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Fishing in Uganda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
‘There are two major sources of fish in Uganda; one is from
aquaculture, the other from fishing in rivers and lakes. ‘The latter has
made up the largest and most significant share of all fishing. Open
water covers 15.3 percent of Uganda's surface and comprises five
major lakes (Lake Victoria, Lake Albert (Africa), Lake Kyoga, Lake
Edward and Lake George (Uganda)which are the main sources of
fish in the country. Lake victoria continues to be the most important.
water body in Uganda both in size and contribution to the total fish
catch, followed by Lake Albert and Lake Kyoga.l!J
‘Uganda's main sources of fish supply for both the domestic and
export markets are the districts on Lake Victoria, particularly
Mukono, Mpigi, Kalangala, Masaka and Luwero, Lake Kyoga,
Albert, George and Edward districts are other major sources of fish.
The major urban centres within the Lake Victoria belt, namely
Kampala, Masaka, Jinja and Entebbe constitute the main domestic
market centres for fresh fish. Although considerable fish supplies
teach these market nuclei and most of the other district headquarters
markets, inadequate supplies reach most of the rural markets.71
Primary production of fish is generally done on a relatively small-
scale, as most of the fishing is carried out using small, wooden
(plank-built) boats about six to eight meters in length propelled by
oars or, in an increasing number of cases, a petrol engine fastened to
the back of the boat. These simple boats are sufficient to carry
fishermen to and from the fishing grounds with full loads of fish.!3)
Contents
1 History
2 Economy of fishing in Uganda
3 Aquaculture
4 Types of fish in Uganda
5 Fishing gear and methods used in Uganda
= 5.1 Gillnet
5.2 Longline
5.3 Angling Gear
5.4 Fish-traps, Baskets and Weirs
5.5 Fishing Gear for Rastrineobola argentea (silver
fish) Fishery
5.6 Fishery by Perforated Plastic Basins
5.7 Hooks
tp fr wikipedia orgwifFisting in Uganda
Fisherman with a small net for
fishing at Gaba landing site,
Kampala,
‘A fisherman with a fish net for sprat
AA fisherman preparing a net for
fishing at Gaba landing site,
Kampala,
fish breeding pond at Aquaculture
Research and Development Centre,
Kajjansi
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6 Fishing sites and Villages/communities in Uganda
= 6.1 Landing sites
= 6.1.1 Ggaba landing site
= 6.1.2 Lutoboka landing site
= 6.2 Islands
= 6.3 Lake victoria fish communities
7 See also
8 References
9 External links Fish cage off the shore of lutoboka
landing site kalangala
History
Many centuries ago, fish production was mainly by a few fisherfolk communities living by the lakesides
who bartered fish for other food commodities. Fishing activities were characterised by use of traditional
gears such as spears, arrows, fish-pots, and the capture of fish by hand in shallow waters of lakes, rivers and
swamps or fish poisoning with local herbs. However, these types of gears and methods still exist in minor
lakes, the River Nile Basin and shallower areas of Lake Victoria. The fishing activity was relatively at a
subsistence level, In mid-1950s, foreign traders introduced Japanese nylon gillnets which proved more
effective in the fishery than the cotton, hemp and flax gillnets, Nylon gillnets gave higher catchability
characteristics than any other gears mainly because of higher tensile strength, mesh-size constancy,
resistance to abrasion and durability of the nylon fibre material, The introduction of new fish sepecies also
boosted fish production, Fish production increased by six times in 30 years rising from 60,000 tons in 1961
to 245,000 tons in 1990 partly as a result of higher productivity of the lakes but also because of the
increased catch effort, In 1983 when production was estimated at 78,000 tons p.a., potential production or
Maximun sustainable yield (MSY) was estimated at 150,000 tons, yet by 1990 production had exceeded
this level by 55,000 tons.!21
Inall areas outside the central Lake Kyoga region, fish production increased throughout the 1980s. The
government supported several programs to augment fish production and processing, In 1987 a government-
sponsored Integrated Fisheries Development Project established a boat construction and repair workshop at
Jinja; a processing plant, several fish collecting centers, and fish marketing centers in several areas of
Uganda. They also implemented the use of refrigerated insulated vehicles for transporting fish. China had
managed the reconstruction of cold storage facilities in Kampala in the early 1980s. Soon after that, the
government established the Sino-Uganda Fisheries Joint Venture Company to exploit fishing opportunities
in Lake Victoria.!4)
Uganda's Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization monitored fishing conditions and the balance of flora
and fauna in Uganda's lakes. In 1989 this organization warned against overfishing, especially in the Lake
Kyoga region, where the combined result of improved security conditions and economic hardship was a 40-
percent increase in commercial and domestic fishing activity. A second environmental concer in the
