Oscillator

Positive feed back in an amplifier

results in oscillator.
Vi
Vs

+
Vf B(AVi )

V0 =AVi

A
Af
1 BA

I1 R - jX C
jX C
Phase
I2
I1 1

A
R
R

I1 C

I1

V1 R

V2

I2
R

Shift Oscillator
V1 I1R
V2 I1 R - jX C

I1+I2
I3
V3
R

Vo

jX C
jX C

I1 I 2 I1 1
I1 2

R
R

jX C
X C2
I1 2
j 2X C
jX C I1
R
R

2
Phase
Shift

X C2
X COscillator
XC
V3 I1 R
j 3XAC I 3 I1 1 2 j 3

R
R
R

I1 C

V1 R

I2

C
I1+I2+I3

I1+I2
I3

2
V3
Vo
X
X

XC
C
C
R
R
I1 I 2 I 3 I1 2 j
I1 1 2 j 3

R
R
R

I1

V2

2 XC
XC

X
I1
I 2 I3 I I1 3 C 2j 2X
j 4
V3 I1 R
- jX
C
1
R
C R

jX C
X C2
I1 2
j 2X C
jX C I1
R
R

Phase Shift Oscillator

X C2
X C2
X 3C
XC A
I1 3 2 j 4
j 3X C 2
jX C I1 4
R
R
R
R

I1 C

V1 R

V2

I1

C
I1+I2+I3

I1+I2
I3

I2
R

V3

Vo

X
VO I1 R 5
C C
XC2 j 6X
X
I1 I 2
3 2

j 4
I 3 I1 R
2
C

3
C
2

X C2
X 3C
X C2
VO I1 4
j 3X C 2 I1 R
j 3X C
R
R
R

Phase Shift Oscillator

A
C

I1 C

V1 R

V2

I1

I2
R

XC R 6

C
I1+I2+I3

I1+I2
I3
V3
R

Vo

1
f
2 RC 6

X
XC
VO I1 R 5
j 6X C 2
R
R

3
XC
6X C 2 0
R
2
C

Phase Shift Oscillator

A
C

I1 C

I1

V1 R

V2

I2
R

C
I1+I2+I3

I1+I2
I3
V3
R

Vo

I1R
R 2 V1

VO I1 R 5B
2

R
R
O

I1 R 5

V1 I1R

29

Phase Shift Oscillator

A
C

1
f
2R
C

1
B
29
A 29

FET Phase
Shift Oscillator

RD

Rs

Cs

1
f
2RC 6
1

29

FET Phase Shift Oscillator

Example

RD

Assume R 10k

f 1KHz
g m 5000 S

C 6.5nF
Rs

rD 40 K
RD ?
C ?
R ?

1
f
2RC 6

Cs

A g m RL
Assume A 40
RL 8 K
RD 10 K

BJT Phase Shift

Oscillator

RC
RA

1
f
2RC 6 4( Rc / R )

RB
RE

CE

C
C

C
C

R/
C
C

R
R

R
R

Rc
R
A 23 29
4
Rc
R

R R R A || R B || ri

IC Phase Shift
Oscillator

Rf
Ri

1
f
2 6 RC

A
C

Rf
Ri

If R1 R2 R and C1 C2
C1
R3

1
f
2RC

Wien Bridge
Oscillator

R1

R2
C2

R4

R3
Z1
R1 C2

R4
Z2
R2 C1
f

1
R1 R2C1C2

Colpitts Oscillator

RFC

V0

V0
Cc

L
C2

Vf

RG

C1
C1

C2
L

1
f
2 LCeq
Ceq

C1C2

C1 C2

Hartley Oscillator

RFC
V0
Cc

1
f
2 CLeq

RG

L1

L2
M
C

Leq L1 L2 2 M

Crystal Oscillator
|Z|

Series resonance

CM
Parallel resonance

C
f1

f2

Series resonance
crystal oscillator
RA

RFC
XTAL C
C

RB
RE

CE

Parallel resonance
crystal oscillator
RA

RFC

C1
XTAL

RB
RE

C2