Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MACHINES II
(AC MACHINES)
Presented by
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
Velalar College of Engg & Tech,Erode
EMAIL: gokulvlsi@gmail.com
Syllabus
EE6502 Electrical Machines -II
BOOKS Reference
NPTEL Reference
Electrical Machines II by Dr. Krishna
Vasudevan & Prof. G. Sridhara Rao
Department of Electrical Engineering , IIT
Madras.
Basic Electrical Technology by Prof. L.
Umanand - IISc Bangalore {video}
BASICS OF
ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
Electrical Machine?
Electrical machine is a device which
can convert
Fundamental Principle..
Faradays Law
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
Induction states that an EMF is
induced in a coil when the magnetic
flux linking this coil changes with time
or
The EMF generated is proportional to
the rate at which flux is changed.
d
d
e=
=
N
dt
dt
Governing Rules
For Generator
For Motor
(positive to negative)
Thumb - movements of the wire
Coiling of Conductor
Electromagnet
AC Fundamentals
AC Fundamentals - continued
Inductive Effect
Reactance EMF
Lenz Law
An induced current is always in such a
direction as to oppose the motion or
change causing it
Capacitive effect
V=
(t )
i (t )=
Q
C =
V
q (t )
1
=
C
C
dq (t )
=
dt
i (t ) dt
dv (t )
C
dt
R-L network
R-C network
As already mentioned,
As the current, so the flux
3 phase AC
Star connection
V
L
3V ph
I L = I ph
Delta Connection
V
L
= V ph
IL =
3I ph
Generators
Input
Mechanical
Magnetic
Electrical
Output
Electric Generator
Mechanical
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Motor
Electrical
Energy
Input
Magnetic
Electrical
Mechanical
Energy
Mechanical
Output
Basic Construction
Parts
Stationary Part
Stator
Armature
Electrical
Mechanical
Rotor
Rotating Part
Field
AC MACHINES
Two categories:
1.Synchronous Machines:
Synchronous Generators(Alternator)
UNIT-1
Synchronous
Generator
(Alternator)
UNIT-1 Syllabus
Synchronous Generators
Generator
Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
(Westinghouse)
Synchronous Machines
Synchronous generators or alternators are used to convert
mechanical power derived from steam, gas, or hydraulic-turbine
to ac electric power
Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical
energy we consume today
Large ac power networks rely almost exclusively on synchronous
generators
Synchronous motors are built in large units compare to induction
motors (Induction motors are cheaper for smaller ratings) and
used for constant speed industrial drives
Construction
Basic parts of a synchronous generator:
Ir = Vf/Rf
Vf = Direct voltage applied to the field winding
Rf= Field winding Resistance
Rotor
Rotor is the rotating part of the machine
Can be classified as: (a) Cylindrical Rotor and (b) Salient
Pole rotor
Salient-pole Rotor
a. Salient-Pole Rotor
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 and 300 r/min)
2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor
d-axis
Non-uniform
air-gap
D 10 m
q-axis
Turbine
Hydro (water)
Hydrogenerator
Stator
b. Cylindrical-Rotor(Non-Salient Pole)
D1m
Turbine
L 10 m
Steam
d-axis
Stator winding
High speed
Uniform airgap
Stato
r
q-axis
Rotor winding
Roto
r
Turbogenerator
Stator
Cylindrical rotor
Working Principle
It works on the principle of Electromagnetic induction
In the synchronous generator field system is rotating and armature
winding is steady.
Its works on principle opposite to the DC generator
High voltage AC output coming from the armature terminal
Working Principle
Armature
Stator
Field
Rotor
No commutator is
required {No need for
commutator because
we need AC only}
p n
pn
f = . =
2 60 120
N=Rotor speed in r.p.m
P=number of rotor poles
f=frequency of induced EMF in Hz
No of cycles/revolution = No of pairs of poles = P/2
No of revolutions/second = N/60
No of cycles/second {Frequency}= (P/2)*(N/60)=PN/120
Advantages of stationary
armature
At high voltages, it easier to insulate
stationary armature winding(30 kV or more)
The high voltage output can be directly
taken out from the stationary armature.
Rotor is Field winding. So low dc voltage
can be transferred safely
Due to simple construction High speed of
Rotating DC field is possible.
Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode
Winding
Factors( K , Kd)
p
= cos
2
m
sin
m sin
Kd
Pitch factor Kp
Vectorsum
Kp =
Arithmaticsum
Arithmatic sum
Vector sum
Kp
Vector _ sum
=
Arithmatic _ sum
2 Es cos
2 Es
= cos
180
180
=
no.of _ slots _ per _ pole
n
Kd
Kd
m
2 r sin
2
=
m 2 r sin
2
m
sin
2
=
m sin
2
Problem:
Distribution factor /Breadth factor
EMF Equation
of Alternator
NP
60
Volt
Armature
Reaction of
Alternator
Armature Reaction
Main Flux
Field Winding
Secondary Flux
Armature Winding
Effect of Armature Flux on the Main Flux is
called Armature Reaction
Phase difference of 90o between the armature flux and the main flux
the two fluxes oppose each other on the left half of each pole while assist
each other on the right half of each pole.
Average flux in the air gap remains constant but its distribution gets
distorted.
Due to such distortion of the flux, there is small drop in the terminal voltage
As this effect causes reduction in the main flux, the terminal voltage
drops. This drop in the terminal voltage is more than the drop
corresponding to the unity p.f. load.
Phasor Diagram
for Synchronous
Generator/Alternator
Lagging PF
Unity PF
Leading PF
a. Alternator at Lagging PF
Ef by first taking the component of the Vt in the
direction of Ia
Component of Vt in the direction of Ia is Vtcos ,
Total voltage drop is (Vtcos+Iara) along the Ia.
we can calculate the voltage drop along the direction
perpendicular to Ia.
The total voltage drop perpendicular to Ia is
(Vtsin+IaXs).
With the help of triangle BOD in the first phasor
diagram we can write the expression for Ef as
b. Alternator at Unity PF
c. Alternator at Leading PF
VOLTAGE
REGULATION
Voltage regulation of an alternator is
defined as the rise in terminal voltage of the
machine expressed as a fraction of
percentage of the initial voltage when
specified load at a particular power factor is
reduced to zero, the speed and excitation
remaining unchanged.