fishing industry was the weed infestation that had arisen in lakes suffering from heavy pollution. In late
1989, officials were relatively unsuccessful in restricting the types and levels of pollutants introduced into
the nation’s numerous lakes. {41
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A few fishers used explosives obtained from stone quarries to increase their catch, especially in the Victoria
Nile region near Jinja. Using byproducts from beer manufacturing to lure fish into a feeding area, they
detonated small packs of explosives that killed large numbers of fish and other aquatic life. Several people
drowned in the frantic effort to collect dead fish that floated to the surface of the water. Environmental and
health concerns led the government to outlaw this form of fishing, and local officials were seeking ways to
ban the sale of fish caught in this manner. Both bans were difficult to enforce, however, fishing with
dynamite continued in 1989 despite the widespread notoriety attached to this activity.{41
Economy of fishing in Uganda
The Ugandan fisheries sector is important in terms of
employment poverty reduction and foreign exchange revenues.
Fishing is one of the major economic activities. Lakes, rivers and
swamps account for 44,000 km2 of Uganda’s surface area of
241,000 km2. Fish activities are mainly carried out in open water
sources and provide a livelihood to many people in Uganda. There
are (2002) an estimated 250,000 artisan fishermen (136,000 on Lake
Victoria), while nearly a million people (700,000 around Lake
Victoria) benefit from fishery-related activities like local fish-
processing, fish trade, boat-building, industrial fish-processing,
netmaking,trade in fishing equipment, fisheries research, extension
services and administration.1
‘Smoking of fish in Kalangala
Aquaculture
Aquaculture in Uganda is recorded to have started in 1941 after carp
‘was imported into the country. Fish farming was officially proposed Ice container for fish storage in
by the colonial authorities and the Kajjansi Fish Experimental Kalangala
Station established in 1947. However, the introduction of carp, was
embroiled in controversies due to differences among the lead
scientists on the possible adverse impact of common carp on the
indigenous aquatic environment in case they escaped from the
confines of the fishponds. Because of this, it was decided to use
tilapia for stocking purposes. A vigorous fish farming extension
programme resulted in the construction of 1 500 ponds by 1956;
these were concentrated in the central region (Buganda) and the
most southwestern part of the country (Kigezi). In 1959-1960 an
FAO- supported comparative evaluation of carp and tilapia endorsed
the use of carp and resulted in further expansion of aquaculture in
Uganda, Aquaculture was further promoted under the drive for rural development, and by late 1968 the
Department of Fisheries recorded up to 11 000 ponds mostly producing fish for subsistence. However,
subsistence farming was largely based on the supply of seed from farmer to farmer andor from the
government station, which hampered the expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector. Changing policies under
successive governments also led to uneven support and many farmers abandoned ponds due to lack of
a fish pond in kaijansi
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stocking materials, limited technical guidance and excessive ——
government regulatory regimes. ‘The Fisheries Master Plan study of
1999 established that Uganda had only 4 500 functioning ponds
with only a portion stocked, producing 285 tonnes of fish annually
With the government's strategic intervention and support from
development partners such as FAO, aquaculture has picked up once
again reaching 15 000 tonnes of fish currently (2005) produced from
20 000 ponds of an average size of $00 m?. Due to the limited
availability of fish seed, carp has fallen out of favour, and North
African catfish, along with Nile tilapia, has taken its place. Although
fish farming in Uganda has so far been pond- and subsistence-based,
the growing interest in commercial aquaculture is providing an
impetus towards cage-culture based aquaculture
‘Tank used for breading fish
Aquaculture Research and
Development Centre, Kajjansi
Pond culture is the most common system in the country. Other
forms of fish culture such as cage culture are only starting to be
discussed especially by the emerging commercial fish farmers,
Previously farmers, 99 percent of whom were subsistence fish
farmers, had ponds ranging anywhere from 50 m? to 200 m?, The Fish nets used at Aquaculture
majority (an estimated 60 percent) remain at subsistence level of Research and Development Centre,
production with little or no technical inputs or management. With Kajjansi
the drive to commercialise aquaculture, production efforts to
increase the pond surface have resulted in a current average of 500
mé per pond. Farmers at this level have adopted the use of inputs such as quality fish seed and feed. The
feed, however, is still usually made on-farm using formulae provided by the Aquaculture Research and
Development Centre, Kajjansi.
