05-02

21

2005. 2

:
:

2005. 2

:
:

7
1 13
2 16
1 16
2 21
3 23
4 :
24
3 27
1 27
1. 27
2. 29
3. 32
2 35
1. 35
2. 37
3. 47
4. 53
3 61
1. 62
2. 65

4 (Protean Career) 66
1. 67
2. 69
3. 70
4. : 72
5. (Relational Learning) (Diversity Learning) 73
6. 75
7. 77
8. 77
9. 78
10. 80
5 82
1. 83
2. (A Pluralistic Approach) 85
6 87
1. 89
2. 90
3. 92
4. 92
5. 93
4 95
1 95
1. 95
2. 95
3. 96
4. 96

5. 97
6. - 97
2 97
1. UNESCO 98
2. OECD 100
3. 102
3 103
1. 104
2. 104
3. 105
4 107
1. 108
2. 115
3. 117
4. 120
5. 123
6. e-learning 124
7. 127
8. 132
5 136
1. 136
2. 137
3. 138
4. 138
5. 139
6. 140

7. e-Learning 141
8. 141
9. : , , 142
10. 142
11. 143
12. 143
5 145
1 146
2 147
3 148
4 148
5 148
6 149
7 149
8 150
9 150
10 151
11 151
12 e-Learning 152
13 : , , 152
14 152
15 153
16 154
17 154
156

< 21>
20
< 31> 34
< 32> 44
< 33> 49
< 34> 54
< 35> 59
< 36> 63
< 37> 71
< 38> 72
< 39> 86
< 310> 86

[ 21] 26
[ 31] 3 41
[ 32] Hall 45
[ 33] 46
[ 34] 50
[ 35] 55
[ 36] 65
[ 41] 103
[ 42] () 109
[ 43] 128
[ 44] 129

1.
, ,
.


.

.

.

.

.
, ,
.

,
. (lifewide)
(lifelong) (career compentency)
,

2.

(boundaryless career), (protean career), (multiple career),
(post-corporate career) . (organizational career) .
.
. .
, .

.
.
. Hall
. (psychological success)
.
(learning stage) .
(know-how) (learn-how),
(employability) ,
.
, .
.

.

.

, , ,
.

. UNESCO
, OECD
.
, -
(Social Learning Net)
.
, (workplace competencies)
,
.

.
,
.

, (market failure)
. ,
.

.

10

3.

.
,
.
.
, , ,
(portable)
.


.

.

(signal) (guide)
, ,
(National Skill Standard) .
,
e-Learning
. e-Learning

.

.

 11

,
.
.
.

.
.
.

13

1
21 ,
,
. ,
, . (globalization)
.
, ,
.

, ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
, .
.

14

(longitudinal)
.
,
.
.

.


(career competency) .
, 21 20
. ,
() , .
.

.

.
.

. (continuous learning)
.
, ,

.
. , ,

15

, ,
.

, ,
.
, 2
, 3
. 4
(lifewide) (lifelong)
(career compentency)
.

16

2
1
, ,
,
(intangible intellectual capital) .
,
,
.
,
. ,
.

(, 2003). ,
.
,

1)

. , .
1) ,

. ()
,
().
,

17

,
. .
,
.

.
, , ,
, , , ,
2)

.
,
, ()
.
,
. ,
,


(, 2001).
2) IT

(spotmarket) . IT

(, 2001).
Jacoby(1999) ,
,

. Laubacher and McGovern(2000)
IT 21
. acoby(1999) (career-type employment practices)
.

(degree) (kind) .

18

, ,
(good jobs) .
(
) (, 2001).
,
.
,
. Cappelli(1999)
(portable) ,
, (employment outco
mes) (Earned Income
Tax Credit) .

. 15
. ,
. 1995 47.4% 3054
1999 47.8% 2010 50.9%
, 55 1990

. (career-type)
(risk reallocation) .
, , (welfare capitalism).

. . Cappelli(1999) IT
.


.

19

17.3% 1999 20.6% 2000 2010

25.3% 4 1 . 1990 14.2%
1519 1999 10.9% , 2000
2010 7.3% .
. ,

.
. ,
,
,

. 1970 40%
1980 ,
2010 56% (, 2001).
21
, 5% ,
.
.
(< 21>
).
(mismatch) ( , 2001; , 2003).

