, . umverdabe C+ Linear polymers ( Thesemoplaste« {) 4 nm ‘ As the name implies the atoms or molecules which form the polymer, join on at the end of the structure, and in so doing saturate the structure. This type of polymer is. also referred to as a solution polymer. ad be OOOO A strng oh Snauce Rfett unity Figure 4.1 Linear polymer, ance Reyer siable or Nea - tonverctable . Each shape represents a molecule (mer) joined to the next by a single line, an ionic bond, an electron joining to the next molecule. The process depends upon the -properties of carbon, which forms the backbone of icture. Carbon can give away electrons, take in electrons, share electrons, or join with itself in many ways. H HoH HoH I Lot lot H-C-H H-C-C-H C=C | Il od H HOH HoH Methane saturated Ethane saturated Ethylene or ethyne The ethylene or ethyne molecule is defined as being unsaturated, the two carbons are sharing electrons, hence leaving potential for the spare electrons to combine with another molecule or radical Figure 4.2 Ethylene molecules close together. The above figure represents ethylene molecules close together. The dotted line being the weaker bond (the secondary valency bond). This being the one that joins to the next molecule giving: expe fore me He by prc formed wrevercciahl Ver] Senjetive +2 Some HO chow Thescmoplastic 7 alge called slition (ohymer Revere siable Rev 2 J 2010 - Ponca TWT secon Copyright © TWI Ltd 2010 SONNG TECHNOLOGYHoH HOH od lot c—c c—c I | I | HoH HoH Figure 4.3 Ethylene molecules polymerise This gives saturation throughout the polymer, no activity points (polyethylene polymers, depending upon density vary from 25-35,000 molecules) and both ends are closed off with a hydrogen atom. jt can_be seen that linear polymers, once formed, cannot react with anything to chemically produce another compound, and until destruction will maintain the same structure and properijes-A linear polymer is a sasthecmoplastic. From the binder types ( the linear polymers are acrylics, vinyls, chlorinated rubber. asphalt and coal tars and_ cellulosic resins- coud) ihypramosetl/) 2 Branched polymers (.k}ronge%. Oger DE ¢ ens Branched polymers are formed by combining oxygen with the doubl s available. Oxygen, from the atmosphere, a very reactive élement, combines with a constituent of natural oils and resins called fatty acid esters. The double bonds in these fatty acid chains are not at the end of the structure, but in the middle. So any combination doesn’t occur lengthways to elongate the chain, but forms a branch from the main carbon backbone. Because of the abundance of reactive oxygen in the atmosphere, the branching carries on and on over several years until eventually the matrix becomes cross linked and very brittle, and cracks and flakes off. Binders, which fall under this category, are natural oils and natural resins, and isomers such as alkyds and phenolics. By combining with another element and chemically reacting to form another compound, these materials become non-reversible or convertible } | ns) nates chain H—C—H | I H H—C-H c=C-C=C-C an ~ - ~ - \ tol od So Figure 4.4 Branched polymer.ave. Nien rewreseable- éxe Nakecak eal & yvesird ‘ weidateen ws, Noy- xvesichle, Nahwol oil g Bedigny deccomel Vom Rev 2 January 2010 BscrH1e cat) ane "FWI waccome Paint Constituents, WORLD CENTRE Copyright © TWI Ltd 2010 omana TECHNOLOGY$3" Cross linked polymers (theoroselt-}) tdmvertade . Cross linking, or chemical_curing is a three dimensional_polymeris: which occurs fairly rapidly using only components provided in the cans. Bi se the ‘components are in calculated amounts the cross linking stops when all the available bonds are occupied. Some urethanes fully cure in 16 hou _days, and others in seven days-depeadant-en-temperature. some epoxies in three Figure 4.5 Cross linked polymer.azce hen revercsiakle + , epore a, Pt oly apouvetawe § Veethanef expe beechenically oS 5 verry Strong, oullé di avectionaA felymenasation e lave I) PALO . = aclyle cary. findinSPA & , Efory ts Find ay cpa & SPA, Palgweelame at Find 0 Z Be Cah move dying Sotowex &, Uice. Veresa Pigments have many properties and characteristics. They are derived from many sources, animal, vegetable nthetically produced, and can be in a wide variety Of particle sizes and ments used in paints must remain as solid particles within the vehicle (the binder plus the solvent if a solvent is used), and not dissolve. If it dissolves it is known as a