Voltage
Regulation
A convenient way to compare the voltage
behaviour of two generators is by their
voltage regulation (VR). The VR of a
synchronous generator at a given load,
power factor, and at rated speed is defined
as
VR =
Enl V fl
V fl
100%
Voltage
Regulation
Case 1: Lagging power factor:
A generator operating at a lagging power factor has a
positive voltage regulation.
Voltage
Regulation
This value may be readily determined from
the phasor diagram for full load operation.
If the regulation is excessive, automatic
control of field current may be employed to
maintain a nearly constant terminal voltage
as load varies
Methods of
Determination of
voltage regulation
Methods of Determination of
voltage regulation
Synchronous Impedance Method / E.M.F.
Method
Ampere-turns method / M.M.F. method
ZPF(Zero Power Factor) Method / Potier
ASA Method
1. Synchronous Impedance
Method / E.M.F. Method
The method is also called E.M.F. method of determining
the regulation. The method requires following data to
calculate the regulation.
1. The armature resistance per phase (Ra).
2. Open circuit characteristics which is the graph of open
circuit voltage against the field current. This is possible by
conducting open circuit test on the alternator.
3. Short circuit characteristics which is the graph of short
circuit current against field current. This is possible by
conducting short circuit test on the alternator.
Open-Circuit
Characteristic
Short-circuit
test
Adjust the field current to zero and shortcircuit the terminals of the generator
through a set of ammeters.
Record the armature current Isc as the field
current is increased.
Such a plot is called short-circuit
characteristic.
Short-circuit test
After completing the open circuit test observation, the field
rheostat is brought to maximum position, reducing field
current to a minimum value.
The T.P.S.T switch is closed. As ammeter has negligible
resistance, the armature gets short circuited. Then the field
excitation is gradually increased till full load current is
obtained through armature winding.
This can be observed on the ammeter connected in the
armature circuit. The graph of short circuit armature
current against field current is plotted from the observation
table of short circuit test. This graph is called short circuit
characteristics, S.C.C.
Short-circuit
test
Adjust the field current to zero and short-circuit
the terminals of the generator through a set of
ammeters.
Record the armature current Isc as the field current
is increased.
Such a plot is called short-circuit characteristic.
Curve feature
The OCC will be nonlinear due to the
saturation of the magnetic core at higher
levels of field current. The SCC will be
linear since the magnetic core does not
saturate under short-circuit conditions.
Determination of Xs
For a particular field current IfA, the internal voltage Ef (=VA) could be found from
the occ and the short-circuit current flow Isc,A could be found from the scc.
Then the synchronous reactance Xs could be obtained using
Z s ,unsat =
Ef or Vt (V)
Air-gap line
OCC
Vrated
Isc (A)
SCC
VA
IfB
2
s ,unsat
V A (= E f
I scA
Isc,B
IfA
R +X
2
a
Isc, A
If (A)
Since Xs,unsat>>Ra,
X s ,unsat
Ef
I scA
Vt , oc
I scA
Air-gap line
OCC
Vrated
SCC
VA
Isc,B
At V = Vrated,
Z s , sat =
R +X
2
a
2
s ,sat
Vrated (= E f
Isc (A)
Isc, A
IfA
If (A)
IfB
I scB
jXs
Ra
Vt=0
Ef
Ia
Ef
jIaXs
+
Vt=0
Ia
I aR a
Short-circuit Ratio
Another parameter used to describe synchronous generators is the
short-circuit ratio (SCR). The SCR of a generator defined as the ratio
of the field current required for the rated voltage at open circuit to the
field current required for the rated armature current at short circuit.
SCR is just the reciprocal of the per unit value of the saturated
synchronous reactance calculated by
Ef or Vt (V)
Air-gap line
Isc (A)
OCC
Vrated
SCC
Isc,rated
I f _ Vrated
SCR =
I f _ Iscrated
=
If_V rated
If_Isc rated
If (A)
X s _ sat [in p .u .]
Capability
Curve
4. ASA method
Tests:
Conduct tests to find
OCC (up to 125% of rated voltage) refer diagram EMF
SCC (for rated current)
refer diagram EMF
ZPF (for rated current and rated voltage)
Armature Resistance (if required)
Losses and
Efficiency
The losses in synchronous generator include:
1. Copper losses in
a) Armature
b) Field winding
c) The contacts between brushes
2. Core losses, Eddy current losses and
Hysteresis losses
Losses
3. Friction and windage losses,the brush
friction at the slip rings.
4. Stray load losses caused by eddy currents in
the armature conductors and by additional
core loss due to the distribution of magnetic
field under load conditions.
Synchronization
& Parallel
operation of
Alternator
Synchronization
Before connecting a generator in parallel with another
generator, it must be synchronized. A generator is said to be
synchronized when it meets all the following conditions:
Load
c
Switch
a/
Generator 2
b/
c/
Parallel operation of
synchronous generators
Most of synchronous generators are operating in parallel with other
synchronous generators to supply power to the same power system.
Obvious advantages of this arrangement are:
1. Several generators can supply a bigger load;
2. A failure of a single generator does not result in a total power loss to the load
increasing reliability of the power system;
3. Individual generators may be removed from the power system for maintenance
without shutting down the load;
4. A single generator not operating at near full load might be quite inefficient.
While having several generators in parallel, it is possible to turn off some of
them when operating the rest at near full-load condition.
If the frequencies of the generators are different, a large power transient may occur
until the generators stabilize at a common frequency. The frequencies of two
machines must be very close to each other but not exactly equal. If frequencies
differ by a small amount, the phase angles of the oncoming generator will change
slowly with respect to the phase angles of the running system.
If the angles between the voltages can be observed, it is possible to close the
switch S1 when the machines are in phase.
