Jala Shakti Book 2070 Vol 12

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Quarterly Magazine
Vol. No. 12
Year : 2070
Editor
Krishna Prasad Devkota

Consulting Editor
Purna N. Ranjitkar
Advisor
Surendra Bhakta Mathema

Marketing Management
Sarmila Rayamajhi (Khadka)
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Padam Raj Joshi
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Nepal Micro Hydropower

Development Assoication
Teku (Way to FNCCI), Kathmandu Nepal
Phone : 4230678
E-mail: nmhda@ntc.net.np
Website : microhydro.org.np
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Hisi Offset Printers Pvt. Ltd.

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Phone : 01-4226416
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kl/of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/df sfo{qmdn] b]zsf
cGo s]xL 7fpFdf klg ldgLu|L8 lgdf{0f ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5
. ufpFdf pTkflbt ljB'tnfO{ /fli6o k|;f/0f nfOgdf hf]8g\
;lsPdf ufpFsf] ljB't zx/df / zx/sf] k};f ufpFdf n}hfg
;lsg]5 .
o; gd"gf kl/of]hgfnfO{ d'ns
' s} ko{6sLo pmhf{
s]Gb|sf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . of]
cfof]hgfsf] af/]df cWoog ug{ ljleGg b]zsf pmhf{ljb\x?
cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff
cg';f/ ;~rfng ePsf] o; kl/of]hgfn] pmhf{sf] kx'r
F af6
u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ Pscfk;df hf]8g\ ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 .
o; kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogkl5 :yfgLo:t/df u/LaL
lgjf/0f, lzIff, n}+lus ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f,
jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgsf] ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 .
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c;+nUg /fi6x? tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6x?sf nflu

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;+:yfsf] cu|;/tf / g]kfn lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgsf] cfof]hgfdf @)!# clk|n !( b]lv @@
tfl/v;Dd sf7df8f}d
+ f cGt/f{li6o sfo{zfnf ;DkGg ul/of] .
dfggLo pmhf{ Pj+ lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqL pdfsfGt
emfn] pb\3f6g ug'{ ePsf] pQm sfo{zfnfdf !& d'ns
' ckmuflg:tfg, e"6fg, ef/t, O08f]g]l;of, O/fs, dnfjL,
dn]l;of, dl/z;, DofGdf/, kfls:tfg, blIf0f clk|msf, >Ln+sf,
o'uf08f, leotgfd, hflDaof / lhDafj]_ sf @@ hgf
k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . pb\3f6gsf] cj;/df
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s k|f= 8f=
uf]ljGb /fh kf]v/]n, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgsf
s'nklt k|f= 8f= ;'/G] b| IK VIdQ], c;+nUg /fi6x? tyf
ljsf;zLn /fi6x?sf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;+:yfsf lgb]z
{ s
tyf sfo{sf/L k|dv
' k|f= 8f= c?0f k|sfz s'n>]i7, g]kfn
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgsf of]hgf k|dv
' k|f= 8f=
lr/l~hjL /]UdLn] klg cGt/f{li6o sfo{zfnfsf] dxTjdfly
k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] n3' hnljB't k|ljlw cem

ljsl;t t'Nofpg' kg]d
{ f jQmfx?n] hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
gljs/0fLo phf{ ;|ft] sf] ?kdf n3' hnljB't k|ljlw
cjn+jg ub}{ cfPsf ljleGg d'ns
' sf lj1x? Ps} 7fpFdf
e]nf e}FIFIdJI] cg'ej / ljrf/ phfu/ ub}{ n3' hnljB't
k|ljlwnfO{ cem kl/:s[t t'Nofpg ;~hfn agfpg] p2]Zosf
;fy cfof]hgf ul/Psf] o; sfo{zfnfdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf
;a} b]zdf eP ul/Psf pknlJwaf/] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof]
eg] k|ljlwdf e}cfPsf] k|ultsf] rrf{ klg ul/Psf] lyof] . n3'
hnljB't k|OMOZ FIFIdJI] d'ns
' df s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f gk'Ug]
e]udf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx?sf nflu lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf
k'ofpg ;kmn /x]sf] k|ltlglwx?n] sfo{zfnfsf] cj;/df
rrf{ u/]sf lyP eg] of] k|ljlw cem kl/dfh{g ug{ pB[t
/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP . g]kfnsf tkm{af6 * sfo{kq
;lxt hDdf ## j6f sfo{kq sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't
ul/Psf] To; sfo{zfnfaf6 w]/} s'/f hflgPsf] ;xefuLx?sf]
egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
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To; cGt/fli6 o sfo{ z fnfdf

j} s lNks pmhf{ k| j 4{ g s] G b| s f
k|fljlws clws[tx?, g]kfn n3'
hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw
;b:ox?, g]kfn hn tyf phf{
k/fdz{bftf ;+3sf k|ltlglw ;b:ox?
;fy} cGo ;+3 ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 klg
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf;
;+:yfsf cWoIf ;'/G] b| eQm dfy]df /
dxf;lrj s[i0f k|;fb b]jsf]6fn] pQm
cj;/df g]kfndf n3' hnljB't
k| l jlwdf gLlh If] q sf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf / nufgL af/] k|:t'lts/0f
ub}{ n3' hnljB't If]qdf gLlh If]qn]
n3' hnljB't k|ljlwaf6 u|fdL0f
hgtfnfO{ nfe k'ofpg ;kmn /x]sf]
:ki6 kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] .
rf/ lbgsf] pQm sfo{zfnfsf] rf}yf] lbg ;xeflux?nfO{
l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] b'Dhf l:yt 5f] n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf
cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fO g]kfnsf] kl/k|I] odf Jofjxfl/s hfgsf/L
klg u/fOPsf] lyof] .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| (AEPC) / cd]l/sL ;xof]u
lgof]u (USAID Nepal) af6 sf7df8f}d
+ f :yfkgf ul/Psf] If]qLo
n3' hnljBt pTs[i6tf s]Gb| (Regional Centre for Excellence
in Micro Hydro/ RCEMH) n]
g]kfn,
blIf0f Pl;ofsf ;fy} ;+ej ePsf
;a} d'ns
' x?sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ /
cfk;L ;xof]usf] nflu ;~hfn
agfO{ n3' hnljB't k|ljlw k|j4{gsf]
sfd ug{ OR5's ePsf] hfgsf/L
klg sfo{zfnfsf] cj;/df u/fPsf]
lyof] .
sfo{zfnfsf] cf}krfl/s ;dfkg
cl3 o; sfo{zfnfdf p7]sf d'Vo
ljifox? ;d]6/] cfufdL lbgsf nflu
lbzf lgb]z
{ x'g] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?
;xeflu /fi6x?sf k|ltlglw dfkm{t
gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{tfx? ;dIf
' g
hfgsf/L u/fpg sf7df8f}+ l/;f]n;
klg hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; sfo{zfnf d"ntM c;+nUg
/fi6 x ? tyf ljsf;zLn
/fi6x?sf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;+:yfsf] tTjfjwfgdf
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfn n3' hnzlQm
ljsf; ;+:yf, hn tyf phf{ k/fdz{bftf ;+3 g]kfn, lqe'jg
OM=MOM%IQRi]G6/ km/ OghL{ :68Lh\, sf7df8f}+ ljZj
OM%IQRi/2{kL6LO{sf] klg ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] .
-hnzlQm ;Dkfbg sIf_
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Technical Group of Housing & Micro Hydropower Scheme
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Manufacturing and Installation of Peltric set, Micro Hydro Turbines, Penstock
Pipe, Sluice Gate, Trashrack, Control Panels, ICG, ELC, Steel Poles, Wind
Power, etc.

Natole, Pulchowk, Latitpur-20,P.O. Box 176, Latitpur,

Tel-5547485, 5541864, Fax-01-5547485
Email- housing@ntc.net.np
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g]kfnsf] n3' hnljB't k|ljlwn] b]z aflx/ klg

dgUo] k|lti7f sdfPsf] 5 eGbf st}af6 xf]Og xf]nf eGg]
kSs} ;'lgg] 5}g . nlntk'/sf] uf]bfj/Ldf ;g\ !(^@ df %
lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] k|fk] n
] / 6af{Og h8fg u/L cf/De ePsf]
n3' hnljB't ofqf ;g\ @)!! ;Dddf @%)) j6f :yfkgf
ul/Psf] / tL ;a}af6 nueu @# d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg e}
@)),))) eGbf a9L 3/w'/Ln] lah'nL aQLsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt
u/]sf] eGg] s'/fn] o; If]qdf nfu]sfx?sf] nflu ;Gt'li6
k:s]sf] 5 / cfkm"n] u/]sf] ldx]gtn] kmn lbPsf] eGg] cg'ej
u/]sf 5g\ . olt pNn]vgLo pknlJw k|fKt ug{ jf:tjdf
g]kfnsf oGq k|fljlwsx? / k|zf;sx?sf] 7"nf] kl/>d nfu]sf]
5 . pxfFx?sf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 eg] n3' hnljB't
ljsf;sf nflu lqmofzLn lghL sDkgLkmd{x?sf] ;femf
;+:yf g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfn] ct'ngLo of]ubfg
k'ofpg' ePsf JolQmTjx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6L cl3
a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
;+:yfsf] o; ;b\p2]Zo cg'?k lj=;+= @)&) sf] df3df
;DkGg ePsf] ;+:yfsf] PsfO;f}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf]
cj;/;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;+:yfn] >L cSsndfg gsdL{, >L
Zofd/fh k|wfg, >L >Ls[i0f pkfWofo, >L >Lw/ b]jsf]6f,
>L b]jfg l;+ yfkf, >L k'ik lrqsf/, k|f=8f= uf]ljGb /fh
kf]v/]n, >L s[i0f axfb'/ gsdL{, >L lzj k|;fb clwsf/L /
>L cho sfsL{nfO{ pxfFx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ;Ddfg
ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;/L sd{7 JolQmTjx?nfO{ ;Ddfg lbP/
g]kfnsf] n3' hnljB't k|ljlw / pkof]lutf cfkm} klg phfu/
x'bF } cfPsf] klg Ps y/Lsf] a'emfO /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] gofF
gf}nf kl/kf6Lsf ;fy sf];9] ' f lgdf{0fdf nfu]sfx? xf}l;Psf]
klg dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf n3' hnljB't k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf
nflu lj=;+= @)@^ b]lv nfdf] ;do;Dd oGq pks/0f lgdf{0fdf
cWoog cg';gwfg;lxt l;h{gzLn of]ubfg ug'{ ePsf
cSsndfg gsdL{nfO{ lj=;+= @)^^ df g]kfn n3' hnzlQm
ljsf; ;+:yfn] ;Ddfg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf klxnf] k]N6g
6af{Og lgdf{0fsf] >]o klg cSsn dfg gsdL{n] kfpg' ePsf]
5 . k]lN6s ;]6sf] lgdf{0fsf ;fy} Jofks pkof]usf nflu klg
pxfFsf] of]ubfg k|z;
+ gLo /x]sf]5 .
o;}u/L lj=;+= @)!^ ;fnb]lv g} oflGqs pks/0f
lgdf{0fdf nflu /xg' ePsf Zofd/fh k|wfgnfO{ klg g]kfnsf]
n3' hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu 6af{Og cflb lgdf{0f ub}{ dgUo]
of]ubfg ug'{ ePsf]df ;+:yfn] lj=;+= @)^& df ;Ddfg u/]sf]
lyof] .
KQ]O4P
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>L ;'/G] b| eQm dfy]df

ljSofg nfOkm 6fOd Plred]06 cjf8{ @)!#
f/f ;Ddflgt
g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfsf cWoIf >L

;'/G] b|eQm dfy]dfnfO{ hn tyf pmhf{ k/fdz{bftf ;+3 g]kfn
-ljSofg_ n] nfOkm 6fOd PlrEfd]06 cjf8{ lbP/ ;Ddfg
u/]sf] 5 . ljSofgsf] kfFrf}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] cj;/df
cfof]lht Ps ;df/f]x aLr sfo{qmdsf k|dv
' cltly g]kfn
;/sf/ phf{ dGqfnosf ;lrj >L ljZj k|sfz kl08tn]
bf];Nnf cf]9fO >L dfy]dfnfO{ lt;f}F jif{bl] v g]kfndf n3'
hnljB't k|ljlw ljsf; / k|j4{gsf nflu ug'e
{ Psf] ct'ngLo
of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ ;Ddfgkq x:tfGt/0f ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . pQm cj;/df k|dv
' cltly >L kl08t, ljSofgsf
lgjt{dfg cWoIf k|f= 8f= /d]z s'df/ df:s], j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|sf ;L O{ sDkf]gG] 6 Dofg]h/ >L hubLz vf]h
F "
g]kfnsf] n3' hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu cg'bfg
pknJw ug]{ gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ n]
ljutdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . >L >Ls[i0f
pkfWofo To; a}s
+ sf] cWoIf tyf dxfk|jGws x'g' ePsf]
tfsf pxfFsf] JolQmut cu|;/tfdf lqmofsnfk u/]/ klg
g]kfndf n3' hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg ePsf]df
pkfWofonfO{ ;+:yfsf] !& cf}+ ;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/df ;Ddflgt
ul/Psf] lyof] .
;f]xL cj;/df ;+:yfaf6 >Lw/ b]jsf]6fnfO{ pxfFn]
g]kfnsf] n3' hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu 6af{Og l8hfOg /
lgdf{0f / :t/f]Ggltsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;d]t pNn]vgLo
kl/>d ug'{ ePsf]df ;/fxgf ub}{ ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] lyof] .
/ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| ;L O{ sDkf]gG] 6sf /fli6o

;Nnfxsf/ >L dw';b' g clwsf/Ln] >L dfy]dfsf] of]ubfgsf]
k|z;
+ f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;Ddflgt x'g' ePsf >L dfy]dfn]
klg cfk\mgf] cg'ejsf] rrf{ ub}{ o; If]qdf cem} w]/} sfd
ug{ afFsL /x]sf] / ;a} ldn]/ cl3 a9\gk' g]{ ;dosf] dfu
/x]sf] eGg] cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
cfk\mgf] >d, ;Lk, ;do / k"h
F L ;b'kof]u ub}{ g]kfnsf]
n3' hnljB't k|ljlw ljsf; / k|j4{gsf nflu of]ubfg
k'ofpFb} ljb]zdf ;d]t Voflt cfh{g ug'e
{ Psf k|fljlws
>L cSsndfg gsdL{ / >L Zofd/fh k|wfgnfO{ ljSofgn]
o;cl3sf jif{x?df nfOkm 6fOd PlrEfd]06 cjf8{ lbP/
;Ddfg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L o; If]qnfO{ hfu?s / lhjGt t'NofpFb} ;f9]

tLg bzsb]lv oGq pks/0f lgdf{0f tyf h8fg ub}{ cfpg'
ePsf b]jfg l;+ yfkfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] !( cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf]
cj;/df ;Ddfg ul/of] . ;+:yfsf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;d]t /xg'
ePsf yfkfn] ljutdf nfdf] ;do;Dd cWoIf kbdf a;]/
;+:yfnfO{ g]tT[ j ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't
cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ;e]{ ug]{ / lj:t[t l8hfOg ug{
;xh x'g] Ps ?ktf klg x'g] / To;sf nflu cfjZos cfly{s
kIf klg ljZn]if0f ug{ pko'Qm sDKo'dM]/ agfO{ g]kfn
nufot ljb]zdf ;d]t Voflt sdfPsf k'ik lrqsf/sf]
of]ubfgnfO{ ;d'lrt d"Nofg ub}{ g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf;
;+:yfn]FIdJI] !( cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/df ;Ddfg
KQ]O4P
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Regional Centre for Excellence in Micro Hydro (RCEMH)
pmhf{df kx'Fr gk'u]sf u|fdL0f / b'u{d ufpF7fpFsf
afl;Gbfsf nflu n3' hnljB't k|ljlw Pp6f ljsNksf] ?kdf
:yflkt e};s]sf] 5 . o;af6 sd cfo ePsf / sd cj;/df
hLjg wfGg jfWo JolQmx?sf nflu hLjg:t/ psf:gsf nflu
e/y]u x'g ;Sg] cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] kfOG5 / sDtLdf klg
s]6fs]6Lx?sf] n]vfO{ k9fO{df ;xhtf cfPsf] cj:yfnfO{
;Gtf]ifhgs pknlJw dfGg ;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L g]kfn, kfls:tfg,
>Ln+sf / ckmuflg:tfgsf] ;Gbe{df n3' hnljB't ljsf;n]
/fd|f] kl/0ffd lbPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn nufotsf oL d'ns
' x?df
sof}F ;+Vofdf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f e};s]sf] eP
klg gLlt lgdf{tf, lgdf{0fstf{, nufgLstf{, ljQLo ;+:yfnufotsf
;/f]sf/jfnfx? cem hfu?s t'Nofpg cfjZos 5 . ljB'tsf]
s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f nfOg k'Ug g;Sg] b'ud
{ e]udf n3' hnljB'tsf]
dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ljB'tsf] dfu k"/f ug{ oL ;a} kIfsf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg 5'} lgsfo :yfkgf ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostfnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ n3' hnljBtsf] nflu If]qLo pTs[i6tf

s]Gb| g]kfndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;xof]u
;+u7g -;fs{_ /fi6x? / ;]/f]km]/f]sf nflu ;d]t ;]jf k'ofpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy ;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sL ;xof]u lgof]u (USAID)
sf] cu|;/tfdf ;~rflnt blIf0f Pl;of If]qLo pmhf{ cu|;/tf
-;fl/OghL{_{ sfo{qmdsf] lj:tfl/t / s]lGb|st[ cfsf/df of]
s]Gb| lj= ;+= @)^& ;fndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .
n3' hnljB't k|ljlw ljsf; / pkof]u u/L g]kfnn]
ljZjdf pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df blIf0f Pl;of,
o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]sf ;fy} cGo d'n'sx?nfO{ ;d]t g]kfnn]
;3fpg ;Sg] x'gfn] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] n3'
hnljB'tsf nflu If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|l;t ;xsfo{ ub}{
cfPsf] 5 .
n3' hnljB'tsf nflu If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb| 5f]6s/Ldf If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|_ n] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
ub}{ ;Ddflgt x'gx] ?sf] ;+Vof ^ k'ofO of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf

nflu ;do, ;Lk, ;fwg, >f]tsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ cfpg' ePsf
JolQmTjx?sf] plrt ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ hf/L
/fVg] k|ltj4tf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg]
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L
lgb] { z s k| f = 8f= uf] l jGb /fh
kf]v/]nnfO{ ;f] s]Gb|sf] k|dv
' eP/ /
aflx/ x' F b f klg n3' hnljB' t
k| l jlwsf] ljsf;, k| j 4{ g /
Jofj;flostfsf nflu lg/Gt/
;fy{s k|of; ub}{ lbzf lgb]z
{ ;d]t ub}{ cfpg' ePsf]df
pxfFaf6 o; If]qdf cem a9L of]ubfgsf] ck]Iff ub}{ aL;f}F
;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/df ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf nflu cfjZos 6af{Ogx? lgdf{0f /
lgdf{0fsf nflu l8hfOg ug]{ sfddf ljut tLg bzsb]lv
cys ;]jf ub}{ cfpg'ePsf >L s[i0f axfb'/ gsdL{nfO{ klg
aL;f}F ;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/df ;Ddfg ul.Psf] lyof] . To;

cj;/df k| d ' v cltly x' g ' ePsf
dfggLo lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f
dGqL 8f= s]zjdfg zfSon] pxfFx?
b'a} hgfnfO{ bf];Nnf cf]9fO ;Ddfgkq
x:tfGt/0f ug'e
{ Psf] lyof] .
o;}u/L ;+:yfsf] PsfO;f}F ;fwf/0f
;efsf] cj;/df 6af{ O g tyf
cfjZos cGo oGq pks/0f lgdf{0f sfo{df
nfdf] ;dob] l v of] u bfg ub} { cfpg' e Psf >L lzj
k|;fb clwsf/L / n3' tyf ;fgf hnlB't cfof]hgfx?sf
nflu l;len lgdf{0f ;xh t'Nofpg dfu{bz{s ;xh sfo{
k4lt agfpg of]ubfg ug'e
{ Psf >L cho sfsL{nfO{ k|dv
'
cltly ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:o >L uug yfkfaf6 bf];Nnf
cf]9fpFb} ;Ddfgkq x:tfGt/0f u/]/ ;Ddfg ug'e
{ Psf] lyof] .
-hnzlQm ;Dkfbg sIf_
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ ;+jGwdf gLlt / cg'ejdf kl5 k/]sf

gLlt lgdf{tf, lgdf{0fstf{, nufgLstf{, ljQLo ;+:yf h:tf
;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / u|L8eGbf 6f9f /x]sf
ufpF7fpFsf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ klg ;xof]u x'g ;Sg] sfo{qmd
cl3 a9fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . To;}u/L n3' hnljB't k|ljlw
/ pkof]usf] 1fg / ;Lksf] s]Gb|ljGb'sf] sfd ug]{ / ;a}
k|sf/sf Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?
:jfjnDjL 9+un] lbuf] kl/rfngsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ nIo
lnPsf] 5 .
If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] FIdJI VIR{If]qdf n3'
hnljB't k|ljlw / pkof]lutf k|j4{g ug{ Jofj;flos
;]jf pknJw u/fpFb} n3' hnljB't ljsf;df sfo{/t
lgsfo, ;+:yf / JolQmx?nfO{ cem
;Ifd t'Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{
Wofgdf /fv] / k/fdz{ , ;/;Nnfx
e| d 0f cflbsf] dfWod ;lxt
sfo{zfnf, k|lzIf0f, e|d0f sfo{qmdx?
cfof]hgf ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|
;+j4 clwsf/Lx? / k/fdz{bftfx?af6 k|fKt ;'emfjnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] n3' hnljB't
k|ljlw / pkof]lutf k|j4{g ;+jlGwt 1fg Joj:yfkg
k|lzIf0f, cfof]hgf k/Lj]If0f / k|fljlws ;xof]u h:tf
sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ubf{ o; If]qsf] cfjZostf k"lt{sf
nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] eGg] a'em]sf] 5 .
If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] pNn]v u/]sf cTofjZos,
dxTjk"0f{ / pT;fxj4{s sfo{x?sf] ?k/]vf o; k|sf/
5g\ .
n3' hnljB't k|ljlw / pkof]lutf k|j4{gsf nflu
gLlt lgdf{tfx? / ;/f]sf/jfnfx? gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg
k'ofpg' kg]{ ljifoj:t' af/] ljrf/ ljlgdo / k/fdz{
cflbsf nflu If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] ;xof]u ug'{ pko'Qm
x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnsf] cg'ej cGo
d'n'sdf / cGo d'n'ssf] cg'ej g]kfndf pko'Qm x'g]
xb;Dd ljrf/ k'ofpg ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;sf
nflu a]nf avtdf If]qLo sfo{zfnfx? cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|sf] pT;'stf b]lvPsf] 5 .
ljB'tLo dfWodx? ;'ne / ;/n ePsf] ljBdfg
cj:yfdf a]j;fO6sf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] sfd yfn]sf] 5 .
o;sf nflu 8f6fa];, ljB'tLo clen]v, ljB'tLo k':tsfno,
;+jfb ;~hfn tof/ ug]{ sfdsf] yfngL u/]sf]5 .
lhNnf :t/Lo pmhf{ cfjZostf / cfk" l t{ s f