Until recently, most fish farmers in Uganda were poor people in villages who practiced aquaculture for
subsistence with ponds of usually less than 500 m? constructed using family labour. These are low or no
input production systems, with little or no need for routine management, Those who have had some training
in the management of ponds usually fertilize their ponds with either chicken droppings or cow dung and
any other organic house waste. Production is usually in the range of 5 kg to 10 kg/100 m? (i.e, 500 kg to |
000 kg per hectare) per annum. The number of ponds at this level is estimated at 11 000 to 15 000 ponds
with nearly 80 percent currently active, These 11 000 to 15 000 ponds are of an average size of 200 m? and
are owned by an estimated 8 000 farmers, 1061 [71
Types of fish in Uganda
The waters of Uganda contain an impressive array of fish species ~ over 90 in all. This count does not
include the Haplochromis complex, which itself is made up of more than 200 species, Fish that are the
target of most commercial and subsistence exploitation include species of Lates (Nile perch), Oreochromis
(Nile tilapia), the herring-like Alestes, the catfishes Bagrus and Clarias, Hydrocynus (Tiger fish), the small
pelagic “sardine” Rastrineobola, Protopterus (ungfish), and the haplochromines.!5! The commonest fish
types in Uganda include:!®
= Nile perch locally known as "Empuuta"
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= Singidia tilapia locally known as "Engege"
= Nile tilapia
= Catfish locally known as "Semutundu"!?!
Silver fish (fish) locally known as "Mukene"!°l
Lungfish locally known as "Emmamba"
Eels locally known as "Ensonzi"
Sprat locally known as "Enkejje”
Clarias locally known as "Emalle"
Fishing gear and methods used in Uganda
Capture fisheries in Uganda is characterized by plank canoes and to
a lesser extent, fibreglass boats, Some dugout canoes are also still
being used. The plank canoes are generally 4 to 12 m in length and
dugout canoes average 3.5 m. The total number of vessels is about
17,000 and about 20% of these are motorised. Artisanal fishermen
utilise various gears including gillnets, seines and hook and line, In
a number of localities, traditional methods including baskets, traps
and mosquito nets continue to be used.!"!] The gears commonly
used include gill nets, lift-nets, scoop-nets used in light fishing
hook and line gear (hand-lines, fishing rods or tackles) and fish
traps 2]
Gillnet
Gill nets are currently a major and popular fishing gear widely used
for fish capture in the major and minor water bodies. They are
normally set at dusk and hauled in at dawn. Drift gillnetting is
commonly practised on Lake Albert, but rarely on other water
bodies. The target fish species for the gill net fishery are Nile Perch,
Tilapia species, Bagrus, Clarias, Protopterus, Alestes, Hydrocynus
and many other demersal species.
Fish nets have different sizes, The small sized nets are used for
fishing small fish while the big sized nets are used for fishing large
fish, For instance half inch up to one inch grade nets are used for
fishing Nkejje, one inch up to 6 inch grade for fishing tilapia, and
above 6 inch for Nile perch. The fishermen use boats to haul the
nest, The bigger the boat, the larger the volume of fish. One net can
weigh up to 10 kg, without fish. A small boat may nott be able to
handle such a load.
