:

15 2014

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

3
5

1
2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

5
6

2.2.1
2.2.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

6
6

2.2.3
2.2.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

8
9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
2.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

10
11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

11
13

4.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

13

4.2
4.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

15
16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
5.1

18
19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
6.1

21
23

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
6.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

24
25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
7.1
). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :(Laurent

25
27

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
9.1

29
30

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
9.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

31
32

10.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

33

10.2
10.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

34
35

10.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
10.4.1

38
40

11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
10.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

41
43

12
13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

46
48

14
15

). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Reimann Mapping Theorem

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (...

48
48

2.1
2.2

10

:
def

1.1 : a + bi = z C z .z = a bi
1.2
z, v C :
.1 z = a + bi ) z z = a2 + b2 " (.
.(z + z) R .2
.(z) = z .3
.z + v = z + v .4
z v = z v .5
.6 v 6= 0

z
v

z

.7 z 6= 0 .z 1 = z 1
1.3 :
a + bi = z C :
.1 z .a = Re (z) = Rz
.2 z .b = Im (z) = Iz
1.4 z = Rz + iIz:
z+z
2
zz
= z z = (Rz + iIz) (Rz iIz) = 2i Iz = Iz
2i
= z + z = (Rz + iIz) + (Rz iIz) = 2Rz = Rz

1.5 :

2
z C |z| = z z z z = a2 + b2

= | ,|z" .z

1.6 :
z, v C :

.|z v| = |z| |v| .1

.2 v 6= 0
.|z| = |z| .3

||z
||v

 
=  . z
v

|Rz| |z| .4 |.|Iz| |z

.||z| |v|| |z + v| |z| + |v| .5


2
2
2
2
||z + v| + |z v| = 2 |z| + |v
.6
3

1.7 :
x + yi = z C z ) (x, y ] [,
a = |z| cos b = |z| sin :
)z = |z| (cos + isin) := |z| is (
z " :

0
<0
>0
<0
=0

y
y
y
y
y

x>0
x < 0,
x < 0,
x = 0,
x = 0,
x = 0,

+
+

y

x
y

x
y
x

ar tan

ar tan

ar tan

Indeterminate

1.8 :
z C z Argz z ] .(,
z } argz = {Argz + 2k | k Z k = 0 .
1.9:
: )= is (

) is (

: :
) z1 z2 = |z1 | is (1 ) |z2 | is (2 ) = |z1 z2 | is (1 + 2
n N:
n

))z n = (|z| is ()) = |z| ( is (n

1.10 :
i
ei(+) = ei ei"

.e
=
cos
R + i sin

n
.z = |z| is () = |z| ei .z n = |z| ei = |z|n ein
1.11 :
n z n = 1 .n N n n
n1
.{k }k=0 :


2k
k
i2 n
: 0k n1
k = e
= is
n

2 :
2.1

2.1 :
E C f : E C ) f (z) = u (z) + iv (z f ))u (z) = R (f (z
f )).v (z) = I (f (z
2.2 u, v R2 R :


u, v : (x, y) R2 | x + iy = z E R
2.3 :
E C f : E C z0 E ) a = lim f (z > 0 > 0
zz0

z E |z z0 | < .|f (z) a| <

2.4 :
.1 f : C C lim f (z) = c C > 0 R > 0
z

) z C\B (0, R .|f (z) c| <

.2 f : C C = ) lim f (z M > 0 R > 0 )z C\B (0, R

z

|f (z)| > M ) .f (z) C\B (0, M

.3 f : C C = ) lim f (z M > 0 > 0 )z B (z0 ,

zz0

|f (z)| > M ) .f (z) C\B (0, M

2.5 :
E C f : E C z0 E ) a = lim f (z" ) = lim u (z
zz0

zz0

) = lim v (z .a = + i
zz0

2.6 :
E C f : E C z0 E )f (z

lim

zE zz0

= ) .f (z0

2.7 ) (:
E C f : E C z0 E" ) v (z) , u (z ) (x0 , y0
.

2.2 :

2.2 :
2.2.1 :
2.8 :o
f : C C ) o (z z0 :


 ) f (z
=0
 lim
 zz0 z z0
zz

: B (z, r) \ {z0 } C (z) 0 0 ) .f (z) = (z) (z z0

2.9 :C R
u : B (z0 , z) R z0 = x0 + iy0 A, B R :
) u (z) = u (z0 ) + A (x x0 ) + B (y y0 ) + o (z z0
u:

) A = ux (z0 ) , B = uy (z0

2.10 :C C
f : B (z0 , r) C z0 z0
.R2 R
2.11 :
f : B (z0 , r) C f z0 :

) f (z) f (z0
= f (z0 ) C
z z0

lim

zz0

f (z0 ) C :

) f (z) = f (z0 ) + f (z0 ) (z z0 ) + o (z z0

2.2.2

: ,f : C C ) f (z) = u (z) + iv (z z0 = x0 + iy0 y0

z = x + iy0 x x0 z z0 = x x0:
)) (u (x, y0 ) + iv (x, y0 )) (u (x0 , y0 ) iv (x0 , y0
) f (z) f (z0
=
z z0
x x0
)) (u (x, y0 ) u (x0 , y0 )) i (v (x, y0 ) v (x0 , y0
=

x x0
x x0

) f (z0 :
u
v
) f (z) f (z0
=
(z0 ) + i
) (z0
z z0
x
x

f (z0 ) = lim

zz0

2.2 :

x0 z = x0 + iy y y0 ) z z0 = i (y y0:
)) (u (x0 , y) u (x0 , y0 )) i (v (x0 , y) v (x0 , y0
) f (z) f (z0
=
z z0
) i (y y0
) u (x0 , y) u (x0 , y0
)v (x0 , y) v (x0 , y
i
=
y y0
y y0
2.12 :

) f (z0 z0:
v
v
u
u
(z0 ) + i
= ) (z0
(z0 ) i
) (z0
x
x
y
y

= ) f (z0

f :
u
v
=
y
x

f
y

v
u
=
x
y

f
i x:
=
C.R

u v z}|{ v u
u
v
f

+
=
+i
=
= i
x x
y
y
y
y
y

= i f
y

f
y

1
i

f
x

=i

v
u
+i
x
x

f
=i
i
x

= .f

2.13 :
f : B (z0 , r) C z0 C" )) u (z) = R (f (z )) v (z) = I (f (z
z0 .z0
2.14 :
f : R2 R2 z0:



) ux (z0 ) uy (z0

) vx (z0 ) vy (z0

= det

) (z0
) (z0

u
y
v
y

) (z0
) (z0

u
x
v
x

Jf (z0 ) = det

) f (z0 :





) ux (z0 ) uy (z0
) ux (z0 ) vx (z0
= det
Jf (z0 ) = det

) vx (z0 ) vy (z0
) ux (z0 ) ux (z0
2 
2

2 
2 





= ux (z0 ) + vx (z0 ) = ux (z0 ) + ivx (z0 ) = f (z0 ) 0

f : B (z0 , r) C Jf (z0 ) < 0 z0 f .z0

2.15 : f : R2 R
2
2
f = xf2 + yf2 .
2.16 )(:

2.2 :

f : C C Rf If .
2.2.3

f : R2 R x, y ) x = x (t, s )) y = y (t, s x, y
(t, s R2 :
!
  

f
x
f
y

x
t
y
t

x
s
y
s

f
t
f
s

. :
: x = r cos y = r sin
1 f
ir

z+z
2

= x


zz
2i

cos
r sin

x
r
y

r
y

1
=
ir

v
u
i

u
v
1
f
=
+i
=
r
r
r
r

= y

1

 y
z
y
z

v u
i
+

sin
r cos

 x

v
u
+
x y

i
2

1
2i
1
2i

2
1
2

u v

x y

 x

z
x
z

1
f
=
z
2

f : C C " = 0

f
z

2.17 z :z
f : C C :




i v
f
1 u v
u
+
=
+

z
2 x y
2 x y




i v
1 u v
u
f
+
=

+
z
2 x y
2 x y
:


f
u
f
v
f
=
+
+i
=
z
z
x
x
x


f
v
f
v
f
i
=

+i
=
z
z
x
y
y
:

" = 0

f
z

f
f

z
z

=i
y

+
z z

" = f

f
z

=
x

= 0

f
z

= f

f
x

. f
= z

2.2 :

2.18 )(:
C f : C ) u, v( z0 z :
) f (z0
) f (z0
(z z0 ) +
)| z z0 + o (|z z0
z
z

= )f (z

2.2.4 :
2.19 ) :(2
f, g z0 , C f g ,f + g

f
g

) (g (z0 ) 6= 0 z0:

) (f + g) (z0 ) = f (z0 ) + g (z0

) (f g) (z0 ) = f (z0 ) g (z0 ) + g (z0 ) f (z0

 

) f (z0 ) g (z0 ) g (z0 ) f (z0

f
= ) (z0
g
) g 2 (z0
2.20 :
f : B (z0 , r) C g : B (0 , ) C ) 0 = f (z0 f z0 g 0
)) (g f ) (z) = g (f (z ,z0 z0:

) (g f ) (z0 ) = g (f (z0 )) f (z0

2.3

2.3 :

Holomorphi Fun tio

(:
2.21 )
C , f : C f .z
2.22 :
z = x + iy C ).ez = ex (cos y + i sin y
2.23 ) :(2
.1 z C .ez 6= 0
.2 z C .ez = ez
.3 z C k Z .ez+2k = ez
.4 0 6= C ez = .
.5 z1 , z2 C .ez1 +z2 = ez1 ez2
2.24 :
z C:
iz

iz

sin (z) = e e } {k | k Z ).cos (z

.1
2i


iz
iz
.2
cos (z) = e +e 2 + k | k Z ). sin (z
2

.3

)sin(z
)cos(z

= ) tan (z .

.4

)cos(z
)sin(z

= ) cot (z .
z

2
cos(2z)+1

= ).sec2 (z

2
cos(2z)1

= ) s 2 (z

sinh (z) = e e } .{ik | k Z ).cosh (z

.5
2




ez +ez
.6
).sinh (z
= ) cosh (z 2 + k i | k Z
2
2

)sinh(z
2
.7
) tanh (z) = cosh(z .
. cosh12 (z) = ez +e
z
.8

)cosh(z
)sinh(z

= ) coth (z .

2

2.25 ) :(2

C f : C f (z) = 0 z f .
2.26 ) :(2
f : B (z0 , r) C z0 ) f (z ) B (z0 , r . z0

10

2
ez ez

3.1 : [a, b] R : [a, b] C C

) . (t) = x (t) + iy (t ) (t" " ) x (t) , y (t .
3.2 :
2 : [a2 , b2 ] C ,1 [a1 , b1 ] C ] h : [a1 , b1 ] [a2 , b2 :
h (a1 ) = a2 .1 . h (b1 ) = b2
H .2 ," .
.3 ] t [a1 , b1 ).2 (h (t)) = 1 (t
3.3 :
: [a, b] C : [a, b] C " ) (t) = (a + b t .
3.4 :
: [a, b] C :

.1 ] t [a, b ) (t) = x (t) + iy (t .

.2 a = t0 < t1 < ... < tn = b
] [ti , ti+1 .
3.5 :
: [a, b] C ) (:
)
<

}| (ti+1 ) (ti )| | T = {a = t0 < t1 < ... < tn = b

(n1
X

() = sup

i=0

].[a, b
3.6 :
: [a, b] C ) l ( :
 b

b q

 
2
2
x (t) + y (t) dt
=  (t) dt
a

= ) (

 


)  (t [a, b] R .

3.7 :C C .

3.1

3.8 : K Rd :
.1 K .
.2 K .
K .3 .
11

3.1 :

3.9 1 2 . 3
.
3.10 :
K Rd f : K R :
f .1 .K
.2 ] f [K .
f .3 " .K
3.11 :
C fn : C " f : C f.