pkfox?sf af/]df / df}h"bf l:yltsf af/]df cWoog,
cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bg cflb tYof ;+sng ug]{ / clen]v
/fVgsf nflu kxn u/]/ If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] pmhf{
ldof] e} ;]jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
If]qLo ahf/df gjLs/0fLo pmhf{df nufgL clej[l4
ug{ If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] ljz]ifu/L ljQLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?
/ cfof]hgf lgdf{0fstf{x?sf] ;/;Nnfx / ;+jfbsf nflu
e]63f6sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf nflu cfjZos oGq
pks/0f cfof]hgf lgdf{0fstf{x? / pTkfbsx?sf] ;xh
;+jfb x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n]
kxn ug{ ;Sg]5 .
ljZj:t/Lo ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{
pkof] u u/] / n3' hnljB' t
cfof]hgf lgdf{0fstf{x? nufotsf
;/f] s f/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xof] u ug{
;Sg]5 .
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf
ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] :t/f]Gglt Pp6f cTofjZos
kf6f] e} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df tL ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ !)))
lsnf] j f6;Ddsf n3' hnljB' t cfof] h gfx?sf nflu
cfjZos ;]jf tyf cfk"lt{sf nflu ;Ifd t'Nofpg ;xof]u
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
If] q Lo pTs[ i 6tf s] G b| n ] n3' hnljB' t
cfof]hgfx?sf nflu cfjZos oGq pks/0f cflbsf] u'0f:t/
k/LIf0f / lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ sd d"Nodf
/fd|f] u'0f:t/sf ;]jfsf ;fy} oGq pks/0f cflb pTkfbg
/ ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
n3' hnljB' t cfof] h gfx? -;g\ @))& kl5
g]kfndf :yfkgf ul/Psf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ;d]t_
:jR5 pmhf{ ;+oGq -;L8LPd_ cGtu{t btf{ e} ljZj
ahf/af6 kmfObf lng;Sg] l:ylt ePsf] ;+be{df :jR5
pmhf{ ;+oGq k|lqmofsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
o; If]qdf sfo{/t k|fljlwsx?nfO{ n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng / ;Def/sf nflu pko'Qm 1fg /
;Lk k|bfg ug{ cfjZos sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
pkef] Q mf :t/sf ;fdlhs sfo{ s tf{ x ?nfO{
;d'bfosf] a9L ;] a9L nfesf] nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf
;+jGwdf k|lzIf0fx? cfof]hgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
n3' hnljB' t cfof] h gfx?sf] ;xh / lgjf{ w
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
;fl/ OghL{sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf

;~rfngsf] nflu ;xof] u k' U g] u/L u| f dL0f:t/sf
k|fljlwsx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ pkNnf]:t/sf] k|fljlws
k|lzIf0f / cfof]hgf lgdf{tfx?sf nflu Joj:yfkg ;z'Ns
k|lzIf0f lbO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;af6 ljleGg d'n'ssf
k|fljlwsx?sf ;fy} >f]t kl/rfnsx?n] n3' hnljB't
k| l jlw ;+ j 4 cfof] h gf l8hfOg, h8fgsfo{ , k/LIf0f,
cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0f, gLltut Jojxfl/stf, cfof]hgf
cjnf]sgdf bIftf xfFl;n ug]{5g\ .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno h:tf
z}lIfs ;+:yfgdf n3' hnljB't k|ljlw / pkof]lutf k|j4{g
ljifo cWoog cg';Gwfg / k7g kf7g u/fpg ;xof]u
ug]{ / To;af6 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ kmfObf x'g] u/L
;~rf/ ;+jfb ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;}u/L n3'
hnljB't k|ljlw / pkof]lutf k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg
lgsfo / ;+:yfx?af6 lbOg] k|lzIf0f cflbsf] :t/ If]qLo
pTs[i6tf s]Gb|sf] cu|;/tfdf ljZjljBfnox? / cGo
lgsfox?af6 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Ps d'n'ssf] ljlzi6 ;]jf jf pTkfbg jf b'a} cGo
d'n'sdf k|j4{g ug{ d2t ug]{ / u|fdL0f:t/df ;d]t nfe
k'ofpg ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
pk/f]Qm ;+be{df, n3' hnljB'tsf nflu If]qLo
pTs[i6tf s]Gb|af6 xfn;Dd cfof]hgf u/]sf, ;~rfng
u/] s f / ;xefuL ePsf lqmofsnfkx?df c;+ n Ug
/fi6x?sf ;fy} ljsf;zLn /fi6x?sf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
pTyfgdf ;lqmo ;+:yf c;+nUg /fi6x?sf lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw s]Gb|, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

k|lti7fg / j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s] G b| n ] ;+ o ' Q m ?kdf cfof] l ht
ljsf;zLn /fi6 x ?sf nflu n3'
hnljB' t k| l jlw ;Dd] n g
;~rfngdf ;xof] u u/] /
sfo{ q mdnfO{ cTolws ;kmn
t' N ofpgdf e" l dsf lgjf{ x u/] s f]
lyof] . ;g\ @)!# clk|n !( b]lv @@
;Dd sf7df8f} F d f cfof] l ht pQm
;Dd]ngdf g]kfn;lxt @@ /fi6sf
k| l tlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf /x] s f]
lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuLx?n]
FIiFIdJI G' n ' s df eP ul/Psf
pknlJwdfly k| s fz kfb} { n3'
;xefuLx
hnljB' t k| l jlwnfO{ ljsl;t
t'Nofpg] / cem hgd'vL t'Nofpg Pscfk;df ;xof]u
ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP .
;"rgf k|rf/ k|;f/ Pp6f ;zQm / cTofjZos
dfWod ePsf]n] If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] k|yd r/0fdf
FIdJI] pkl:ylt, cf}lrTo, p2]Zo, ;+/rgf, sfo{gLlt cflb
af/] hfgsf/L ;j{ ;' n e t' N ofpg j] a ;fO6 cknf] 8
ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;} u/L s]xL j[Qlrq tof/ u/]sf] 5 eg]
a|f]Zo'/ k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf;
;+:yfsf] n3' hnljB't ufpFsf] gd'gf e"b[ZonfO{ ;Def/
u/L If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|sf] sfof{no kl/;/df ;';lHht
/ ;'/lIft ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 .
n3' hnljB't k|ljlw ljsf;df ;+nUg g]kfnsf
gLlh If]qsf sDkgLx?sf] ljz]iftf / Ifdtfsf af/] lj:t[t
hfgsf/L ;+sng u/L cfjZos k|rf/ k|;f/sf] nflu If]qLo
pTs[i6tf s]Gb|n] tof/L ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
If]qLo pTs[i6tf s]Gb|sf] ;~rfng j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cWoIf /xg' x'g] / g]kfn
n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yf, hn tyf pmhf{ k/fdz{bftf
;+3 g]kfn, :jtGq ljB't pTkfbs ;+3 g]kfn, lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf k|ltlglwTj x'g]
sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 x'G5 eg] If]qLo pTs[i6tf
s]Gb|sf] nflu lgo'Qm x'g] k|jGws sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj x'g] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] lg0f{onufotsf pTs[i6tf s]Gb|sf] ;a} sfd
sfhsf] lhDd]jf/L k|jGwsdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
-hnzlQm ;Dkfbg sIf_
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
NPON^ }GI
ZOGQ@ YI@QI JGJI Q
KQOM%
W FIRI@KJI
n3' hnljB't If]q ljsf;sf nflu sfo{/t ;e]{ tyf
l8hfOg ug]{ sDkgLkmd{x?, oGq tyf pks/0f lgdf{0f ug]{
sDkgLkmd{x? / h8fg tyf :yfkgf ug]{ sDkgLkmd{x?sf]
jflif{s sfo{ Ifdtf %,))) lsnf]jf6 k'us
] f] cfng ul/Psf]
xfnsf] k|l/k|I] odf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?af6 cfufdL % jif{df
yk @%,))) lsnf]jf6 n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?af6 pTkfbg
u/L b'ud
{ ufpF7fpFsf afl;GbfnfO{ lah'nL ;'ljwfdf kx'r
F
k'ofpg] nIo lng' :jefljs dfGg' k5{ .
o;} ;+be{df, pknlJwsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 n3' hnljB't
If]q pT;flxt ePsf] ePklg cWoog, cg';Gwfg, k|lzIf0f,
;"rgf ;+u|xsf plrt k|jGw ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] Pp6f n3'
hnljB't k|fljlws s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/Pdf cToGt pkof]uL x'g]
lgisif{sf ;fy g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfn] sf7df8f}s
+ f]
kmlk{ glhs ;]tLb]jL uflj; j8f g+= * l:yt wldn] vf]nfsf]
kfgLaf6 #&+ lsnf]jf6sf] n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf :yfkgf
ug]{ lgZro u/L ;+jlGwt uflj; sfof{nosf] /f]xa/df u7g
l;t ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd @)^( ;fnsf] dWo

cfiff9af6 l;len lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} To; :yfg
ghLs /x]sf] l;dnwf/f vf]N;fsf] kfgLnfO{ pkof]u u/L
!) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] TPdQI] 6af{Og h8fg ug{sf nflu
cfjZos sfd klg yfln;s]sf] 5 . o;/L o; cfof]hgf
cGtu{t Ps} kfj/xfp;df b'O{ 6af{Og h8fg u/L lah'nL
pTkfbg ul/g] / pTkflbt lah'nL l;Gqmf]gfOh u/]/ pkof]udf
NofOg]5 eg] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k|;f/0f nfOgdf klg
hf]8g\ cfjZos kxn ul/g] of]hgf /flvPsf] 5 .
tTsflng dfggLo lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f
dGqL 8f= s]zj dfg zfSoHo"af6 g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf;
;+:yfsf] la;f}F ;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/df o; gd"gf n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] kfj/xfp;sf] lznfGof;sf] sfd klg
;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . ;f] cj;/df j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb /fh kf]v/]nHo"
/ ;+:yfsf cWoIf ;'/G] b| eQm dfy]dfHo"n] lznfGof;sf] nflu
dfggLo dGqL 8f=s]zjdfg zfSo, k|f=8f=uf]ljGb/fh kf]v/]n wldn] vf]nf gd'gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf kfj/xfp; lznfGof; ub}{
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
;xof]u ug'e
{ Psf] lyof] . lznfGof;sf] cj;/df :yfgLo
sfo{qmddfem :yfgLo ;xof]u ;ldltsf] dfunfO{ ;+jf]wg
ug's
{ f ;fy} :yfgLo ;|ft] kl/rfngsf] ;Defjgf s]nfpFb} k|f=
8f= uf]ljGb /fh kf]v/]nn] o; gd"gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf
/x]sf] uflj; / ;]/f]km]/f]df ;f}o{ pmhf{, afof]UofF;sf ;fy} jfo'
pmhf{ h:tf
gljs/0fLo phf{sf cGo k|ljlwsf] klg
:yfkgf ug{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 kxn x'g ;Sg]
ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ ePsf] :d/0fLo 5 .
D`VI@ [RI@X0J@NIQ Q
KQ]O4P OMVI \IVI@ N_RI
d'ns
' sf] klxnf] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf ;g\
!(!! df :yfkgf ul/Psf] kmlk{ kfj/ xfp; /x]sf] :yfg
ghLs :yfkgf ul/g] gd"gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf cfo
cfh{gsf] lx;fan] ;fgf] :t/sf] cfof]hgf eP klg o;
cfof]hgf d"ntM k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsl;t ul/g'sf
;fy} cWoog cg';Gwfg, ;"rgf s]Gb| / k|rf/ k|;f/sf nflu
klg k|z:t pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfaf6 n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx?sf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm lgdf{0fsf nflu
;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ljleGg tflnd sfo{qmdx? o;} :yfgdf
s]lGb|t ug{ ;lsg] jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . o;
gd"gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ePdf ;a}nfO{
nfe k'Ug] ;a}sf] ;f]rfO{sf ;fy :yfgLo ;+:yf tyf JolQmx?
klg o; sfo{df tbf?stfsf ;fy nfu]sf] kfOG5 .
of] cfof]hgfnfO{ ;'Gb/ k|:t'lts/0fsf] ?kdf :yfkgf
ug{ o; If]qdf nfu]sf ;a}sf] plrt e"ldsf ;d]t /xg]
Joj:yf ug{ g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfn] cjwf/0ff
/fv]sf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/L lgsfox?, lzIf0f ;+:yfgx?,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;e]{ tyf l8hfOg ug]{ sDkgLkmd{x?,
oGq tyf pks/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ sDkgLkmd{x? / h8fg tyf
:yfkgf ug]{ sDkgL kmd{x?sf ;fy} ;xof]uL Joj;flos
sDkgL kmd{x?n]FIdJI] :yfg ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 . yfkf
OlGhgLol/ O08li6h k|f= ln= af6 #& lsnf]jf6sf] k]N6g
6af{Og lgdf{0f u/L cfof]hgf :yndf k'ofO;s]sf] 5 eg] !)
lsnf]jf6sf]TPdQI] 6af{Og g]kfn oGqzfnf OghL{af6 pknJw
e};s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L k]g:6s kfOk / cGo d]sflgsn ;fdu|L
Pk|fl] k|o6 OlGhgLol/, uf}td OghL{ O08li6h k|f= ln=, g]kfn
d]zLg P08 :6Ln :6Sr/, gy{ OlGhgLol/ sDkgL k|f= ln=,
cf]lzg kfj/ ;le{;h
] \ k|f= ln=, o'lge;{n OSjLkd]G6 k|f=ln=,
8L Pn OghL{ sG;g{ k|f= ln=af6 k|fKt
ul/ ;s]sf] 5 .
qmDK6g P08 u|LE;af6 pTkfbg ul/g] h]g/] 6] / b'O{ j6f eg]
] \ sDkgL
cf+lzs e'QmfgL x'g] u/L OghL{ 8]EnKd]06 ;le{;h
k|f= ln=af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;/L s]xL sDkgL kmd{x?af6
gub ;xof]u klg pknJw ul/Psf] 5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g

s]Gb| / u|fdL0f hghLjgsf nflu gljs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmdaf6
klg wldn] vf]nf gd"gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf :yfkgf
ug{sf nflu gub ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; gd"gf n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ;e]{ l8hfOgsf o'lge;{n sG;N6\ofG;L
;le{;h
] \ k|f= ln= sf] ;xof]uaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L
l;Gqmf]gfOh];gsf] sfdsf] nflu kfj/ 6]s g]kfn k|f= ln= af6
/ O{Pn;L af]8{ k|L;' On]S6fl] gS; k|f= ln= af6 ;xof]u k|fKt
x'g5
] .
[RI@ X VI@ SNRI@ O XWI
gd"gf n3' hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] ?kdf n3' hnljB't
k|fljlws s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug'{ eg]sf] of] If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;df
;dlk{t Joj;flos sfo{ g} xf] . o;af6 n3' hnljB't k|ljlw
ljsf;sf nflu cWoog cg';Gwfg / k|lzIf0f sfo{sf nflu
/ ;"rgf / hfgsf/Ld"ns pkof]usf nflu cfjZos sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{ ;xh, ;'ne, :yfoL / ;'ud uGtJo tof/ x'g]
ePsf]n] b'u{d ufpF7fpFsf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ ;d]t sDtLdf
lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf lbgsf nflu lqmofzLn /x]sf] n3' hnljB't
k|ljlwn] Pp6f cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf o; s]Gb|nfO{ pkof]u
ug{ kfpg]5 . o; k|ljlwsf] lbuf]kgfsf nflu lqmofzLn /xg'
kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf eljiodf klg plQs} ;fGble{s /xg]
;f]rfO{sf sf/0f o; gd"gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf cem
pkof]uL x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; lng ;lsg] cfwf/ b]lvG5 .
n3' hnljB't k|fljlws s]Gb|sf ?kdf ;~rfng
ul/g] o; gd'gf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf cfufdL @)&!
cfiff9;Dddf :yfkgfsf ;a} sfd ;DkGg ug]{ nIo lnOPsf]
RVIQIOX" # i3VVI]8 afx nfv
krf;L xhf/ ?k}oF f_ dfq hUuf k|flKtsf] nflu afx]s vr{ x'g]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|fljlws cWoog cg';Gwfg, k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmdx?sf nflu cfjZos x'g] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf nflu
a]Un} lgdf{0f sfo{qmd kl5 NofOg]5 .
[RI@XVI@ M"N0
;+;f/e/ g} cfkm"nfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] ;+3 ;+:yf dfkm{t
dg nfu]sf] ;fdflhs sfo{ / dg nfu]sf] If]q pTyfgsf nflu
;xof]u (contribution) lbg] rng rNb} cfPsf] kl/k|I] odf
ljleGg lgsfo, lzIf0f ;+:yfgx?, o; ;+:yfl;t cfj4 /x]sf
sDkgLkmd{x?sf ;fy} ;xof]uL sDkgLkmd{x?af6 ;+:yfut
;xof]u lnOg]5 . k|fKt ;xof]usf] ;f}Gbo{ hu]gf{ ug{ To;sf]
dxTj / dfqfsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f klg ul/g] .
s_ ;xof]u d"ntM gubdf :jLsf/ ul/g]5 .
v_ s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] nflu oGq tyf pks/0f / ;fdu|L
k|fKt ug]{ iN]g:6s, eNe, 6af{Og, h]g/] 6] /, sG6fn
]
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
Kofgn, kfj/ xfp;, 6fG;ld;g nfOg, tf/, kf]n, 6fG:fkmd{/

cflb ;d]t .
u_ s'g} Ps lgsfo jf ;+:yfn] l;Gqmf]gfOh];g ;DjGwL ;a}
nfut pknJw u/L ;xof]u ug{ rfx]df :jfut ul/g]5
] .
3_ s'g} Ps lgsfo jf ;+:yfn]cNIM[ISVI] l;len lgdf{0f
dfq ul/lbg rfx]df ;f]sf] :jfut ul/g]5 .
_ s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ ;b:o sDkgL kmd{x?sf ;+rfnsx?
jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ pkof]u ul/g]
k|fljlws ;]jfsf] d"Nof+sg u/L To;sf] pNn]v lglb{i6
:yfgdf ul/g]5 .
@ 0
[RI@X[RI@X/["VI@ FOHQ@Y
n3' hnljB't k|fljlws s]Gb|sf ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]
o; gd"gf n3' hnljB't kl/of]hgf :yfkgf ug{ k|fKt ul/g]
;xof]u / dgsf/L ;xof]uLx?sf] clen]v ;';lHht t'Nofpg
o;} s]Gb|df Pp6f ljz]if :yfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . To;
:yfg lbOg] 5 . kfj/xfp;leq Pp6f cfsif{s :yfg To;

lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f pNn]v ug{ pkof]u ul/g]5 .
,IV
gljs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{gsf nflu sfo{/t lgsfo, lzIf0f
;+:yfgx?, o; ;+:yfl;t cfj4 /x]sf sDkgLkmd{x?sf
;fy} ;xof]uL sDkgLkmd{x?dWo] tLgaf6 dfq gub ?=
iN*Z| nfv ?k}oF f_ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf] ;xof]u
k|fKt ul/g]5 / To; k|sf/sf ;xof]uLx?nfO{ ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf
:yfg lbOg] 5 .
OM]@LI [RI@X/
n3' hnljB't k|ljlw k|j4{gsf nflu sfo{/t lgsfo,
lzIf0f ;+ : yfgx?, o; ;+ : yfl;t cfj4 /x] s f
sDkgLkmd{x?sf ;fy} ;xof]uL sDkgLkmd{x?dWo] kfFraf6
GITJXE" iNIFr nfv ?k}oF f_ jf ;f]eGbf
a9Lsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ul/g]5 / To; k|sf/sf ;xof]uLx?nfO{
!) lsnf]jf6sf]TPdQI] 6af{Og
#& lsnf]jf6sf] k]N6g 6af{Og

:yfgdf ;xof]usf] dxTj / cfotg cg';f/ ;xof]uLx?sf]
gfd ;;Ddfg c+lst ul/Psf] ;'lslt{kq ;HhfOg] 5 . ;f]
;'lslt{kqdf k|dv
' ;+/Ifs Ps, ;+/Ifs tLg, ljz]if ;xof]uL
kfFr / ;xof]uLx?sf nflu :yfg /flvg]5 . To;}u/L csf]{
a]Un} v08df cGo ;xof]uLx?sf ;fy} g]kfn n3' hnzlQm
ljsf; ;+:yfsf] ljBdfg sfo{;ldlt / ;+:yf dftxtsf ljz]if
;xof]uLx?sf] pNn]v klg ul/g]5 . ;xof]uLx? (contributors)
sf nflu lbOg] ;Ddfg / s]Gb|df :yflkt ul/g] ;'lslt{kq /
:yfgaf/] ;xof]uLx?;Fusf] 5nkmn / ;xdltsf] cfwf/df
pk/f]Qm k|:tfjdf kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
N_GY
,IV
gljs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{gsf nflu sfo{/t lgsfo, lzIf0f
;+:yfgx?, o; ;+:yf;Fu cfj4 /x]sf sDkgLkmd{x?sf
;fy} ;xof]uL sDkgLkmd{x?dWo] Psaf6 dfq gub ?=
iN}t+ L; nfv ?k}oF f_ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf] ;xof]u
k|fKt ul/g] 5 / To; ;xof]uLnfO{ k|dv
' ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf
ljz]if ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf :yfg lbOg]5 .

