URINARY SYSTEM

BY: WAN LUAN LEE

URINARY
SYSTEM
The urinary system
consists of the kidneys,
ureters, urinary
bladder, and urethra.

FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM

The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes
and produce urine.
The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
together form the urinary tract, which acts as a
plumbing system to drain urine from the
kidneys, store it, and then release it during
urination.
Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the
body, the urinary system also maintains the
homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure,
calcium and red blood cells.

KIDNEY
The kidneys job, among others, is to remove that
waste in order to prevent damage to the body.
Your blood flows through your kidneys, which are
the key organs in the complex system that removes
excess fluid and waste material from the blood.

Blood that flows into your kidneys is diffused

through filtering structures called nephrons. Each
nephron contains a tuft of capillary blood vessels
(glomerulus) and tiny tubules that lead to larger
collecting tubes.
The glomeruli filter fluid from your blood,
extracting both waste products and substances your
body needs such as sodium, phosphorus and
potassium. The substances your body needs are
reabsorbed into your bloodstream.
Waste products are excreted in the urine.

NEPHRON- FILTRATION AND REABSORPTION

FILTRATION
The blood is filtered by nephrons, the
functional units of the kidney.
Each nephron begins in a renal corpuscle,
which is composed of a glomerulus enclosed in
a Bowman's capsule.
Cells, proteins, and other large molecules are
filtered out of the glomerulus by a process of
ultrafiltration, leaving an ultrafiltrate that
resembles plasma to enter Bowman's space.
The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the
proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle,
the distal convoluted tubule, and a series of
collecting ducts to form urine.

REABSORPTION
Tubular reabsorption is the process by which
solutes and water are removed from the
tubular fluid and transported into the blood.
It is called reabsorption because these
substances have already been absorbed once.
Reabsorption is a two-step process beginning
with the active or passive extraction of
substances from the tubule fluid into the
renal interstitium, and then the transport of
these substances from
the interstitium into the bloodstream. These
transport processes are driven by Starling
forces, diffusion, and active transport.

RENAL SYSTEM DISORDERS

PAINFUL BLADDER SYNDROME / INTERSTITIAL

CYSTITIS (PBS/IC)
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial
cystitis, or PBS/IC, is a chronic disorder
also known as frequency-urgency-dysuria
syndrome.
If you are diagnosed with this disorder, it
means your bladder wall has become
inflamed and irritated.
The result can be pinpoint bleeding,
decreased bladder capacity and scarring
and stiffening of the bladder.
Rarely, ulcers will form in the lining of the
bladder.

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)

The prostate gland, which is part of the male
reproductive system, lies below the bottom
of the bladder, surrounding the urethra.
In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the
prostate becomes enlarged due to the
growth of non-cancerous cells. By pressing
on the urethra, it can create a blockage
leading to urination difficulties.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in
later life. Often men with benign prostatic
hyperplasia will have other problems as well,
including urinary tract infections, frequent
urination, painful urination and urinary
hesitancy.
It is common for men over 60 years of age to
have some degree of BPH, but not all will
have problems with blockage

URINARY INCONTINENCE
Urinary incontinence (UI), or involuntary urination, is
any leakage of urine.
The most common types of urinary incontinence in
women are stress urinary incontinence and urge
urinary incontinence. Women with both problems
have mixed urinary incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence is caused by loss of

support of the urethra which is usually a consequence
of damage to pelvic support structures as a result of
childbirth.
It is characterized by leaking of small amounts of urine
with activities which increase abdominal pressure such
as coughing, sneezing and lifting.
Urge urinary incontinence is caused by uninhibited
contractions of the detrusor muscle. It is characterized
by leaking of large amounts of urine in association
with insufficient warning to get to the bathroom in
time.

URINARY RETENTION
Urinary retention is defined as the inability to
completely or partially empty the bladder.
Suffering from urinary retention means you may
be unable to start urination, or if you are able to
start, you cant fully empty your bladder.
There are two general types of urinary retention:
obstructive and non-obstructive.
If there is an obstruction urine cannot flow freely
through the urinary track. Non-obstructive causes
include a weak bladder muscle and nerve
problems that interfere with signals between the
brain and the bladder.
If the nerves arent working properly, the brain
may not get the message that the bladder is full.

KIDNEY STONES
The term kidney stone refers to a solid
deposit that occurs in the urinary
system.
It forms inside the kidney, out of
substances found in urine.
It may remain in the kidney or move
through the urinary tract.
If it is a small stone, it may pass out of
the body without causing a great deal of
pain.
If it is larger in size, it can get lodged in
the ureter, bladder or urethra. In these
cases, it can be very painful and also
block the flow of urine.

PROSTATITIS
Inflammation of the prostate is called
prostatitis.
Symptoms of prostatitis include painful
or difficult urination, frequent
urination and pain in the lower back
and genital area.
Prostatitis can affect men of all ages.
According to the National Institutes of
Health, prostatitis may account for up
to 25% of all office visits for complaints
involving the genital and urinary
systems from young and middle-aged
men.

PROTEINURIA
Proteinuria occurs when there are
abnormal amounts of protein in the urine.
Proteinuria indicates that kidneys are not
functioning properly and can be a sign of
chronic kidney disease.
Proteinuria can also be a result of
overproduction of proteins by the body.
Kidney disease often has no early
symptoms. One of its first signs may be
proteinuria that's discovered by a urine
test done during a routine physical exam.

KIDNEY FAILURE
kidney failure or renal insufficiency is a medical
condition in which the kidneys fail to
adequately filter waste products from the
blood.
Symptoms of kidney failure are due to the
build-up of waste products in the body that
may cause weakness, shortness of breath,
lethargy, and confusion. Inability to remove
potassium from the bloodstream may lead to
abnormal heart rhythms and sudden death.
The best way to prevent kidney failure is to
prevent CKD. If you have CKD, work with your
doctor to slow it down.

CITIES
http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html#full-description
http://www.mayoclinic.org/kidney-cross-section/img-20005978
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiology

http://www.yourkidneys.com/kidney-education/Symptoms-and-diagnosis/Urinarysystem-disorders/2933
http://www.medtronic.com/patients/urinary-retention/