12

 4 :

4 :
4.1

: [a, b] C ,

. f : C , . f (z) dz
, } T = {a = t0 ... tn = b ] (0 i n 1) i [ti , ti+1:
)) f ( (i )) ( (ti+1 ) (ti
| } | {z
{z
}
C

n1
X
i=0

= ) Sf (T

4.1 :
. f 
f
:

: [a, b] C


I C lim Sf (T ) = I . f (z) dz = I . f (z) dz
(T )0

4.2 " I C > 0 > 0 T ] [a, b

0 , ..., n1 (T ) < .|Sf (T ) I| <
4.3 :
.1 : [a, b] C
, : [c, d]
C f : C
f (z) dz f (z) dz .
.2 : [a, b] C f : C ) (t) = (1 t:


f (z) dz

f (z) dz =

.3 : [a, b] C f, g : C , C:


g (z) dz

f (z) dz +

f (z) dz

g (z) dz

(f (z) + g (z)) dz =

(f (z) + g (z)) dz

., C

.4 : [a, c] C , ) b (a, c f : C f (z) dz

|[a,b] f (z) dz |[b,c] f (z) dz:


f (z) dz

f (z) dz +
]|[b,c

"

= f (z) dz
]|[a,b

.5 : [a, b] C f : C f (z) dz





M > 0 |f (z)| M z ). f (z) dz  M (
13

 4 :

4.1 :

4.4 :



 


|) f (z) dz  |f (z)| dz () max |f (z


z



" ":

|) z : |f (z)| = max |f (z
z

" ":
z : argf (z) = onst
" f ."
f f
.
4.5 :
: [a, b] C f : C :
b

f ( (t)) (t) dt

= f (z) dz

4.6 :

C f : C . F : C F )F (z) = f (z
) z F .(f : [a, b] ,:


))f (z) dz = F ( (b)) F ( (a

4.7 .
4.8 " :
.
fn : C "
C : [a, b]


f : C fn (z) dz .n N f (z) dz :


f (z) dz

= fn (z) dz

lim

4.9 :5

14

4.2

4 :

} .P := {z C | 0 I (z) h f : P C P

}P := {z C | 0 < I (z) < h

> 0 M > 0 z P |R (z)| M |f (z)| <


f (x) dx

. f (x + ih) dx

4.2 :
4.10 :
z0 z0 :
: [0, 1] C /
1
dz
z z0

1
2i

) ind (, z0

4.11 .z0
.
z0:
4.12 1 , 2 1 2 ) / Im (1 2
) = ind (1 , z0 ) + ind (2 , z0

) ind (, z0

4.13 :
z0 .ind (, z0 ) Z
: [0, 1] C /
:
) C\Im ( .
)ind (B

A, B B A )= 1 + ind (A
B A ) .ind (A) = ind (B) + 1 90(.
4.14 :
C , : [a, b] f : C .
} T = {a = t0 < ... < tn = b ] [a, b T : [a, b] C ] T |[tj ,tj+1 ) zj = (tj
) .zj+1 = (tj+1 > 0 > 0 T : (T ) <







 f (z) dz f (z) dz 




T

4.15 |T > 0
.

15

4.3

4 :

, :

4.16 :
.
1
1
zz

z0
f (z) = 2i .z 6= z0 : [0, 1] C /
0
n : [0, 1] C ) ( :






 1 n
1
1
1
1

 = |) |ind (, z0 ) ind (n , z0
0
dz f
<  dz

2i z z0  n
 2i z z0
n

) (, z0

n (n , z0 ) Z

ind

ind

= ind (n , z0 )

n N (, z0 ) Z

ind

4.3 , :
4.17

Cau hy Integral Theorem

.Cau hy-Goursat

A, B, C . : [0, 3] C
A, B, C ] |[1,2] = [B, C] ,|[0,1] = [A, B ] .|[2,3] = [C, A
] = [A, B, C, A ".
4.18 :
f = f (z) dz = 0

4.19 : E C , f
E D C D f .D
4.20 :
:
.1 : A, B, C, D ). = (ABC) (ACD
f :


f (z) dz = 0

.2 : f ) B (z0 , R:


f (z) dz = 0
)S(z0 ,R

16

4.3

4 :

, :

4.21 ) (:
f ) B (z0 , R ) a B (z0 , R:
)f (z
dz
za

1
2i

= )f (a

)S(z0 ,R

) S (z0 , R .
4.22 C .f : C
B (z0 , r) ) a B (z0 , r:
)f (z
dz
za

1
2i

)S(z0 ,r

17

= )f (a

5 :
5.1 :

{zn }n=0 C zn
N
1
X

.1 zn

. :

n=0

= SN.

n=0

.2 | |zn

N
1
X

= SN.

n=0

5.2 .zn 0
5.3 :
zn

n=0

" > 0 n0 N m > n n0:



m1

 X
 = |)|Sm (z) Sn (z
zk  <


k=n



m1
 m1
X  X
.
 zk
5.4 | |zn


k=n

k=n

5.5 :

{un (z)}n=0 ,E C :
.1 )un (z

z0 E ) un (z0

n=0

z0 E )un (z
.2 )un (z

n=0

.E

n=0

n=0

z0 E |) |un (z0

z0 E |)|un (z
.3 )un (z

. "

. "

n=0

.E

n=0

" E )uk (z

n=0

n1
X
k=0

= ) (n 1) Sn (z " E

) .f (z > 0 n0 N n n0 |Sn (z) f (z)| < .z E

18

5.1 :

5.6 ":

} {an n0 N n n0
{un (z)}n=0 .E C n=0 R

X
X
" .E
)un (z
z E .|un (z)| an an
n=0

n=0

5.7 " :
}) {un (z ,E C:
n=0
.1 un n )un (z

" E .E

n=0

.2 un n E )un (z

" :

n=0

un (z) dz

= un (z) dz

n=0

5.1

n=0

5.8 :
n

z0 C z0 ) an (z z0

n=0

an C .n

5.9 un (z) = an (z z0 )n C .n

5.10 )Abel

( :

) an (z z0

n=0

z0 r > 0 {an rn }n=0 . 0 < r

" ).B (z0 ,

5.11 :
n

) an (z z0

n=0

0 R + " ) B (z0 ,

.z ) S (z ).B (z0 , R
< R )/ B (z0 , R
R 5.12

}is bounded

} .R = sup {r 0 | {an rn
n=0

5.13:
.1 " .
.2 " ) B (z0 , R ) B (z0 , R"
) B (z0 , R ).B (z0 , R

19

5.1 :

5.14 :
1


X
1
an (z z0 )n

.R = lim sup |an | n

n

n=0

5.15 :
n

) an (z z0

"

n=0

n1

) nan (z z0

n=0

5.16 :
C , f : C , z0 K .z0 K
F : C K w K z0:


= ) F (w) F (z0

f (z) dz

F f .K
5.17 :
C uk : C . K . :
P
.1 ) k=0 uk (z0 z0 K.
P
.2 ) f (z) = k=0 uk (z " .K
P

) k=0 uk (z " K ) F (z ).F (z) = f (z

5.18 .

