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Sidewalk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
‘A sidewalk (American English) -known as a footpath, footway or
pavement in Australian, New Zealand, Irish English, and British English -
is a path along the side of a road. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate
changes in grade (height) and is normally separated from the vehicular
section by a curb. There may also be a road verge (a strip of vegetation,
grass or bushes or trees or a combination of these, referred to as either a
verge or a nature strip in Australia, and as an island in parts of the United
States) cither between the sidewalk and the roadway (British English:
carriageway) or between the sidewalk and the boundary.
In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or
footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park.
Raised sidewalks beside a
Contents 2000 year-old paved road,
ompeii, Italy
= 1 Terminology
= 2 History
= 3 Benefits
3.1 Transportation
3.2 Environment
3.3 Road traffic safety
3.4 Health
3.5 Social uses
= 4 Construction
= 4.1 Wood
4.2 Brick
= 43 Stone
= 4.4 Concrete
= 4.5 Tarmac and asphalt
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Terminology
‘The term sidewalk is usually preferred in North America, along with many other countries worldwide that
are not members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The term pavement is used in the United Kingdom, !!!
whereas other Commonwealth of Nations countries use the term footpath, The professional, civil
engineering and legal term for this in the UK is footway.!2!
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In the United States, the term sidewalk is used for the pedestrian path beside a road, shared-use path and
multi-use path is reserved for use for ones available for use by both pedestrians and bicyclists.!5] Walkway
isa more comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways, and related structures that facilitate
the use of a path as well as the sidewalk."
In the UK, the term footpath is mostly used for paths that do not abut a carriageway.!°! The term shared-
use path is used where cyclists are also able to use the same section of path as pedestrians {61
History
There is evidence that sidewalks were built in ancient times. It was
claimed that the Greek city of Corinth was paved by the 4th-century,
and the Romans were particularly prolific sidewalk builders - they
called them semitas 71
However, by the Middle Ages, narrow roads had reverted to being
simultaneously used by pedestrians and wagons without any formal
separation between the two categories. Early attempts at ensuring
the adequate maintenance of foot-ways or sidewalks were often
made, such as the 1623 Act for Colchester, although they were
Fast India House, Leadenhall Street,
London, 1766, ‘The sidewalk is
separated from the main street by six
generally not very effective] bollards in front of the building
Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, attempts were slowly,
made to bring some order to the sprawling city, In 1671, 'Certain Orders, Rules and Directions Touching
the Paving and Cleansing The Streets, Lanes and Common Passages within the City of London! were
formulated, calling for all streets to be adequately paved for pedestrians with cobblestones. Purbeck stone
was widely used as a durable paving material. Bollards were also installed to protect pedestrians from the
traffic in the middle of the road.
A series of Paving Acts from the House of Commons during the 18th century, especially the 1766 Paving &
Lighting Act, authorized the City of London Corporation to create foot-ways throughout all the streets of
London, to pave them with Purbeck stone (the thoroughfare in the middle was generally cobblestone) and to
raise them above the street level with curbs forming the separation.°] The Corporation was also made
responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged
a tax from 1766.l!5l By the late 19th-century large and spacious sidewalks were routinely constructed in
European capitals, and were associated with urban sophistication,
In the United States, adjoining property owners must in most situations finance all or part of the cost of
sidewalk construction. In a legal case in 1917 involving E. L. Stewart, a former member of the Louisiana
House of Representatives and a lawyer in Minden in Webster Parish, the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled
that owners must pay whether they wish for the sidewalk to be constructed or not!!!
Benefits
Transportation
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Sidewalks play an important role in transportation, as they provide a
safe path for people to walk along that is separated from the
motorized traffic, They aid road safety by minimizing interaction
between pedestrians and motorized traffic. Sidewalks are normally
in pairs, one on each side of the road, with the center section of the
road for motorized vehicles.
In rural roads, sidewalks may not be present as the amount of traffic
(pedestrian or motorized) may not be enough to justify separating
the two. In suburban and urban areas, sidewalks are more common,
In town and city centers (known as downtown in North America)
the amount of pedestrian traffic can exceed motorized traftic, and in
this case the sidewalks can occupy more than half of the width of
the road, or the whole road can be reserved for pedestrians, see Pedestrian zone.
Pedestrian traffic using a sidewalk in
London.