dye, not a pigment. Pigment particles contribute to the paint films strength cohesively, its abrasion resistance, durability, opacity, in some cases impermeability and resistance to ultra violet rays. ~ Some pigment particles are as small as ‘/;0" micron. Pigments can be subdivided ififo groups according to the main function they perform in paint. Avercae, Size. ig | u (Witiwce are €, Resin = “obecoesinress’] Rev 2 January 2010 Pant Consents WE ronsceus Copyright © TWI Ltd 2010 SOWING TECHNOLOGYp Ru tive pigments. Anti-corrosive Rust inhibitive pigments are_added into primers to protect the stee! substrate by pass Typical materials in the category are: ear ile G Resins) “Toxic a) Red lead (Basic) (Natoral ails G ’ . b) Calcium plumbate ~rercéc> 6) Coal tar ~reacic. 4) Zinc chromate Tk \_8} Merallic Page whet untthen te fahbs- Rev2January2010 TWI won cenre Paint Constituents WORLD CENTRE Copyright © Tw Ltd 2010 (CLM ceews ro.00yOPAQUE Able 40 See three a Copagie pigments ” ” . Qpaque pigments are inert particles with excellent light scattering propertie: {0 give covering power, (opacity) and colot Ob. SOOM Phe. 1 Carbon Black 2 Compound of cobalt Blue 3 Compound of chromium —_ Greens, yellows and oranges 4 Compound of iron Browns, reds and yellows 5 Compound of calcium Reds and yellows 6 Titanium dioxide White “Extender pigments Sometimes known simply as extenders or fillers, these materials provide some of the main properties expected of the film, such as adhesion, cohesion, film strength and durability. They also have a role in application and flow, Jevelling, and other Mechanical properties of the film, and are an aid to inter coat adhesion and can reduce gloss. Materials used as extenders are usually low priced readily available materials such as: Clays eg Kaolin, China clay (white) Chalk Calcium carbonate ( uke te) Taloum Magnesium silicate ( w/e) Slate flour Aluminium silicate ( Drak Evy) Laminar pigments ‘Plate like” i dlake, mica and graphite, provide excellent barriers. These pigments have éeafing ffect¥and_in theory overlap when the coating dries. MIO sometimes known as specular haematite is widely specified, and to be regarded as pigment quality ‘material quite often has to meet quite stringent requirements eg 85% of the total mineral compound has to be Fez O3, haematite, of this 85% less than 1% should be permeable to moisture, thus giving a paint film with high resistance to water permeation. Figure 4.6 MIO in wet film and dry film Rev 2 January 2010 TWI wor cere Paint Constituents CMT eens Copyright © TWI Ltd 2010 ‘omana TECHNOLOGYIn theory when moisture passes into the film, on contact with the MIO platelet, it has to pass around it, thus almost doubling the distance to reach the substrate. Glass flake as a laminar pigment is usually for abrasion resistance, but in common with the others, improves the tensile strength of the film. Aluminium flake and MIO have good ultra _violet_A_and ultra violet B reflectance properties, protecting the underlying binder ft attack and subs it de ti inder from atlack and subsequent degradation. Flake Re The pigmen o is a very important factor in the design and manufacture of paint ind_is known as tt lume. concentration. There is an ideal inder ratio, which varies from paint to paint, pigment to pigment, and this is known as critical_pigment_volume_concentration (CPVC). CPVC_is_defined_in $ 2015 asthe particular value of the pigment volume concentration at which the “Voids between the solid particles that are nominally touching are just filled with binder and in the region of which certain properties are changed markedly’. OOO000 O9000 SSSSES O90 OO O20 ne OOO000 cen 4.7 Below CPVC Figure 4.8 Near CPVC Figure 4.9 Above CPVC O08 0 QeOeO O- 020 Figiire 4.7: Too much binder to solids ratio, would give a film of good gloss properties, but ‘poor covering power (opacity) and with a tendency to blister (low cohesive strength} Figure 4.8: A film with lower gloss properties but greater cohesive strength and just enough resin to encapsulate each particle, giving good resistance to water permeatio Figure 4.9: The CPVC is exceeded and all particles are not wetted, the film would be porous, low in cohesive strength and adhesion. ~ Pvc Pigment Velume Con Uz = low 7, & Regret te veokile we ~ goed /- ob Repent to vathile ha tugh 7. & fegment to vechle Rev 2 January 2010 TWI worn cere Paint Constituents onwarenacs Copyright © TWI Lid 2010 JOINING TECHNOLOGY