5.19 :
X
cn (z z0 )n
= F (z) : .R > 0 ) B (z0 , R
n=0
X

n1
) ncn (z z0
= f (z) : " ).F (z) = f (z
n=1

5.20 " ) F (z ) f (z ) B (z0 , R

. ).F (z) = f (z

20

6 :
6.1 :
C , f : C z0 B (z0 , r)
) z B (z0 , r:
n

)an (z z0 ) = f (z

n=0

6.2 :
B (z0 , r) C g : B (z0 , r) C ) B (z0 , r g () d = 0
g ) B (z0 , r ) z B (z0 , r :

= )G (z

g () d
][z0 ,z

6.3 " :
C , f : C " .
6.4 :
f ,z0 0 < r < R:


)f (z

n+1 dz

) (z z0

1
= an
2i

)S(z0 ,r

R 0 < r < R
" z0 f )
z0 .(
, R r < R
r .
6.5 ) S (z0 , r , , .z0
6.6 :
n

) an (z z0

= ) f (z ) .B (z0 , r f :

n=0
nm

) n (n 1) (n m + 1) an (z z0

21

n=m

= )(z

)(m

6.7 f ) B (z0 , r 0 < < r :



)f (z

m+1 dz

) (z z0

) f (m) (z0
1
=
=
!m
2i

am

)S(z0 ,

) ( f :z0
)f (z

n+1 dz

) (z z0

!n
= ) (z0
2i

)(n

)S(z0 ,

) S (z0 , , , .z0
6.8 :
C f : C f .
6.9 :
C f : C , z0 z :

X
) f (n) (z0
n
) (z z0
!n
n=0

= )f (z

.
6.10 :
f : C F : C .f F f .
6.11 :
C f : C , .B (z0 , r) F : B (z0 , r) C

) z B (z0 , r ) ,F (z) = f (z F f.

6.12 Morera

C f : C . z0 z0 Bz0
Bz0 . f (z) dz = 0 f .
6.13 " :
C fn : C " K
)(k
.f : C f . k fn : C " ) f (k
.

22

6.1

6.1 :
6.14 :
: [a, b] C C , f : C :
f .1 .(z, )
.2 f (z, ) : C .
f (z, ) d

= ) F (z F :


f
(z, ) d
z

= )F (z

6.15 :
z
C /
:
) (
d
z

)(
z

= ) , f (z, "

= ) (z

z .
6.16 :

C f : C . {zn }n=1 a
n N .f (zn ) = 0 f (z) = 0 .z
6.17 A f A f .
6.18
f, g : C C zn ) f (zn ) = g (zn n f g .
6.19 :
C f1 , ..., fn : C f1 fn 0 . j fj 0 .
6.20 f1 fn .
: zn z0 , f1 fn (zn ) = 0 .n j
fj (zn ) = 0 ,n j fj (0) = 0

f1 fn (zn ) = 0 .n n0 N j n n0 fj (zn ) = 0 {zn0 +n }n=1

z0 fj (zn ) = 0 n fj 0 .
6.21 :8
f : B (0, 1) C ) f (z) = f (z f 0.
: ) .f (z) = f (z .A := z B (0, 1) R z A z = z
) f (z) = f (z f A ) f (0 . n
23

6.2

) f (n) (0 . ,z A f A :
)= f (z

) f (z

1
n
1
n

f z+

= lim

) f (z

1
n
1
n

f z+

= lim

) f (z

1
n
1
n

f z+

f (z) = lim

f A ) f (0 .
n N ) f (n A ) f (n) (0 ,n.
6.22 :
C f : C f (x) R
x R ) f (z) = f (z .z
: x R )) f (x) = f (x) = f (x (x = x ) f (z ) f (z
. ,.

6.2 :
6.23 :
f : C C .C

6.24 Liouville

f : C C f .
6.25 :
.1 f z f ) (3
.2 f z1 , z2 | |z1 | = |z2 ) .f (z1 ) = f (z2 f ) .(3
.3 f z1 , z2 ) (z1 ) = arg (z2

arg

) .f (z1 ) = f (z2 f ) .(3

.4 f |) |f (z . f ) .(3
.5 f R > 0 |z| > R | |f (z)| C |ez c C .f = cez
.6 f ) ( f ) .(7
.7 f ) .f (z) = f (z + 1) = f (z + i f ) .(7

.8 f | |f (z)| < a + b |z z C . > 0 f ) (.

6.26 :
f f (m) 0 f .m 1
6.27 ) :(7
f : C C . ). lim f (z
z

24

7.1 :
C 0 , 1 : I , 0 , 1 : I I :
.1 ) .(I I
.2 t I ) (0, t) = 0 (t t I ). (1, t) = 1 (t
" {s }sI ).s (t) = (s, t
7.2 :
C 0 , 1 : I )) 0 (0) = 1 (0 ) .(0 (1) = 1 (1 0 1
: I I s I
(s, 0) = z0 . (s, 1) = z1
7.3 :
C , f : C 0 , 1 : I :


f (z) dz

= f (z) dz
0

7.1 :
7.4 :
R2 .
7.5 .
7.6 :
f f (z) dz = 0

7.7 :
f f .
7.8 :  f
f (z) dz = 0 . :


=F (z) :

f (u) du
][z0 ,z

f )
.(F
." :
.1 f f f .
.2 f f f .
.3 f f .

25

7.1

7.9 a a:
dz
Z
za

1
2i

)ind (, a

7.10 :
f . z0 \:
)f (z
dz
z z0

n 0:
dz

)f (z
(z z0 )n+1

1
2i

= ) f (z0 ) ind (, z0

!n
2i

= ) f (n) (z0 ) ind (, z0

26

 8 ):(Laurent

):(Laurent

8.1 :
z0 C {an }nZ C :
n

) an (z z0

n=

= )L (z

:
an (z z0 )n = a0 + a1 (z z0 ) + ....
a1
a2
+
+ ..
z z0
(z z0 )2

= an (z z0 )n

n=0

= )L+ (z

1
X

n=

= )L (z

L z L+ L z :
)L (z) = L+ (z) + L (z
L L

)Part

.(Prin iplal

8.2 :
L R+ .L+
ak k

1
r

= R r

1
X

an

= () :

n=

k=1

0 R < R+ L " :
} A (z0 , R , R+ ) = {z C | R < |z z0 | < R+
L+ L " . L z :
z
} / A = {z C | R |z z0 | R+
:
1

1
n
| R+ = lim sup |an

1
n

| R = lim sup |an

n

8.3 .