Longline
‘A fisher man with Nile perch at Gaba
landing site
AA fisher man with tilapia at Gaba
landing site
Silver fish in Kalangala
Sprat in a market in kalangala
The method developed in 1980s for the effective exploitation of predatory fish e.g. Lates niloticus,
Protopterus, Clarias, Bagrus, etc. A typical gear comprises a long length of a mainline (100-300 m), rigged
with monofilament twine (diameter 1.00-2.00 mm) or multi-filament twine (ply 36-60) and bears short
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snoods (0.3-0.8 m) carrying baited fishhooks. A longline is prepared for setting in the morning or afternoon
by a crew or hired men (1-2). Hooks are baited with natural baits (e.g, small live fish, slices of meat,
earthworms and insects). The gear is set late in the afternoon in a predetermined fishing ground and left to
fish passively overnight. Hauling is normally done early next morning the quality of fish harvested by this
method is usually good.
Angling Gear
Handline (the simplest and cheapest gear) is manually operated by
one person along the lake beaches or on the riverbanks, Effective
angling is done in calm waters carly in the morning or evening or on
dark nights. A set of handlines can also be operated as a trolling
gear. This is a prospective commercial fishery on Lake Victoria,
Kyoga and Albert, targeting predacious species like Nile Perch and
Hydrocynus, Fishing rod or tackle is mechanically operated by one
man using a reel fixed on a springy plastic rod, Its mainline is baited
with a fish lure. Angling for Lates niloticus on Lake Victoria or for
Trout on River Sipi in Kapchorwa District is a lucrative activity
particularly for the foreign tourists who adopt this fishing method.
This method may use live bait and the catching of bait (immature
fish) using small mesh-sized gillnets; seine-nets and fish-trap can be
detrimental to the fishery
Fish-traps, Baskets and Weirs
A fisherman holding Clarias at Gaba
Various designs of fish traps, baskets and weirs are used in fishery. landing site
Conical traps are used most commonly for catching fish species e.g.
Clarias, Barbus, Schilbe in marshy shallow waters of lakes, rivers
and in permanent and seasonal swamps. These are particularly used
on River Nile, Lake Kyoga, swamps and other minor lakes. The
gear is strategically set as a barrier and fish voluntarily or
involuntarily enter it, but their escape is hindered by a special non-
return valve or device. Traps set in the river estuaries and papyrus
fringes indiscriminately trap fish (Barbus, Alestes, Claria
Hydrocyrus, Protopterus, Labeo) of all sizes and ages.
ing Gear for Rastrineobola argentea (silver fish)
Fishery
Lung fish at Gaba
Silver fish is fished at night when there is no moon. The fishermen leave at 5:00pm in the evening and
retum at 6:00am or 7:00am, i the morning, Parafin Steamer lamps placed on rafts called "Lago" are used to
trap the fish, A fish net ranging from 5-10mm is used. It is often 40 feet long with eight to fourteen
sections, called "golofa’, The fishermen use six lamps when using such a net. This a change from the
practice long ago when the fisherman used one lamp and a much smaller net called "Kyota’. The fishrmen
nicknamed the fishing of silverfish in the middle of the lake, Hurr up. But silverfish is also fished on the
shore in Buvuma district. This is mostly done by Women. The net they use has six sections. This kind of
silverfish is called, silvertish of the shore, Mukene owokutaka.
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Lamps are attached to the front of a canoe and others on small rafts.
‘These rafts keep the lamps floating, The net is lowered into the
water. A big school of fish is attracted to the light and trapped in the
net. In another instance, lamps are set in a straight line (about 200 m
long) by connecting the rafts with ropes (at intervals of about 15 m)
and positioning them perpendicular to the shoreline. A fish school is
attracted by light and eventually concentrated around the light. The
lights are hauled in slowly until they are grouped together close to
the shore, One lamp is attached to the canoe so that the lamps on the
rafts can be placed in the canoe before scooping without losing the
catch.
Steamer Lamp stand known as
Kengere in Kalangala
In some areas, a pair of canoes joined together by planks forming “a
catamaran” is used to fish silverfish. A kerosene parafin lamp,
attached to the middle of one of the planks, is lit. Another lamp
mounted on a small raft connected to the canoe by a rope of about
15 m long, is also lit and slowly pulled towards the canoe. This,
attracts the fish to the net, ‘The fish are trapped in the net and the
lights extinguished Fishermen repairing nets fo silver fish
‘on Lutoboka landing site kalangala
Fishery by Perforated Plastic Basins
Perforated basins are extensively used mainly for Alestes nurse fishery on Lake Albert. This is an emerging
fishery on this lake, These basins are operatekm waters, Bait in form of dregs of native beer or cassava flour
is splattered in water above immersed basins; fish is attracted to feed on bait and is scooped out.