Environment
Sidewalks may have a small effect on reducing vehicle miles traveled and carbon dioxide emissions. A.
study of sidewalk and transit investments in Seattle neighborhoods found vehicle travel reductions of 6 to
8% and CO, emission reductions of 1.3 to 2.2% [12]
Road traffic safety
Research commissioned for the Florida Department of
Transportation, published in 2005, found that, in Florida, the Crash i
Reduction Factor (used to estimate the expected reduction of crashes
during a given period) resulting from the installation of sidewalks
averaged 74%.|'31 Research at the University of North Carolina for
the U.S. Department of Transportation found that the presence or
absence of a sidewalk and the speed limit are significant factors in
the likelihood of a vehicle/pedestrian crash. Sidewalk presence had ll
a risk ratio of 0.118, which means that the likelihood ofa crash ona Sidewalk with bike path
road with a paved sidewalk was 88.2 percent lower than one without
a sidewalk, “This should not be interpreted to mean that installing
sidewalks would necessarily reduce the likelihood of pedestrian/motor vehicle crashes by 88.2 percent in all
situations. However, the presence of a sidewalk clearly has a strong beneficial effect of reducing the risk of
a ‘walking along roadway’ pedestrian/motor vehicle crash.” The study does not count crashes that happen
when walking across a roadway. The speed limit risk ratio was 1.116, which means that a 16.1-km/h (10-
mi/h) increase in the limit yields a factor of (1,116)!° or 3.1'41
The presence or absence of sidewalks was one of three factors that were found to encourage drivers to
choose lower, safer speeds.!'5]
On the other hand, the implementation of schemes which involve the removal of sidewalks, such as shared
space schemes, are reported to deliver a dramatic drop in crashes and congestion too, which indicates that a
number of other factors, such as the local speed environment, also play an important role in whether
sidewalks are necessarily the best local solution for pedestrian safety.161
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In cold weather, black ice is a common problem with unsalted sidewalks. The ice forms a thin transparent
surface film which is almost impossible to see, and so results in many slips by pedestrians.
Riding bicycles on sidewalks is discouraged since it is more dangerous than riding in the street.!'71 Some
jurisdictions prohibit sidewalk riding except for children. In addition to the risk of cyclist/pedestrian
collisions, cyclists face increase risks from collisions with motor vehicles at street crossings and driveways
Riding in the direction opposite to traffic in the adjacent lane is especially risky.|'8!
Health
Since residents of neighborhoods with sidewalks are more likely to walk, they tend to have lower rates of
cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other health issues related to sedentary lifestyles.{'9) Also, children who
walk to school have been shown to have better concentration 2°]
Social uses
Some sidewalks may be used as social spaces with sidewalk cafes,
markets, or busking musicians, as well as for parking for a variety of
vehicles including cars, motorbikes and bicycles
Construction
Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of concrete in the
United States and Canada, while tarmac, asphalt, brick, stone, slab
and (increasingly) rubber are more common in Europe.'! Different
materials are more or less friendly environmentally: pumice-based Busking,
trass, for example, when used as an extender is less energy-intensive
than Portland cement concrete or petroleum-based materials such as asphalt or tar-penetration macadam),
Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than conerete, such as
asphalt
Vood
In the 19th century and early 20th century, sidewalks of wood were common in some North American
locations, They may still be found at historic beach locations and in conservation areas to protect the land
beneath and around, called boardwalks.
Brick
Brick sidewalks are found in some urban areas, usually for aesthetic purposes, Brick sidewalk construction
usually involves the usage of a mechanical vibrator to lock the bricks in place after they have been laid
(and/or to prepare the soil before laying). Although this might also be done by other tools (as regular
hammers and heavy rolls), a vibrator is often used to speed up the process.
Stone
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Stone slabs called flagstones or flags are sometimes used where an attractive appearance is required, as in
historic town centers. In other places, pre-cast concrete slabs (called paving slabs or, less correctly, paving
stones) are used, These may be colored or textured to resemble stone
Installation of crushed stone Installation of paver blocks
underlayment for drainage
Four types of brick-laying for sidewalks. Each is a type of tessellation
Concrete
In the United States and Canada, the most common type of sidewalk
consists of a poured concrete ribbon, examples of which from as early as the
1860 can be found in good repair in San Francisco, and stamped with the
name of the contractor and date of installation, When quantities of Portland
cement were first imported to the United States in the 1880s, its principal
use was in the construction of sidewalks 2]
Today, most sidewalk ribbons are constructed with cross-lying strain-relief
grooves placed or sawn at regular intervals typically 5 feet (1.5 m) apart.