27

 8 ):(Laurent

8.4 :
L .z0 C L ) .A (z0 , R , R+ R < r < R+
:
dz n Z

)L (z

(z z0 )n+1

1
= an
2i

)S(z0 ,r

, , .z0
8.5 :
0 R1 < R2 ) .A := A (z0 , R1 , R2 f A a A:
)f (z
dz
za

)f (z
1
dz
za
2i

) S(z0 ,R1

1
2i

= )f (a

) S(z0 ,R2

8.6 :
0 R1 < R2 f ) A := A (z0 , R1 , R2 f .
8.7 R1 < r1 < r2 < R2 ) :a A (z0 , r1 , r2
)f (z
dz
za
)f (z
dz
za

1
2i

= )L+ (a

) S(z0 ,r2

1
L (a) =
2i

) S(z0 ,r1

8.8 :
f ) A (z0 , R1 , R2 L z0 R1 < r < R2 :
)f (z

n+1 dz

) (z z0

1
2i

= n Z : an

)S(z0 ,r

.
8.9 ) S (z0 , r , .A
8.10 :
f ) B (a, r) = B (a, r) \ {a} = A (a, 0, r ) z B (a, r f
0 < < r .
P1
n
8.11 ) L (z) = n= an (z a
R1 R = 0 .

28

9 :
9.1 :
f ) B (z0 , r . z0 f m 1 f (k) (z0 ) = 0
0 k m 1 .f (m) (z0 ) 6= 0 f z0 = )f (z
)(m
)(n
P
n
) n=m f n!(z0 ) (z z0 . f m!(z0 ) 6= 0

9.2:

.1 z0 m ) B (z0 , r ) f (z) = (z z0 ) (z
)(m
P
nm
) . (z) = n=m f m!(z0 ) (z z0
. (z0 ) = am 6= 0"

.2 f 0 ).B (z0 , r

.3 f , > 0 f (z) 6= 0 } z B (z0 , ) \ {z0

n
= zn f (zn ) = 0 n .f 0
zn z0 6 z0
9.3 f z0 C f z0 :
n

) an (z z0

1
X

= )G(f,z0 ) (z

n=

} .C\ {z0
9.4 :
P f =B (z0 , r) :
z0 C f r > 0

n
} .B (z0 , r) \ {z0 " f ) f (z) = n= an (z z0 B :
z0 .1 ) (Removable an = 0 ) n < 0 f .(B

z0 .2 m > 0 am 6= 0 an = 0 ) n < m f (.
z0 .3 ) (Essential ) (
9.5 , f.
9.6 :
z0 C ,f :
z0 .1 .f
.2 f : B (z0 , r) C ) f (z) = f (z ).z B (z0 , r


f .3 ) B z0 , r2 z0 f(.

.4 lim inf M () = 0 |)|f (z

0

max

)zB(z0 ,

= ).M (

29

9.1

9.7 )(:
z0 f z0 " ) lim f (z" .c C
zz0

9.8 :m
z0 C ,f :
z0 .1 m 1 .f
.2 g ) B (z0 , r g (z0 ) 6= 0
.3 > 0
m .z0

1
)f (z

)g(z
(zz0 )m

= ) f (z ).z B (z0 , r

} B (z0 , ) \ {z0 ) B (z0 ,

.4 ) lim (z z0 ) f (z .0,
zz0

9.9 )(:
z0 C f z0 f .C C
n
n
zn z0 .f (zn )
9.10 ) :(9
z0 f z0 f" = |). lim |f (z
zz0

9.11 )(:
z0 C f .z0 }|) .M (f ) = max {|f (z z0
|zz0 |=

f" m N:
= ) lim sup m M (f

9.1

9.12 ' ) (:

f, g z0 C f (z0 ) = g (z0 ) = 0

)f (z
)g (z

)f (z
)zz0 g(z

. lim

9.13 '
.
9.14 )(:
f, g f ,z0 f (z0 ) 6= 0 g .z0 fg
\ \m z0" g1 \ \m .z0

30

9.2

9.15 ) (:
g, h z0 h m ,z0:
.1 g (z0 ) 6= 0

g
h

= f m .z0

.2 g (z0 ) = 0 z0 n g n < m
z0 .f

g
h

= f m n z0 n m

9.16 )(:
f, g z0 m f n g z0 n + m .f g
: h1 , h2 z0 z0

9.2

h1 h2
(zz0 )n+m

h1
(zz0 )m

= f

h2
(zz0 )n

= .g

= f g h1 h2 z0 z0 z0 n + m .f g

9.17 :
R > 0 f } .{z C | |z| > R

f




1
B 0, R , f

g (z) = f z1 }\ {0
f 1z.
9.18 ) (:

f :
.1 " f.
.2 m" f .m
9.19 ) (:
f , f " m" f m
" f .
9.20 ) lim f (z :
z

.1 " f " f .


.2 " f = lim f z1 z = 0
z0

f" f .

"

6.27

1

f , ). lim f (z
z

31

10

10 :
10.1 ':
: [a, b] C ' ) ) (t1 ) = (t2" t1 = a .(t2 = b
10.2 ' ) (:


C\ = C C ,
C '

. = = , ) z ( Ind (, z) = 1 z .ind (, z) = 0

10.3 = 1

)ind (, z

10.4 :
n
a
(z

z
)

B
(z
,
)r

f
0

0
n= n
f z0 . Res f = a1

z=z0

= ) f (z f ) .B (z0 , r

10.5 :
.1 z0 f z0 f )
.(a1 z0 f f
z0 f z0 .
.2 a1 = 0 ) (z z0 )n } (n Z\ {1
f " )
(.

10.6 z0 0 < < r n Z :



)f (z

n+1 dz

) (z z0

1
2i

= an

)S(z0 ,

f (z) dz

1
2i

)S(z0 ,

32

Res f
z=z0

10.1

10.1

10

10.7 ) (:
.1 f, g z0 a, b C:
(af + bg) = a Res f + b Res g
z=z0

z=z0

.2 z0 m 1 f

)g(z
(zz0 )m

Res

z=z0

= ) f (z:

1
dm1
1
m
])[(z z0 ) f (z
= ) g (m1) (z0
lim
!)(m 1
(m 1)! zz0 dz m1

=f

Res

z=z0

:
) f = lim (z z0 ) f (z) = g (z0
zz0

.3

)g(z
(zz0 )m

Res

z=z0

= ) f (z g z0:
1
) g (m1) (z0
!)(m 1

=f

Res

z=z0

.4 g, h z0 h (z0 ) = 0 h (z0 ) 6= 0:
) g (z0
) h (z0

g
h

Res

z=z0

10.8 ) (:
C f, : C z0 1 f z0:
(f ) = (z0 ) Res f
z=z0

Res

z=z0

10.9 .
10.10 ) :(11
g z0 g:
)g (z
) = R (z0
z z0
R g .