Hooks
Hooks are used for fishing but on a small scale. The size of the hook
used depends on the type of fish. Hooks have numbers. The lower
the number, the bigger the hook. Hooks used for tilapia are from
numbers eleven to sixteen, Those for nile perch are from seven to
10. Lung fish are fished with hooks of numbers six and five. Bigger
hooks are used for bigger fish so that they do not break free and os
swim away. On Lutoboka landing site on Bugala Island in wil
Kalangala District, fishermen se hooks of number 12 to fish nile ‘A fisherman holding a hook for
perch, 1000 hooks are put in water. Sprat is put on the hook as bait. fisting Nile perch in Kalangala
The hooks are put 5 meters apart. Not all of them get fish. Some
times the fishermen get 10 to twenty fish of different sizes. The
hooks are kept in a wooden chest
Fishing sites and Villages/communities in Uganda
Fishing activities in Uganda take place mostly on Islands and on landing sites. These act as central points
for fish trade and fishing.
Landing sites
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Most acivities of fish trade take place at landing sites which act as both collection and trading centres for
fish. The major fresh water sources have several landing sites which act as centres for fishing activities
Lake victoria has: Kasensero and Kyabasimba landing sites in Rakai District, Kasenyi and Kigungu in
Wakiso District, Katosi and Ssenyi in Mukono District, Masese and Wairaka in Jinja District, and Gaba in
Kampala district. The landing sites on Lake Kyoga include: kayago and Namasale in Lira District, and
Kikaraganya, Kikarangenye and Lwampanga in Nakasongola District. Landing sites on Lake Albert
(Africa)include: Abok and Dei in Nebbi District, and Kabolwa and Wanseko in Masindi District. Landing
sites on Lake Edward and Lake George (Uganda)include: Kasaka and Katunguru in Bushenyi Distriet and
Katwe and Kayanja in Kasese District.{!21
Ggaba landing site
Ggaba landing site is found on Lake Victoria, in Kampala. It is used as a centre for fish trade. Fishermen set
off from the site and return with fish to sell. The fish mostly caught in the waters near the site include: Nile
perch, Tilapia, Lung fish and Cat fish. Fishing is mostly done in the middle of the lake, a little distance
from the site. It is tilapia that is fished near the shore, Fishing has changed at the site over the years, fom
using small cannoes to usuing motised boats, ‘The mode of transportation of fish has also improved. The
fish are moved in containers with ice, unlike before when they were simpply dropped inside a boat and then
delivered.
Lutoboka landing site
Lutoboka landing site is found on Lake Victoria, in Kalangala
District, on Bugala Island. It is a tourist destination with hotels and
resorts. The fish mostly caught at the site include: Nile perch,
Tilapia, sprat and silverfish. Most fishermen engage in fishing of
siverfish, tilapia and Nile perch. Fisjh preservation at the site is
down though fish smoking and steel eases. The fishermen usually
fish at night, They leave in the eving and return in the morning
Fishermen engage in frming and animal rearing to supplement
incomes from fish.
‘A fisherma's daughter with pigs in
Kalangala
Islands
In Uganda, fishing is most widely done on a large scale on Ssese
Islands, a group of 84 islands. The biggest and most active of these
is Bugala Island in Kalangala District,!"5] and Koome Island in
Mukono District. Fishing is the principle economic activity on these
islands.
ee, oye ‘A garden on Lutoboka landing site in
Lake vietoria fish communities Kaengals
Males dominate the fisheries (98%). The mean age of fishers is 29
years with 30 years age dominating. The majotity of fishers are married (70%) and have families
(74%). Most fishermen have stayed on landing sites for close to nine years. The fishermen are of varied
ethinic backgrounds with Baganda making 49%, the Samia 14%, Basoga 9%, Alur, Itesot, Bakenye,
Bagwere, Adhola, Banyankole, Banyarwanda, Jaluo and Banyala, constituting the rest
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Youthful men do the fishing while the women are involved in fish drying (sardines), traditional processing
of fish and cooking. People who do not go fishing themselves but hire to catch fish, own most fishing units.