3)

.
3) (globalized competition)

. , ,
/

20

.
.

. ,
, , (Social Learning Net)
.
< 21>

,

,



,

,

.

, ,
(, 2004).

.

,


,

, ,

21

2

,
(multi-skill), (upper-skill) (knowledge worker)
. ,


(, 2001).

(spot) .

22

.
, , ,
.



.
(digital
divide)
, (,
2002; , 2003). ,
(winner takes all)
.


.
( )

4)

4)

.
.
, .

.
1 .

23

3
20 . ,
() ,
.
.

5)

.
.
WORLD BANK, OECD, ILO


. , ,
OECD

(, 2004).
, ,

.
(, 2004).
5)

.
,
.
,
,
(, 2003).

24

(partial retirement) ,
.


. IMF

.
,
.
,
, .

.

.
.
(working poor) .

4 :

, , ,
,

.
(job security)

25

(labor market security) (lifetime employment) (

, 2003; , 2001).

.
, ,
,
.

.


.



. , ,
, , (, 2004).
,
,
.
, , ,

(Riley and Riley, 2000).

, ,
.

26

OECD

(Recurrent Education) ,

(OECD, 1999).
.
. , ,

, ,
.

[ 21]

: Riley et al.(1994: 26)

27

3
1

.
. 1) , 2)
, 3) .

1.
,
. 1)
, 2) , 3) , 4)
, 5) , 6)
(, 2000).
.
(globalization)
. WTO
.
.

.

28

.

. , ,
.
, ,
.
.
.

. ,
.
,

(, 2000).
.
.
. 21

(facilitator) .

.
.
.
,
. .

29

,
.
.
. X
.
(Brousseau , 1996).
.
.

. 21
.

. .

2.
.
, , .
.
Brousseau (1996) (job) .
.
. (fixed sets of tasks)

.
.
() .

30

.
.
, .

.

. .
. ,
.
.
.

.
. ,
, .
, .
, (on-call workers),
.
(, 2001; , 2002).
21 .

, , .
.

6)

6) Pfeffer Baron(1988) (

31

.

(psychological contract)
(Arthur, Claman and Defillippi, 1995; Hall, 1996a).
,
.

.
.

.
.
.

(employability)
( )
.
.
,
. ( ), (, ),
( )
.
Rousseau(1989) .
.
. ,
,
.
, .
.

32

(discrete exchange) . , 21

,
.

(occupational excellence)
.

3.

.
, , ,
(Defillipi and Arthur, 1994; Brousseau
, 1996).
.
.
.

(downsizing) .
.
.
.
.
. .
,

33

.
.
21
.
(outsourcing) (spin-off) .
.

, .
,
.
.
21
. (hierarchy)
. , ,
. ,
.
21
.
, ,
(Allred, Snow and Miles, 1996).
21 . ,
(boundaryless)
.
(role) .

34

< 31>

: Nicholson, N.(1996: 43).

.

(generalist).
, (job) (Nicholson,
1996).
20 (key competency) (relational)(technical) .

(commercial) (Allred et. al., 1996).
21
(multiskilled specialist) .
(output)
, (Nicholson, 1996).

, 21 . (collaborative)

35

, ,
. 21

(self-governance) .

2
1.
(career) , , ,
, ,
(Hall, 1976; , 2000).

Super(1976)
(career choice)
, (prevocational activities) (postvocational activities) . Hall(1976)

, ,

.

. (work)
(Greenhaus, 1987; Arthur et. al., 1989; , 2000)
. ,
, ,

36

.
,
.
,

.

.
(Mirvis and
Hall, 1996). , .


. ,
. , (space)
.

. ,
.


.
,
(, 1999).

37

2.
Van Mannen Schein(1977)
(external perspective) (internal perspective) .
, , , ,
,
. Greenhaus(1987)
.

.

.
, (carrer choice)

(Platton and McMahon, 1999).
(content theory) ,
(process theory) (, 2000).

.

.
(content approach), (process approach)
(, 1999).
.
1900
. (dif-

38

ferential psychology) Parsons (matching men and jobs)

(Betz et als., 1989).

.
Parsons (Trait-Factor Theory)
, ( , ,
, , , )
. Holland (Vocational Preferences Model) (Theory of Work Adjustment) . Holland

. Dawis Lofquist(1984) , Holland
.

(Platton et al., 1999).