33

Res

z=

10

10.2

10.2

10.11 f z0 f z0 :
n

) an (z z0

1
X

= )G(f,z0 ) (z

n=

} .C\ {z0

10.12 )Residue Theorem

(:

C f .z1 , z2 , ..., zm
z1 , ..., zm:
(, zk ) Res f
z=zk

ind

m
X

f (z) dz = 2i

k=1

' z1 , ..., zm (, zi ) = 1
f

Res

z=zk

m
X

i:

Ind

f (z) dz = 2i

k=1

10.13 : C )
( A \ . f \A:
ind (, z) Resf
z

f (z) dz = 2i

zA

z = 0
/
ind (, z) Resf
z

)ind (, z

f dz = 2i

zA

10.14 ) :(11
) p (z) , q (z deg q > deg p + 1

)p(z
)q(z

= ) f (z .

m R > 0 q
: .degq = m   m
) z1 , ..., zm ( B 0, R:




 ) p (z



 ) dz 1 2R max  p (z
 ) q (z


2
)zB (0,R ) q (z



 

 
 m






 X

p   1
 )p (z
1
 =  Resf
Res
=

dz

 
z
z=zk
q   2i
q (z)  2

k=1
of f
)  B (0,R

) B (0,R



X



z singularity

P
Pl
k
k
q (z) = m" .1 :
= ) p (z k=0 bk z
k=0 ak z




)z m z ml p (z
)p (z
al + al1 z 1 + .... + a0 z m z al
)p (z) /q (z
ml
=
=
z

=1
=
lm
m
z
)q (z
)z q (z
bm + bm z 1 + ... + b0 z m
bm
34

10.3

10

)p(z
)q(z

z k 0 .k > 0





A
)  p(z A > 0 . :
R R > 0 |z| = R q(z)  < Rml

1
z ml

m


 
X
 ) p (z
 p
A
R


= <R A
Res
0

  R max

ml
ml1
z=z

)B(0,R) q (z
 q
R
R
k
k=1

R " .

10.3

:
) R : C B (0, 1 ) .z B (0, 1 :
2

=I :

R (cos , sin ) d
0

z = ei ] [0, 2 ) B (0, 1 ))= R (cos () , sin (

ei

ei e1i
,
2i

1
ei

ei +
2

2

1
R
iei

= dz
0

z z1
2i

z + z1 z z1
,
2
2i

z+ z1
2

2

2

R (cos () , sin ()) d

1
= R (cos () , sin ()) iei d
iei

.R :

1
R
iz


)B(0,1

:
dz

z + z1 z z1
,
2
2i

1
R
iz

=I
)B(0,1

R ) B (0, 1 :
=1
Resf
z

z z1
2i

z+ z1
2

1
iz R

)zB(0,1

= 2i

|}

ind (, z) Resf
z

I := 2i

)zB(0,1

= ) f (z f ).B (0, 1

: R > 0 } B + (0, R) = {z C | I (z) 0 |z| < R .R

) R = B + (0, R .R :


]R := B + (0, R) [R, R] = R [R, R
.[R, R] = R \R

35

10.3

10

:
) P (x) , Q (x ) deg Q deg P + 2 ( Q


)P (x
Q(x) dx

= I : Q .

P, Q

P
Q

. :



)P (z
P
)(z
P
)(z
dz = lim
dz
dz
R
)Q (z
)Q (z
)Q (z
R

)P (z
dz = 0
)Q (z

R

I = lim

R
R

lim

R
R

deg Q deg P + 2 R |z| = R

A
R2



 ) P (z
)  Q(z A R . :
<





 ) P (z
A
A R
A


 Q (z) dz  < (R ) R2 = R R2 = R 0


R

P
Q

Res
z

X
)P (z
dz = 2i lim
R
)Q (z

zR

I = lim

R
R

P
) Q
( Q .R

R " :
 
X
P
I = 2i
Res
z
Q

R R .1
:

)P (x
)Q(x

= ) f (x deg P < deg Q Q ,R a > 0 :



f (x) eiax dx

=I :

36

10.3

10

10.15 ' ) 11 (:
f : C C H+ :


max |f (z)| = 0
lim
zH+ ,|z|=R

R R a > 0:


f (z) eiaz dz = 0

lim

R
R

a < 0 .

)P (z
)Q(z

deg P < deg Q R |z| = R

P (z) iaz
e dz = 0
)Q (z

lim

R
R

] R = R [R, R:

f eiaz

Res
z

f (z) eiaz dz = 2i

zH+

A
R2



 ) P (z
)  Q(z:
<

I = lim

R
R

f (z) eiaz ) H+
) Q (z (.

37

10

10.4

10.4 :

10.16 :
f C f .
10.17 :
f ' ,f:

)f (z
) dz = 2i (Zf Pf
)f (z

Zf ) ( f Pf ) (.
10.18:
.1 .
.2 f .f

10.19 : , ff dz f C
f f f
. :
1
)dz = ind (f , 0
z

1
)f (z
= dz
)f (z
2i

1
2i

10.20 )Rou he

(:

f, g C ' . :
|)|f (z) g (z)| < |f (z
) z g (z) 6= 0 f (z) 6= 0 z"( :
}

multipli ity

g in in luding

of

} = # {zeros

multipli ity

in luding

in

of

# {zeros

10.21 :
.1 .
.2 f g
f g 0
= .
: ' . f, g
z = |) .|f (z) g (z)| < |f (z)| + |g (z f g ) (.

38

 10.4 :

10

10.22 ) :(13
P
p (z) = nk=0 ak z k n 1 p n ) (.

