Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2014-2015
Exam Schedule
Wednesday 6/24
Book Return (11:50am 12:20pm)
Rm 351
Exam Period 2 (12:30-2:00pm)
C = Rm 260
G = Rm 261
Unit 1
EngagE/ Evolution
Scientific Method
1. Observe a
problem
2. Make a hypothesis
3. Perform an
experiment
4. Analyze data
5. Make a conclusion
6. Repeat or publish
Review of Unit 1
Lab 1-1: The Roly Poly Lab
Controlled experiments (change only one
variable)
Review of Unit 1
Journal 1-3: I Know Beans
OCVSRS (Natural Selection vs. Artificial
Selection)
Review Unit 1
Evidence for Change Across
Time
Developmental Biologists
Similarities between DNA
indicates relatedness
Similarities in embryonic
development between different
species shows relatedness
Paleontologists
Fossils show similarities to
currently living species (but
also show descent with
modification)
Where fossils are found in the
strata can indicate age
Review Unit 1
Evidence for Change Across Time
Evolutionary Biologists
Homologous structures
show descent with
modification (bone
structure)
Vestigial structures are now
useless, but tell us about
our ancestors
Physical Anthropologists
Hominid fossils are
examined to see
similarities and differences
between humans, other
primates, and these fossils
Brain size has increased
Review Unit 1
Describing Life &
Classification
Characteristics of life include:
DNA
Cells
Growth and development
Evolution
Homeostasis (ability to maintain a stable
internal environment)
Obtain and use energy
Reproduction
Review Unit 1
Evolution and Classification
Phylogenetic trees
Show relatedness of
organisms
Show when certain traits
developed
Review Unit 1
The Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria are
primitive prokaryotes
that live in harsh places
Eubacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes (ex. E. coli)
Protists are eukaryotes
that dont fit into any
other category
Fungi are molds, yeast,
mushrooms that absorb
food (no
photosynthesis!)
Plants are photosynthetic
Animals are found in
MANY different forms
Case Study:
Im Looking Over a White Striped
Clover
Different varieties of
clover survive better
depending on the
conditions (Natural
Selection!)
Plain
Nonpoisonous (survive
cold, die from
predation)
White-striped
Poisonous (die with
cold, predators avoid)
Unit 2
Review of Unit 2
Journal 2-1: Interactions in the World
Around Us
Abiotic vs. Biotic; positive & negative influences
Review of Unit 2
Journal 2-2: Mystery on Easter Island
Logistic vs. Exponential Growth
Carrying capacity
Limiting Factors
Journal 2-3: Energy Inc.
10% rule
Lab 2-2: Owl Pellets
Food Webs, Ecological Pyramids,
Biological Magnification
Review of Unit 2
Photosynthesis Notes
Plants do photosynthesis to convert light energy
into chemical energy (sugar)
6COreactions
O then
C6 H
6O2
Light
Calvin
2 6H 2first,
12 O 6 Cycle
Photosynthesis
Review of Unit 2
Cellular Respiration Notes
ALL cells do cellular respiration to convert
chemical energy (sugar) into a form of usable
energy (ATP)
C 6 H12O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O
Fermentation Notes
Produce lactic acid or alcohol
Cellular Respiration
Review of Unit 2
Journal 2-4: Releasing Energy
Organisms use cellular respiration to
release energy in grain slowly
Summary:
Everything is connected through food
webs and other interactions
The sun is the ultimate energy source
Review of Unit 2
Nutrient Cycle Notes
Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen cycles
Energy DOES NOT recycle, it flows
Unit 3
Biochemistry and
Digestion
Review of Unit 3
Journal 3-1: The molecules in your food
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
Review of Unit 3
Journal 3-4: Enzyme Structure and
Function
How enzymes work
Unit 4
Internal Environment of
Organisms
Protein pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Eukaryotes
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Membrane-bound organelles
are present
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Golgi Body
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Centriole
Journal 4-6:
Regulating the Internal
Environment
Homeostasis
Respiratory System
gas exchange
between capillary &
alveoli
Digestive System
absorbs nutrients
via villi
Urinary System
gets rid of wastes
Digestive System
Journal 3-5:
Digestive system
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small
intestine, large
intestine, liver,
gallbladder,
pancreas, pepsin,
amylase, lipase,
protease, lactase
Journal 4-6:
Regulating the Internal
Environment
Circulatory System
Transports
materials
Structure and
function of the
heart
Unit 5
Gene action
Journal 5-3:
DNA modeling with
LEGOS
DNA is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides
Base-pairing rules
(complementary bases):
Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine
Journal 5-4
History of
DNA
Griffith
Conclusion: Some
chemical factor is
transferred from
dead S bacteria into
living R bacteria (transforming them into S)
Journal 5-4
History of DNA
Hershey and
Chase
Conclusion:
viruses inject DNA
(not protein) into
the host
DNA contains the
hereditary
material (not
protein)
Journal 5-7:
A Closer Look at Protein
Synthesis
Transcription Making RNA
using DNA as a template
The RNA strand is
complementary to the DNA
RNA is made of
nucleotides, but has a
different sugar, Uracil
instead of Thymine, is only
single stranded, and
travels out of the nucleus
into the cytoplasm.