[RI@X/
sDkgLkmd{x?sf ;fy} ;xof]uL sDkgLkmd{x?af6 gub ?
#iE'O{ nfv ?k}oF f_ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf] ;xof]u
k|fKt ul/g]5 / To; k|sf/sf ;xof]uLx?nfO{ ;xof]uLsf]
?kdf :yfg lbOg]5
JIGIMQ/GI \IJ
sDkgLkmd{x?sf ;fy} ;xof]uL sDkgLkmd{x?af6 sDtLdf
JXE" iN}t+ L; xhf/ ?k}oF f_ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf]
;xof]u k|fKt ul/g]5 / To; k|sf/sf ;xof]uLx?sf] gfdfjnL
cGo ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf cnUu} Joj:yf ul/g] v08df pNn]v
ul/g=]5 .
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
Q@Y
J@NIQGIDI^2JOJGIÎGIJRI)E>=R["
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf nflu :jb]zdf g}
6af{Og lgdf{0f u/]/ ;]jf k'ofpFb} cfPsf l8hfOg/ / oGq
pTkfbsx?n] !)) lsnf]jf6;Ddsf k]N6g 6af{2JTPdQI]
6af{Og pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf5g\ . s]xLn] lgoldt ?kdf gePklg
ljb]zdf ;d]t cfk"lt{ / h8fg ub}{ cfPsf5g\ . kl5Nnf]
cj:yfdf g]kfnsf 6af{Og pTkfbsx?n] !)) lsnf]jf6eGbf
a9L Ifdtfsf 6af{Ogx? pTkfbg ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] cfjZostf
af]ws ;'emfjx? ljleGg dfWodaf6 cfO{/x]sf] ;+be{df
cTPdQI] $)) l;/Lh nfO{ Pp6f gofF z'?jftsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . o;}u/L %)) /g/ 8fodL6/sf] TPdQI] 6af{Og
pTkfbg ul/Psf]5 eg] J IRG/VI TPdQI]
6af{Ogx? lgdf{0fqmddf /x]sf] hfgsf/L kfOPsf]5 / xfn}sf
jif{df sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnoaf6 l8hfOgdf PgPrOn] lgdf{0f
u/]sf] (@ lsnf]jf6sf] k|mflG;; 6af{OgnfO{ klg cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t pko'Qm k|of]u dfGg ;lsG5 .
TPdQI] 6L !% 6af{OgnfO{ a9L rf}8fOdf NofOPsf]
h:tf] b]lvg] cTPdQI] $)) l;/Lh 6af{Og nfdf] ;dob]lv
6af{Og l8hfOg ub}{ cfpg' ePsf OlGhgLo/ s[i0f axfb'/
gsdL{sf] l8hfOg / ;'k/Lj]If0fdf afnfh' oGqzfnf k|f=
ln=n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . sd prfO{ / a9L kfgLsf] axfjnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ !)) lsnf]jf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ $))

PdPd /g/ 8fodL6/ ;lxt o;sf] l8hfOg ul/Psf] xf] .
sfo{Ifdtfsf] lx;fan] cf}WVI TPdQI] 6af{Ogx? eGbf
a9L x'g] u/L agfOPsf]5 . sd kfgLsf] axfjsf] cj:yfdf
klg sfo{Ifdtf /fd|f] /xg]cTPdQI] $)) l;/Lh 6af{Ogsf]
;kmntf o;nfO{ :yfkgf u/L ;~rfng ul/;s]kl5sf]
kl/0ffdaf6 cem 7"QI,IGWIVITPdQI] 6af{Ogx? lgdf{0f
ug{sf nflu 9'Ss x'g ;lsG5 eGg] lj1x?sf] egfO{ kfOPsf
5
] . sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnon]cTPdQI] $)) l;/Lh 6af{Ogsf]
l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ljlw af/] lj:t[t cWoog u/]sf]cTPdQI]
$)) l;/Lh 6af{Ogsf] ;',G F:RRJ N=UIW FIdJI]
;sf/fTds / pT;fxj4{s /fo lbFb} o;sf] sfo{Ifdtf klg
/fd|f] :t/df /xg] eg]sf] 5 .
cTPdQI] $)) l;/Lh 6af{Og :ynut cfjZostf
cg';f/ g} agfOPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf]
6'Og6f/l:yt ;f]n' vf]nfdf :yfkgf ul/g]5 . Ps ;o lsnf]jf6
lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] pQm n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] cfk"lt{
tyf h8fgsf] lhDdf kfPsf] u|6] g]kfn k|f= ln= n]cTPdQI]
$)) l;/Lh 6af{Og agfpgsf] nflu ljz]if kxn u/]sf] 5
eg] O{= gsdL{n] k|z:t kl/>d ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf] 6af{Og

6]li6 Nofadf g]kfndf ag]sf]
k|mflG;; 6af{Og lg/LIf0f ub}{ .
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
Q@Y
yfkf OlGhgLol/ O08li6 k|f= ln=df lgdf{0fflwg 7"nf]TPdQI] 6af{Og
u'NdL lhNnf g]rf uflj; a8Luf8 vf]nf n3' hnljB't

cfof]hgfsf] nflu oltv]/ yfkf OlGhgLol/ O08li6h k|f=
ln=n] %)) kL;L8Lsf]TPdQI] 6af{Og lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/;s]sf]
5 . of] 6af{Og pkof]u u/]/ !& dL6/ prfO{ !))) ln6/
k|lt ;]s0] 8 kfgLaf6 !)) lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbg ul/g] 5 .
To;}u/L yfkf OlGhgLol/ O08li6h k|f= ln=n] g} prfO{ &
dL6/ / kfgL $!) ln6/ k|lt ;]s0] 8 kfgLaf6 !$ lsnf]jf6
ljB't pTkfbg ul/g] h'Dnf lhNnfsf] hjfgfbL vf]nfsf] n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] nflu $)) kL;L8Lsf]TPdQI] 6af{Og
lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f / h8fgsf] sfd OghL{
k|j4{g sDkgLaf6 x'g5
] . cf]vn9'u+ f lhNnfsf] lnv' vf]nfdf
prfO{ !&=# dL6/ / kfgL *)) ln6/k|lt ;]s0] 8 kfgLaf6
;~rfng ul/g] n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] nflu csf]{ $))
kL;L8Lsf] TPdQI] 6af{Og klg lgdf{0ffwLg /x]sf] 5 . **
lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbg ul/g] o; cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f /
] .
h8fgsf] sfd klg OghL{ k|j4{g sDkgLaf6 x'g5
o;/L yfkf OlGhgLol/ O08li6h k|f= ln=n] lgdf{0f
ul//x]sf tLg} j6f 6af{Og luo/ 8xfOe l;:6daf6 ;~rfng
x'g5
] . afnfh' oGqzfnf k|f= ln=n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] / yfkf
OlGhgLol/ O08li6h k|f= ln=n] agfpFb} u/]sf oL km/flsnf
vfnsf 6af{Ogx?sf] l8hfOg kIfdf Ps?ktf eg] 5}g, oL
FIiFIg} l8hfOgdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
o; af/] ;f]lwPsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;+jf]wg ub}{ yfkf
OlGhgLol/ O08li6 k|f= ln= n] xfnsf] cj:yfdf ^)) kL;L8L
;Ddsf / %)) lsnf]MI'GVI TPdQI] 6af{Og cfkm"n]
lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .
o;} qmddf, sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnon] hnljB'tdf Wofg
lbP/ ;'xfpFbf] / cfjZos cWoog cg';Gwfg ub}{ cfPsf]
s'/f klg rf;f]sf] ljifo dfGg'k5{ . ToxfF x'g] k7g kf7gaf6
afnfh' oGqzfnf k|f=ln=df lgdf{0fflwg 7"nf]TPdQI] 6af{Og
g]kfnsf] n3' hnljB't nfeflGjt x'g;Sg] cfzf ug' kg]{

nIf0fx? k|z:t b]lvPsf 5g\ . gj]l{ hog ljZjljBfnol;t
ldn]/ ToxfF s/f]8f}s
F f] nfutdf 6af{Og k/LIf0f zfnf -6af{Og
6]li6 Nofa_ lgdf{0f u/]sf]5 .
To;}u/L k|mflG;; 6af{Og lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] l8hfOg af/] cWoog cg';Gwfg /
k7g kf7g tbf?stf ;fy x' F b } cfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f} +
ljZjljBfnon] cWoog cg';Gwfg / k7g kf7gs} qmddf
g]kfnsf 6af{Og pTkfbsx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] / lgs6 eljiodf
pkof]uL x'g] lx;fan] s'g} Pp6f pko'Qm :yfgdf h8fg ug{
;lsg] u/L (@ lsnf]jf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
k|mflG;; 6af{Og lgdf{0f ul/Psf] hfgsf/L klg /f]rs ;Gbe{
xf] . ut cfiff9 dlxgfsf] cGTolt/ ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;f]
hfgsf/L cg';f/ g]kfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of] klxnf] k|mflG;;
6af{Og sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf] l8hfOg cg';f/ g]kfn
xfO8f] P08 On]lS6s ln=n] a'MQO\WFIdJI] sfo{zfnfdf
lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . 6af{Og pTkfbsx? dfem lgs} rf;f]sf]
ljifo /x]sf] /g/ eg] a'6jns} Pp6f sfli6 pBf]un] agfPsf]
xf] . g]kfndf dfOqmf] k|mflG;; eg]/ s]xL k|of]ud"ns 6af{Og
o;cl3 klg agfOPsf] ePklg lj:t[t cWoog cg';Gwfg
u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf] kl5Nnf] k|mflG;; 6af{Og $ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf]
6af{Ogsf] ;fgf] cfsf/sf] elgPsf] 5 . (@ lsnf]jf6sf] of]
k|mflG;; 6af{Og ;fgf] cfsf/sf] x'gfsf] sf/0fn] 6af{Og k/LIf0f
zfnfn] o;sf u'0f:t/, Ifdtf, sfo{Ifdtf cflb af/] k|dfl0fs/0f
ug{;Sg]5 . cfzf ul/P cg';f/ kl/0ffd kfPdf o;af6 6af{Og
lgdf{0fsf] gofF 9f]sf v'Ng]5 .

KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
KIJVI/
GI2TPI@OGOJ[I2tIN@ IMOKI2J
1
OKI2JVIR^VIQIOX[RI@X/N
WVW\I//
dfOqmf]ldlg xfO8fk] fj/ l8hfOg 6'n dfOqmf]d
PS;]ndf cfwfl/t n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB'tsf] ;+efJotf
cWoog ug{sf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] dM]/ xf] . o;sf]
;xof]uaf6 n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB'tsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfx?sf]
l8hfOg sfo{ l56f], 5l/tf] / s'zntfk"js
{ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf] cjwf/0ff tyf /rgf hn;|ft] lj1
>L k'ik lrqsf/n] ug'{ ePsf] xf] .
hn;|ft] tyf hnljB't If]qdf xfFl;n
ug'{ePsf] cg'ejx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{gsf
nflu nfu" ul/Psf] cg'bfg gLlt tyf
lgodfjnL cg';f/ tof/ kl/Psf] of]
l8hfOg 6'n ljut @)^@)^# ;fnb]lv g}
js
} lNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|f/f dfGotf k|fKt
u/L b]zleqsf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't If]qdf
sfo{/t sDkgLx? tyf ;+3 ;+:yfx?nufot
ckmuflg:tfg / cGo b]zx?df ;d]t ldlg
xfO8 f ] k fj/ l8hfOg P] 8 sf] gfddf k| o f] u
ul/Fbc
} fPsf] 5 . o; k':ts tyf ;L8Lsf] cl3Nnf]
;+:s/0f hL6Lh]8 -xfn hLcfO{h8] _ sf] ;xof]udf
k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .
xfn of] 6'n ljleGg k|of]ustf{x?af6 k|fKt ;Nnfx
tyf ;'emfj;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ kl/dflh{t gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{ cg'bfg gLlt, @)^( tyf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't
:6\of08{8 tyf ufO8nfOgnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ g]kfn n3'
hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yf / k'ik lrqsf/Ho"sf] ;+oQ

' m k|of;
tyf js
} lNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;xof]udf kl/dfh{g u/L
k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] 5 .
dfOqmf]ldlg xfO8f]kfj/ l8hfOg 6'n n3' tyf
;fgf hnljB't If]qdf sfo{/t tyf sfd ug{ OR5's l8hfOg
k|fljlwsx?sf nflu ;xof]uL x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . hnljB'tsf]
ljleGg ;+/rgfx?sf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ul/g'sf ;fy} ;+jlGwt
l8hfOg sfo{nfO{ pbfx/0f / lrq;lxt k|:t't ul/Psf] x'bF f
a'eJ N|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] dflgPsf] 5 . ;+k0" f{ l8hfOg
Kofs]h Ps} 7fpFdf pknJw x'g' klg of] l8hfOg 6'nsf]
ljz]iftf xf] . k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;xh agfpgsf] nflu hnljB'tsf]

ljleGg ;+/rgfx?nfO{NOJNPViNPVSNi+/rgfdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ k|of]ustf{nfO{ h'g ;+/rgfsf] l8hfOg
ug'kg g]{ xf] ToxL lndf lSns u/]kl5 ;+jlGwt ;+/rgfsf]
l8hfOg k]hdf k'luG5 . ;e]a{ f6 k|fKt
tYofx?nfO{ k| o f] u u/L cfjZos
;+/rgfx?sf] l8hfOg ug{ ;lsG5 .
Jojxfl/s ?kdf a'em]/ l8hfOg 6'n
k|of]u ubf{ cem k|efjsfl/ x'G5 eGg]
lj1x?sf] /fo 5 .
k':tssf] cl3Nnf] efudf
k' : ts tyf ;L8L k| o f] u ug{
k|of]ustf{sf] sDKo'6/df s] s:tf]
dM]/ / k|fu] f| d x'g' cfjZos
5, k|of]ustf{n] hfg]sf] x'g' kg]{
s]xL s'/f / k|of]u ug]{ ;/n
ljlw kl/rosf] ?kdf
/flvPsf]n] gofF jf k'/fgf
k|of]ustf{n] cfk"m cg's'n
kfpF5g eGg ;lsG5 .
;do ;fk]If ?kdf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB'tsf] l8hfOg
sfo{ ;xh, l56f] / l8hfOg sfo{nfO{ Ps?ktf agfpgsf]
nflu dfOqmf]ldlg xfO8fk] fj/ l8hfOg 6'nsf] kl/dflh{t
;+:s/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g5
] . t;y{ o;nfO{ ;xof]uL
;fwgsf] ?kdf pko'Qm k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
olt pkof]uL k':ts / ;L8L /rgf ug'{ePsf]df
lrqsf/Ho"sf] k|z;
+ f ug'{ cltzof]lQm gxf]nf . k|sfzs g]kfn
n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfsf] klg k|z:t ldx]gt nfu]sf]
b]lvG5 eg] k|sfzgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb| klg wGoafbsf kfq x'g\ .
g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfsf] PSsfO;f}F jflif{s
;fwf/0f ;efsf] cj;/df, k|dv
' cltly ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o
>L uug yfkf, j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]gb|sf sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb /fh kf]v/]n, g]kfn n3' hnzlQm
ljsf; ;+;yfsf cWoIf >L ;'/G] b| eQm dfy]dfn] o; k':ts /
;L8Lsf] ljdf]rg ug'e
{ Psf] lyof] .
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g]kfndf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f sfo{
-cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f, h8fg / x:tfGt/0f_ sfo{sf nflu ljleGg
r/0fsf sfdx? ljlwk"js
{ ;DkGg ug'k{ g]{ k|lqmof ;+jlGwt
gLlt lgodx?af6 lgb]l{ zt 5g\ .
d"ntM kxf8L ufpFiDW/GIDI]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx?sf
nflu lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg lgdf{0f ul/g] n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] nfut, pkef]Qmfx?sf] cfly{s Ifdtf,
ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] cfly{s ;xof]u / g]kfn
;/sf/, lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno cGtu{t
;~rflnt ;/sf/L lgsfo j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6
pknJw ul/g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/x]sf] 5 . nlIft n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f plrt
;dofjlwleq ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?sf]

cflwsf/Ls ;d"x -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ klg cfk"mn] ug'k{ g]{ sfo{
;dod} ;DkGg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] nflu cfjZos
pks/0fsf ;fy} ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ ug]{, lgdf{0f, h8fg /
x:tfGt/0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfpg] sDkgL
-j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 dfGotf kfPsf lghL If]qsf
sDkgL jf kmd{_ sf] e"ldsf klg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;aLrdf If]qLo ;]jf s]Gb|x?sf] k|fljlws ;]jf / ;xof]u
l56f] 5l/tf] ePsf] cj:yfdf klg l56f] x'g;S5 .
k"j{;DefJotf cWoogb]lv, ;e]{ OKI2J OMW[t
;DefJotf cWoog, k|fljlws k'g/fjnf]sg cflb sfd ;DkGg
ug{sf nflu sDtLdf @ b]lv # jif{sf] ;do nfu]sf]NI2*
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klxnf klxnf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] nflu
;DefJotf cWoogb]lv h8fg -cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f, h8fg /
x:tfGt/0f_ sf ;a} sfd Pp6} sDkgL -jf kmd{_ n] ug]{
k| r ng lyof] h' g kl5 cfP/ ;e] { i OKI2JVI] sfd
k/fdz{bftfn] ug],{ cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f, h8fg / x:tfGt/0fsf]
VIGKIJ2*IQBQ] ug],{ / pTkfbsn] 6af{2JQXIRWVI
oGq pks/0f / cGo ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ k|rng cfPsf]
5 . x'g t Ps} sDkgL -jf kmd{_ n] tL tLg} y/Lsf sfd ug{
klg ;S5 eg] h8fg / pTkfbgsf] sfddf dfq klg /xg
;S5 . pTkfbs sDkgL pTkfbg sfo{df dfq klg /xg
;S5 . t/ ;e]i{ OKI2JVI] nflu, h8fg sfo{sf] nflu /
oGq pks/0f cflb lgdf{0fsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|af6 nfu" ul/Psf] dfkb08leq /xL 5'f 5'} dfGotf
k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' h?/L 5 .
dfGotf k|fKt h8fg sDkgLx? / kmd{x?sf] kl5Nnf]
;" r L cg' ; f/ !) lsnf] j f6, %) lsnf] j f6 / !))
lsnf]jf6;Ddsf] tLg} y/L u/L h8fg sfo{ ug{sf n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf nflu &* j6f sDkgL kmd{x?
5gf}6 ul/Psf 5g\ .
tL h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ sDkgLkmd{x?af6
u'0f:t/Lo lgdf{0f tyf h8fg cflb sfd x'g ;sf];\ eg]/
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;xof]udf g]kfn n3' hnzlQm
ljsf; ;+:yfn] dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLkmd{x?sf k|IOMOZV["QI2{
k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

:ynut sfddf j:t'ut ?kn] lgdf{0f tyf h8fg
sfo{df vl6g] k|lzIf0f kfPsf k|fljlwsx?af6 u'0f:t/Lo
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/g" Pp6f dfu{bz{g ug]{ Pp6f k':ts
xfnsf] kl/k|I] odf cTofjZos /x]sf] eGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
IRQI2{ Wofgdf /fv]/ g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfn]
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| cGtu{t gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlw
pkof]u / k|j4{g ug{sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{ Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{ P;PgeLsf] ;xof]XGIaUIOQWFI2{ ;f];{
sfo{TPGQI2{ ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfsf]
cg'/f]wdfly j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|3JFIFI2{
N/FI2{ ;f];n
{ ] 5nkmn u/]/ k|:tfljt k':tssf] nflu
n]YiFIQ]v tof/ kfg{ FIM=RV -RRHI FI 2{ ;f];n
{ ]
lhDdf lng]W/RNI2{sf]QIOX3JFIFI2{kLn] ;xof]u
ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 . k|:tfljt
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? h8fg sfo{sf nflu dfu{bz{g
k':ts tof/L ug{ g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yfn]
Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd] j f/L lnP/ ;/f] s f/jfnfx?l;t
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;/;Nnfx / k/fdz{sf] sfo{qmdx?
klg cfof]hgf ug]5
{ .
o;/L n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ;+:yfkg sfo{sf
nflu cToGt pkof]uL x'g] dfu{bz{g k':ts l5} cfpg]
ePsf] 5 .
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s]Gb|n] l;kmfl/; ;lxt j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df clGtd
:jLs[ltsf] nflu k7fpF5 . To; qmddf k|fljlws cWoog
ul/Fbf jf s'g} sfuhft gldn] jf gk'ud
] f ;f] ;Rofpg nfdf]
;do nfUg] x'G5 . s'g} s'g} kl/of]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ sfuhft
ldnfpg ^ dlxgf;Dd klg ;do nfu]sf] kfO{G5 . sfdnfO{
l56f] 5l/tf] / ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ ;j} ;+jlGwt lgsfox?n]
WEI"VWIVII\FIiFIdJI] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gsf] ljlw k'ofpFbf To;
k|lqmofsf] nflu $% lbg;Dd nfUg] b]lvG5 .
cfof]hgf ;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ -cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f, h8fg
/ x:tfGt/0f_ sf] k|lqmof k"/f ug{ l9nfO x'g] sf/0fn] cfof]hgf
;DkGg ug{ nfdf] ;do nfu]sf] kfOG5 . lznaGbL af]nkqsf]
dfWodaf6 dfGotf k|fKt gLlh sDkgLx?n] cfof]hgf ;+jGwL
sfo{ -cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f, h8fg / x:tfGt/0f_ ;DkGg ug{sf
nflu sfo{ tflnsf ;do;d]t pNn]v u/L a'emfPkl5 sDkgL
5gf}6 ul/G5 . ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] t/ sDkgLn] pkef]Qmf
;ldltaf6 gub e'QmfgL kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg sfo{
l9nfO ePsf] kfOG5 . h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] ljB'tLo pks/0f
tyf ;fdfu|Lx? ;dodf tof/ gu/]sf], pks/0f tyf ;fdu|L
tof/ ePsf] t/ pkef]Qmfn] a'emL glnPsf], pks/0f tyf
;fdu|L sDkgLaf6 pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] a'lemlnPsf] t/
hg>dbfgaf6 x'gk' g]{ lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]lsPsf], lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg ePsf] t/ h8fg sfo{ g;lsPsf] cflb cj:yfdf klg
cfof]hgf lgdf{0fdf l9nf;':tL ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . tL
l9nf;':tLsf sf/s ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf
;d]t kl5Nnf] cg'bfg gLlt / cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlwn]
u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
;fdfGotM n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{
-lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoogb]lv x:tfGt/0f;Dd ;DkGg_ ug{sf]
nflu @ b]lv # jif{sf] cjlw cfjZos x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ dfly
elgPsf sf/0fx? dWo] jf cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 lgdf{0f sfo{
cj/f]w gePsf] cj:yfdf eg] ck]lIft cjlwd} s]xL
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cfof]hgfx?sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] klg kfOG5 . l9nfOsf]