: : " p .1

)zp (z
)p(z

= ) ,g (z :

a1
n1
+ ... + zn1
n + (n1)a
nz n + (n 1) an1 z n1 + + a1 z
z
=
a
a
+ ... + + zn0
z n + an1 z n1 + + a0
1 + n1
z

= )g (z

g (z) n R > 0 |g (z) n| < 21 .|z| R

p ) B (0, R :
g (z) n
dz
z

1
n
dz +
z
2i

)S(0,R

g (z) n
dz
z

1
)g (z
= dz
z
2i

)S(0,R

1
)p (z
= dz
)p (z
2i

)S(0,R

1
g (z) n
dz = n +
z
2i

)S(0,R

1
2i

= Zp

)S(0,R

1
n ind (S (0, R) , 0) +
2i

)S(0,R

R :
1
2

|max |g (z) n

)zS(0,R







  1  g (z) n
  g (z) n
1


=R 1
 dz
 2R max


 2i
 2
z
z
R
)zS(0,R
) S(0,R


|Zp n| 12 "
21 ,Zp = n.
: f (z) = an z n ) := B (0, R R 1 )

o
n
1 Pn1
| .(R > max 1, |an | k=0 |ak z :
n1
 n1
n1
X
 X
X

k
k
 = |)|f (z) p (z
 ak z
= ||ak | |z
|ak | Rk


k=0

k=0

k=0

|)|ak | Rn1 < |an | Rn = |f (z

n1
X
k=0

:
Zp = |{z B (0, R) | p (z) = 0}| = {z B (0, R) | z n = 0} = n
n n C ) B (0, R R".

39

10

10.4 :

10.4.1 :
10.23 ) m :(13
f z0 z0 m .f U z0 ] f [U
f (z) = m .U
10.24 m . f1
: f ) (z0 "
z0 . z0 f f
. > 0 f )) B (z0 ,
z0 f 0( . z0

f )) B (z0 , f f 0 f ( .:
1
inf |f (z)| > 0
)2 zB(0,

= :

} B (f (z0 ) , ) \ {z0 f (z) = m ) .B (z0 , . (z) = f (z)

) z B (z0 , :
|)|f (z) (z)| = || < < 2 |f (z
f (z) = f (z) = 0 ) B (0, " .m
} B (0, ) \ {0 f (z) = m ) .B (0,
z0 f ) B (z0 , .1
10.25 " ) :(13
C fn : C " " f f ".
: f . f f " .
z1 6= z2 .f (z1 ) = f (z2 ) = a ' f (z) 6= a z .z1 , z2
f

uniformally

fn uniformally f

fn a
f a

fn

)f (
|}d = |{z : f (z) = a
f () a

:


)fn (
n 1
d
fn () a
2i

1
2i

= |}|{z : fn (z) = a

.
n :
|{z : fn (z) = a}| = |{z : f (z) = a}| 2
fn " .
10.26 ) :(12
C fn : C " . f
' f . fn f
fn .

40

10

10.5 :

10.5 :
10.27 :
C f : C f .

10.28 )Maximum Modulus Prin iple

(:

.  C |) |f (z .z
f




z z |).f z  > |f (z

10.29 | |f .

: + : ,z0 z0 | .|f > 0 .B (z0 , )

:





 
  1
 ) f (z
 )f (z
1



 = |) |f (z0
 dz
 z z0  dz
 2i
z z0  2
) S(z0 ,

)S(z0 ,
2

|}
{
z}|{ 1 z
|) (S (z0 , )) max |f (z)| = max |f (z
|f (z)| dz
2
)zS(z0 ,
)zS(z0 ,

1 1

=
2

)S(z0 ,

z0 | |f :
|) max |f (z)| = |f (z0

)zS(z0 ,

|) |f (z0

|) |f (z)| dz = |f (z0

1
2

)S(z0 ,

" ) z S (z0 , |) ) |f (z)| = |f (z0 f ) S (z0 , (.

" 0 < r < z |z z0 | |) |f (z)| = |f (z0 |)|f (z
) .B (z0 , f )B (z0 , f ) B (z0 ,
.
10.30 : f z0:





  1


|)f (z) dz  = () max |f (z


 2i
)zS(z0 ,r

) S(z0 ,r

|) |(z z0 ) f (z ) .S (z0 , r " R1 r R2 |) |(z z0 ) f (z ) A (z0 , R1 , R2

) (z z0 ) f (z .

41

10

10.5 :

10.31 ) :(12
.1 C f . | |f .
.2 C f . Rf If .
:
 
 
.1 f1   f1 .
z |) |f (z)| |f (z0
 
 z0  | .|f z0 
  1   1
 
) . f (z z0   f1.
 )   f (z0
.2 ) ,ef (z :

)ef (z) = eRf (z)+iIf (z) = eRf (z) eiIf (z

.z z0 z
Rf  0 
) Rf (z) Rf (z0 ) .eRf (z0 ) eRf (z  ) eRf (z0 ) = ef (z ef z0
. ) ,eif (z:
)eif (z) = eiRf (z)+If (z) = eiRf (z) eIf (z

 ) if (z
e
) = eIf (z
z0 ) If (z



if
if
)(z
) eIf (z 
e .
e
10.32 :
C f , . |) |f (z
) (.
10.33 f |)|f (z .
10.34
C f , , f
." f .

10.35 )S hwarz

(:

f ) D := B (0, 1 f (0) = 0 z D |f (z)| 1:

.1 z D |.|f (z)| |z




.f (0) 1 .2

1 2 C || = 1 f (z) = z .z D

42

 11 :

11 :

C ) {n}n=1 (.
11.1 ) (:
.C }{ C : = C C
C
}{ V V C R > 0 .{|z| > R | R > 0} V
C C
{zn } C
.
) a C C
n=1
(.
11.2 :






a
b
d
a, b, c, d C  = ad bc 6= 0
 C
,M (z) = az+b
M : C\ c cz+d
c d


C
C = M d .M () = a

M : C
c
c
dzb
1
M (z) = cz+a .
11.3
:C


 a b

a, b, c, d C  = ad bc 6= 0
 .
c d
11.4 :

a1 z+b1
c1 z+d1

a1 , a2 , b1 , b2 , c1 , c2 , d1 , d2 C
M (z) = az+b :
cz+d


b2 a1 + d2 b1
b2 c1 + d2 d1


a2 a1 + c2 b 1
a2 c1 + c2 d1

b2
d2

= ) M1 (z


a2
c2

b1
d1

a2 z+b2
c2 z+d2

 
b
a1
=
d
c1

= ) M2 (z M1 M2


a
c

11.5 :
C

M : C M .
11.6 :
.1 3 .
.
.
.2
.
3
) (.