This partitioning, an improvement over the continuous slab, was patented in
1924 by Arthur Wesley Hall and William Alexander McVay, who wished to
minimize damage to the concrete from the effects of tectonic and
temperature fluctuations, both of which can crack longer segments. 3) The
technique is not perfect, as freeze-thaw cycles (in cold-weather regions) and
tree root growth can eventually result in damage which requires repair.
ntps:fer.wikipecia.orgkiSidewale
Freshly laid conerete
sidewalk, with horizontal
strain-relief grooves faintly
visibleer92015, ‘Sidewalk - Wikipedia, the free encyciopeia
In highly variable climates which undergo multiple freeze-thaw cycles, the concrete blocks will be
separated by expansion joints to allow for thermal expansion without breakage. ‘The use of expansion joints
in sidewalks may not be necessary, as the concrete will shrink while setting. 241
Tarmac and asphalt
In the United Kingdom, Australia and France suburban sidewalks are most commonly constructed of
tarmac, which is however not environmentally friendlier. In urban or inner-city areas sidewalks are most
commonly constructed of slabs, stone, or brick depending upon the surrounding street architecture and
furniture.
Gallery
Sidewalk next to Paulista Old sidewalk with granite Sidewalk in Little Portugal,
Avenue tiled with curb in Kutna Hora, Czech Toronto, Canada
Portuguese pavement, in Republic
Sio Paulo, Brazil
nee
Sidewalk market, Overspill parking on the Sidewalk with street trees in
Speightstown, Barbados _ sidewalk in Moscow, Oak Park, Illinois
Russia
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ee
Sidewalk with a planted rain Sidewalk Sidewalk in Sidewalk in Benoni, South
garden inthe “tree lawn" or blocked with Nishapur, near Africa
“road verge” zone motorcycles in Mausoleum of
Iran Omar Khayyam
Bieyele parking An owner walking with her dog in Omagh,
Northern Ireland
See also
= Amsterdammertje
Big Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee
Café
Carwalking
Cobblestone
Crosswalk
Curb
Curb ramp
Desire path
Flagstone
Moving walkway
Pavement
Portuguese pavement
Public space
Sidewalk chalk
Street furniture
References
ntps:fer.wikipecia.orgkiSidewale 7er92015,
15,
16
tpn wikipedia. orghki/Sicewale
‘Siew Wikipedia. te fre encyclopedia
"Parking on pavements" (http://www. lewisham. gov-uk/TransportAndStreets/Parking/ParkingPavements. htm)
Lewisham Council. Retrieved 2010-10-29. "Why is pavement parking a problem? Pavements are constructed and,
provided for pedestrian use. Vehicles parked on pavements are: a hazard to pedestrians causing an obstruction
which may result in them having to step off the pavement onto the highway thus putting themselves in danger.
"Highways Act 1980 - Interpretation Section 329" (http://www legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1980/66/section/329),
"footway" means a way comprised in a highway which also comprises a carriageway, being a way over which
the public have a right of way on foot only”
Shared-use paths, U.S. Department of Administration
(http://www. fhwa dot. gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks2 14.htm)
"Walkway" (http:!iwww.askoxford, com/concise_oediwalkway?view=uk). Compact Oxford English Dictionary.
"Inclusive mobility"
(http://wayback. archive. org/web/20121003000147/http //www.dft.gov.uk/transportforyowaccess/peti/inclusivemo
bility?page=3), Department for Transport. Retrieved 2010-04-02. "The distinction between a footway and a
footpath is that a footway (usually called the pavement) is the part of a highway adjacent to, or contiguous with,
the carriageway on which there is a public right of way on foot. A footpath has no contiguous carriageway. Where
reference is made to one, it can generally be regarded as applying to the other for design purposes”
"Highways Act 1980 - Interpretation Seetion 329” (http. //\www. legislation, gov. uk/ukpea/1980/66/section/329),
track” means a way constituting or comprised in a highway, being a way over which the public have the
following, but no other, rights of way, that is to say, @ right of way on pedal eyeles (F3 (other than pedal cycles
which are motor vehicles within the meaning of F4 the Road ‘Traffic Act 1988 with or without a right of way on
foot"
Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Renia Ehrenfeucht (2009). Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space
(http://books. google. co, uk/books?id-yTqgARXDtXrgC). MIT Press. p. 15.
"Georgian Colchester" (http://www. british-history.ac.uk/report aspx?compid=21983). British History. Retrieved
2010-04-05. "Bad paving and obstructions were frequently reported to the justices under a paving Act of 1623,
but the borough chamberlain, workhouse corporation, and parish officers failed to discharge their responsibilities
and the small fines for neglect were ineffective. Enforcement of the Act by the borough justices ceased when the
charter lapsed in 1741 and by 1750 the streets were so ruinous that a new Act was obtained, which perpetuated the
responsibility of justices to enforce the regulations"
Linda Clarke (2002). Building Capitalism (Routledge Revivals): Historical Change and the Labour Process in
the Production of Built Environment (btp://books. google.co.uk/books?id-uhtWCB|PO7AC). Routledge. p. 115.