{ fO{ bf]if b]vfP/ dfq
sf/0f h] h:tf] ePklg Psn] csf]n
nIodf k'Ug ;ls+bg} . t;y{ o;sf] nflu ;a}n] FIiFIdJI]
7fpFaf6 Jofj;flos e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ cfjZos 5 . b08
hl/jfgf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ul/P klg ;d'bfon] kfpg'kg]{
;'ljwf kl5 ;b}{ hfFbf x'g] 3f6fk|lt lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cem
;hu x'gk' 5{ . ;f]sf] nflu b08 ;hfosf] cj:yf cfpg'cl3
g} sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf ul/g' >]o:s/ x'g5
] .
ldlt !@ h'nfO{, @)!# sf lbg o;} ljifoj:t'dfly
s]lGb|t e} 5nkmn ug{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n]
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . To;
sfo{zfnfdf sd ;dodf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f
-lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoogb]lv x:tfGt/0f;Dd_ ;DkGg ug{
;/f]sf/jfnfx?n]FIiFIdJI] sfo{If]qleqsf] sfd ;dod} ;DkGg
ug{ s] ug{ ;lsG5 / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 s:tf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 eGg] af/] 5nkmn ul/of] . pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] Jojl:yt eO;Sg'kg],{ btf{, l;kmfl/;
nufotsf ;a} cfjZos sfuhftsf] ;"rL x'gk' g],{ tL ;a}
cBfjlws ePsf] 5 5}g eGg]df If]qLo ;]jf s]Gb|x?n] hfFr
u/]sf] x'gk' g],{ k/fdz{bftfn] a'emfpg] k|ltj]bgdf s'g} sdL
gePsf] cj:yf x'gk' g],{ k|ltj]bg ;Rofpg' k/]df ljB'tLo
;~rf/ dfWodsf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{, cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f
-lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoogb]lv x:tfGt/0f;Dd_ sDkgL jf
kmd{n] xfn nfu" ul/Psf] gLlt, sfo{ljlw cg';f/ sfo{ ug'k{ g]{
cflb pNn]v ul/of] . o; ;+jGwdf k|lqmofut ljlw tof/ kfg{
;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L % ;b:oLo sfo{bn
u7g ul/of] . To; sfo{ bndf >L s]zj k|wfgf, sfo{qmd
clws[t, ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f zfvf//fli6o u|fdL0f tyf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmd, >L /0f axfb'/ yfkf, sfo{qmd
clws[t, ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f zfvf//fli6o u|fdL0f tyf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmd, >L s[i0f k|;fb b]jsf]6f, dxf;lrj,
g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yf / >L lvdfgGb sF8n
] ,
dxf;lrj, hn tyf pmhf{ k/fdz{bftf ;+3 g]kfn /xg' ePsf]
5 . ;f] sfo{bnn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0fdf nfUg] cjlwnfO{ 36fpgsf]
nflu cfof]hgfsf ljleGg kIf -cfof]hgf rqm_ sf] cWoog
tyf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xdltdf lj:t[t
k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd ?k lbO;s]kl5 nfu" ul/g] 5 .
To;/L pNn]lvt sfo{x? r/0fj4 ?kdf ;'rf? x'g]
u/L Jojl:yt ePsf] cj:yfdf s/La ;f9] b'O{ jif{sf] ;do
cjlw leq ;DefJotf cWoogb]lv cfof]hgf lgdf{0f -lj:t[t
;DefJotf cWoogb]lv x:tfGt/0f;Dd_ sfo{ ;DkGg ug{
;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
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;fdfGo cy{df ;d'bfodf /x]sf gful/sx? cfk;df
ldn]/ ;fd"lxs 9+un] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts lxtsf
nflu ;Fu} a;]/ ljrf/ ug],{ sfd ug]{ QIHi[IJ/QI2{ ;dfg
dfqfdf u|x0f ug]{ NOW [VI/WI [I] . o; cy{af6 x]bf{
g]kfndf k/Dk/fut lsl;dn] s}of}+ ]WI$E/ NO[Q]b]lv g}
cl:tTjdf /xFb} cfPsf l9s'/H]hf, kdf{, u'l7, /f]E/ZG{HVI/
27RIOE G'n'ssf ljleGg If]q, ;d'bfodf k|rngdf /x]sf
k/Dk/fut ;d"xx? cgf}NUIOV [VI/VI] "NGI M/VIR{
[/FI3VIJ\ . cGt/f{li6R[VI/G[I+3 (International
Cooperative Alliance/ ICA) sf cg'I[VI/7RWI
JolQmx?sf] :jfoQ ;+u7g xf] hf] :j]O5V"NGI3VK'6 e}
FIdJI] ;dfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts cfjZostf
/ cfsf+Iffx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ;+oQ
' m :jfldTj tyf k|hftflGqs
?kdf lgolGqt Joj;fo dfkm{t ug{UI[*J\ .
phf{ ;+s6sf] 7"nf] e'Qmdfg Joxf]l//x]sf] g]NIQ/
;dfhdf cGtlg{O[W GIJM/R ]O4P FIK FIdJI] b]zsf]
hn>f]WQI2{ lbuf] lsl;dn] ax'pkof]XX/NRI{Kt z'4 lkpg]
NIJ/ OFUI2{sf] oyf]OUW \IR/ -RM\I W\I KQOM%'tsf]
kof{Kt pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] plrt k|M*ZX]/ ;dGoflos
pkof]u ug]{ k|MQ25I]O4PVII\VI\IJ/ROJVIR
OJK/ ,I]q, ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs If]ql;t xft]dfnf] ub}{
g]kfnsf] [VI/,I]q cl3 a9\g rfx]sf] RVI] nflu
ufpFGI OM%'W S7NIEJ X/ ][/ ,I]q / cf}%I]lus If]qdf
OM%'tzlQm c6'6 cfk"lt{ ug]{ / zx/sf] d'bI| QI2{ ufpFtkm{
k7fpg] k|M*ZXJ'{ kb{7R/J]} ;x'lnotk"0f{J/OWE"E]/{
lsl;dsf] [VI/ G}T/ QXIJ/ G}T/ MIWIMI 3M+ b't|
;'/Iff ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy} /fli6o k|fyldstf k|I.WS%I]u
Joj;fo -phf{, s[lif cflb_ df ;a}25'V[VI/["Q] tf]lsPsf]
sfo{If]q aflx/ klg b]zsf] s'gk} lg efudf k"K
F /QXIJ/XJ]{
:j:Yo Joj;flos jftfj/0f k|bfg ug'{ kb{ J]kfnsf]
sf]ck/]l6e ;f]I2/VI] of] Gofof]OUW GIXQI2{ ;/sf/af6
plrt ;+jf]ZJ XOJ'kb{ HJ] 7RGI [VI/ J/OK
;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 ;d]t oyfzSo ;xeflutfsf ;fy} ;xof]X/
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{

g]NIQ/ KJK/MJ SKI{ ;+s6sf] sf/0f c:tJo:t
ePsf] HJ] S%I]X Z*EI NOJ G*E ['g k'us
] f]S%I]X/
$RINI/GIT[I]2g{ dhb'/ sfdbf/n] klg ;+s6 v]Kg' k/]sf]
RWI]O\OWGIV/D/H*EID/KQOM%'t pTkfbg
u/]/ /fi6QI2{ cFWof/f] cj:yf ef]Ugaf6 d'Qm ug]{ V/
VQVIYIJI["GI OM%'tsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ X/ FI}%I]lus
pTkfbg s6f}W/ ['gaf6 hf]ufP/ pTkfbg a9fpg] V/
;]jfu|I[/["QI2{ ;a} ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?af6 ;doleq}
;Gtf]ifhgs lsl;dn] ;]jf k|jfx ug{OM%'tsf] cfk"lt{ e}/xg]
;'lglZrttfsf] l:ylt ;[hgf ug]{ eGg] u+H/MIQ["[IG|f]
;fd' 7"nf] r'gf}W/VI] "NGIYIJ\ eg] R/U'gf}W/NIW
ug{VIQIOXVI/OJK/,I]qsf ;]jf k|bfos, ;]jfu|I[/
ko{jI] fsx?n]FIdJI]OJ/[WIQIUI/N|s6 ug'{ H*EID/
s][/ XJ{ ;s]sf] NI2E}g . j:t'W0 R/ U'gf}W/["QI2{ NIJ]{
Psdfq pQd pkfo eg]sf] ;}4flGts lsl;dn] dfq xf]2J
k|of]ufTds 9n] g} KQOM%'t pTkfbgsf] j:t'MIE/ RI]hgf
agfcf}F W/MW'MIE/RI]KJI["QI2{ clt pRr k|fyldstf
lbcf},F clg j:t'k/s nIo lncf}F / tbg';f/ k|ult xfFl;n ub}
cl3 a9f}F .
o:tf] l:yltdf tTsfn} l;+uf] g]NIQQI2{ nf]8;]l8
d'Qm agfpg g;s] tfklg hn>f]t ePsf g]NIQVI Z}
OK1QI["QI2{ FIXIG/ MLI{leq} V/ QI]8;]l8 d'Qm
agfpg ;lsGf]H*J] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]J/OWOJGI{0f
/ lg0f{o ug]{ ;+M*Z/D}F|W[OJVIR["[VI/,I]q
OJK/,I]TVI-RMIR/["VIN|OWOJOZ["3V} ynf]df hDdf e}
u+H/WIVII\VIGGIK'6g\ ] xf] eg]FIXIG/MLI{df phf{
;+s6 Go"J/VIXJ{ lgZro g} s][/RI]ubfg k'ofpg ;lsg]
ROEJ]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;dsflng ;~rfnsx? / ;+MO*ZW
OJVIR["VIS5UFOZVI/["VI] tkm{DIV'W/GIG]ufjf6
,IGWI'GVIIJIKQOM%'t kl/of]hgfx? /fli6o cleofgs}
?kdf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{of]hgf th'd{ f / l:js[WX/VIRI{Gjogdf
nfg] xf] eg] To:tf] FM\IGI[VI/WIVI] dfWodaf6 klg
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
lxdfnL / kxf8L e]usf k|foM h;f] lhNnfx?df ug{ ;lsg]

hnljB't pTkfbgn] ;+jlGwt lhNnfx?nfO{ hnljB'tsf]
pTkfbg / ljt/0f pkef]udf cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;lsg]5 eg]
s]xL lhNnfx?af6 lhNnf aflx/ klg ljB't lgsf;L ug{
;lsg] 5 . oL r'gf}tLx? k5fb}{ cl3 a9\g ;Sbf Ps kl5 csf]{
cj;/x?sf] nsf]{ xfd|f ;fd' cfpg] 5 . To;sf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/n] lgDg gLlt sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f, cjn+jg /
sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' h?/L 5 .
!= /fli6o cy{tGqsf] Pp6f cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf
;xsf/LtfnfO{ /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ 3f]lift gLlt, g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg @)^# / lqjifL{ o cGtl/d of] h gf
#A A i#A BGIG[7MVII\S1Q]v ePsf]n]
;f] gLltnfO{ ca Jojxf/df ptfg{ ljB't ;xsf/LnfO{ ljz]if
k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ .
@= ljBdfg ljB't P]JiOJRG KQ|ft] P]JiOJRG
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]JiOJRGK8XIN|flKt P]JiOJRGMJ3]Ji
lgod nufot ;fgf hnljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu a9L lljwfu|:t,
hl6ntfk"0f{, c8\rgk"0f{ / l9nf;':tL x'g] lsl;dsf ;fgf
hnljB't ljsf;l;t ;+jlGwt ;a} P]JiOJRG["GIIGORV
;'wf/ / ;+zf]wg ug'k{ g]{ .
#= g]kfn ;/sf/n] hnljB't pTkfbgdf ;x'lnot
lbg] af/]df ;do ;dodf 3f]if0ff u/]sf gLlt sfo{qmdnfO{
;/nLs[t k|lqmofdf l56f]iOWI], r'WiE'?:t / b|t' ljB't
pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] lsl;dsf] sfo{ljlw agfpg' kg]{ .
$= pRr ef]N6]hsf] hnljB't zlQm ;+jfxg x'g] u/L
k|To]s c~rndf t/fO{bl] v lxdfnL If]T'G S4iEO,II
dWo kxf8L If]qdf kfFry/b]lv a}t8L;Dd k"ji{ NO=UGG]?b08
6fG;ld;g nfOgsf] lgdf{0fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbP/ g]kfn
;/sf/n] ljB't ahf/sf] ;'OJO=UWWIXE}{ hfg] /0fgLlt lnO{
7"nf ljB't kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f If]qdf a9L k|fyldstf lbO{
qmdfut lsl;dn] 6fG;ld;g nfOgsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ hfg' kg]{ .
%= s'g} klg ljB't ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;fgf hnljB't pTkfbgfy{
lj:t[t ;j]I{ f0f cWoog k'/f e} hnljB't v/Lb ljlqm ;+emf}tf
(PPA) sf] nflu cfj]bg k/]sf hnljB't pTkfbg / k|;f/0f
kl/of]hgfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg u/L t'?Gt} PPA ug]{
:j:y jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/ lbg' kg]{ .
^= jx'p2]=R/R OVOGQ] Ps} :yfgsf] Ps};fy
hn;|f]tsf] jx'pkof]u u/L hnljB'tsf ;fy ;fy} cGo
Joj;flos jf jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f k|j4{gsf] sfo{ ubf{ h:t} ljB't pTkfbg / vfg]kfgL l;+rfO{ df5fkfng l;d;f/
If]q ;+/If0f lgs'~h jf cf/If0f If]qsf] ;+/If0f OToflbdf
Ps};fy hn pkof]u ubf{B OM%'t pTkfbs ;+:yf / g]kfn
;/sf/sf] l;+rfO ljefu jf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo ldn]/

nfut ;fem]bf/L jf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? ldn]/ nfut
;fem]bf/Ldf jf ;+oQ
' m nufgLdf gx/ v08 (Canal Part) jf
afFw (Dam) jf cGo ef}lts lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] gLlt /
sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg kg]{ .
&= ;fgf hnljB't kl/of]hgf:yn;Dd ;8s kxFr
gePsf] If]TGIFIM=RVWIFJ';f/ k'n jf $ lsnf]ld6/ eGbf
a9L ;8s lgdf{0f ug'k{ g]{ eP g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;8s kxFrsf]
nflu ;8s of]hgfdf ;dfj]]X/FIM=RVN'n / ;8s
lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug'k{ g]{ .
*= ljB't ;xsf/Ln] ;fgf hnljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu
a}s
+ x? jf ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 C0f k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df ;+jlGwt
kl/of]hgfnfO g} lwtf] /fv] FIM=RV ['lnoto'Qm C0f
pknAw u/fP/ cg'sn
' tf k|bfg ug]{ MIFIM=RVN]sf] v08df
g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg C0f lbg] jf hdfgt a;L ;xof]u ug]{
gLlt sfo{qmd / ah]6 th'd
{ f ug'k{ g]{ .
OM%'t pTkfbgsf] If]qdf klg :yfgLo ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ljB't ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbP/
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;xsf/L ;fgf hnljB't nufgL sf]if v8f
u/L /fli6o ;xsf/L a}s
+ jf pmhf{ ljsf;df nufgL ub}{
cfPsf] jfl0fHo a}s
+ x? jf g]kfn ljB't s]lGb|o ;xsf/L ;+3
lnld6]8 (NECCAL) dfkm{t ;fgf hnljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;f]
k|:tfljt sf]ifsf] kl/rfng / ;b'kof]u ug'k{ g]{ .
!)= /fli6o ;xsf/L a}s
+ dfkm{t b]z el/sf ljz]iftM
zx/L If]qsf OR5's ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] jrt, k"h
F L/
/]ld6\ofG;nfO{ 3/ 38]/ K8XIGI H} /x]sf] nufgLnfO{
lg?T;flxt u/]/ To:tf] k"h
F LnfO{ ;+ux| u/]/ pQm ;xsf/L
;fgf hnljB't ljsf; nufgL sf]if dfkm{t ljB't pTkfbs
;xsf/L / lghL If]qnfO{ C0f k"h
F L pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]uL /
cg'sn
' jftfj/0f lbg'kg]{ .
!!= s'gk} lg ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfn] tf]lsPsf] FIdJI]
sfo{If]q aflx/ b]zsf] h'g;'s} efudf klg /fli6o k|fyldstf
k|fKt pBf]u, pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] If]q -hnljB't, Joj;flos
s[OLIS7NIEJQXIRWBGI'/lIft ?kdf ;+oQ
' m nufgL ug]{
:jtGqtf x'g kg]{ .
!@= ljB't ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ;fgf hnljB't
pTkfbg u/L /fli6o lu|8df cfk"lt{ u/L g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;fgf hnljB't zlQmsf]
pTkfbg / ljsf; ug{ pTkfbs ljB't ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{
;x'lnot C0f (soft lone) sf] ?kdf tTsfnb]lv g} C0f
/sd pknAw u/fpg] gLlt, sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] k|jGw ug'k{ g]{
/ OdfGbf/L ;fy ;do g} lgoldt Aofh / C0f r'Qmf ug]{
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
;xsf/LnfO{ %) k|ltzt Aofh ldgfxf ug'k{ g]{ .

!#= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 ljB't ;]jf lj:tf/
ePsf :yfgdf n3', ldlg / ;fgf hnljB't pTkfbg x'g ;Sg]
k|jn ;+efjgf e} pTkfbg u/]df To:tf] ljB't ;+/rgf :yfgLo
pTkfbs ;xsf/LnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L :yfgLo pTkfbsnfO{
k|fT] ;flxt ug'k{ g]{ .
!$= ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ePsf If]qdf ztk|ltzt ljB't r'xfj6 /f]lsPsf]
kfOPsf]n] of] sfo{qmdnfO{ dfu e}/xsf ;d'bfox?df Jofks
C0f tyf ;Lkd"ns lb3{sflng tflnd, k|fljlws lzIff cflb

h:tf bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ ;[hgzLn sfo{qmdsf] nflu
cg'bfg jf ;x'lnot C0f ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg kg]{ .
!*= xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|nfO{ !) d]ufjf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf ldgL tyf ;fgf hnljB't
pTkfbg ug]{ ;+jGwL pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] xf]
eg] tbg'?k s]Gb|nfO{ yk ;Ifd t'Nofpg ;+/rgfdf k'glj{rf/
ug'k{ g]{ .
!(=g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^&!@)( df ;fj{hlgs
u/]sf] :yfgLo lgsfox?, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+3
;+:yfx?, ;fj{hlgs If]q / gLlh If]q aLrsf] ;fem]bf/L
(Cooperative Community Public Private Partnership,
CCPPP) df # d]ufjf6;Ddsf] hnljB't ljsf;df nfutsf]
ZGÎK NI`Q
@
cWoIf,
g]kfn ljB't s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L
;+:yf lnld6]8
?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g'sf ;fy} klxn] ;+/rgf lgld{t e};s]sf
:yfgdf klg of] sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg o;df a9L
;/nLs/0f ug'kg]{ / 6f9f 6f9f;Dd 5l/P/ km}lnPsf xfd|f
u|fdL0f a:tLx?df ljB't ljt/0f ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf To;} klg
a9L nfut x'g,] To;dfly lgof]lht e|i6frf/sf] nflu cem
a9L nfut b]vfpg] / sd u'0f:t/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ;d]t
ul/G5 eGg] ;' G gdf cfPsf] n ] o; ;+ j Gwdf klg
;d'bfo;xsf/LnfO{ g} lbP/ s8f cg'udgsf] k|jGw ug'k{ g]{ .
!%= Ps ;o lsnf]jf6 eGbf ;fgf n3' hnljB'tx?sf]
pTkfbg @$ 306f x'g] t/ pkof]u ^ 306f -/ftL % 306f /
laxfg ! 306f dfq e} !* 306f v]/ hfg] u/]sf]n] o:tf] n3'
hnljB'tnfO{ ldlgu|L8dfkm{t g]kfn ljB't k|fljlws/0fn] lng]
/ u|fdL0f If]qaf6 zx/tkm{ ljB't lgsf;L ug]{ jf tL :yfgdf
a9L ljB't vkt x'g] pBf]u Joj;fo j[l4 ug]{ ;'lglZrt
ug'k{ g]{ .
!^= o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]if, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf]
/sd a]/f]huf/ o'jfx? ;+ul7t u/L hnljB't nufot /fli6o
k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]u Joj;fo, k|fljlws bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg
ug]{ sn]h jf OlG:6Ro"6x? ;~rfng ug{df nufgL u/]/
k|ltkmn lng] . ;f] C0f r'Qmf ug]{ lsl;dn] tL sfo{ljlwx?df
;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g ug'k{ g]{ .
!&= g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|dfkm{t hnljB't
pTkfbs ;xsf/LnfO{ hnljB't jf gljs/0fLo pmhf{ ljsf;
jf ljB't ;+jGwL ;fdu|/ S7NIEJ MI YOEiOMTP/ KWI
Joj;fod"ns kl/of]hgf k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu ;x'lnot
%) k|ltzt / u|fdL0f ljB't ;xsf/Lx?n] ! d]ufjf6;Ddsf]

