Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Units!
You need to know the units for each value (or
ANY equation):
some tricky ones!
Intensity W/m2 (Watts per meter square)
Power of a lense D (dioptre)
Sin r and Cos r (or i) does not have units
Refractive index, n , does not have units
Energy of an electron/photon (small
particle) eV (electron volt)
Charge C (coulomb)
Momentum Kg m/s (kilogram meters per
second)
Temperature K (kelvin) or C (degrees
Celsius)
Where it is used
Endoscopes
X-ray photography
and CAT scanners
PET scanners
Ultrasound
scanners
Higher
Intensity = power of incident
radiation / area
I=P/A
Power measured in watts (W), area
measured in meters squared (m2) so
intensity is measured in watts per
square meter
(W/m2).
Lenses
Key language:
Magnified means
larger. Diminished
means smaller.
A real image (on
the other side of
the lens to the
object). A virtual
image (on the
same side of the
lens as the object).
Power of a Lens
1/f=1/u+1/v
u is the object distance, v is the image
distance. If the image is virtual then v
is a negative number.
Snells law
sin I / sin r = nr / ni (a constant number)
focus on equation i/r then r/I
Fluoroscope:
2D image is taken to
in one direction. A
camera can be used
to form a real time
video clip.
CAT scans:
2D image is formed
from several directions
and can be used to
form a 3D image.
6 protons
8 neutrons
6 protons
4 neutrons
7 protons
7 neutrons
5 protons
5 neutrons
Quarks:
Proton = u + d + u = p (total =
+1e)
Neutron = d + u + d = n (total
t
u
o
b
a
= 0) forget
Dont
2
Intensity
W/m
(Watts per meter square)
!
s
t
i
un
Power of a lense D (dioptre)
Radiation in hospitals
Palliative care help issues but does not cure them.
Beta emitters are used for internal radiotherapy.
Gamma sources and high-frequency X-rays are
used for external radiotherapy.
Tracers vary so that they will be absorbed by
specific parts of the body.
A tracer can be a radioactive isotope of the normal
substance which the body part absorbs. The tracer
must have a short half-life so that the body is not
exposed more than needs be. Due to this the
isotopes are made close by.
Circular Motion
The LHC (Large Hadron Collider)
is a particle accelerator.
It accelerates two beams of
protons or ions to high speed in
opposite directions eventually
causing them to collide.
Circular motion uses the concept of resultant force.
The momentum/velocity of an object wants to travel
in a straight line. The centripetal force acts at a
right angle towards the centre of a circular path. The
result is a motion between the two. As this continues
the direction of motion continues to turn towards the
centre.
Cyclotrons
Collisions
Momentum is always conserved (involves
direction).
Inelastic collision kinetic energy is not conserved.
Elastic collision kinetic energy is conserved.
Momentum equation:
Momentum of an object = mass * velocity
Total momentum before an interaction (collision or
explosion) = sum of momentum of all objects
(taking into account direction, choose one direction
to be +ve and the other ve)
Kinetic Theory
Temperature is a measurement of the average
kinetic energy of the particles [in a gas].
Pressure is the force particles exert on a
surface/wall of a container when collide.
Measured in pascals (Pa) where 1 Pa = 1 N / m2.
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature (or
average kinetic energy) and occurs at -273 C,
also known as 0 K (zero degrees kelvin).
Nuclear glossary
alpha radiation Positively charged particles made up of
two protons and two neutrons.
beta radiation
radioactive materials.
Nuclear characteristics
Particl Symb Structure Relati Penetrati
es
ol
ve
ng
charg
e
Helium
The least
nucleus
Alpha
+2
2x neutron
Beta
Gamm
a
Stopped
by
2x proton
Paper
10cm 1m of
air
Electron
(high speed)
Aluminium
10m of air
Light ray
(EM
radiation)
-1
A lot
The most
Lead
Not stopped
by air
30cm of
concrete
Nuclear reactors
Safety:
Radioactive materials produce
dangerous radiation
Students frequently refer to
protective gear needing to be
worn when asked about safety HOWEVER
this is only one area of importance.
THERE ARE DANGERS AND SAFETY
POINTS YOU CAN DISCUSS!
Risks
Safety precautions