The involvement of family is less. The othergroups involved in fishing include fish traders, boat owners and
fish smokers.
See also
= Economy of Uganda
= Agriculture in Uganda
ishing on Lake Victoria
References ‘A fishing Village on Lutoboka
landing site
1, "2013 STATISTICAL ABSTRACT"
(hutp:/Avww.ubos. org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdl%20documents/abstracts/Statistical%20Abstract”4202013, pd)
ubos.org Retrieved on October 29 2014.
2. "TOWARDS AN APPROPIATE MANAGEMENT REGIME FOR THE FISHERIES RESOURCES OF
UGANDA (http://www. unufip.is/static/fellows/document/robbinprf pdf) unuftp.is. Retrieved on October 29
2014.
3. "The political economy of the fisheries sector in Uganda’ ruling elites, implementation costs and industry
interests" (hitp://subweb dis. dk/graphics/Publications/WP2012/wp2012-04-Political-Economy-Fisheries-Uganda-
EPP_web pdf) subweb.diis.dk Retrieved on October 30 2014.
4. Uganda country study (http://leweb2. loc. gov/frd/cs/ugtoc. html). Library of Congress Federal Research Division
(December 1990). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
5. "National Aquaculture Sector Overview. Uganda" (http://www. fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_ugandalen)
fao.org. Retrieved November 11 2014
6. "Uganda’s fishy picture" (http://www. newvision.co.ug/news/652292-uganda-s-fishy-picture. html)
newvision.co.ug, Retrieved November 25 2014
7. Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso. Assessment of Freshwater Fish Seed Resources for Sustainable Aquaculture
(http://books. google.co.ug/books?
id-RTT3jg0S1U4C &pe=PA465&Ipe=PA465&dq~A quaculture+Rescarch+and+Development+Centre,+Kajjansi&s
ource=bl&ots=a_V7pvF-
OD&sig=5A2DbNgI I PhKiSNyDAcUV6VY8Q8&hI=en&sa=X&ei=sxd0VPP|LY TcarPEgugG&redir_ese=yitv=0
nepage&q=Aquaculture%20R esearch%20and%20Development%20Centre%2C%20Kajjansi&f=false) (Issue 501
of FAO fisheries technical paper, ed.), Food & Agriculture Org., 2007. p. 465, ISBN 9789251058954. Retrieved
25 November 2014,
8. “List of Freshwater Fishes for Uganda" (http://fish. mongabay.com/data/Uganda, htm)
fish.mongabay.com,Retrieved on October 29 2014.
9. ""Semutundu is the snake-like fish that many find a delicacy"
(http:/Avww. monitor, co,ug/Magazines/Life/Semutundueis-the-snake-likeefish-that-many=find-a-delicacy/~
1689856/1673600i4/dulqas/~/index.html) monitor. co.ug. Retrieved November 12, 2014
10, "Uganda's Mukene Harvest the Lowest in East Alrica’ (htp://ugandaradionetwork.com/alstory.php?s~6935)
ugandaradionetwork.com. Retrieved November 14, 2014
11. "Opportunities and Options for Financing Fisheries Management in Uganda"
(http://swww. unufip.is/static/fellows/document/boazprf pdf) unufip.is. Retrieved on November 14 2014.
12. "Uganda: selected fish landing sites and fishing communities” (http://r4d dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/R8112k pdf)
14d_dfid.gov.uk. Retrieved on October 30 2014.
13. "Kalangala: The 84 islands of fish, oil and vast tourism potential"
(http://www monitor.co.ug/SpecialR eports/Kalangala-- The-84-islands-of-fish--oil-and-/-/688342/2082018/-
/u64pm iz/-/index. html) monitor.co.ug Retrieved on October 30 2014.
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External links
= Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
(http://www agriculture. go.ug/index. php)
= Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (http://www.lvfo.org/)
= Uganda Fish Processors and Exporters Association (http://www.ufpea.co.ug/)
= Uganda Fish Processors and Exporters Association - List of member companies and links
(http: Awww ulpea.co.ug/members html)
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