Synchronization
Generat
or
Load
Rest of the
power system
Xs1
Ef1
Xs2
Ef2
Generato
r
Xsn
Efn
Infinite bus
V, f are
constant
Xs eq = 0
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
Pe, Qe
Vt
The complex power output of the generator in voltamperes per phase is given by
Pe, Qe
Vt
S = P + jQ = V t I *a
where:
Vt = terminal voltage per phase
Ia* = complex conjugate of the armature current per phase
Taking the terminal voltage as reference
_
V t = Vt + j 0
E f = E f (cos + j sin )
E f V t
Ia =
=
jX s
_
(E
cos Vt ) + jE f sin
Pm
jX s
S = P + jQ = V t I
*
a = Vt
P=
Q=
Vt E f sin
Xs
Vt E f sin
Xs
&
Vt E f cos Vt2
Xs
E f cos Vt jE f sin
jX
s
+j
Vt E f cos Vt2
Xs
Pe, Qe
Vt
Pe, Qe
Vt
P=
Vt E f sin
Xs
&
Q=
Vt E f cos Vt2
Xs
The above two equations for active and reactive powers hold
good for cylindrical-rotor synchronous machines for negligible
resistance
To obtain the total power for a three-phase generator, the above
equations should be multiplied by 3 when the voltages are line-toneutral
If the line-to-line magnitudes are used for the voltages, however,
these equations give the total three-phase power
generato
r
/2
0
+/2
motor
Pull-out
torque as a
motor
3Vt E f
Xs
sin
3Vt E f
Xs
Pull-out torque
The maximum torque or pull-out torque per phase that a twopole round-rotor synchronous motor can develop is
Tmax =
Pmax
Pmax
=
n
m
2 s
60
SLIP TEST
The corresponding waveforms for stator and rotor currents are shown in the
Fig
Capability Curves of
Synchronous
Generators
When the active power and voltage are fixed the allowable reactive
power loading is limited by either armature or field winding heating.
From the capability curve shown in Fig. 2, the maximum reactive
power loadings can be obtained for different power loadings with
the operation at rated voltage. From unity p.f. to rated p.f. (0.8 as
shown in Fig. 2), the limiting factor is armature heating while for
lower power factors field heating is limiting factor.
This fact can be derived as follows :
This equation also represents a circle with centre at (0, -Vt2/Xs). These two circles are
represents in the Fig. 3 (see next post as Fig. 1). The field heating and armature heating
limitation on machine operation can be seen from this Fig. 3 (see next post as Fig.1).
The rating of machine which consists of apparent power and power factor is specified as
the point of intersection of these circles as shown in the Fig. 4. So that the machine operates
safely.
UNIT-2
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Presented by
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
UNIT 2 Syllabus
Synchronous Motor
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
=
R =
m sin .......................(a)
m sin t
=
m sin (t 120=
) m sin ( 120 ) ...................(b)
Y
=
m sin (t 240=
) m sin ( 240 ) ...................(c)
B
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
Case (i) = 0
RMF contd.
=
R =
=
m sin
m sin 0 0
3
Y =
m sin ( 120 ) =
m sin ( 0 120 ) =
m
2
3
B =
m sin ( 240 ) =
m sin ( 0 240 ) =
+ m
2
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
Case (ii) = 60
RMF contd.
sin 60
=
R =
m=
m sin
3
m
2
3
Y =
m sin ( 120 ) =
m sin ( 60 120 ) =
m
2
=
m sin ( 240=
) m sin ( 60 240=) 0
B
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
3
=
R =
m sin120
=
m
m sin
2
=
m sin ( 120=
) m sin (120 120=) 0
Y
3
R =
m sin ( 240 ) =
m sin (120 240 ) =
m
2
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
=
R =
m sin180
= 0
m sin
3
=
m sin ( 120=
m
) m sin (180 120=)
Y
2
3
B =
m sin ( 240 ) =
m sin (180 240 ) =
m
2
RMF contd.
RMF contd.
Principle of
operation
Operation
Operation contd.
Why - ?
Due to inertia
Back emf
Eb = 4.44 K C K d fT
Back emf
Increase in Load
Better illustration
Better Illustration
Similarly,
Synchronous motor in pf
improvement
V - curves
Inverted V - curves
CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
Circle Diagrams
V=t E f + I a Z s
It can be expressed as
I=
a
Ef
Vt
Zs
Zs
Ef
Vt
Zs
Zs
I=
a
Ef
Vt
Zs
Zs
Vt 0 E f
=
Ia
Z s
Z s
Ef
Vt
Zs
Zs
Ef
Vt
=
cos ( + ) j sin ( + ) )
I a ( cos j sin )
(
Zs
Zs
Re arranging
Ef
Vt
=
I a cos cos ( + ) +
Zs
Zs
Ef
Vt
j sin + sin ( + )
Zs
Zs
V
V
I a2 t cos
=
cos ( + ) + t sin +
sin ( + )
Zs
Zs
Zs
Zs
Ef
Ef
Vt E f
Vt E f
I = +
cos ( + ) cos + sin ( + ) sin
2
Zs Zs
Zs Zs
2
a
V Ef
Vt E f
2
I a2 = t +
( cos cos sin sin ) cos + ( sin cos + cos sin ) sin
Z
Z
Z
Z
s
s
s s
V Ef
V Ef
I a2 = t + 2 t
( cos cos sin sin ) cos + ( sin cos + cos sin ) sin
Zs Zs
Zs Zs
2
V Ef
V Ef
cos cos 2 sin sin cos + sin cos sin + cos sin 2
I a2 = t + 2 t
Zs Zs
Zs Zs
2
Vt E f
Vt E f
cos cos 2 + cos sin 2
I = + 2
Zs Zs
Zs Zs
2
a
I a2
V
E
V Ef
= t + f 2 t
cos
Z
Z
Z
Z
s
s
s
s
Vt E f
Vt E f
cos
I = + 2
Zs Zs
Zs Zs
2
a
=
P Vt I a cos I a2 ra
Vt
P
I cos + I sin I a cos + =
0
ra
ra
2
a
2
a
2
a
Vt
P
x +y
y+
=
0
ra
ra
2
Vt
radius
0,
&=
2ra
Vt
P
r
ra
2
a
Alternatively,
We know,
Vt
P
I I a cos + =
0
ra
ra
Adding Vt / 2 ra on either side we get,
2
a
Vt
P Vt Vt
I I a cos + +
=
ra
ra 2ra 2ra
2
a
Vt
Vt
Vt
P
I +
I
cos
a
r
r
r
ra
2
2
a
a
a
2
a
Vt
Vt P
Vt
I +
I a cos =
2
2ra
2ra
2ra ra
2
a
Vt
Vt P
Vt
2
Ia +
I a cos =
2
2ra
2ra
2ra ra
Vt
P
ra
2ra
Vt Pmax
=
0
ra
2ra
Pmax
Vt 2
=
4ra
Vt
Pin ,max
= Vt I a cos=
Vt
2ra
Vt 2
=
.1
2ra
Efficiency is given by
2
V
(
Pmax
t / 4ra )
=
=
= 50%
2
Pin ,max (Vt / 2ra )
V curves
(again?!)