Schein (Career Anchor) .

, .

7)

7) . Schein
(1996) .

. Schein


. . .

39

. Holland ,
Dawis Lofquist
,

(,
1999).
.
, ,

, .
1)
(Life-Span Models),
. Miller Form
(Individualistic Approach) Super (Life-Span, Life Space Approach)
. Miller Form ,
(social adjustment) .

, . (preparatory work period),
(initial period), (trial period), (stable work period), (retirement period) ,
. .

, Schein 8
.
.

40

, .

, ,
(Dalton, 1989).
Super
(self-concept)
.
(life stages) . Super

(Super, 1957).

.
.

.
2) Schein
Schein(1971)
(career stage) .
(pre-entry and entry), (basic training and initiation), 1 (first regular assignment), 2 (second
assignment), (granting tenure and exit),
(post-exit) .
Schein . Schein(1971)
[ 31] .
3 (three-dimensional model)
.

41

[ 31] 3

: Schein, E. H(1971: 204), (2000: 102) .

(vertical movement) ,
. (horizontal movement)
. (radial movement)
(inner core) .
,
.
(boundary) .
, ,
. ,
,
.
(socialization)

42

.
3)
Driver(1979)
.
, , ,
. , , 4
.
(linear career concept)
.
,
.
.
.
(expert career concept)
.
,
. ,

.
(spiral career concept)
710
. 7 10
.
( ) ( )

, .

43

(: ) ,
.
.
(transitory career concept)
35

.
.
.
, ,

(Brousseau , 1996). < 32>
.
, .
, .

,
.

, , , ,
. , ,

.
21 .

44

< 32>

710

35

: Brousseau (1996: 56-59), (2000: 104) .

4) Hall
Hall(1976) [ 32]
,
.
Hall(1993)

45

[ 32] Hall

: Hall, D. T(1976: 57)

. 20
,
.

(transitory) . Hall(1993)
,
[ 33]
.
.
Hall 21
.

.

46

[ 33]

: Hall, D. T(1993 : 15)

.

.

.

. ,
Parsons

.

47

8)

.
(Driver , )
.
, ,
,
.

3.
(career goal) .

.
. ,
(career stage)
.
(know-how) ,
, ,
(Hall, 1976; 1996b).
(linear career)

8) (Arthur, 1994).

, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,

.

48

(expert career) .
,
(Brousseau et. al., 1996).
, ,
(Allred et. al., 1996). (local)
. , ,
.
21
(multiple career) (, 1998).
, , ,
, . 21

(boundaryless) .

(Brousseau et. al., 1996).
Hall(1976, 1996b) 21
. (protean career)
.
(psychological success) .
.
(the path with a heart) .
(continuous learning) .

(learning stage) .
(know-how) (learn-how),
(employability) ,

49

, .

< 33>

, ,

, ,

Sullivan, Carden Martin

(1998) . Sullivan (1998) Super

(career grid taxonomy) .
.

.
(transferability) (internal work values) ,
,
.
.
.

50

. ,
.

.

, .
. ,
.

[ 34]
High

9
8
7

4
3
2

Low

(1.9) (Provisional)

(9.9)
(Self-Designing)


.

(1.1) (Traditional)

(9.1)
(Self-Directed)
.

.

1
1

Low

: Sullivan et. al.(1998: 169).

9
High

51

. ,
.
[ 34] ,
9)

. (traditional) (1.1)
, .
,
. , .
.
.
, ,

. , ,
.
, ,
.
, .

.
, .
(self-directed) (9.1)
.

9) .

, .
(snap shot) ,
, ( ) (
, ) (Sullivan et. al., 1998).

52

. .
. ,
, .

, .
(self-designing) (9.9)
, .

.
.
, ,
.
.

.
( ) .
.
,
. ,
.
(1.9) .
. (provisional)
.
. Aetna Prudential GEICO
McDonald
.

53

(Sullivan et. al., 1998).

21
.

, ,
.

4.
21
. (hierarchy)
. , ,
. ,
. ,
.
(zero-sum game) .

(job) .
21
.
, , .
.
,
.
.
Malone(2005)

54

.
.
.
.
.
(Malone, 2005).

. . ,
(< 34>).
< 34>

.

: Malone(2005: 19).

< 34> ,
.
, ,
.

. 1800

55

. 1900 , , ,

.