hnljB't pTkfbg ubf{ lgdf{0f nfutsf] &% k|ltzt cg'bfg
pknAw u/fpg] egL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] efjL sfo{qmd egL
3f]if0ff u/]sf]df ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug'k{ g]{ .
@)= g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfXjfg u/]/ ;/sf/, :yfgLo
lgsfox?, ;xsf/Lx? lghL If]q aLr lb3{sfnLg ;fem]bf/Ldf
k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf slDtdf !! j6f @% d]ufjf6;Ddsf
demf}nf hnljB't kl/of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f, ;+rfng tyf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] gLlt sfo{qmd / k|fT] ;fxg ah]6sf]
k|jGw u/L hnljB't pTkfbgnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ .
@!= ;xsf/L, gLlh / ;/sf/L h'g;'s} ;+:yf, JolQm
jf lgsfo lsg gxf];\ cg'dltkq lnP/ ;doleq} hnljB't
ljsf; u/]df k|fT] ;flxt / k'/:s[t ug]{ t/ hn;|ft] cf]u6]/
hnljB't ljsf; gug]n
{ fO{ cg'dlt vf/]hLsf ;fy} plrt
b08 hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf u/L s8fO ;fy sfof{Gjog u/L
;fj{hlgs/0f ug],{ ;fy} cg'dltsf] Joj:yfnfO{ a9L Jojxfl/s
agfpg' kg]{ .
@@= lhNnf hn;|ft] ;ldltnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L /
clwstd clwsf/o'Qm agfO{ Go"gtd $ d]ufjf6;Ddsf ;fgf
hnljB't kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;j]I{ f0f, pTkfbgsf] cg'dlt lbg]
clwsf/ / st{Ao ;+jGwL lhNnf hn;|ft] ;ldltnfO{ g} /xg]
ljs]lGb|t lsl;dsf] sfg'gL k|jGw ldnfpg' kg]{ .
@#= hnljB't pTkfbg sfo{ ;DkGg kl/of]hgfx?sf]
;a} kIfsf] pko'Qm cg'udg u/L lglZrt ;"rs jf dfkb08sf
cfwf/df jftfj/0fLo ;+tn
' g ;d]tsf] d"Nofg u/L pTs[i6tfsf]
cfwf/df ;+3 ;+:yf / lgsfonfO{ k|fT] ;fxg :j?k k'/:sf/
k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/f g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :yflkt u/L s8f 9+un]
sfof{Gjog klg ug'k{ g]{ .
@$= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf /x]sf pmhf{ zfvfx?nfO{
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
lhlj; / j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] cem a9L k|efjsf/L

agfpg] tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ / ldlg tyf ;fgf hnljB't ljsf;sf]
pRr ;+efjgf /x]sf lhNnfx?df % b]lv !) jif{ cjlwsf] ljz]if
dxTjk"0f{ lhNnf pmhf{ ljsf; /0flglts of]hgf th'd{ f u/L
To:tf lhNnfnfO{ j:t'ut kl/l:yltsf] cfwf/df lglZrt cjlw
tf]s/] pmhf{sf] If]qdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg] jf lhNnfaf6 aflx/
pmhf{ lgsf;L ug]{ / lhNnfsf] cfoj[l4 ug's
{ f ;fy} g]kfnsf]
pmhf{ ;+s6 lgjf/0fdf :yfgLo lgsfo, ;xsf/L If]q / lghL
If]qn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ oyf;So ;xof]u k'ofO{ of]ubfg ug'k{ g]{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] pko'Qm gLltx? th'd{ f u/]/ :yfgLo
u|fdL0f If]qdf sfo{/t ljB't ;xsf/L nufot ljleGg ;xsf/Lx?
:yfgLo u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmdx?df ;l/s e} ;'zf;g ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu ;/sf/ / ;d'bfo b'as
} f ;xof]uL ;fyL aGg ;S5g\ .
o;sf] nflu gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg]
txsf clwsf/L ju{df klg ;xsfl/tf k|lt d}qL efjgfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j / clwefjsTjdf
ljB't ;xsf/Lf/f klg lghL If]qn] h;/L g} hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg
sfo{df ;l/s eP/ g]kfnsf] pmhf{ ;+s6 lgjf/0fsf] nflu of]ubfg
k'Ug ;Sg]5 . ldgL tyf ;fgf hnljB't ljsf; u/L u|fdL0f

ljsf; tyf /fli6o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f e} u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf]
;jnLs/0f x'g hfg]5 . o;af6 ;+jlGwt u|fdL0f If]qdf lelqg]
/sd a9L / aflxl/g] /sd slDt agfpFb} n}hfg ;lsG5 clg dfq
ToxfF cltl/Qm jrt j[l4 x'bF } uP/ Tof] If]q u/LaLsf] b'Zrqmaf6
d'Qm x'g ;Sg]5 . o;/L w]/} u|fdL0f If]q /x]sf] xfd|f] g]kfnnfO{
xfdL g]kfnLn] g} ;d[4 agfpFb} cl3 a9fpg ;Sg]5f}+ . ctM o;/L
ljB'tsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ ;Sbf g} s'g} klg u|fdL0f If]qdf
Ond, pBd / Joj;fosf] ljsf; e} /f]huf/L k|j4{g x'G5 .
o;af6 u|fdL0f hgtfsf] lgoldt / lbuf] cfoj[l4 x'gs
' f ;fy}
:yfgLo ;fdflhs cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofg cl3 a9fP/
:yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] lhjg:t/ qmlds ;'wf/ / k|ult x'G5 clg
dfq tL u|fdL0f If]qsf afl;Gbfx? ul/aLaf6 d'lQm kfP/ qmdzM
;DkGgtf tkm{ pGd'v x'g ;Sg]5g\ . o;/L hgtfsf] ;DkGgtf
;Fu ;uF} /fi6 klg ;d[4 agfpFb} cl3 a9fpg ;lsg]5 .
-hn tyf pmhf{ k/fdz{bftf ;+3 g]kfnf/f cfof]lht ljrf/ uf]li7sf
cj;/df g]kfn ljB't s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8sf cWoIf
wd{/fh kf}8]nHo"af6 k|:t't sfo{kqsf] c+z_
OMV XIS) OG1U@ JGJI JOMVI/R SPKI^ XIOM I@LIII

sfe|k] nf~rf]s lhNnfsf]] ljs6 ldNr] uflj; d'ns
' sf]
klxnf] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ uflj; 3f]lift ePsf] 5 . zx/x?n]
nf]8;]lsf] r/d ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] a]nf ;b/d'sfd w'lnv]naf6
%% lsnf]dL6/ blIf0f klZrddf /x]sf] of] ufpFsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{dfk{mt lah'nL k'u/] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf
nflu d'ns
' sf] gd"gf ufpF 3f]lift ul/Psf] xf] .
;dfh;]jL dw' cfrfo{, j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf
hubLz s'df/ vf]h
F ," >f]t Joj:yfkg tyf u|fdL0f ;zlQms/0f
;+:yf -l/d/]s_ sf cWoIf 8f= k|d
] zdf{, lhNnf pmhf{ sfo{qmd
clws[t ;~hLjs'df/ nfn, uflj; ;lrj e/t a:g]tsf
;fy} :yfgLojf;Ldfem @)&) ;fn kf}if ^ ut] Ps sfo{qmdsf
cfof]hgf u/L !#@& dlxnf / !#^^ k'?if ;lxt s"n hg;+Vof
@^(# ePsf] ldNr]nfO{ gd"gf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ uflj; 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] lyof] . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;xof]udf
l/d/]sdfk{mt rf/cf]6f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 pTkflbt
lah'nL # ;o *^ 3/w'/L / ;f]nf/dfk{mt ^@ 3/w'/Ldf
lah'nL k'ofPkl5 ldNr] uflj; nf]8;]l8 d'Qm ePsf] xf] .
;fy} uflj;sf # ;o ! 3/w'/Ln] ;'wfl/Psf] r"nf] k|of]u u/]sf
5g\ eg] ! ;o %& 3/w'/Ln] afof]UofF; k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .
cOG1U] uflj; g]kfns} gjLs/0fLo pmhf{dfk{mt ;a}
3/w'/Ldf lah'nL afNg] klxnf] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ uflj; xf] .
ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zdf s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f nfOgdfk{mt ljB't

k'Ug], t/ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6 ;a} 3/w'/Ldf lah'nL k'us
] f]
yfxf 5}g, ;DejtM ljZjs} gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl/rflntsf
nflu klxnf] uflj; oxL x'g ;S5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|sf] ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f ;xOsfOsf /fli6o ;Nnfxsf/
dw';b' g clwsf/Ln] ldNr] uflj;nfO{ gd'gf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
uflj; 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]df v';L JoQm ub}{ eGg' eof] .
cV]Gb|dfk{mt d'ns
' e/df & nfv 3/w'/Ldf n3' hnljB't
/ ;f]nf/dfk{mt pmhf{ k'us
] f] 5 . k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb /fh kf]v/]nsf cg';f/ ;a} 3/w'/Ldf
lah'nL k'u/] 3f]lift ;Gb]zn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{dfk{mt pmhf{
;'/Iff x'g;S5 eGg] b]vfPsf] 5, / o;n] pmhf{ ;'/Iffsf nflu
/fd|f] pbfx/0f b]vfPsf] 5 .
oftfoft ;]jfn] g5f]Psf] ldNr] uflj;df b'n{' vf]nf
klxnf] -!% lsnf]jf6_ bf]>f] -@) lsnf]jf6_, t]>f] -!! lsnf]jf6_
/ s'ns'n] -!@ lsnf]jf6_ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? tyf
;f]nf/dfk{mt ;a} 3/w'/Ldf lah'nL k'us
] f] 5 . s'6fgL lk;fgL,
skmL klNk, kmlg{r/ pBf]u ;~rfngdf /x]sf] of] ljs6 ufpFnfO{
gd"gf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ uflj; 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 :yfgLoaf;L
v';L ePsf 5g\ . ufpFdf lah'nL cfPkl5 cfo cfh{g a9]sf] /
hLjgdf v';L a9\b} cfPsf] pgLx?n] atfPsf 5g\ .
-DODVKDNWL
KQ]O4P
j j
sDkgL kl/ro
R
OJH^QV*1?RII*/OH^N_I OQ
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf >f]t / k|ljlw
dWo] g]kfndf Jofks ?kdf pkof]u ul/Psf
;f]nf/, afof]Uof; / n3' hnljB't ljsf;sf
nflu ;e]o{ /, h8fgstf{ ?kdf sfo{ub}{ cfPsf]
o'lge{;n sG;N6ofG;L ;le{; k|f= ln= lj=;+=
@)%^ ;fn d+l;/ @@ ut] ljlwjt\ ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/
sDkgL /lhi6f/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}d
+ f btf{ ul/Psf] sDkgL
xf] . em08} 8]9 bzs nfdf] ofqfdf o; sDkgLdf sfo{/t
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{gdf k|ltj4 k|ljlws tyf k|zf;lgs
hgzlQmsf] 6f]nLn] u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t
:ynut ?kdf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{, jftfj/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf]
sfd ub}{ cfPsf]5 .
S@ = R
o'lge{;n sG;N6ofG;L ;le{; k|f= ln= n] gjLs/0fLo
phf{ k|ljlwdf n3' hnljB't, ;f]nf/ / afof]UofF; ;+jGwL
;e]
{ l8hfOg, cfk"lt{ tyf h8fg sfo{ ;fy} g]kfndf pmhf{,
jftfj/0f, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, n}ls nufotsf
ljifoj:t'x?df k/dz{btfsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{, ;/f]sf/
jfnx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{gsf ;fy} OlGhlgol/ tyf
Joj:yfkg ;+jGwL sfo{x?df k/fdz{ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]
p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .
VIR^ V I@ OJ*WWI
gjLs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlwsf] u'0f:t/Lo tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf]
nflu cg';Gwfg, k|j4{gsf ;fy ;fy} tflnd, ;]ldgf, uf]i7Lx?
klg ub]{ cfPsf] FIdJI] em08} 8]9 bzs nfdf] ofqfdf
ljz]if u/]/ u|fdL0f ljsf;sf sfo{x?sf nflu :ynut ?kdf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{, jftfj/0fsf ;fy} Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x?df
b|t' ultdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .
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IJIKQOM%
WFIRI@KJIOMVI
o; sDkgLn] xfn;Dd n3' hnljB' t If] q df
;e]
{ l8hfOg, h8fg tyf dd{t ;Def/sf sfd ug{s
g f ;fy}
@% j6f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg u/L
s'n $^%=% lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbg ul/;]sf]5 . h;dWo]
] S] 6, g]kfndf
@(^ ld6/ x]8 ePsf] nfGb|s
' dfOqmf] xfO8f] k|fh
ag]sf xfO{ x]8 k|fh
] S] 6x?dWo]df kb{5 . o;}u/L @#& n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf lj:t[t cWoog (DFS), !#* n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf k"j{ ;DefJotf cWoog tyf ;fgL e]/L
;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgf ^)) lsnf]jf6, ?s'd, vf8Luf8
;fgf ljB't cfof]hgf

%)) lsnf]jf6, ?s'd
/ lj/fau/ z]/f ;fgf
ljB't cfof]hgf %))
ls=jf=sf] lj:t[ t
;DefJotf cWoog
;DkGg u/L ;s]sf]5 .
WIOQGXI@L/W\I@OGJI
gljs/0fLo phf{ ;+jGwL ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L tyf
;]ldgf/ cfof]hgf u/L o; k|ljlw ;+jGwL ;Lk tyf r]tgf
clej[l4 ug'{ o;
sDkgLsf] csf]{
k|dv
' sfo{ xf] .
n3' hnljB' t
Joj:yfkg
tflnd, kl/k|of]u
k| j 4{ g tflnd,
lksf] xfO8 f ]
;+ r fng tyf
Joj:yfkg tflnd, u|fdL0f :t/sf u}x;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf
nflu gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;+jGwL cled'vLs/0f tflnd,
afof]Uof; ;e],{ h8fg tyf pkef]Qmfsfnflu tflnd h:tf
em08} %) Aofr ;xefuLx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L @)!) df hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf To; If]qsf tTsflng
;ef;b tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxtsf] gljs/0fLo pmhf{ ;+jlGw
cled'vLs/0f uf]i7L tyf k|bz{gL sfo{qmd ;kGg ul/;s]sf]
5.
F:RRJFJ
*ZIJW\IN_VI]J
gjLs/0fLo phf{sf If]qdf
eP u/]sf ljleGg sfo{x?sf]
cWoog, cg';Gwfg, cg'udg tyf
u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f Pj+ k|sfzg ug]{
sfo{ o; sDkgLn] ub}{ cfPsf]
csf]{ k|dv
' sfo{ xf] . 3/3/af6
lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ h:t} efG;faf6
lg:sg] ;8\g] k|sl[ tsf kmf]x/x?
-afFsL k[i7 $$ df_

KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
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X_IG/IOMVIGIQ
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D*WIKQIOGIJ@
u|fdL0f ljsf; k|lqmof d"ntM jx'cfoflds / ultzLn
k|lqmof xf] h;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnnffO{ u|fdL0f
If]q;Dd k' ofP/ u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/nfO{ pGgt u/fpFb} u/LaL, a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtfsf]
cGTo ug'{ xf] . g]kfn h:tf] u|fdL0f kl/j]z ePsf] d'ns
' df
To; k|lqmofaf6 u|fdL0f If]qsf afl;Gbfsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s
pGglt / kof{j/0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6/] ljsf; sfo{ cl3 a9fpg]
;Gbe{df lxdfnL / kxf8L e"efusf ljs6 If]qdf ;d]t
ljB'tLs/0f ug{sf] nflu n3' hnljB't k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L u|fdL0f cy{tGqn]
sfFrn
' L k]mg{sf] nflu n3' hnljB't k|ljlw Pp6f ;zQm
;fwg aGg ;Sg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g;Sb}g .
u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;jf{L0f ljsf; ug{sf] nflu pmhf{
If]qsf] ;+nUgtf c;Dejk|foM ePsf] cj:yfdf j}slNks Pj+
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] n3' hnljB't k|ljlw g]kfn
h:tf d'ns
' x?sf nflu j/bfg ;flat e};s]sf] 5 . 7"nf
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljsf;sf] qmddf ljleGg sl7gfO
/ ;d:ofx? p7\g] u/]sf] g]kfnsf] cg'ejaf6 klg n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] dxTj a9]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] w]/h
} ;f]
u|fdL0f If]qdf /fli6o ljB't k;f/0f nfOg k'lu;s]sf] 5}g
eg] lxpFbsf] ofddf b}lgs !*
306f;Dd nf]8;]l8 ug'{kg]{ jfWotf
/x] s f] kfOG5 . lah'nL ;+jGwL
u|fdL0f ljsf;
/fli6 o lgsfo g] k fn ljB' t
k|flws/0fn] 5l/P/ /x]sf u|fdL0f
h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
a:tLx?df ljB't ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{
;+/If0f
;Defjgf sdhf] / g} 5 . o;
kl/k|I] odf v]/ u}/x]sf] hn>f]tsf]
u/LaL lgjf/0fdf
pkof]u u/]/ :yfgLo:t/df n3'
;xof]u
hnljB' t sf] ljsf; ug] { k| r " /
n}l+ us ;dfgtf
;Defjgf /x]sf]5 .
g]kfndf ;fgf 7"nf :yfoL c:yfoL
u/L ^))) eGbf a9L gbL gfnf
nufot cgluGtL vf]nf vf]N;fdf
aUg] kfgLnfO{ ;]tf] ;'gsf] ?kdf lnP/ n3' hnljB't k|ljlwsf]

dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg{ ;lsG5 .
:yfgLo ?kdf v]/ u}/x]sf] hn>f]tsf] pkof]u ub}{
:jb]zdf pknJw hgzlQmn] :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg u/]sf oGq
tyf pks/0fx? -h]g/] 6] / afx]s_ sf] k|of]u u/L 5f]6f] ;dodf
g} h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf]
lgdf{0faf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf ljB'tLs/0f u/]/ To; If]qdf a;f]af;
ug]{ ;d'bfox?sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf ljz]if
of]ubfg k'ofpg ;lsG5 . ;/n, ;xh / ;'ky d"Nodf :yfgLo
>f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L ;;fgf vf]nf gfnfx?af6
ljB't pTkfbg u/L u|fdL0f u/La hgtfx?sf]] ufpFdf pHofnf],
dgdf zflGt / d'xf/df sflGt NofO{ u|fdL0f u/LaL s]xL
xb;Dd ePklg lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsg] of] k|ljlw g]kfn h:tf]
u|fdL0f kl/j]z ePsf d'ns
' df ckl/xfo{ xf] .
Q
KQOM%
WVI NPI2EI["
tn lbOPsf] lrqaf6 k|i6 x'G5 ls n3' hnljB'tsf]
ljsf;af6 a]kmfObf 5}g / ;a} kIfdf kmfObf g} x'G5 . o;}
tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|dfk{mt n3' hnljB'tsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
:j:Yo hLjg
n3' hnljB't
:yfgLo:t/df pBf]u
wGbf ;~rfng
/f]huf/Ldf j[l4
g]tT[ j ljsf;
;fdflhs Pstf
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
u/]sf] 5 . n3' hnljB'tsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;/sf/L

tyf gLlh If]qsf] ;fe]mbf/L (Public - Private Partnership
model) sf] ?kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . ljleGg
;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, bft[ lgsfo, ljsf;
a}s
+ / gLlh If]q klg n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; Pj+
lj:tf/df ;+nUg e} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
X_IG/IOMVIGIQ
KQOM%
WVI@ HOGVI
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0fn] u|fdL0f If]qdf
:j:Yo pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfx?n]
6'sL tyf lbofnf] afNg'kg]{ cj:yfaf6 d'lQm k|fKt ug{
;S5g\ . lah'nL aQLsf] k|of]un] ljBfyL{x?sf] k9fOdf ;xof]u
k'Ug'sf] ;fy} ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ljB'tsf] k|of]uaf6
kl/k|of]u pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo:t/df /f]huf/Lsf]
l;h{gf x'g;S5 eg] :yfgLo ;fwg / >f]tsf] clwstd
k|of]u u/L cfo>f]tdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L cGttf]uTjf
;d'bfosf] lhjg:t/df pGglt x'g5
]
/ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'Ug]5 .
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n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf]
M\SKI^ N_IO.W
sfof{Gjog /fd|f]l;t ug{ ;s]sf]
v08df u| f dL0f ljsf;df o;n]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 .
MI<RO],IIGI
k| y dtM n3' hnljB' t

ZI
cfof]hgfaf6 u|fdL0f e]udf cGwsf/df
lhjg latfO/x]sf hgtfnfO{ lah'nLsf]
pHofnf] k'U5 . h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x?sf]
k7gkf7gdf ;xof]u k'U5 . dlxnfx?n]
3/sf] sfdsfh ;xhtfk"j{s ug{
;Sg]5g\ . /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6,
sDKo'6/ h:tf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf]
;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 . To;af6 ;"rgf
/ ;~rf/sf] I f] q df ljsf; e}
hgr]tgfsf] :t/ dfly p7\b5
\ .
bf]>f] s'/f, n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx?sf] ljsf;af6 :yfgLo
:t/df lah'nLsf] kl/k|of]u a9\g hfg]5 / ;fgf 3/]n' tyf
s'l6/ pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To;af6 Psflt/
u|fdL0f If]qdf pknJw >f]t, ;fwg / sRrf kbfy{sf] pkof]u
ug{ ;lsG5 eg] csf]{lt/ :yfgLo :t/df g} /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x? l;h{gf x'g]5 . ufpFdf s'6fgL lk;fgL :yfkgf
ul/of] eg] l9sL hfFtf]df sfd ubf{sf] ;do / >dsf] jrt
e} cGo pTkfbgd"ns sfddf nufpg ;lsg]5 . To;}u/L

ljB'tLs/0faf6 s'6fgL lk;fgL ldnsf] cnfjf sf7 lrg]{
pBf]u, kmlg{r/ pBf]u, s'v/' f kfng, kfp/f]6L agfpg], lu|n
agfpg] Joj;fo, kmf]6f]uf| kmL, kmf]6f]skL, :jf:Yo ;fdu|L /
pks/0fx? ;'/lIft /fVg] h:tf sfddf lah'nLsf] kl/k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
t]>f] s'/f, n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ubf{ l8h]n,
dl6t]naf6 rNg] pks/0fx?sf] ;6\6f lah'nLaf6 rNg]
pks/0fx? ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} dl6t]naf6 6'sL
afNg] u/]sfx?n] klg lah'nL alQ g} afNg] ePaf6 k|bi" f0f
36\b\5 / To:tf ljb]zaf6 cfoft ug'{kg]{ dx+uf] l8h]n,
dl6\6t]nsf] yf]/} ePklg sd vkt x'g5
] . l8h]n, dl6\6t]nsf]
w"jF faf6 :jf:Yodf x'g] xfgL klg sd x'g5
] . xl/tu[x Uof;
pT;h{g klg gx'g] eP/ jftf/0f /fd|f] x'g]5 eg] sfa{g
' n] cfo cfh{gsf] cj;/
ljgdosf] k|fjwfgaf6 klg d'ns
kfpg ;Sg]5 .
Q
KQOM%
WOMVI
S%I@XZ*EIVI@ OMVI
\IJ/R!I@WIZJVI@
FOZVWG SNRI@X
I@KXI/VI@ OK^JI
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FIR!I@WGI M>O
X_IG/I OKMJWGI