V curves contd.
TORQUE EQUATION
& POWER
EQUATION
Pm = Eb I a cos
Differentiating ,
dPm
EbV
=
sin (
d
Zs
0
)=
Zs
0
)=
sin ( ) =
0
=
0
=
EbV Eb2
cos
Pm=
,max
Zs
Zs
or
Pm=
,max
EbV Eb2
cos
Zs
Zs
If
Ra 0
Pm ,max
EbV
=
Zs
Substituting, cos = Ra / Zs
Pm=
,max
EbV Eb2 Ra
Zs
Zs Zs
Pm=
,max
Solving ,
Zs
E=
b
2 Ra
EbV
Eb2 Ra
Zs
Zs Zs
V V 2 4 R ( P
)
a
m ,max
EbV
Eb2
cos ( )
cos
=
Pm
Zs
Zs
dPm
Eb
d EbV
=
cos ( )=
cos 0
dEb dEb Z s
Zs
dPm
Eb
d EbV
=
cos ( )=
cos 0
dEb dEb Z s
Zs
Eb
VZ s
=
2 Ra
VZ s
=
2 Ra
V2
V2
2 Ra 4 Ra
Operation of
infinite bus
bars
Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode
Starting Methods
of Syn Motor
HUNTING
Natural
frequency of
oscillations
Refer Book
Damper
windings
Refer Book for
detail study
Synchronous
Condensers
. ..
Unit-3
Three phase Induction
Motor
Presented By
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
UNIT 3 Syllabus
Construction of
Induction Motor
Types of Rotor
Principle of
Operation
Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode
SLIP(s)
Compare
Induction motor &
Transformer
Equivalent circuit
Losses &
Efficiency
Losses - Summary
Efficiency () =
Poutput
Pinput
356
Motor Torque
Tm =
9.55 Pm
n
9.55 (1 s) Pr
=
ns (1 s)
= 9.55 Pr / ns
Tm = 9.55 Pr / ns
357
Mechanical Power
Pm = Pr - Pjr
= Pr - s Pr
= (1 s) Pr
358
Torque-Slip
Characteristics
Condition for
Maximum Torque
LOAD TEST
NO LOAD TEST
W0
I0
A
N
V0 V
B
Y
ROTOR
P0
Cos0 =
V0 I0
1. Ic=I0cos0
2. I=I0sin0
I0
Ic
V0
Rc
I
jXm
open circuit
E0
E0
, E 0 =V 0 I 0 (r 1 + jx 1)
3. R c =
4. X m =
Ic
I
On No load, Motor runs near to syn speed
So, s zero 1/s= or open circuit
jx2
r1 I jx1
I
2
0
r2/s
Pfw
Input Voltage
Thus Pc=P0 - I02r1 - Pfw
Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode
BLOCKED
ROTOR TEST
IM
V Vsc
B
3-ph Variac
Y
Rotor is blocked or held stationary by
belt pulley or by hand
jx1
Ic
Vsc
Isc
I0
Rc
r2
I
jXm
jx2
1 s
r2
r2= Rsc r1
X sc= Z sc R sc
2
=x 1+x 2
x1
x2
1.
0.5
0.5
2.
0.4
0.6
3.
0.3
0.7
4.
0.5
0.5
CIRCLE
DIAGRAM
Graphical representation
y
Isc
V1
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
x
4. Join I0 and Isc
y
Isc
V1
Output line
T
sc
0 I
0
L1
O
L2
5. Draw perpendicular bisector to output line
V1
Output line
T Torque line
sc
O
0 I
0
L1
L2
y
P
V1
P
1
sc
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
O
T
L1
0 I
L
1
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
11. From R, draw line parallel to output line crossing at P & P.
P is operating point
12. Join O and P. Cos1 is operating pf.
13. From P draw perpendicular on x axis
Lebel O, T , L1 and L2
y
P
Isc
V1
P
Output line
1
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
y
P
Isc
V1
P
Output line
1
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
L1L2=Constant Loss
y
P
Isc
V1
P
Output line
1
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
y
P
Isc
V1
P
Output line
1
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
rotor Cu loss = OT
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
O
O
T T
L1
0 I
L
L
1
1
0
C
O
L2 L2
LP2max
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Power = OP
The gap betn output line and circle is OUTPUT
Power.
0
Speed
At I0, o/p=0, at Isc, o/p=0
1
Slip
Max output power=PmaxO
sc
Ns
0
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
O
O
T T T
L1
L1
0 I
L
1
1
0
C
x
L
O
L2 L2 2
L2
Tmax
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Torque = TP
The gap betn torque line and circle is OUTPUT torque.
Ns
0
Speed
At I0, torque=0, but at
Isc, torque=T Isc=Starting torque
1
Slip
0
Max output torque=TmaxT
sc
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
O
O
T T T
L1
0 I
L
1
1
0
C
L
O
L2 L2 2
2. Output Power and Torque
sc
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
L1
L2
Max Power and Max Torque are not occurring at same time
Contradiction to max power transfer theorem
y
Pmax
V1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and
Isc
Tmax
P
1
Output line
T Torque line
T
T
L1 L1
C
L
L2 2
Efficiency
L1
L2
smp
O"T "
=
Pmax T "
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and
T
T
L1 L1
C
L
L2 2
Efficiency
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
L1
L2
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
0 I
0
4. Braking Torque
O
T
L1
L2
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
T
C
s=1
Te L
1
L2
s=
Speed
s=0
0
Ns
1
The gap betn circle and T & s= is braking
Slip 0
torque
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1
T
C
L1
L2
x
s=
y
Pmax
V1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
braking torque
O
O
T
T
0 I
L1
0
C
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
G
s= -ve
G
(Generator)
sc
PGmax
T Torque line
s=1
L1
L2
x
s=
OG=Gen Current
OG=Mech I/p
L2G=Active power
OL2=reactive power
y
Pmax
V1
P
Tmax
P
1
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
O
O
s=1
T
T
L1
0 I
L
1
Te
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Speed
Speed
s=0
0
Ns
2Ns
G
OG=Gen
Current
1
Slip 0
Slip -1
OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc
PGmax
OL2=reactive power
Fig. 3.3
Separation of
Losses
Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode
Equivalent Circuit:
Double cage
Induction Motors
Slip
Torque-Slip Characteristics
Equivalent Circuit:
Rotor
Induction
Generators
INDUCTION GENERATOR
Principle of operation
Induction generators and motors produce electrical power when
their rotor is rotated faster than the synchronous speed. For a fourpole motor operating on a 50 Hz will have synchronous speed equal
to 1500 rpm.