Journal 5-7:
A Closer Look at Protein
Synthesis
Journal 5-7:
A Closer Look at Protein
Synthesis
Mutations change the codon, so they
can:
change the amino acid (missense)
have no effect (silent)
or add a stop codon (nonsense ending the protein early)
Markers
2 Normal genes
2 Mutated genes
Mom
Sally
Dad
Unit 6
Reproduction and
Development
Journal 6-1:
A Zillion Ways to Make More
There are lots of different ways to
reproduce in nature
Journal 6-2
Reproductive Strategies
Mitosis vocabulary
Centrioles create
spindle fiber
Spindle pull sister
chromatids apart
Sister Chromatids
attached pieces of a
replicated
chromosome
(identical)
Centromere piece of
the chromosome that
holds the sister
chromatids together
Journal 6-3:
Mitosis Internet Lesson
Cell Cycle is the life
cycle of a cell
Interphase is the
growth phase
Cell division
Mitosis:
Prophase (longest)
Metaphase:
chromosomes line in
the center of the cell
Anaphase: Sister
chromatids split and
go to opposite ends
Telophase: Opposite
of prophase, plus
cytokinesis
Mitosis
Identify cells in
different phases
Interphase is NOT
part of mitosis
Interphase takes the
longest as shown by
the large number of
cells seen in this
phase
Within mitosis,
prophase takes the
longest because a
lot is happening
Journal 6-4b:
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Cancer is caused by
mutations in the genes
that control cell
division
Proto-oncogenes get
turned on permanently,
like a gas pedal telling
the cell to keep dividing
Tumor suppressor genes
get turned off, like a
brake pedal that doesnt
work, allowing the cell to
keep dividing
Reproductive System
Organs
Journal 6-5:
Gamete Formation
Meiosis 1
Crossing over (DNA pieces
swap) occurs
Homologous
chromosomes separate
Cells go from diploid to
haploid
Meiosis 2
Sister chromatids
separate
Cells remain haploid
Oogenesis egg
formation (1 usable egg)
Spermatogenesis
sperm formation
Lab 6-3:
Flowering Plant
Reproduction
Non-reproductive
structures
Sepals
Petals
Male structures
(stamen)
Anther (C)
Filament (B)
Pollen (D)
Female structures
(Pistil)
Stigma (G)
Style (F)
Ovary (E) and Ovule (H)
Unit 7
Continuity of information
through inheritance
Journal 7-1:
Chances
Choices
Punnett squares help
predict outcomes of
matings
There is a biochemical
basis for dominance
Every egg and sperm
contains only one
copy of each gene
Pedigrees can be
useful in tracking a
trait
Journal 7-2:
Probability and Genetics
Genes vs. alleles
Genotype vs. phenotype
Heterozygous 2
different alleles
Homozygous 2 identical
alleles
Dominant vs. recessive
Dominant more common!
Journal 7-3:
Genetics Problem Solving
Using Punnett squares
Multiply probabilities
when two (or more)
events BOTH happen
Mendelian problems
1-factor crosses Bb x bb
2-factor crosses SsRr x
ssrr
Incomplete Dominance
3 phenotypes
3rd is heterozygous/ blend
ex. Brown, white, tan
Co-dominance
See both traits
Ex. cats with both orange
and black fur
Polygenic
Many genes control a trait