ZI
X_IG/IOMVI
cGTodf, g]kfn h:tf] u|fdL0f kl/j]z ePsf] d'ns
' sf]
ljsf;df n3' hnljB't Ps ;fwg aGg ;S5 t;y{ hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/df j[l4 u/L ;fdflhs Gofo / ;b\efj sfod
/fVb} u|fdL0f u/LaL lgjf/0f ub}{ bLuf] u|fdL0f ljsf; ug{sf]
nflu n3' hnljB'tsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] .
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
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JM/VI/R SPKI^ .WI[VI@ *EH^GI
D`VIQIOXOEXI@SPKI^0[IG_I@ OTPRI]/QWI
NI^ OKWVI
;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3sf dxf;lrj afg ls d'gn] ;g\
@)!@ hgj/L !^ sf lbg ca'wfaLdf cfof]lht eljiosf
nflu pmhf{ af/]sf] ;Dd]ngsf] cj;/df ljZjel/sf y'k|}
ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsf;zLn d'ns
' sf pmhf{df kx'r
F gk'us
] fxsf
nflu pmhf{sf] ;'ljwf lbnfpg, ljBdfg pmhf{sf >f]tx
bIftfk"js
{ k|of]u ug{ / jftfj/0fsf] v:sFbf] l:yltnfO{ ;DxfNg
sd sfa{g pT;h{g x'g] pkfo cjn+jg ug{ ;a} d'ns
' xnfO{
;g\ @)#) ;Dd phf{sf] >f]t, k|ljlw ljsf; ug{ / pkof]lutfdf
;'wf/ NofO{ ;a}sf] nflu lbuf] pmhf{ cTofjZos ePsf]n]

uDeL/tfk"js
{ nfUg cfXjfg ug'{ eP otf s/La %) d'ns
' n]
RGIFIdJI] k|ltj4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd :j?k g]kfn
nufot ljleGg d'ns
' df ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{ ljifodf
of]hgfsf/x, lj1x / k|zf;sx ax;df h'6b\ } nIodf
k'Ug / of]hgfx agfpg Jo:t /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] tk{maf6 o; ;+jGwdf /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf]
;+of]hsTjdf, pmhf{ dGqfno, lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
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dGqfno, j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|, k|fl1s lgsfox, ljt

JolQmTjx, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ljsf;df nfUb} cfPsf ljleGg
;+ : yfx ;a} s f nflu lbuf] pmhf{ s f d" n dGq lnP/
uDeL/tfk"js
{ sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{
;+jGwdf xfn} Pp6f ljZn]if0ffTds k':ts ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]
5 . ;a}sf] nflu lbuf] pmhf{ /fli6o k|ltj4tf x'gk' g]{ cfwf/x
JofVof ub}{ ;g\ @)@) ;Ddsf] nIo / ;g\ @)#) sf] nIosf]
?k/]vf / To;sf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{qmdxsf] ;'emfj
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . d'ns
' sf] ljBdfg pmhf{sf >f]tx, ljt/0f
/ k|of]usf gfnLa]nL klg To; k':tsdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
k':tsdf k|:t't tYofnfO{ a'eE} hfg]xn] pmhf{sf
;+jGwdf d'ns
' n] ug'k{ g]{ sfdx ce}m w]/} afFsL /x]sf 5g\
eg] ;+j4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx kl5 gkg{ ;Gb]z lbPsf] klg 5 .
To;}u/L 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgfx dfusf] cg'kftdf clt
;':t/L ultzLn x'g,' cfoft ug}k{ g]{ k]6f l] nod kbfy{sf] vkt
a9\b} hfg'sf] cj:yfnfO{ vt/fsf] ;"rssf] ?kdf a'eJ'kg]{
x'G5 .
gjLs/0fLo phf{sf nflu k|ljlw ljsf;, k|j4{g /
ljt/0ftkm{
/fi6 s f]
lqmofzLntfnfO{ ;Gtf]ifhs
k| u lt dfGg ;lsP klg
>f]txsf] zt k|ltzt k|of]u
ug{ u/fpg cyf{t\ pmhf{df
kx'Fr gk'u]sf 3/w'/L;Dd
ljt/0f ug{ Psf;f}F ztfAbLsf
hgtfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ / ;fdlhs Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ klg ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{kl| t cem uDeL/
x'gk' g]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf ;a} b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d'lrt /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
;a}sf] nflu lbuf] pmhf{sf] dxTj g]kfnsf] ;+be{df
pmhf{df ;a} hgtfsf] kx'r
F k'ofpgsf ;fy} jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
-e";+/If0f, jg ;+/If0f, jGohGt' ;+/If0f cflb;d]t_ ug{,
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/ ;'ljwf
k'ofpg, OGwgsf] cfoft sd ug{ h:tf ljleGg ;sf/fTds
k|ultsf nflu klg cTofjZos /x]sf]5 . To;}u/L gljs/0fLo
pmhf{ k|ljlw ljsf; ug]{ qmddf lbuf] kIfdf clwstd Wofg
lbP/ ;+/If0fkIfnfO{ dxTj lbPdf ;a}sf] nflu lbuf] pmhf{kl| tsf]
k|ltj4tfaf6 Gofo x'g5
] eGg] klg a'eJOV*
D` V I@ QIOX OEXI@ SPKI^ JM/VI/R
SPKI^ W N^ P VI@ OTPRI]/QWI
jgk}bfjf/ 3/r"Nxfsf] d'Vo OGwg /xL cfPsf] ;+be{df
jgljgfzn] ubf{klg jftfj/0fdf lauf/ k}bf xg' ] / kof{j/0fLo

;Gtn
' g lau|g] eGg] Aoxf]/fnfO{ uDeL/tfkj" s
{ ljrf/ ug]{ xf]
eg] 3/rN" xfsf nflu jg k}bfjf/sf] k|of]u ;s];Dd sd
ug{gkg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L dx+uf] d"No lt/L cfoft ul/g]
k]6f l] nodhGo kbfy{ klg 3/r"Nxfsf] nflu OGwgsf] 7"n} ;|ft]
/xL cfPsf] ;Gbe{df To;nfO{ klg Go"gLs/0ftkm{ nfg'kg]{
ljleGg sf/0fx 5g\ . k]6f l] nod kbfy{sf bu' 0'{ fxdf sfa{g
pT;h{g klg xf] .
bfp/f jgh+un gf;]/ kfOg] j:t' xf] -bfp/fsf] nflu
jg / j[Iff/f]k0f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] v08df jgh+un gfz ug{
cfjZos xG' b}g eg]/ a'eJ] cy{df_ . jg h+un ljgfzsf]
l:yltg] eofjx kl/0ffdnfO{ Wofgdf / a'em]/ bfp/f sd eGbf
sd k|of]u u/L 3/r"Nxfsf] sfd wGbf ;sfpg] pkfo cjn+jg
' j, ljleGg
ug{ ljn+j gug'k{ g]{ e};s]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu cge
k|of]u, k|fljlws cg;
' Gwfg / ljsf;af6 k|fKt xg' cfPsf]
1fg / ;Lk nufP/ k]6f l] nodhGo kbfy{ / jgk}bfjf/sf]
Gog" td k|of]u ug{lt/sf] cleofgnfO{ yk ;fy{s tN' ofpg'
kg]{ b]lvG5 .
xfn;Ddsf ljleGg
cg' e j, k| o f] u , k| f ljlws
cg';Gwfg / ljsf;nfO{[ dgg
ug]{ xf] eg] hnljB't -/fli6o
k| ; f/0f gk' u ] s f jf b' u { d
ufpF 7 fpF s f nflu n3 '
hnljB't_, afof]Uof;, ;f}o{
pmhf{ g]kfnsf] ;+be{df pkoQ
' m 7xl/Psf 5g\ eg] jfo' pmhf{
cem} k/LIf0fs} ?kdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .
n3' hnljB't ;;fgf vf]nfgfnfsf] kfgL cUnf]
' L
7fpFaf6 kfOksf] dfWodaf6 v;fn]/ 6af{Og rnfO{ lahn
pTkfbg ug]{ k|ljlw xf] . b'ud
{ ufpF3/sf] cfjZostfnfO{
;'xfpFbf cfof]hgfxsf nflu k"j{;+efJotf cWoogb]lv
;+efJotf cWoog, oGq pks/0fsf] l8hfOg / pTkfbg,
ljBt' u[x nufotsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, h8fgsf ;fy} dd{t
;Def/sf] sfd klg b]zs} hgzlQm / ;Lkaf6 ;DkGg x'bF }
cfPsf] 5 . :d/0fLo 5, g]kfnsf] of] k|ljlw, ;Lk / pks/0f
pTkfbg Ifdtf cflbn] ljb]zdf;d]t Voflt sdfPsf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] ;dodf !)) lsnf]jf6;Ddsf hnljBt'
cfof]hgfxnfO{ n3' hnljBt' cfof]hgf elgb} cfPsf] ePklg
xfn cfP/ !)) eGbfdfly !))) lsnf]jf6 cyf{t\ Ps
d]ufjf6;Ddsf hnljB't cfof]hgfnfO{ ;fgf hnljB't
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
cfof]hgf cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 / k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos

' f/
;xof]usf] Joj:yf klg yflnPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] hfgsf/L cg;
g]kfnsf lxdfn tyf kxf8L lhNnfxdf ;;fgfb]lv !))
lsnf]jf6;Ddsf @%)) n3' hnljBt' cfof]hgfx :yfkgf
e};s]sf 5g\ eg] tL cfof]hgfxaf6 nueu @* d]ufjf6
' L pTkfbg e} /x]sf] / nueu tLg nfv 3/w'/LnfO{
lahn
lahn
' Lsf] pHofnf] lbPsf] 5 . s'6fgL, lk;fgLsf ;fy} sDKo6' /,
kmf]6f] :6l' 8of], kmlg{r/ pBf]u, kfp/f]6L pBf]u, s'v/' f kfng
h:tf ;;fgf pBf]uwGbf / :jf:Yo ;]jf ;]jfsf nflu klg
' L pkof]u ul/Fb}
n3' hnljBt' cfof]hgfxaf6 pTkflbt lahn
cfPsf]5 . clxn] cfP/ ldgL u|L8sf] dfWodaf6 qm;/ d]zLg
' L cfkl" t{ ul/g] u/]sf]
nufot ljleGg pBf]uxnfO{ klg lahn
5.
ufO{, e};
+ L jf cGo hgfj/ jf dfG5]sf] lai7f jf
s'lxg] kft klt+u/ cflb Pp6f s+lqm6sf] RofDa/df lglZrt
tfkdfg / ;do /fv]/ ;fdfGo k|lqmofkl5 afof]UofF; tof/
xG' 5 . afof]UofF; dV' otM uf]a/ k|of]u u/L tof/ ul/g] ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ uf]a/UofF; klg elgG5 . uf]a/UofF; jf afof]UofF;sf]
;+be{df eGg] xf] eg] b]zsf krxQ/} lhNnfsf @%)) uflj;x
/ gu/kflnsfxdf afof]UofF; ;xof]u sfo{qmd -aLP;kL_
cGtu{t @ nfv $( xhf/ ( ;o *( j6f afof]UofF; ;+oGq
lgdf{0f ul/Psf5g\ / tL ;+oGqxaf6 xfn;Dd s/La # nfv
3/w'/Ln] vfgf ksfpg / aQL afNg afof]UofF; k|of]u ub}c
{ fPsf
5g\ eg] g]kfn afof]UofF; k|j4{g ;+3n] hgfPsf] 5 .
afof]UofF;sf] nflu k|of]u ul/;s]sf] n]bf] v]taf/Lsf]
' f] kmfObf klg 5 . lgdf{0f
nflu /fd|f] dnsf] ?kdf tof/ xg' s
NI^ OKWVI
;Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbs, hnzlQm
ul/Psf tL afof]UofF; ;+oGqxdWo] *) b]lv *% k|ltzt
/fd|/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf5g\ . afof]UofF; ;DefJotf eP/
klg sddfq k|utL ePsf @! kxf8L / ^ t/fO{sf lhNnfxnfO{
kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbPsf]5 .
afof]UofF; ;+oGq lgdf{0fs} k|;u+ cl3 a9fpFbf b]zel/
!! nfv afof]UofF; ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L kmfObf lng ;lsG5
eGg] lj1xsf] /fonfO{ klg dgg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . Tolt ;+Vofdf
k'/} ;+oGq lgdf{0f e} k|of]udf cfpFbf cf7} nfv 3/w'/Ln]

bfp/fsf] vkt sd ug]5
{ eGg] klg a'eJOV*
b]zsf sltko :yfgxdf ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|ljlwaf6
klg aQL afNg] pkfo ul/Fb} cfPsf]5 . lah'nLsf] /fli6o
k|;f/0f gku' s
] f] / n3' hnljBt' sf] klg ;Defjgf g/x]sf
7fpFxdf ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|ljlw pkoQ
' m ePsf] lj1xsf] wf/0ff
5 . rngrNtLdf yf]/d
} fq eP klg ;f}o{ 3/]n' k|0ffnL k|of]udf
NofOPsf] kfOG5 eg] 7"nf7"nf Kofgnx k|of]u u/L 7"n}
kl/df0fsf] ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnL pkof]u ug{ klg z'? x'bF } cfPsf]
5 . j}1flgsxsf] cWoogaf6 g]kfndf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf]
;Defjgf Jofks?kdf ePsf] elgPklg o;tkm{ ck]lIft k|ult
' Gwftfxsf] ;d"xn]
xg' afFsL g} 5 . Pp6f hfkfgL cg;
k|sfzgdf NofPsf] kl5Nnf] k|ltj]bgdf lxdfnL e]udf ;f}o{
pmhf{sf] ;Defjgf emg} k|r/" dfqfdf ePsf] hgfOPsf] 5 .
" } cfzf knfPsf] 5 .
o;af6 7n
b]zsf] sn
" hg;+Vofsf] %^ k|ltztn] ljBt' ;l' jwf
hf]8\g kfPsf] xfnsf] l:yltdf *!=! k|ltztsf] pmhf{
"
cfjZostf k/fDk/fut ;|ft] df lge{/ /x]sf] al' emG5 / sn
u|fx:y pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ k/fDk/fut ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
bfp/faf6 ul/Fb} cfPsf]5 eg] t/nLs[t k]6f]lnod UofF; !@=#
k|ltzt, uf]a/ !)=& k|ltzt, h}ljs UofF; @=$ k|ltzt /
dlt]n !=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 . OGwgsf ?kdf bfp/f
pRr kxf8L e"efusf *&=( k|ltzt afl;Gbfn], kxf8L e"efusf
&^=@ k|ltzt afl;Gbfn] / t/fO{sf %*=# k|ltzt afl;Gbfn]
vkt ub}{ cfPsf] a'lemG5 . oL cfFs8f cg';f/ bfp/fsf] vktsf]
l:yltnfO{ uDeL/tfsf ;fy lng}kg]{ b]lvG5 .
kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu jgh+un hu]gf{ ug]{ /

To;af6 u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ ljljw nfe k'ofpgsf nflu
;'wfl/Psf] r"Nxf] sfo{qmd cem Jofks t'NofpFbf /fd|f]
xG5 . aQL afNg], /]l8of] 6]lnlehg rnfpg] afx]s ;f}o{
pmhf{ k|ljlwaf6 vfgf ksfpg] / cGo 3/]n' cfjZostfsf]
sfdug{ g;lsPsf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf lah' n Laf6,
afof]UofF;af6 jf t/nLs[t k]6f]lnod UofF;af6 vfgf ksfpg]
u/]sfx afx]ssf nflu bfp/fdfq e/kbf]{ OGwg x'g] xf]
eg] eg] ;'wfl/Psf] r"Nxf] clgjfo{ ljsNksf] ?kdf k|of]u
ug}k{ g]{ x'G5 . cyf{t\ bfp/fsf] vktsf] ljsNk sd bfp/f
vkt ug{ u/fpgsf nflu cr"s pkfosf] ?kdf ;'wfl/Psf]
r"Nxf]nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lj1xsf cg';f/ ;'wfl/Psf r"Nxf]sf]
k|of]u ubf{ k/Dk/fut r"Nxf] k|of]u ubf{eGbf s/La $)
k|ltzt bfp/fsf] vkt sd x'G5 . ;fy} efG5f ;kmf

KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
;'U3/ /xg] / w"jF f gkmfNg] x'gfn] :jf:Yosf] nflu klg w]/}

/fd|f] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
bfp/f afNg] afx]s ljsNk gePsf ;odf ;o
3/w'/Ln] g} ;'wfl/Psf] r"Nxf] k|of]u u/] eGg] cj:yfdf
klg ^) k|ltztsf lx;fadf bfp/f, xfFuf, 8fF7, kft,
5\jfnL, k/fnsf] cfjZostf kg]{ g} 5 . o;sf nflu
jgh+unsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkgdf ljrf/ k'ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
bfp/fsf nflu l56f] tof/ x'g] ?v lrg]/ j[Iff/f]k0f ubf{bl] v
tof/ x'g] cjlwsf] rqmLo lgod cg';f/ bfp/f tof/ ug]{
ljlw kfngf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . cyf{t\ klxnf] jif{ /f]ks
] f] ?v
kfFr jif{df bfp/fsf] nflu tof/ x'g] ePdf x/]s jif{ ?v
/f]Kb}, :ofxfb},{ kfFrf}F jif{
klxnf] k6s /f] k ] s f]
?vxaf6 bfp/f kfpg
;lsG5 . To;}u/L bf]>f]
jif{ /f]ks
] f] ?v 5}6f}+ jif{
bfp./fsf] nflu tof/
e};S5 / To; lqmofaf6
vfnL x'g] efudf gofF ?v /f]Kb} hfg'k5{ . ?v /f]Kbfb]lv
tof/ x'bF f;Ddsf] cjlwdf ;f]xg{ ;lsg] xfFuf, 8fF7, kft
cflb eg] sfddf nufpg ;lsg] g} 5 . To;}u/L s[lifsfo{af6
pTkfbg e} afFsL /xg] xfFuf, 8fF7, kft, 5\jfnL, k/fn klg
OGwgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf k|lqmofsf nflu
w]/} cg';Gwfg e};s]sf] x'gfn] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
;xhtfk"js
{ cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 . k|rf/ k|;f/, j[Iff/f]k0f,
:ofxf/ / plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fd'bflos jg,
pkef]Qmf ;d"x cflbaf6 k|z:t ;xof]u x'g ;S5 .
cfjZos ;fOh -nDafO, rf}8fO, uf]nfO / /fksf]
nflu Kjfnx;lxtsf] ;fFrf]df 9fn]/ xfFuf, 8fF7, kft,
klt+u/, 5\jfnL, k/fn, uf]n, sf]Onf cflbsf afFsL aSof}tf
6'qmf6fqmLxnfO{ k]n/] 3gLe"t t'Nofpg] k|ljlwaf6 la|s6]
tof/ kfl/G5 . To:tf la|s6] sf] k|of]uaf6 klg bfp/fsf]
vkt sd ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 la|s6] sf]
pTkfbg / vkt ;sf/fTds b]lvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
;xhtfk"j{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] zx/ ahf/;d]t
la|s6] nf]slk|o x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t/ klg a9L ;] a9L
la|s6] pTkfbg ug]{ / ahf/ d"Nodf sdL Nofpgsf nflu
klg pkfox lgsfNg ;s]df o;sf] dfu a9\g5
] . dfu
cg';f/ sd pmhf{sf nflu vkt x'g] j:t'xsf] pkof]u
x'gs
' f ;fy} /f]huf/L / Joj;fo klg a9\g] lglZrt 5 .
-DODVKDNWL
To;}u/L UofFl;kmfP/ h:tf pks/0faf6 klg efG5f /

pBf]u wGbfsf] nflu OGwg tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . tL k|ljlw
e/kbf]{ ?kdf Jojxf/df cfpg afFsL /x]sf] eP klg ;Defljt
;fwg eg]/ a'eJOV*
afof]UofF;, n3' hnljBt' , Jojl:yt jgaf6 Sof]6f]
cle;lGwkl5 k|ltkfbg ul/Psf] :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq (Clean
Development Mechanism) af6 cfly{s nfe klg k|fKt ug{
;lsg] ePsf]n] casf sfo{qmdx To;nfO{ klg ;'xfpFbf]
lx;fan] cl3 a9fpg kg]{ b]lvG5 .
gljs/0fLo pmhf{ >f]txaf6 xfn;Dd b]zsf !@
k|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ ljB'tsf] kx'r
F k'us
] f] 5 . n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfxaf6 @% d]ufjf6, ;f}o{ phf{af6 !@ d]ufjf6 /
jfo' pmhf{ a f6 @)
lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbg
e}cfPsf] 5 eg] !% nfv
eGbf a9L 3/w' / Ln]
gljs/0fLo pmhf{ s f
ljleGg >f]taf6 vfgf
ksfpg, aQL afNg /
pTkfbgzLn kl/k|of]uaf6
nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] >f]t / ljleGg d'ns
' x, bft[ ;+:yfx / ljQLo
;+:yfx cflbsf] ;xof]udf n3' hnljB't, ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL3,
affof]UofF; -uf]a/Uof;_, ;f}o{ pmhf{, ;'wfl/Psf] r"nf], jfo'
pmhf{, cflb gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ If]qdf g]kfnn] xfFl;n u/]sf]
pknlJwnfO{ pQd dflgPsf] 5 . ;xof]u sfo{qmdx Ps}
9n] ;~rfng ug{ / Ps} sfo{zn
} Ldf cl3 a9fpg /fli6o
u|fdL0f tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmd (National Rural
and Renewable Energy Programme) sf] ?kdf @)^(
;fn >fj0f ! ut] -!^ h'nfO{, ;g\ @)!@_ b]lv ;~rfngdf
NofPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] klg nufgL x'g] / 8flg8f -8]lg;
;/sf/_, gj]{ ;/sf/, s]Pkm8ANo' -hd{g ;/sf/_, hLcfO{h8]
-hd{g ;/sf/_, 8LPkmcfO{8L -la|l6z ;/sf/_, o'Pg8LkL,
o'Pg;L8LPkm, ljZj a}s
+ , Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}s
+ , P;PgeLaf6
;xof]u ul/g] /fli6o u|fdL0f tyf gljs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmdn]
kfFr jif{sf] cjlwdf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfxaf6
@% d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg u/L !%),))) 3/w'/LnfO{ ljB't
;'ljwf k'ofpg, ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 $,))) j6f :yfkgf
ug{, ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL ^)),))) h8fg ug{, 3/fo;L afof]UofF;
;+oGq -Knf06_ !#),))) j6f lgdf{0f ug{, ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf]
$&%,))) j6f agfpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] nIox lnPsf] o;
;+be{df pNn]vgLo 5 .
KQ]O4P
j j
Q
IJIKQOM%
WFIRI@KJI["DIMLI^GI#G@XIMIODK
Q/
IOLtR X_IG/I W\I JM/VI/R SPKI^ VIR^TPG

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)!# sf] bkmf
# cGtu{t :jfoQ ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf @)%# sflt{s !*
ut] :yfkgf ul/Psf] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] tbf?stf
/ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP) / ljZj a}s
+
(The World Bank) sf] ;+oQ
' m ;xof]udf ;g\ !((^ cui6
b]lv ;+rflnt_ u|fld0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd (Rural Energy
Development Programme) / h' g kl5 u| f dL0f
lhljsf] k fh{ g sf nflu gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{ q md
(Renewable Energy for Rural Livelihood) df kl/jt{g
ul/of] ;fy} 8]lg; ;/sf/ / gj]{ ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;g\
!((( dfr{ b]lv @)!@ h'nfO{ !%;Dd b'O{ r/0fdf ;+rflnt
pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmd (Energy Sector Assistance
Programme) af6 ljz]ifu/L n3' hnljB't / ;'wfl/Psf]
kfgL3, affof]UofF; -uf]a/UofF;_, ;f}o{ pmhf{, ;'wfl/Psf] r"nf],
jfo' pmhf{, e"tfkLo pmhf{ cflb gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ If]qdf
g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlJwnfO{ pQd dflgPsf] 5 . o:tf
;xof]u sfo{qmdx? Ps} 9n] ;~rfng ug{ / Ps} sfo{zn
} Ldf
cl3 a9fpg /fli6o u|fdL0f tyf gljs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmd
(National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme
jf NRREP) sf] ?kdf @)^( ;fn >fj0f ! ut] -;g\ @)!@
sf] !^ h'nfO{_ b]lv ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .

8flg8f -8]lg; ;/sf/_, gj]{ ;/sf/, s]Pkm8ANo'
-hd{g ;/sf/_, hLcfO{h]8 -hd{g ;/sf/_, 8LPkmcfO{8L
-la|l6z ;/sf/_, o'Pg8LkL, o'Pg;L8LPkm, ljZj a}s
+ , Pl;ofnL
ljsf; a}s
+ , P;PgeLaf6 ;xof]u ul/g] / g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
klg nufgL x'g] Pgcf/cf/O{kLn] kfFr jif{sf] cjlwdf ;fgf
tyf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?af6 @% d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg
u/L !%),))) 3/w'/LnfO{ ljB't ;'ljwf k'ofpg], ;'wfl/Psf]
kfgL 3 $,))) j6f :yfkgf ug],{ ;f}o{ ljB't k|0fnL ^)),)))
h8fg ug],{ 3/fo;L afof]UofF; ;+oGq -Knf06_ !#),))) j6f
lgdf{0f ug],{ ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf] $&%,))) j6f agfpg ;xof]u
k'ofpg] ef}lts nIox? lnPsf] pNn]v u/]sf]5 .
Pgcf/cf/O{ k Lsf] nIo k| f lKtsf nflu s] G b| L o

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sf]if ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/Fb5
} / k|fljlws
;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{ ljleGg zfvfx? h:t} affof]UofF;
-uf]a/UofF;_ PsfO{, h}ljs pmhf{ PsfO{, ;f}o{ pmhf{ PsfO{,
;fd'bflos ljB'lts/0f PsfO{, ;+:yfut ljsf; PsfO{ -;+:yfut
;xof]u, cg'udg, n}l+ us tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f_, sfa{g
tyf hnjfo' PsfO{ / pTkfbgd"ns kl/k|of]u PsfO{ lqmofzLn
t'NofO;s]sf] 5 .
cfjZos gLlt tyf sfo{ljlw tof/ kfg]{ qmddf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;+jGwL k|dv
' gLltx? h:t} gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{ cg'bfg gLlt, @)^( kmfNu'g, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cg'bfg
kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&) cflb tof/ u/L nfu" ul/;s]sf]5
eg] u|fld0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^# nfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ /
kl/dfh{gsf] nflu sfd e}/x]sf] a'lemPsf]5 . gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{ cg'bfg gLlt, @)^( kmfNu'g, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cg'bfg
kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&) df cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg ljlwx?
/ lgodx? klg cfjZostf cg';f/ nfu" ul/;s]sf] 5 .
NI)UMLI^GI#G@XIMIODK
Q/S7NIEJVI@ Q,R
/fli6o u|fdL0f tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf cfPsf] ldltaf6 kfFr jif{df @% d]ufjf6 lah'nL
pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /flvPsf]df g]kfnsf n3' hnljB't ljsf;sf
nflu lqmofzLn lghL sDkgL kmd{x? -;e]{ l8hfOg ug]{
sG;lN6 sDkgL kmd{x?, oGq pks/0f nufotsf ;fdu|L
cfk"lt{ / h8fg ug]{ sDkgL kmd{x? / 6af{Og nufotsf
oGq pks/0f cflb pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL kmd{x?_ lgSs}
pT;flxt ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n]
jfl~5t ;]jf lbg ;Sg] ;e]{ l8hfOg ug]{ sG;lN6 sDkgL
kmd{x?, oGq pks/0f nufotsf ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ / h8fg ug]{
sDkgL kmd{x?nfO{ Ifdtf cg';f/ ljleGg ju{df ljeflht
k"jd
{ fGotf lbOPsf] ;"rL k|sflzt ul/;]ss
] f]5 . o;} u/L
oGq pks/0f cflb pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL kmd{x? klg jlu{st[
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
?kdf k"jd
{ fGotfsf] sfd yfln;s]sf] yfxf ePsf]5 .
kfFr jif{df @% d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] nIon]
!)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? /
!)) lsnf]jf6eGbf dfly !))) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf ;fgf
hnljB't cfof]hgfx? :yfkgf ul/g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;d]6g\ 5
]
eGg] ;fdfGo ?kdf a'lemG5 . t/ kfFr jif{df @% d]ufjf6
lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] nIoleq !)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? slt x'g5
] g\ / !)) lsnf]jf6
eGbf dfly !))) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf ;fgf hnljB't
cfof]hgfx? sltj6f kg]5
{ g\ eGg] :ki6 x'g eg] afFsL g} 5 .
ltgLx?sf] cg'kft s:tf] vfnsf] x'g] xf] eGg] cg'dfg ug]{
;fdfGo JolQmx?n] eg] !))) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf ;fgf
hnljB't cfof]hgfx? @% j6f agfpg ;xof]u u/]df nIo
k|flKt ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ ts{ lbPsf] klg kfOPsf]5 . Tof] ts{nfO{
Psl5g j}w dfGg] xf] eg] %)) lsnf]jf6 -jf cf};tdf_ Ifdtfsf
cfof]hgfx? %) j6f jf @%) lsnf]jf6 -jf cf};tdf_ Ifdtfsf
!)) j6f agfpg' klg tfls{s g} x'g] eof] . o;} ;+be{df,
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 xfn} c+uh
]| L efiffdf k|sflzt k':ts
;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{ g]kfnM b|t' ko{jI] f0f tyf b"/L ljZn]if0f
(Sustainable Energy for All Nepal: Rapid Assesment and
Gap Analysis) df ;g\##i# VIQIOXM}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] sfo{nIo %)) lsnf]jf6 jf cf};tsf @)

;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?, cf};tdf #) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ### j6f / cf};tdf # lsnf]jf6
,IGWIVIA MIONVI] xfO8f] cfof]hgfx? :yfkgf ug]{ eGg]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pNn]lvt nIo k'/f ePdf ;du|df @),%))
lsnf]jf6 lah'nL pTkfbg x'g] b]lvG5 . h] xf];,\ j}slNks
pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] n3' hnljB't eGgfn] !)) lsnf]jf6;Ddsf]
cfof]hgfx? dfGb} cfPsf] ;+be{ / n3' / ;fgf hnljB't

cfof]hgfx?af6 @% d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg u/L !%),)))
3/w'/LnfO{ ljB't ;'ljwf k'ofpg] nIo k|flKtsf nflu n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgf ljsf; ug]{ ;d'bfox?, ;]jf tyf cfk"lt{
k|bfos gLlh Joj;foLx? / ;/sf/L lgsfo lgs} lqmofzLn
x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 .
/FI/VI@ OTPRI]/QWI
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f cl3 k|fljlws
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt (Technical Review Committee jf
6Lcf/;L) n] l;kmfl/; ul/;s]sf cyf{t\ cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf
nflu cfjZos sfd t'?Gt} z'? ug{;lsg] k|:tfljt n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+Vof xfn $)) hlt /x]sf] /
ltgLx?sf] cf};t Ifdtf $) lsnf]jf6 dfGg ;lsg] ePsf]n]
Pgcf/cf/O{kLn] k'/} OR5fzlQm pkof]u u/]df ;du|df !^
d]ufjf6sf] sfd z'? ug{;lsg] b]lvG5 . ljleGg t/ cTofjZos
gLlt lgodx? lgdf{0fflwg /x]s} cj:yfdf klg j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|n] Pgcf/cf/kL cGtu{t xfn;Dd #($ lsnf]jf6
Ifdtfsf] Pp6f ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgf, nfdf] ;do cl3b]lv
;':t/L rnfodfg /x]sf] #)# lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] Pp6f ;fgf
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] nflu ;xof]usf] tfb\tDo ul//x]sf]
a'lemPsf]5 eg] % lsnf]jf6 b]lv !)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf
s/La $) j6f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? -;du|df s/La
!!)) lsnf]jf6_ sf] nflu lgdf{0f h8fg sfo{sf] nflu sfd
z'? u/]sf] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, sltko k|:tfljt cfof]hgfx?
ljleGg ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] cl3 a9\g g;s]sf] klg kfOPsf]
5 . o;/L !* dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ;du|df s/La !*))
lsnf]jf6sf] hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] nflu lgdf{0f h8fgsf]
sfd z'? u/]sf] b]lvP klg j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf]
cfly{s ;xof]udf k|mflG;; 6af{Og g]kfndf pTkfbg u/L
h8fg ul/g] #($ lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] ;fgf hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] nflu ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult e} g/x]sf] ljZj:t ;"qaf6
a'lemPsf] 5 .
n3' jf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{IiKIJi
x:tfGt/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;f9] b'O{ jif{ jf a9L nfUg] o;
If]qdf cg'ej xfl;n ug'e
{ Psfx?sf] egfO{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
eGg] xf] eg] kfFr jif{df @% d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g]
nIo;lxtsf] Pgcf/cf/kLsf] ;lbR5f k'/f ug{ p;n] kfFr jif{
k'/f x'g ;f9] b'O{ jif{ afFsL /xFb} n3' / ;fgf hnljB't
cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f h8fgsf] sfd z'? u/fpg ;s]df afFsL
rf}yf}F / kfFrf}F jif{df lgdf{IiKIJi[WI*WIVIR{ ;DkGg
ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L Pgcf/cf/O{N/FIdJI] nIodf k'Ug casf]
;do k"0f{ ?kn] ;b'kof]u ug{;Sg' kg]5
{ .
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
OJK/,I@TDIFINOW^ W\I@MI
kfFr jif{df @% d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] n3'
tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ;e]{ l8hfOgb]lv lgdf{Ii
h8fg cflb sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf / cu|;/tfsf]
ljwf klg o; k|;u+ df /f]rs 5 . o;nfO{ ul0ftLo b[li6sf]0faf6
klg x]g{ ;Sg'kg]{ cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . xfn} j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|n] !)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx? jfl~5t ;]jf lbg ;Sg] ;e]{ l8hfOg ug{ %%
j6f sG;lN6 sDkgL kmd{x?, / &* j6f oGq pks/0f
nufotsf ;/;fdfg cfk"lt{ / h8fg ug]{ sDkgL kmd{x?nfO{
Ifdtf cg';f/ ljleGg ju{df ljefhg u/]/ k"jd
{ fGotf lbPsf]
5.
VIR^ OMHIKJ
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{IiKIJ FIOE
sfo{sf] nflu oGq pks/0f nufotsf ;/;fdfg cfk"lt{ /
h8fg ug]{ tL 5flgPsf sDkgL kmd{x?n] Pgcf/cf/kLsf]
nIo k|flKtdf uxg e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 .
lsg eg] Pgcf/cf/kLsf] cjlw k'/f x'bF f;Dd tL sDkgL
kmd{x?n] sDtLdf klg ;du|df @) d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg
ul/g] u/L !)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf -cf};tdf $) lsnf]jf6_
%)) j6f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{IiKIJFIOE
sfo{ ;DkGg ug{;Sg' kg]5
{ . 5flgPsf sDkgL kmd{x?nfO{
yk ;Ifd / yk lhDd]jf/ t'Nofpg j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|n] ;do ;dodf sfo{zfnf / k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
ub}{ cfPsf]5 . To:tf sfo{qmdx?df sd ;] sd ;dodf
cfof]hgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;+j4 lgsfo jf sDkgL
kmd{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ s;/L b|t' ultdf rnfodfg t'Nofpg]
eGg] ljifoj:t';d]tsf k/]sf5g\ . To;}u/L ljleGg gLlt,
lgod, sfo{ljlwx? klg nfu" ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] If]qLo :t/df
;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Ifd If]qLo ;]jf s]Gb|x? klg kl/rfngdf
NofO;s]sf] 5 .
V@[/X
JII@ iV@[/MIQ["
X
IW/R@MIW\IFINOW^
dfly p7fOPsf k|;u+ x? cfk}mdf dgg of]Uo 5g\ /
sltko cj:yf / pknlJw k|z;
+ gLo 5g\ . t/ klg s]xL uxg
;jfnx?df eg] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| Wofg k'ofpg
s~h':ofO{+ ub}{ cfPsf] ko{jI] fsx?sf] u'gf;f] 5 . u'gf;f]x?sf]
z'?df n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{IiKIJFIOEVIR{sf]
nflu pko'Qm u'0f:t/sf] oGq pks/0f nufotsf ;/;fdfg
cfk"lt{KIJiOJGI{0f ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;+jGwdf ljleGg
lgod / lbUbz{g cg';f/ x'g'kg]{ elgP klg k|Tofe"ltsf]

cjlw gf3] kl5 b]lvg] e]l6g] s'nIf0fk|lt j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb| pbfl;g /x]sf] kfOG5 . :d/0fLo 5 ls n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{IiKIJ FIOE VIR{sf] nflu
pkof]u ul/Psf oGq pks/0f nufotsf ;/;fdfg cfk"lt{ /
KIJiOJGI{0fn] af9L, klx/f],] e"Or
+{ fnf] h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k
/ ;fdfGo dd{t, ;Def/ -lvOg], Rofltg] vfnsf kf6{, k'hf{
km]/abn ug'k{ g]{ cflb_ afx]s sDtLdf !% jif{ sfd lbg
;Sg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cfh klg k"jj{ t /x]sf] 5 .
G 1 R X
IW/RWIVI@ M *Z
u'0f:t/Lo cfk"lt{ / ;]jfsf] k|;u+ n] 7fpF kfpFbf ;fy
;fy} bf]>f] u'gf;f]sf] ?kdf d"No klg ufFl;P/ cfpg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . cfk"lt{ k|bfos jf ;]jf k|bfos cfk"mn] kfpg] jf
kfPsf] lhDd]jf/L Odfgbf/Lk"js
{ lgjf{x ug{ u'0f:t/LotfnfO{
klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] x'G5 eg] d"NonfO{ bf]>f] k|fyldstdf
/fVb5g\ . u'0f:t/Lotf / d"No larsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;+jGwnfO{
;'dw'/ t'Nofpg s] ug{ ;Sg'k5{ / slDtdf 3f6f gvfO{ afFRg
slt kl/>d ug'k{ g]{ /x]5 eGg] s'/fk|lt klg j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb| pbfl;g /x]sf] kfOG5 . tLtf] oyfy{ of] xf] ls
sfd kfpg k|lt:kwf{df cf]nbF{ f cfk"lt{ k|bfos jf ;]jf k|bfos
sd d"No saf]Ng jfWo x'G5 / sd d"Nodf sfd ubf{ of t
To; sDkgL jf kmd{n] 3f6f ;xg'kg]{ x'G5 of u'0f:t/LotfnfO{
d"No cg';f/sf] dxTj lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . k"jd
{ fGotfsf] k|fjwfgsf]
zt{nfO{ :yfoLdf pGglt ug'k{ g]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf ;]jf k|bfos
sDkgL kmd{n] tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq Pp6f sfd kfpg}kg]{
l:yltdf p sfd kfpg] k|lt:kwf{ lhTgsf] nflu d/Ld]6g\ ' klg
kg]{ ePaf6 gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg jfWo klg x'g ;S5 .
o;af6 sDkgL kmd{n] FIdJI] k|lti7f hf]ufpg g;Sg]
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . csf]{ tk{m ufpF3/ pHofnf] kfg{
;d'bfon] k|fKt u/]sf] n3' hnljB't cfofhgfsf] eljio :jtM
cFWof/f] x'g hfG5 . To;}n] a]nd
} f gLlt lgod agfpFbf Wofg
lbg;s] ;a}sf] enfO{ x'G5 / u'0f:t/Lotfn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf
kfpg s]xL jfWosf/L gLltx?dfly k'gljrf{/ ul/g' cfjZos
5 . cyf{t\ d"Nodf cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lotf jf u'0f:t/Lotfdf
cfwfl/t d"No dWo] u'0f:t/Lotfdf cfwfl/t d"Non] dxTj
kfpg' plrt x'g] ePsf]n] o; ;+jGwdf cem a9L Wofg k'ofpg'
eg]sf] Jofj;flos sf}zn ltvfg'{ g} x'g5
] .
JN
XVI@LI-RM\INJ
sf]if gk'u cj:yf Joj:yfkg -Fund Gap Situation
Management_ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] :yfkgfsf
;+jGwdf csf]{ dxTj kfpg'kg]{ s'/f xf] . sf]if gk'u cj:yf
;a} n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] :yfkgfsfndf cfpg}kg]{
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
/sddf 7"nf] cGt/ cfP/ ;]jf tyf cfk"lt{

k|bfos sDkgL kmd{nfO{ ;d'bfon] e'QmfgL
lbnfpg g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'bF f y'k}| n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx? cnkq k/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;k|lt j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| tbf?stf
;fy nfUg' kg]{ cfjZostf klg kfFr jif{df
@% d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] /fli6o
u|fdL0f tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmdsf]
nIol;t ufFl;Psf dWo] Ps / u'gf;f]x?dWo]
Pp6f x'gcfPsf] 5 .
KJWIVI@ FN@,IIIGIOKV*RIR
sDtLdf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu
b]]VIN[I/O[GIQ/XISF7fpFsf hgtfnfO{
ljB' t ;] j f pknJw u/fpg] /fHosf]
;+sNknfO{ bft[/fi6x?sf] ;xof]u / lghL
Ps lgdf{0fflwg n3' hnljB't\ cfof]hgf
If]qsf] Joj;foaf6 ;Dej t'Nofpg ;a}
lsl;dsf pkfox? lglZrt?kdf cjn+jg
cj:yf xf]Og . t/ hxfF of] ;d:of cfO{k5{ ToxfF ;a} sfd
ug'{ k5{ . To;/L hgtfn] clwsf/ ;/x k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf
7Kk x'G5 . cyf{t\ s'g} k|:tfljt sf]if n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf]
;s];Dd lb3f{os
' f] xf];\ eGg] rfxgf ;+j4 ;a}sf] x'g' :jfefljs
cg'dflgt nfutsf] nflu s"g s"g >f]t -;d'bfosf] FIdJ}
dfGg ;lsG5 eg] To;nfO{ jf:tljstfdf ?kfGt/0f ug{
>f]t, uflj;sf] ;xof]u, lhlj;sf] ;xof]u, ;ef;b jf ;f+;b
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] cjn+jg ub}{ cfPsf] gLlt
sf]ifdfk{mt k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if nufotsf
lgodx? cem kl/dfh{g u/L Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;a}sf] lxt
ljleGg ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfx?af6 x'g] ;xof]u, j}slNks
x'g] t'Nofpg cem} kl/>d ug'k{ /]df sf]xL ;/f]sf/jfnf kl5kg]{
pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg cflb_ af6 k"lt{ ug]{
5}g eGg] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . lsgeg] ;d'bfox? c;n
xf] ;f]sf] lnlvt k|ltj4tf ;+sng ul/Fbf jf lgdf0ff{lwg
/fd|f] / alnof] ;]jf / ;fdu|L rfxG5g\, gLlh If]qsf ;]jf
cj:yfdf lgdf{IiKIJFIOEVIGD\g u}QIXWNOJD\g
;fdu|L k|bfosx? hf] k|To]sn] Joj;fo rnfpg s/f]I}F ?k}of
hfFbf sf]if gk'u x'bF fsf] cj:yfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{;Sg] ;jn
nufgL u/]sf5g\ c;n /fd|f] / alnof] ;]jf / ;fdu|L lbP/
lgsfo j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| ePsf]n] o;tk{m klg
FIdJI] Joj;fo :yfoL / k|ltli7t t'Nofpg rfxG5g\ / gLlt
lgu/fgL k'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . hlt ul/Psf]5 ToltnfO{ pknlJw
lgodn] ;xh jftfj/0f agfcf];\ eGg] OR5f /fVb5g\ . To;}u/L
dfg]/ a:g] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' cTofjZos b]lvPsf]5 .
;/sf/n] ljZjf; u/]/ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf /fi6 ;]jsx?sf]
x'g t ut @)^( ;fnsf] cGtb]lv s"n nfutsf] sDtLdf &)
dg;fo klg /fHo sf]if / bft[ /fi6x?sf] ;xof]usf] clwstd
k|ltzt -slxn] sflxF *) k|ltzt klg eg]sf], n]vs
] f] kfOG5_
pkof]u ub}{ ;jf]Q
{ d pknlJw xfl;n ug'{ FIdJI] Psdfq
>f]t Joj:yf e};s]sf] cj:yf ePdf k|:tfljt n3' hnljB't
clei6 dfg]sf] cj:yfdf oL cfjZos ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gdf
cfof]hgfsf] nflu ;]jf tyf cfk"lt{ k|bfos 5fg]/ sfd cl3
;a}sf] plts} rf;f] x'g;Sg] ko{jI] fsx?sf] cf+sng /x]sf]
DISJ OVJ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf cg'ejsf]
5.
cfwf/df s]nfpg] xf] eg] >f]tsf] k|ltj4tfdf slxF g slxF
zx/L pkef]Qmfn] cfkm\gf] 3/df lah'nL ;'ljwf kfpg
sdhf]/L x'gfsf] sf/0fn] sf]if gk'u cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf]
vf;} s]xL nufgL ug'{ gkg]{ / u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f cGtu{t
kfOG5 . tL dWo] ;d'bfosf] >f]t Joj:yfkgdf clt
/fli6o k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ u/L lah'nL kfpg () k|ltzt
cfTdljZjf; jf ldYofn] klg 7fpF kfPsf] x'g;S5 . To;}u/L
cg'bfg lbOg] ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf]df b'ud
{ ufpFa:tLsf
5flgPsf] ;] j f tyf cfk" l t{ k| b fosn] KIJiOJGI{ Ii
gful/sn] lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf kfpg () k|ltzt jf ;f] ;/x g}
x:tfGt/0fsf] sfdsf] cj:yfdf To; :yfgdf /fli6o k|;f/0f
cg'bfg kfpg' kg]{ ;fdflhs Gofosf lx;fan] pko'Qm xf]Og <
nfOgaf6 lah'nL afFb\ f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 pTkflbt
o;df ;/sf/ / ;+jlGwt lgsfox? uDeL/ x'g' k5{ eGg] klg
lah'nL pkef]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lsf] ;+Vof sd x'g u} cg'bfg
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
ko{jI] fsx?sf] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5 .