"city street scene manual” (http://www.cityoflondon. gov. uk/services/environment-and-planning/environmental-
enhancement publications/Documents/Street-Scene-manual2. pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Town of Minden v. Stewart et al (https://books. google com/books?
id=|PpMayLOd74C &pe=PA 188Ipg=PA I 18&dq=E. +L. +Stewarttof+Mindend&esource=bl&ots=2x4-
t4jOLT&sig-8VPLPAPL vENu27ud wesHW ZV J6pl&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GzADVeCHGcW-
g2g82iTHYBw&ved=0CCwQ6 AE wA witv=onepagek&qF.%201. %20Stewart42001%20Minden&ffalse)
Southern Reporter, Vol. 77. November 26, 1917. pp. 118-121. Retrieved March 13, 2015,
"Research Note: An Assessment of Urban Form and Pedestrian and Transit Improvements as an Integrated GHG
Reduction Strategy" (http://www. wsdot, wa. gov/NR/tdonlyres/476AE40D-53B2-42D4-93D2-
6EB14284EEFB/O/ResearchNote_7651_Redo8 1611 pdf) (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation.
April 2011
Gan, Albert, Joan Shen; Adriana Rodriquez (2005). "Update of Florida Crash Reduction Factors and
Countermeasures to Improve the Development of District Safety Improvement Projects"
(http /Awwew dot state fl us/research-Center/Completed_Proj/Summary_SF/FDOT_BDO15_04 spt pdf) (PDF)
of Florida DOT, BDO15-04, Retrieved 2008-03-24
McMahon, Patrick J.; Charles V. Zegeer, Chandler Duncan, Richard L. Knoblauch; J. Richard Stewart; Ased J
Khattak (2002), "AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO "WALKING ALONG ROADWAY"
CRASHES, RESEARCH STUDY AND GUIDELINES FOR SIDEWALKS AND WALKWAYS"
(http:/nt. bts. gov/lib/19000/19900/19995/PB2003 102002. pdf) (PDF). Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-
RD-O1-101. Retrieved 2008-03-24,
John N. Ivan, Norman W. Garrick and Gilbert Hanson (November 2009). DESIGNING ROADS THAT GUIDE
DRIVERS TO CHOOSE SAFER SPEEDS. Connecticut Transportation Institute
"Do you take unnecessary risks behind the wheel?" (http://swww. which.co.uk/news/201 1/0 /do-you-take-er2015 ‘Siew Wikipedia. te fre encyclopedia
unnecessary-risks-behind-the-wheel-241445/). Which?. 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-01-27. "The town of
Drachten removed most of its street furniture, signs and markings in 2003 and recorded a dramatic fall in
accidents and traffic congestion as a result"
17. Lisa Aultman-Hall and Michael F. Adams, Jr. (1998),
Research Record (1636),
18. "Bicycle sidepaths: Crash risks and liability exposure: Evidence from the research literature"
(http://www. bikexprt.com/bikepol/facil/sidepath’sidecrash htm). 8 December 2010, Retrieved 2011-09-17.
19. "Crimes of the Heart" (http://www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2010/02/04/crimes-of-the-heart html). The Daily
Beast. Retrieved 2/6/2013. Check date values in: |accessdates (help)
20. "The Link Between Kids Who Walk or Bike to School and Concentration"
(http://eww. theatlanticeities. com/commute/20 13/02/kids-who-walk-or-bike-school-concentrate-better-study-
shows/4585/), The Atlantic Cities. Retrieved 2/6/2013. Check date values in: Jaccessdates (help)
21. Hampson, Rick (2006-09-20), "Sidewalks bounce back" (http://www. usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-09-19-
sidewalks_x.htm), USA Today.
22. Robert W. Lesley. "What Cement Users Owe To The Public". The Cement age: a magazine devoted to the uses
of cement 2 (9): 652.
23. Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions - 1833-1950, Goose Lane Editions, 2001, p. 73
24._hitp:fiwww conereteconstruction.net/conerete-construction/expansion-joints-not-needed-in-sidewalk aspx
Sidewalk Bicycling Safety Issues". Transportation
External links
= Los Alamos Walkability Advocacy Group Vumeanc .
(http: Awww lawalks.org/) @ ikimedia Commons has
= PEDS (http://www.peds.org/) a member-based advocacy media related to Sidewalks.
group dedicated to making metro Atlanta safe and accessible
for all pedestrians.
= Pedestrian and Bieyele Information Center (PBIC) (http://www.walkinginfo.org/), a U.S.A.-based
clearinghouse for information for pedestrians (including transit users) and bicyclists
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Categories: Pedestrian infrastructure | Street furniture | Footpaths | Garden features | Pavements
Types of thoroughfares
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