Cross Ratio

:
11.7

z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 C zi 6= zj i 6= j
z3
/ zz22 z
4

z1 z3
z1 z4

Cross-Ratio

= ] [z1 , z2 , z4 , z4

z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 C ] [z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 .

43

 11 :

11.8 :
= i

1 , 2 , 3 C i 6= j i 6= j
z1 , z2 , z3 C zi 6= zj 6 j
M (zi ) = i M .i = 1, 2, 3 ) = M (z :
2
/ zz11 z
z3

zz2
zz3

2
/ 11
= ] 3 = [, 1 , 2 , 3 ] = [z, z1 , z2 , z3

2
3

11.9 M ,:
] [M (z1 ) , M (z2 ) , M (z3 ) , M (z4 )] = [z1 , z2 , z3 , z4

11.10
.
.
11.11 4 :

z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 C " .[z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ] R
= : z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 , M M (z2 ) = 1 ,M (z1 ) = 0 .M (z3 ) = 2
) M (z4
.z1 , z2 , z3 :
[z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ] = [0, 1, 2, M (z4 )] R
" R .
= . M z2 , z3 , z4 ,1, 0 :
] [z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ] = [M (z1 ) , M (z2 ) , M (z3 ) , M (z4 )] = [M (z1 ) , 1, 0,
) M (z1

) = M (z1

10
/ 1
=

) M (z1
M (z4 )

M (z1 ) R z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 .

11.12 :
za
} D := {z | |z| < 1 M M [D] = D
M (z) = 1az a D .|| = 1

11.13 D = S 1 S 1 .
11.14 ) :(13
} H := {z C | I (z) > 0 } ,D := {z | |z| < 1:
.1 M M [H] = H

az+b
cz+d

= ) M (z a, b, c, d R .ad bc > 0

M (z) = za || = 1 .a H
.2 M M [H] = D za

44

 11 :

11.15 :
zi
M (z) = z+i M [H+ ] = D
.1

1 H D .D H

.2

1z
1+z

iz+i
z+1

= ) M 1 (z .M 1 [D] = H+

= ) M (z:
}M [D] = {z C : Rz > 0

z+1
z+1

= ) M 1 (z:
M 1 [{z C : Rz > 0}] = D

1 } D {z : R (z) < 0 .{z : R (z) < 0} D

h ci
c
.3 M (z) = 1z M [D] = D .M D = D

.
11.16 " :

C f : C " z0 .f (z0 ) 6= 0
11.17 :
C f : C " f 1 : f [] .

11.18 f z0 f (z0 ) 6= 0 z0
f" , ."
.
11.19 :
h : D D " ) (h [D] = D h .

45

12

12

: z C ) (,

Argz

z:
}= {Argz + 2k | k Z

)arg (z

e = z ., z C z 6= 0 = ln |z| + i
) . arg (z z0 6= 0 ) 0 arg (z0 .0 = ln |z0 | + i0 " 0
.0 f () = e "

0 C f (0 ) = e0 6= 0 .0 C L U
) z0 = f (0 L (z0 ) = 0 z U .eL(z) = z ez =
:
)L (z) = ln |z| + i (z
z ) (z) arg (z .z U z0 (z0 ) = 0 :
L (z0 ) = 0 = ln |z0 | + i0

12.1 :ln z z0 = 1 0 = 0 z z0 = 1:
)L (z) = ln |z| + iArg (z
) ( (x R>0 ) ln x ] .C\ (, 0
ln x } C\ {0 ) ( x < 0 :
L (z) = ln |x| + i

lim

L (x) = ln |x| i

lim

zx I(z)>0
zx I(z)<0

].(, 0
: L :
1
z

= )= z = exp (L (z)) L (z) = 1 = eL(z) L (z) = 1 = L (z

}] := C\ {(, 0
z0 :

1
z

L 1

1
) dt = L (z0 ) L (1) = L (z0
t

1
dt
t

e = z0

ln

:
12.2
: [0, 1] C (1) = z0 , (0) = 1 (t) 6= 0 ] .t [0, 1:
1
dt
t

))exp (L (z

= ) log (z0

46

12

12.3 ln

1 , 2 : [0, 1] C 1 } z0 C\ {0 k Z :
log1 (z0 ) log2 (z0 ) = 2ik

12.4

z0 6= 0 e = z0 = ln |z0 | + i ) . arg (z0

] 0 C\ (, 0 1 z0 :
1
) dt = L (z0 ) = ln |z0 | + iArg (z0
t

1 1 z k :
1
dt = 2i k
t


0

1
dt
t


1

:
1
)dt = ln |z| + iArg (z) + 2ik = ln |z| + i (Arg (z) + 2k
t


1

e = z0 1 z0

dt
t

12.5 :ln
.0 ln L eL(z) = z .z
C /
12.6 ln :
C /
0 .z0 0 e0 = z0 L ln
z

L (z0 ) = 0"

z0

L (z) = 0 + z0 .z

12.7 :
.0 z f )f (z) = eL(z
C C /
.z L ln .
12.8 :

p
q

.0:
= q 2 ,p, q Z .g d (p, q) = 1 C /
p

.1 f z q (f (z)) = z p .z
p

.2 z0 0 0q = z0p ) f (z z q .f (z0 ) = 0
p

.3 q z q .

47

15

13

) (...

K X . ] C [0, 1
[0, 1] C
}|)d (f1 , f2 ) = max {|f1 (x) f2 (x
]x[0,1

13.1 : ] K C [0, 1 :
K .1 : M > 0 |f (x)| < M ] x [0, 1 .f K
K .2 : > 0 > 0 ] x1 , x2 [0, 1 f K |x1 x2 | <
.|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| <
13.2 :
C K . K ) (
{fn } K } {fnk .
13.3 " M > 0 N k > N K
|fnk (z)| > M .z K
13.4 ) (:
K . a 6= b C f (z) 6= a, b f K z K
.
13.5 :
M ) K
MK |f (z)| MK z K .(f M M .
13.6 " :

C fn : D " . {fnk }k=1 "

".

14

)Mapping Theorem

(Reimann

14.1 :
( C . z0 f : D :
f .1 ," .D

f (z0 ) = 0 .2 ) f (z0 ) > 0 (.

15 ) (...
f C f .

dz

f
f

48