NON_ R I@ X GI OTPRWI
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| u7gsf] p2]Zox?n]
j}slNks pmhf{sf] ;d'lrt tyf lbuf] ljsf; u/L u|fdL0f cy{
Joj:yfnfO{ ;jn tyf ;Ifd agfpg], 3/fo;L k|of]usf] lglDt
pmhf{sf] kl/k"lt{ ug],{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df j[l4 ug],{ jftfj/0fLo
lbuf]kg sfod ug]{, pmhf{ k|ljlwnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f u/L
cf} B f] l us ljsf; ug] { ;d] t ;d] 6 ] s f] kl/k| ] I odf
Pgcf/cf/kLaf6 klg ;f]xL cg';f/sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ul/G5 eg] a'eJOV*V]Gb| ;f]xL cg'?k n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx? / ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?af6 pNn]lvt p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu k|of;/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx?af6 pTkflbt lah'nLsf] k'/} vkt x'g] cj:yf
ufpF3/df yf]/} dfq /x]sf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf cGo pTkfbgd"ns
kl/k|of]usf nflu w]/} g} kl/>d ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 . csf]l{ t/
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;foLx? ;+j4 ;+:yfsf cg';f/
pBf]u wGbfsf nflu cfjZos pmhf{sf] Joj:yf x'g g;lsPsf]
cj:yf /x]sf]5 . o;/L Psflt/ pmhf{ v]/ u}/x]sf] 5 eg]
csf]l{ t/ pmhf{sf] dfu 5 t/ dfu / cfk"lt{ s
{ f] e]63f6 ug{
klg g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6
;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] uDeL/tfk"js
{ tbf?stf lnOg] cfzf /fv]sf]
klg kfOG5 .
pTkflbt lah'nLsf] ;d'lrt vkt ePdf To;af6
x'g] cfocfh{gaf6 n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ;+oGqsf]
clwstd ;~rfng / dd{t ;Def/df ;d'bfosf] Wofg a9L
hfg]5 / n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? :yfkgf kl5 :jfjn+jL
x'g]5g\ .
To;}u/L pBf]u Joj:ffosf] ;Defjgf ePsf 7fpFx?df
;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx? :yfkgf ubf{ aQL afNg' afx]s
cGo ljB'tLo 3/]n' pks/0f rnfpg ;lsg] ePdf ufpF7fpFsf
afl;Gbfx? ;f]r] hlts} nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ . laxfgb]lv
cFWof/f] x'bF f;Dd pBf]u wGbfn] lah'nL vkt ug{ ;Sg]5g\
cyjf glhs} /fli6o ljB't k|zf/0f nfOgdf hf]8/] lah'nL
ljlqm klg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
o;/L ufpF7fpFdf nufgLsf] cj;/, pBf]u wGbfsf]
ljsf; / /f]huf/L klg l;h{gf x'G5 eGg] a'emfO{nfO{
jf:tljstfdf b]Vg kfOg]5 .
@MIW\IFINOW^ N_EIRV["VI@ WI@*JOW
n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ljsf;sf nflu cg'bfgsf]
k|d'v e"ldsf /xFb} cfPsf]5 / b]zsf n3' hnljB't
cfof]hgfx? ljsf;sf nflu k|oTgzLn /x]sf cfk"lt{ tyf
;]jf k|bfos gLlh sDkgLx?nfO{ klg :t/f]Ggltsf] cj;/
l;h{gf ul/g] eGg] s'/fn] d"tt{ f kfpg klg j}slNks pmhf{

k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ;fy} !)))
lsnf]jf6;Ddsf hnljB't cfof]KJI[" FIdJI] sfo{If]qleq
NofO{;s]sf] ;+be{df n3' hnljB't k|ljlw ljsf;df k|z:t
of]ubfg ub}{ xfnsf] cj:yf;Dd ljsl;t t'NofPsf / ljb]zdf
;d]t of] ;Gbe{df k|lti7f cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf gLlh
If]qsf ;]jf tyf cfk"lt{ k|bfosx? ljz]ifu/L 6af{Og tyf
cGo oGq pks/0f lgdf{tf, h8fgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftfx?sf]
:t/f]Gglttk{m vFlbnf kfOnf rfNg'kg]{ e};s]sf] 5 . To;f] x'g
g;s]df slDtdf klg 6af{Og nufotsf oGq pks/0fx?
:jb]zdf g} lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]x?n] cj;/af6 al~rt x'gk' g]{
ePsf]n] Ifdtf clej[l4sf ;fy} cj;/ h'/fpg cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] xf] .
Q
KQOM%
W FIRI@KJI["VI@ GG^W 'HI OEI^R'
cGtdf, n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] cfo' ;fdfGotM
!% b]lv @) jif{;Dd dflgPsf] 5 / xfn;Dd sltko n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx? of] cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\ eg]
Tolt pd]/ k'u/] klg lgjf{w rNb} cfPsf klg k|z:t kfOG5g\ .
pd]/ k'us
] f eGg ldNg] vfnsf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf
cfo' cfjZos dd{t ;Def/ ub}{ u/]df ce}m bzs klg nfdf]
x'g;S5, of] ;a}sf] nflu v';Lsf] s'/f x'g5
] . To;kl5 tL n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?nfO{ s] s;/L hLljt /fVg], ljsl;t
t'Nofpg] jf lj;h{g ug]{ eGg] ljifodf klg ;f]Rg' cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
M`VO1NV SPKI^ N_M^J V@*E_N_OWVI@ D`VI@ OM=MI
j}slNks pmhf{sf] ;d'lrt tyf lbuf] ljsf; u/L
u|fld0f cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;jn tyf ;Ifd agfpg], 3/fo;L
k|of]usf] lglDt pmhf{sf] kl/k"lt{ ug],{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df
j[l4 ug],{ jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kg sfod ug],{ pmhf{ k|ljlwnfO{
Joj;foLs/0f u/L cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug]{ cflb j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb| u7gsf] p2]Zox? x'g\ . o; s]Gb|sf] sfo{If]q n3'
tyf ;fgf hnljB't, ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL3, afof]UofF; uf]a/UofF;_, ;f}o{ pmhf{, ;'wfl/Psf] r"nf], jfo' pmhf{, e"tfkLo
pmhf{, -tftf]kfgLsf] >f]t_ cflb gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{gsf]
nflu gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cfof]hgf kl/of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog
ug]{ / u/fpg] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| /fli6o ;+:yf
ePsf]n] ;a} b[li6sf]0faf6 j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6
;a} y/Lsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n]FIFIdJI] uR5] cg';f/sf] cfzf
/fVg' :jfefljs 5 . To;}u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|
ul/df / k|lti7f clej[OH3FIdJI] klg enf] x'g] ;f]rfO{
kfNg' klg :jfefljs g} dfGg'k5{ .
-hnzlQm ;Dkfbg sIf_
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
ODK
Q/FISJ@ NJI
HIXB
cfh cFw/] L ufpFdf ljz]if rxn kxn 5 . k|fljws
6f]nLn] cfh lah'nL aN5 eg]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ufpFsf x/]s
JolStdf sf}t[' QcIFlRrs} lah'Q/D1QIWcODK'nL
V/D1QIcDQ]kl5 s:tf] xf]QIcVOWY]/ aNnf cflb
cflb .
ufpFsf ;a}h;f] dflg;x? kfj/ xfp; jl/kl/ hDdf
ePsf 5g\ . ;d"x ;d"[GI SGI NOJ FIiFIdJI EGQ/
cg';f/sf ;d"[GID/FIiFIdJ} c8\snafhL tyf cg'dfg
clg glthf ;+jGwL 5nkmn / ukmufkmdf Jo:t 5g\ . ;du|df
eGg] xf] eg] k|fljlws 6f]nLn] s;/L aQL afNbf /x]5g\ t egL
a8f] lh1f;fsf ;fy e'm08 e'm08df e'mlDdP/ k|fljlws 6f]nLsf
x/]s ultljlwnfO{ x]l//x]sf 5g\ . sltnfO{ t aQL alnxfNnf
eGg] ljZjf; klg gePsf] h:tf] klg 5 . t}klg aQL aNg]
If0fsf] k|ltIffdf ;a} hgf Jou| 5g\ .
kfj/ xfp;af6 ljleGg ufpF 6f]nx?df hfg] lah'nLsf
nfOg tgSs tGsfO{Psf 5g\ . ;]tf 8f]/L h:tf b]OYJ] tf/x?
8fFINIYIH/Q\6n\ 6lNsfPsf 5g\YI]nfsf] kfgL s'nf]af6
NofP/ kfj/ xfp; dflysf] 6\RI~/DIDIO[YI]nflt/} kmflnPsf]
5 . ;]tf] /n] /+ufO{Psf] kfOk kfj/ xfp;b]OYNPI]/a];Dd
6nSs 6lNsP/
t]l;{2IY]sf] 5 . /lg
h:tfsf]
5fgf
6lNs/x] s f] ] kfj/
xfp;sf] rds g}
a] U n} 5 cfh .
5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf]
eg] cF w ] / L ufpF s f]
d'xf/ g} km]l/Psf] 5 .
o; cF w ] / L
YI] n fsf] kfgLaf6
lah'nL afn]/ zx/df
h:t} M/U c6RIr
kf/]/ sf]7f emndNn
kfg]{ jiff}b+{ O] YVI] ;kgf
kfn] / a;] s f dfq
xf] O g, k| f ljlws
N_IE E@MVI@I
af]nfP/ ;e]I{ f0f u/fpg]bO] Y FIK'GVI +k0" f{ ultljlwsf]
cu'jfO{ u/]sf afh]sf] gfd} km]O3cODK'nL afh] ePsf] 5,
clxn] cfP/ . afh] clt Jou|tfsf ;fy k|fljlwssf] ghLs}
a;]/ cfjZos ;xof]u ug{df g} Jo:t 5g\ . lah'nL afNg]
o; cleofgdf zx/df a:g] pgsf] 5f]/fsf] ;xof]u klg
;Demg} kg]{ YIQVI] 5 .
s]xL lbg cl3b]OYJ} k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;df lah'nL
afh]n] ufpFdf ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf 5g\ ls sf]xL klg JolSt
lah'nLsf] kf]ndf r9\g,] lah'nLsf] nfOgdf 5'g] jf 3/leq
/x]sf lah'nLsf Knu, :jLr tyf aNa km]g,{] rnfpg] sfd ug]{
5}g . olb s;}n] o:tf] sfd u/]df Hofg} ;d]t hfg ;Sg] 5
. ufpFsf x/]s JolStnfO{ of] ;"rgf bf]xf]ofO{, t]x] ofO{ lbO{
;lsPsf] dfq xf]Og, 6f]n 6f]ndf :jo+ ;]MV["YI2ODK'nLsf]
YWIDI] yk hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] oL s'/fdf ;+k0" f{ ufpFnx] ?
;hu ePsf 5g\ . sltko t kf]nsf] ghLs hfg ;d]t klg
I2IY]sf 5g\ .
o:t} sf}tx' n aLr k|fljlws 6f]nLn] ljB't pTkfbg
tyf ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;+k0" f{ tof/L ;DkGg u/L
afh]nfO{ eg] ca aQL afNg] a]nf eof] . k]ml/ Ps k6s
KQ]O4P
-DODVKDNWL
j j
;a}nfO{ va/ u/]/ ;r]t kfg{k' 5{, afh] . lah'nL afh]n]

6f]n6f]ndf tof/ /x]sf :jo+ ;]jsx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fP .
cfk"m jl/kl/ /x]sfx?nfO{ klg ca aQL aNg] a]nf eof] egL
hfgsf/L u/fP . ;a} hgf kfj/ xfp;sf] cl3lNt/ hDdf
eP . k|fljlwsn] kfj/ xfp;leq hfg eg] hfGg] a'em\g]
vfnsf s]xL lglZrt JolStx?nfO{ afx]s cGonfO{ lgif]w
u/]sf lyP . To;}n] dflg;x? 9f]sf cufl8 clg cfFug /
cfFug jl/kl/ hDdf eP/ x]l//x]sf lyP .
k|fljlwsn] la:tf/} d'Vo eNe vf]n] clg 6af{Ogsf]
eNe vf]Nb} uP . kfj/ xfp;leq emndNn aQL aNof] . a'9f
afh] pQ]lht eP/ yk8L ahfP/ cgfof;} af]n] Sof aft\
aQL aNof] . ;a}hgfn] tfnL k8\sfP . a"9f afh] nufot
;Dk"0f{ pkl:yt ufpFnx] ?sf] d'xf/ xif{n] rlDsof] .
;a}hgf lah'nLlt/ x]/s
] f] x]/} eP . o:t}df ufpFs}
:s"ndf k9fpg] Ps hgf lzIfsn] k|fljlwskl nIo ub}{
eg] k|fljlws afa', ca ufpFdf rfxL+ aQL sltv]/ aN5 t
< pgsf] lh1f;f d]6fpFb} k|fljlwsn] hjfkm lbP, ufpFlt/
hfg] d]g :jLr cg ug{ afFsL g} 5, ca Ps} l5gdf d
To;sf] :jLr cg u5'{ ,clg ufpF3/ ;a}lt/ aQL aNg] 5
. geGb} k|fljlwsn] d]g :jLr cg u/] . To;kl5 ufpF3/
;a}lt/ emndNn aQL aNof] . ufpFnx] ?sf] pNnf; / pd
cem} r'lnof] . hlt hlt ;fFem l5lKkb} uof] plt plt lah'nLsf]
rds a9\b} uof] clg 8fF8fkfvf, af6f]3f6f] ;f/f emndNn
eof] . lah'nLsf] emndNn pHofnf]df dflg;x?sf] a]Un}
rxnkxn b]lvg yfNof] . kfj/ xfp; jl/kl/ e'mlDdPsfx?nfO{
ufpFlt/ s:tf] b]lvof] xf]nf eGg] v'Nb'nL, clg ufpFlt/
ePsfx?nfO{ kfj/ xfp;df s;/L aQL an]sf] 5 eGg]
v'Nb'nL . otfsf ptflt/ clg ptfsf otflt/ rxnkxn g}
cs}{ 5 cfh cFw/] L ufpFsf] .
lah'nL afh]sf] ;kgf / k|of; ;kmn ePsf]df ;Dk"0f{
ufpFnx] ?n] pgsf] d'Uw s07n] tfl/km u/] . a"9f afh]n] nfdf]
;f; km]//] k|fljlwslt/ kms]/{ eg] k|fljlws afa', dnfO{ t
lah'nLsf] d'v} gb]vL d5'{ sL eGg] 8/ nfu]sf] lyof] . cfh
dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5, ;kgf b]v] kl5 k"/f xFb' f] /x]5 eGg] . cfh
k|fljlws afa'sf] ;xof]un] o; cgsG6f/ ufpFsf] dflg;x?n]
klg pHofnf]df a:g kfP . k|fljlws afa'sf] ho xf];\ .
olQs}df k|fljlwsn]NOJFIdJI] kfnf] kf]lv xfn] cl:t cl:t
t of] k|fljlwsn] xfdLnfO{ km;fO{lbof] eGg' x'GYof] lg t a'af
. oltsf vr{, oltsf b'Mv, oqf] ;do nfU5 eGg] yfxf ePsf]
eP t xfdL z'? g} ug]{ lyPgf}, cflb cflb ===========.
d'hf k/]sf] ufnf ltlgSs tGsfP/ xFl;nf] d'xf/ nufpFb}

Affh]n] lah'nL cfpg' cl3sf b'Mv / ldx]gtsf] pQ/ oltv]/
v'zL ePsf ufpFnx] ?sf] d'xf/x?df kfP . k|fljlws afa', p
Tof] eL8sf] cg'xf/sf] d':sfg x]//] cfkm} cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg'
x'G5, x]gf];
{ \ t Tof] le8lt/, cfh xfd|f] Tof] b'Mv, u'gf;f] ;a
kfgL kfgL eP/ xif{df ablnPsf] 5 . cfh xfdL ;a} v'zL 5f}+
. xfdLn] u/]sf] b'Mv nufgL ;a} ;fy{s ePsf] 5 . cfh xfdL
s[t1 5f} tkfO{kl| t . k|fljlwsn] NOJ FIdJI] dgsf] s'/f
lgsfn]/} eg] yfxf 5 a'jf, k'/} ufpFnx] ?sf] d'xf/df b]lvPsf]
;Gtf]if c? s'g} c? sfdaf6 xf]Og, oxL aQL afNbfsf] xf] .
To;}n] xfdL k|fljlwsx?nfO{ ;a 5f]8/] o:t} b'/b/fhsf vf]nf
vfN;f rxfb{} ufpF3/df lah'nL afNg] g;fn] kmF;fPsf] 5 lg .
aQL; bGt b]vfP/ dl:sP k|fljlws klg .
o:t} o:t} 3/L /dfOnf] 7fsf s'/f, clg 3/L ;/
;Nnfxsf s'/f ubf{ ub}{ vfgf vfg] ;do eof] . k|fljlws 6f]nL,
ck/]6/x?, a'9f afh] nufot s]xL JolStx? cfh kfj/ xfp;df
g} a:g] lgwf] u/L kfj/ xfp;df g} vfgf tof/ ul/Psf]
lyof] . vfgf vfg' cufl8 / kl5 klg k|fljlwsn] ck/]6/nfO{
;+rfng ;+jGwL ljljw s'/fx? hfgsf/L u/fP . ;fy} k|fljlwsn]
ck/]6/nfO{ ;+rfng ;+jGwL cfjZos hfgsf/L lbFb} ;+rfngsf
qmddf ug'{ kg],{ ug{ gx'g] s'/fx? af/]df pgLx?nfO{ a'emfpFb}
;+rfng k'l:tsf klg xft}df lbP . /fte/ kfj/ xfp; ;+rfng
ul/Psf] x'bF f k'/} ufpF 6f]n /fte/ emndNn eO/fVof] .
ef]lnkN6 k"hf, cfhf / ef]h et]/ ug]{ tof/L eof] .
laxfg}bl] v afhf ufhf tyf ljleGg emfFsLx? ;lxt dflg;x?
kfj/ xfp;sf] jl/kl/ hDdf x'g yfn] . ;Dk"0f{ d]zLgx?sf]
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Kalika nagar, Butwal-11, Phone/Fax:#071-437 748
Email: aapengebtl@wlink.com.np / premtrkr@yahoo.com/premtrkr@gmail.com
Prequalied by AEPC for manufacturing and installation of

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(Regional Centre for Execellncy in Micro Hydro),
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5.
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-DODVKDNWL
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Pre-qualied for conducting Survey/Design and feasibility study of Micro Hydropower projects.
Design and manufactures of Electronic Circuits, ELC, IGC, Panel Boards.
Renewable technologies and other energy activities.
Center for Resource Conservation Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

(A one solution of Renewable Engery works)
Khasi Bazar, Kathmandu
Phone No.:014288730, Mob: 9851062599
Establish For Working in the renewable energy sector(Micro/Mini hydro project).

Led by highly qualied well experience professionals.
A pre-qualied company by AEPC/NRREP for Micro hydro survey,design and installation.
ENERGY PRABARDHAN COMPANY PVT.LTD (EPC)

Manohar Aawas Chhetra-7, Gongabu, Kathmandu
Phone no.: 01-4353697, Mobile: 9851006493
Email: info@energyprabardhan.com.np & epc_5@yahoo.com
Company Moto: Customers Satication
xfd|f] ;]jfx?M
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h8fg sfo{ kl5 dd{t ;+ef/ ;]jf
l8 Pn O{ghL{ sG;g{ k|f= ln=

(D L Energy Concern Pvt. Ltd.)
sf7df8f}+ @(, ldqgu/ -gofF a;kfs{ glhs_
kmf]g g+=)!$#%$#(*, (*%!!#^$**
Email: dlecnepal@gmail.com
URL: www.dlenergy.com.np

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Govt. Regn. No. 63469/065/066

TPIN: 303 746 070

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Surendra Bhakta Mathema

Padam Raj Joshi

Nepal Micro Hydropower

Hisi Offset Printers Pvt. Ltd.

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