In normal motor operation, stator flux rotation is faster than the
rotor rotation. This is causing stator flux to induce rotor currents,
which create rotor flux with magnetic polarity opposite to stator. In
this way, rotor is dragged along behind stator flux, by value equal to
slip.
In generator operation, a prime mover (turbine, engine) is driving
the rotor above the synchronous speed. Stator flux still induces
currents in the rotor, but since the opposing rotor flux is now cutting
the stator coils, active current is produced in stator coils and motor
is now operating as a generator and sending power back to the
electrical grid.
a. Sub-synchronous (motor)
b. Super-synchronous (generator)
The torque-slip curve is shown in fig.3.6.Torque will become zero at synchronous speed. If the
speed increases above the synchronous speed, the slip will be negative.
Fig.3.4b the point P in the lower half of the circle shows operating point as an induction
generator.
PT-stator electrical output
ST-Core, friction and windage losses
RS-Stator copper loss
QR-Rotor copper loss
PQ-Mechanical input
PR-Rotor input
Slip
Efficiency
output PT
=
=
input
PQ
Advantages:
It does not hunt or drop out of synchronism
Simple in construction
Cheaper in cost
Easy maintenance
Induction regulators provide a constant voltage adjustment depending on the
loading of the lines.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be operated independently.
Deliver only leading current.
Dangerously high voltages may occur over long transmission lines if the
synchronous machines at the far end become disconnected and the line capacitance
excites the induction machines.
The induction generator is not helpful in system stability.
Applications:
For installation in small power stations where it can be operated in parallel and
feeding into a common mains without attendant.
For braking purpose in railway work.
Synchronous
Induction Motor
3
Supply
Fig. 3.3
Fig 3.4
Heating will always occur with normal three phase rotor winding as in fig.3.4. The two phase
windings (e and f) gives uniform heating but produce large harmonics and noise. In those
machines primary chording is commonly employed to reduce the effect of harmonics.
The synchronous induction motor is generally built for outputs greater than 30HP because of its
higher cost of the dc exciter. These motors are employed in applications where a constant speed
is desirable such as compressors, fans, pumps, etc., If load torque is high and the machines goes
out of synchronism, it continues to run as an induction motor. As soon as the load torque falls
sufficiently low, the machines will automatically synchronize.
Advantages:
It will start and synchronise itself against heavy loads.
No separate damper winding is required.
The exciter may be small unit due to smaller air-gap.
Problems in
Induction
Motors
Example 5.1 A 3-phase, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine delivers
rated output power at a slip of 0.05. Determine the:
(a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.
(b) Speed of the rotating air gap field.
(c) Frequency of the rotor circuit.
(d) Slip rpm.
(e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the
(i) rotor structure.
(ii) Stator structure.
(iii) Stator rotating field.
(f) Rotor induced voltage at the operating speed, if the stator-to-rotor turns ratio is 1 :
0.5.
Solution:
120 f
120 * 60
ns =
=
= 1800 rpm
p
4
n = (1 s )ns = (1 0.05) *1800 = 1710 rpm
(b) 1800 (same as synchronous speed)
Example 4.2 A no-load test conducted on a 30 hp, 835 r/min, 440 V, 3-phase, 60 Hz squirrel-cage
induction motor yielded the following results:
No-load voltage (line-to-line): 440 V
No-load current: 14 A
No-load power: 1470 W
Resistance measured between two terminals: 0.5
The locked-rotor test, conducted at reduced voltage, gave the following results:
Locked-rotor voltage (line-to-line): 163 V
Locked-rotor power: 7200 W
Locked-rotor current: 60 A
Determine the equivalent circuit of the motor.
Solution:
Assuming the stator windings are connected in way, the resistance per phase is:
R1 = 0.5 / 2 = 0.25
From the no-load test:
VLL 440
V1 =
=
= 254 V / Phase
3
3
Z NL
V1 254
= =
= 18.143
I1 14
R NL =
PNL
3I12
1470
3 *14
= 2.5
2
2
X NL = Z NL
RNL
= 18.1432 2.52 = 17.97
X 1 + X m = X NL = 17.97
From the blocked-rotor test
RBL =
PBL
3I12
7200
3 * 60
= 0.6667
BL
X BL =
(Z
2
BL
2
RBL
= 1.5685 2 0.6667 2 = 1.42
X BL X 1 + X 2 = 1.42
X 1 = X 2 = 0.71
0
.
71
17
.
26
+
R =
* 0.4167 = 0.4517
17.26
Example 5.3 The following test results are obtained from a three-phase 60 hp, 2200
V, six-pole, 60 Hz squirrel-cage induction motor.
(1) No-load test:
Supply frequency = 60 Hz, Line voltage = 2200 V
Line current = 4.5 A, Input power = 1600 W
(2) Blocked-rotor test:
Frequency = 15 Hz, Line voltage = 270 V
Line current = 25 A, Input power = 9000 W
(3) Average DC resistance per stator phase: 2.8
(a) Determine the no-load rotational loss.
(b) Determine the parameters of the IEEE-recommended equivalent circuit
(c) Determine the parameters (Vth, Rth, Xth) for the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
Fig.5.16.
