occur dusing the throwing process. ‘The valves ace usually installed on the delivery side of the pump ceflux valves and discharge directly t0 the suction reservoir. They should not dischagge into the suction pipe as they invariably deaw air through the throxt, and this could reach the pumps. ‘The valves may be actuated by an electrical fault or by a pressuee sensor. The valve should ‘open fully before the negative pressure wave returns to the pumps as a positive pressure wave. {As the pressure on the top of the piston increases again the valve gradually closes, maintaining the pressure within desired limits. The closing rate may be adjusted by a pilot valve in the hydeaulic circuit IF no over pressure higher than the operating head is tolerable, the valve would be sized to discharge the fll ow at a head equal to the operating head, where rekabity is of importance, and if water hammec is likely to be a problem curing a partial shutdown of the pumps, two oF ‘more release valves may be installed in parallel They could be set to operate at successively lower delivery heads. 119 MAX. UP SURGE MAX. DOWNSURGE io 6 2 3 4 567890 20 3% 40 60 80 2096 AIR VESSEL Gt PARAMETER FIGURE 6.9 : SURGES IN PUMP DISCHARGE LINE, Ke= 0.5 180 08 08 07+ 8 06 s Bip ce Si? oz 3 t Oot ‘Approximate Some water may also be Pump bypass refhix valve (ev / gti)2 eee Ierwn through pump Inline reflux valve (evo/ giz >t ‘Normally used in conjunction with some other method of protection. Water column separation possible 185, Method of protection _—_- Required range of Remarks (In approximate order ‘Variables of increasing cost) nya grade line 0 height of tank is practical ‘Automatic release valve (Cy / gly? Pipeline profile should be convex downwards. ‘Water column separation likely Discharge tanks (Civp /ah)2 >a h = pressure head at Cae tank./ Pipeline profile should be convex upwards Ai vessel Crp/gh2 <1 Pipeline profile preferably (Coosa convex downwards "The example in App. 6.7 gives the methods of analysis and ealeulations for water column separation and computation of Air Vessel siz M_ = Moment of Inertia of rotting parts of pump, motor and entrained water (mass x radius of gyration’) Pump speed in spm. We of water per unit volume ipe cross section Area Pipeline length Pumping head Pressure head Water hammer wave velocity Initial velocity Pump parameter, Pump rated efficiency (expressed as a fraction). 186

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