2200
V1 =
= 1270.2 V / Phase
3
RNL
Z NL
V1 1270.2
= =
= 282.27
4.5
I1
PNL
1600
= 2 =
= 26.34
2
3I1 3 * 4.5
2
2
X NL = Z NL
RNL
= 282.27 2 26.34 2 = 281
X 1 + X m = X NL = 281
PBL
9000
RBL = 2 =
= 4.8
2
3I1 3 * 25
281.0 = .
impedance at 15 Hz is:
Z BL
270
V1
= =
= 6.24
I1
3 * 25
X BL = 3.98 *
X BL =
(6.24
60
= 15.92
15
X BL X 1 + X 2
15.92
X 1 = X 2 =
= 7.96
2
7.96 + 273.04
R2 =
2 = 2.12
273.04
2
4.82 = 3.98
at 60 Hz
)c (
273.04
Vth
V1 = 0.97 V1
7.96 + 273.04
X th X 1 = 7.96
(b)
(c)
(d)
=163.11 N.m
28022.3
motor =
*100 = 87.5%
32022.4
int ernal = (1 s ) *100 = (1 0.0333) *100 = 96.7%
(c) (i)
(c) (ii)
Note that for parts (a) and (b) it is not necessary to use Thevenin
equivalent circuit. Calculation can be based on the equivalent circuit of
Fig.5.15 as follows:
Example
Solution:
(a ) Z NL =
RNL =
460 / 3
= 6.64
40
PNL
2
3 * I1
4200
3 * 40
= 0.875
X 1 + X m = 6.58
From blocked rotor test:
RBL =
Z BL =
8000
3 *140 2
= 0.136
100 / 3
= 0.412
140
0.152
R1 =
= 0.076
2
X 1 + X 2 = 0.389
0.389
= 0.1945
X 1 = X 2 =
2
X m = 6.58 0.1945 = 6.3855
R2 =
* 0.06 = 0.0637
6.3855
0.076
j0.195
j6.386
j0.195
0.0637
s
(b )
120 f 120 * 60
ns =
=
= 900rpm
P
8
ns n 900 873
=
= 0.03
s=
900
ns
R2 0.0637
=
= 2.123
s
0.03
Input impedance
Z1 = 0.076 + j 0.195 +
( j 6.386)(2.123 + j 0.195)
= 2.12127.16o
2.123 + j (6.386 + 0.195)
V1
460 / 3
o
=
= 125.22 27.16
I1 =
Z1 2.1227.16
Input power:
460
Pin = 3 *
*125.22 cos 27.16o = 88.767 kW
3
Stator CU losses:
Rotor CU losses
Pout
78.8
=
*100 =
*100 = 88.77 %
88.767
Pin
Example
(b)
(c)
(d)
460
V1 =
= 265.6 V / phase
3
j 40 * (0.18 + 0.2 )
o
= 0.5546.59
Z1 = 0.2 + j 0.2 +
0.18 + j 40.2
V1
265.6
o
= 482.91 46.3
I st = =
o
I1 0.5546.59
1500 1450
s=
= 0.0333
1500
R2
0.18
=
= 5.4
s 0.0333
j 40 * (5.4 + j 0.2 )
= 4.959 10.83o
Z1 = 0.2 + j 0.2 +
5.4 + j 45.4
I1 FL
265.6
o
=
= 53.56 10.83 A
o
4.95910.83
sys
1500
=
* 2 = 157.08 rad / sec .
60
265.6 * ( j 40 )
= 264.275 0.285o V
Vth =
(0.2 + j 40.2)
Then,
j 40 * (0.2 + j 0.2 )
= 0.281432 45.285o = 0.198 + j 0.2
Z th =
0.2 + j 40.2
T =
3 * (264.275) * 5.4
2
= 228.68 Nm
Tm =
Pout 33223.7
=
= 79.26 %
41914
Pin
3 * (264.275)2
sTmax =
[0.198
0.18
2
)]
2 1/ 2
+ (0.2 + 0.2 )
2 1/ 2
= 862.56 Nm
= 0.4033
(d) sTmax = 1 =
[0.198
R2 + Rext
2
+ (0.2 + 0.2 )
2 1/ 2
= 0.446323
Then, R2 + Rext
= 0.446323 0.18 = 0.26632
Then, Rext
2
2
2
2
I R2 I R2
T=
s syn
s
Tst
Tst
Tmax
1.5
=
= 0.75
= 2 then,
= 1.5 and
TFL
TFL
Tmax
2
2 sTmax
Tst
=
= 0.75
2
Tmax 1 + sTmax
Then,
2
0.75 sTmax
2 sTmax + 0.75 = 0
2
sT2max + s FL
Tmax
=
=2
TFL 2sTmax * s FL
But sTmax = 0.451416
2
Tmax
0.4514162 + s FL
=
=2
Then
TFL 2 * 0.451416 * s FL
2
s FL
4 * 0.451416 s FL + 0.451416 2 = 0
2
s FL
1.80566 s FL + 0.203777 = 0
120 * 50
ns =
= 1500 rpm
4
then (a) nFL = (1 s FL ) * ns
120 * 60
1800
ns =
* 2 = 188.5 rad / sec
= 1800 rpm , s =
4
60
0.12
j0.25
j0.25
j10
0.1
=2
0.05
Z1 = 0.12 + j 0.25 + Re + X e
j10 * (2 + j 0.25)
Z1 = 0.12 + j 0.25 +
= 2.131423.55o
2 + j10.25
V1 =
208
= 120.1 V
120.1
o
I1 =
=
2
.
1314
23
.
55
A
o
2.131423.55
(c) P1 = 3 * 56.3479 * 0.12 = 1143.031W
2
) = 18610.9794 W
Pag = Ps P1 = 17467.9485 W
(e) P2 = sPag = 0.05 *17467.9785 = 873.3974 W
(f) Pm = (1 s ) Pag = 16594.5511W
Pag
17467.9485
(g) T =
=
= 92.6682 N .m
188.5
188.5
Pshaft
16194.5511
Tshaft =
=
= 85.9127 Nm
188.5
188.5
Pshaft
(h) =
*100 = 87.02%
Ps
induction machine.
(b) If the machine is connected to a 30, 460 V, 60 Hz supply,
determine the starting torque, the maximum torque the machine
can develop, and the speed at which the maximum torque is
developed.
(c) If the maximum torque is to occur at start, determine the
external resistance required in each rotor phase. Assume a
turns ratio (stator to rotor) of 1.2.
Solution:
Vth =
Xm
6.5
* V1 =
* 265.6 = 257.7 V
X1 + X m
0.2 + 6.5
Rth + jX th =
0.06589 j0.1947
j0.2
257.7V
(b) Tst =
Tmax =
0.05
s
3 * 257.7 2 * 0.05
= 624.7 Nm
3 * 257.7 2
= 2267.8 Nm
sTmax =
j 0.1947
0.05
0.06589 2 + (0.1947 + 0.2 )2
= 0.1249
Speed
in
rpm
for
which
max
torque
start
R2
R12
+ ( X 1 + X 2 )
s start = 1
sTmax
* R2 =
1
0.1249
R2
* 0.05 = 0.4
occurs
UNIT-4
Starting & Speed control
of 3ph Induction Motor
Presented by
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
UNIT-4 Syllabus
Necessity of
Starters / NEED
FOR STARTING
STARTING
METHODS OF
INDUCTION
MACHINE
Methods of Starting
There are primarily two methods of starting the
induction motor:a) Full voltage starting.
b) Reduced voltage starting.
Full voltage starting methods consist of:a) DOL (Direct-on-line starting)
Reduced voltage starting consist of:a) Stator resistor (or reactor) starting.
b) Auto-transformer starting.
c) Star-delta starting.
AUTO
TRANSFORMER
STARTER
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
I st = xI sc
Rotor
Stator
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
Rotor
Stator
I st = xI sc
Test
Tefl
I1st
=
I1fl
sfl
2 I sc
= x
Ifl
sfl
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
Rotor
Stator
I st = xI sc
xV1
xV1
I st = xI sc
Rotor
Stator
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
I st = xI sc
Rotor
Stator
STAR DELTA
STARTER
Star-Delta starting
For star, 3 terminals of stator wdg are required.
For delta, 6 terminals are required.
Now make delta
Connection.
R Y B
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star
Rotor
Rotor
Rotor
Ist.y
Starting line current with Y- starter
=
Starting line current with stator in 3 Ist.d
1
3
(V1/3)2
Starting torque with Y- starting
=
=
2
Starting torque with stator in
V1
1
3
Example
Determine the % tapping of the auto-transformer so
that the supply current during starting of IM does not
exceed 1.5 times full load current. The short circuit current
on normal voltage is 4.5 times the full load current and the
full load slip is 3%. Calculate the ratio of starting torque
full load torque.
Solution
V1
IL=1.5IFL
Isc=4.5IFL
IL/Isc=0.333
IL
xV1
xV1
In auto-transformer
I st = xI sc
IL/Isc=x2
Rotor
Stator
x=0.577
Test
Now
Tefl
I1st
=
I1fl
2 I sc
sfl = x
I
fl
sfl
= 0.202
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
I st = xI sc
Rotor
Stator
Example
The short circuit line current of a 6hp IM is 3.5 times
its full load current, the stator of which is arranged for star
delta starting. The supply voltage is 400V, full load effn is
82% and full load power factor is 0.85% (lag).
Calculate the line current at the instant of starting.
Neglect magnetizing current.
Solution
P=3 VLILcos
6hp IM,
1
6 746
Isc=3.5IFL
IFL= I L =
Isc=3.5IFL=3.5x5.34
=18.73A
At the instant of starting, motor wdg is in star
For star, line current is equal to phase current.
IL at the instant of start =18.73A for delta (400V)
IL at the instant of start =18.73/3 A for star (400/3)
=10.81A
DOL(Direct-on-line)
Starter
DOL(Direct-on-line)starting
------Eqn(1)
T f I f r2 s f I f
Now
V1
I st =
= I sc
Z sc
Ts I sc
.s f
=
Tf I f
----Eqn(2)
Zsc
Stator
resistance(reactor)
Starter
Stator resistance(reactor)method
In this method, a resistor or a reactor is inserted in
between motor terminals and supply mains.
At the time of starting some voltage drop occurs
across the starting resistor and therefore only a
fraction x of supply voltage appears across it.
This reduces the per phase starting currents Is
drawn by the motor from the supply mains.
As the motor speeds up, the
reactor is cut out in steps
and finally short-circuited
when the motor speed is
near to synchronous speed.
Now we know:-
Therefore we have:-
1 I 22 r2
.
T=
s s
2
Therefore:-
Ts
2 I sc
sf
=x
-----Eqn(1)
Tf
If
2
Rotor resistance
Starter
Speed control of
3 phase Induction Motor
Speed Control of IM
Given a load T characteristic, the steady-state speed can be
changed by altering the T curve of the motor
'
r
3R
Vs
Te =
' 2
ss
Rr
2
Rs + + ( X ls + X lr )
s
2
4
s = = f
P
P
Varying voltage
(amplitude)
Varying line
frequency
Pole Changing
501
V/F control
506
f
f
E1 Vs
ag =
f
f
Tmax
Vs
508
compensate for
voltage drop at Rs
and Lls
Vrated
Linear offset
Boost
Non-linear offset
curve
for low-starting
torque loads
f
509
fs = Kfs,rated s = Ks,rated
(1)
(Note: in (1) , speed is given as mechanical speed)
Vs,rated
s,rated
(3)
510
'
r
Vs
3R
' 2
s s
Rr
2
2
Rs + + K ( X ls + X lr )
s
(4)
Rr'
(5)
Rs + K 2 ( X ls + X lr )
2
Vs
2 s R R + K 2 ( X + X )
s
ls
lr
s
(6)
Constant
Torque Area
Note:
Operation restricted
between synchronous
speed and Tmax for
motoring and braking
regions, i.e. in the
linear region of the
torque-speed curve.
513
CASCADING OPERATION
Cascaded connection
In this method of speed control, two motors
are used. Both are mounted on a same shaft
so that both run at same speed.
One motor is fed from a 3phase supply and
other motor is fed from the induced emf in
first motor via slip-rings.
At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
Slip power
recovery
Kramer
Scherbius
1) Kramer System
RYB
Voltage
regulating
device
f
MIM
ACM
2) Scherbius System
RYB
RYB
f
MIM
Voltage
regulating
device
ACM
AIM
Braking of 3ph
Induction
Motors
Plugging
Dynamic Braking
Regenerative Braking
Braking Methods
Regenerative Braking
Plugging or reverse voltage braking
Dynamic ( or rheostatic ) braking :
a)
b)
c)
d)
ac dynamic braking
Self-excited braking using capacitor
dc dynamic braking
zero-sequence braking
1. Regenerative Braking
If an induction motor is forced to run at speeds in
excess of the synchronous speed, the load
torque exceeds the machine torque and the slip
is negative, reversing the rotor induced EMF and
rotor current. In this situation the machine will
act as a generator with energy being returned to
the supply.
If the AC supply voltage to the stator excitation is
simply removed, no generation is possible
because there can be no induced current in the
rotor.
Regenerative braking
In traction applications, regenerative braking is
not possible below synchronous speed in a
machine fed with a fixed frequency supply. If
however the motor is fed by a variable frequency
inverter then regenerative braking is possible by
reducing the supply frequency so that the
synchronous speed becomes less than the
motor speed.
AC motors can be microprocessor controlled to
a fine degree and can regenerate current down
to almost a stop
TL
A
Te
8 poles 4 poles
0 Speed
1 Slip
C
TL
D
A
Ns
0
B
-Te
+Te
Regenerative braking
Power input to induction motor:
Pin=3VIscoss
Motoring operation s<90
Braking s>90
m> ms
m< ms
Regenerative braking
Advantage: Generated power is usefully
employed
Disadvantage: It can not be employed
below synchronous speed when fed from
constant frequency source.
Speed Range : Between synchronous
speed and the speed for which braking
torque is maximum.
2. Plugging
Plugging induction motor braking is done by reversing
the phase sequence of the motor. Plugging braking of
induction motor is done by interchanging connections
of any two phases of stator with respect of supply
terminals. And with that the operation of motoring shifts
to plugging braking.
During plugging the slip is (2 - s), if the original slip of the
running motor is s, then it can be shown in the following
way.
3. DC Dynamic Braking
or Rheostatic or AC Dynamic Braking
The disadvantages of plugging are removed in dynamic
braking.
Dynamic braking requires less power.
Under normal operating condition
Stator - Rotating Magnetic Field - Ns
Faster sNs
Rotor - Te -
Slower
Rotates - Nr
Slower
Rotor - Teb
Rotates - Nr
Faster Ns(1-s)=
NsS
This Teb is dynamic braking torque.
Teb depends on 1. DC source. 2. Rotor resistance 3. Speed
Circuit Diagram
DC
AC
R1
Stator
Rotor
R1 is connected to limit
stator current
Additional rotor resistance
is also connected to limit
the current and to obtain
braking characteristics
Circuit Diagram
AC
Rectifier
R1
Stator
Rotor
Transformer
I
VDC
jXm
r2/S
I1
I1
I0
I2r2
SE2
I2 jI2Sx2
I2
r2
S
Ns
0
r2
Ted
R2
R2
R2
Ted increases with increase in rotor circuit resistance
0 Speed
1 Slip
IDC N
60
IDC N
3IDC N
MMFDC =
3IDC N
Advantages of
Dynamic Braking
1. Smooth stop
UNIT-5
Single phase Induction
Motor & Special Machines
Presented by
C.GOKUL
AP/EEE
Single phase
Induction Motor
Introduction
What is single phase induction motors?
is an induction motor having a squirrel cage
rotor and a single phase stator winding.
Working Principle
Suppose the rotor is at rest and a single phase
supply is given to the stator winding. Now the current
flowing in the stator winding will produce a m.m.f
with in the stator and this m.m.f induces a current in
the rotor. Again the induced current inside the rotor
will produce a m.m.f with in the rotor itself which is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction with the
stator m.m.f. Thus the two m.m.f cancel out each
other and as a result there will be no net torque
acting on the rotor. There for the rotor will stay at
rest. So due to this effect, we have to find another
method to start the motor.
Disadvantages
Since capacitor start motors have low
starting torque they cannot be used in
applications with severe starting conditions.
Advantage
Disadvantages
Low starting torque
Very little overload capacity
Low efficiency (5% for tiny sizes 35%
for higher ratings)
Special Machines
There are variety of special machines available
Here, our territory includes
Stepper Motor
Hysteresis Motor
AC series Motor
Linear Reluctance Motor
Repulsion Motor
Stepper
Motor
Stepper Motor
Stepper Motor, derives its name from the fact that it follows
definitive step in response to input pulses
See to it, that the input is in the form of pulses
Straightaway it is understood that the input, being pulses, can
be controlled and in turn the output gets controlled
Wherever precise positioning is required stepper motors are
widely employed
Typical values stepper motors develop torque ranging from 1
N-m upto 40 N-m power output range from 1 W to 2500 W
Operating principle
1. Variable Reluctance
Stepper Motor
As usual, it has
Stator
Rotor
2-phase-ON mode
2. Permanent Magnet
Stepper Motor
Advantages
Permanent magnets require no external
exciting current low power loss
High inertia
Develops more torque than VR motor
Disadvantages
It is very difficult to produce permanent
magnet rotor with more number of poles
This makes the design of PM motors with
higher step angle
Applications
Type-writers
Tape drives
Floppy disk drivers
Process control systems
X-Y plotters
Hysteresis Motor
Hysteresis Motor
This is based on the principle of hysteresis
Basically this is a constant speed motor
similar to synchronous motor
As is always the case
It has a
Stator and a Rotor
Hysteresis loss
Hysteresis loss
Hysteresis loss
Applications
AC series Motor
AC series motor
AC series motor
AC series motor
Repulsion Motor
Repulsion Motor
It has a
Stator
Rotor
To make it clear
Linear Induction
Motor
Servo
Motor
Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode
Introduction
They are also called control motors and have high-torque
capabilities
Basic principle of operation is the same as that of other
electromagnetic motors. However, their construction, design
and mode of operation are different.
Their power ratings vary from a fraction of a watt up to a few
100 W.
Both DC and AC (2-phase and 3-phase) servomotors are used.
Applications
In radar , tracking and guidance systems, process controllers,
computers and machine tools.
DC Servomotors
AC Servomotors
Magnetic
Levitation
System
- Introduction
Introduction
What are Magnetic levitation systems?
Maglev. are devices that suspend
ferromagnetic materials with the aid of
electromagnetism. It has wide number
of applications such as high-speed
trains, aerospace shuttles, magnetic
bearings and high-precision platforms.
Reference
Interface
input + E(s) Circuit
Intel micrcontroller
Ts
Digital z
Controller o
E*(s)
h
Interface Magnetic
Circuit U(s)Levitation
System
References
Electrical Machines-II by S. B.
Sivasubramaniyan -MSEC, Chennai
http://yourelectrichome.blogspot.in/
http://www.electricaleasy.com/p/electricalmachines.html
www.scribd.com
www.slideshare.net
References
Armature Reaction of Alternator by N.Karthikeyan
Books Reference
Electric Machinery by A.E. Fitzgerald Charles
Kingsley, Jr.Stephen D. Umans
Electrical Machines by Nagrath & Kothari
Electrical Machines by P.S.Bimbhra
Electrical Machines-II by Godse
Electrical Machines-II by Gnanavadivel