.
20
, .


.
.

. 1
.
.

[ 35]
.

()
: Malone(2005: 44).

()

()

56

.

. , ,
.
.
21
. ,
.
.

.
.
19
.
.
. ,
.
1 () . GM
(division) .
.
,
. ( )
, , . 19501960
(matrix)
. 1860

57

1970 , ,
.
.
,
. ,
(Allred et. al., 1996).
.

. ,
.
,
,
.

(expertise) . , ,
,
.

10)

10)

.

. R and D

.
. Nike
. , , , ,
.
.

58

, ,
.
.
(collaborative skills) .
. 3
referral, partnering, relationship management .
referral
.
. referral skill .

. partnering
, . (ralationship management)
,
.
.
.
.
(Allred et.
al., 1996).

.
.
.
.
, .
.

(Allred et. al., 1996).

59

< 35>

, ,

, ,

, , ,

: Allred et. al.(1996: 18-21).

11)

. 21 :

21 () . ,

11)

. (autonomous
work team)
.
,

. , ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
, (Brousseau , 1996).
.
,
,
.

60

. .
.
. ( ,
) . .
.
( DNA ) .
, , .
.
.

.
. ()
.
.

.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
,
, . .
,
.

61

Hall(1996b)
. .

. .

3

. , ,
, ,
.
(outsourcing)

.
,
.
,
,
(boundaryless career), (protean career), (multiple career),
(post-corporate career) (Peiperl, 1997; , 1998).
, ,
,
.

.
.

62

1.

, .

.
,
(DeFillippi and Aruthur, 1996).
1980 GE
. .
,
.
, , ,
,
(Hirshhorn and Gilmore, 1992).
, ,
, .
(boundaryless career) ,

(Arthur, 1994). Arthur(1994) , ,
.
(portable) , , .
, ,
.

63

. Arthur Rousseau
(1996) .

. Silicon Valley
.

.
.
.

.
, .

.
< 36> .

< 36>

know-why

know-how

know-whom(network)
(locus)

: DeFillippi and Arthur(1994: 317), (1998: 23) .

64

,
.
,
.
,
.
.
( ),
( ), ( ), ,
( ) .
( ).
(, , ), (
), (communities of practices)( , 1998),
(DeFillippi and Arthur, 1994).

.

, .
.
.

.

,
(Sullivan, 1999).

65

2.

. (1998)
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
.
, (1998) ,
, .

[ 36]

( )

( )

( )

: (1998: 192).

,
.
,

66

.
,
.
.
, ,
,
,
.

.
,
,
,
.
( , 1998).

4 (Protean Career)
(The Career is dead.-Long live
the career). Hall(1996a) 21
. .
( , ) 21
. (continuous learning) (identity change)
(organizational career)
(protean career) .

67

1.
12)

.
.
.
,
.
(relational contract)
13)

(transactional contract) .
, (one-day contract)
.
. ,
.
.

(shamrock organization) . Handy
1 . 2
12) Hall(1996a) (The old psychological contract is dead)

, ,
,

(Rousseau, 1989).
.
13) MacNeill(1985) 2 . (relational contract)

.
.
, (transactional contract)
.
(Hall and Mirvis, 1996).

68

, 3 . 1
2 3 , , .
.
.

(Hall et. al., 1996).

.
.
.
(free agent) , .

.
14)

.
14) ,

.
(, 2003).

.

.
. .

.
.

.

69

.
.
. , , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.

2.
(Mirvis et. al.,
1996). , .

, .

. .

.

.
( ),
( ,
),
1 ,
.

(, 2003).

70

, , (
), , ,
, .
, . (payed work)
, .
,
( , 1998).
,
.
.
.
. (free agent) .
,
, , .
.
.
.

.

3.
, , ,
< 37> .
.
, ,
. ,

71

,
.

< 37>

know-how

work self

learn-how

whole self

: Hall, D. T.(1996: 9).

(growth) , ,
. .
, , , , ,
(connections) .
.
,
(business needs) (Hall, 1996).
learn how .
know-how learn-how
.
(employability)
. .
, ,

72

15)

.
.

4. :
?
.
(meta skill)
.

< 38>

time span

: Hall, D. T(1996b: 11).

. (time span:
) , ( )
. (personal learning)
.
15) (holistic)

.
. ,
.
. Shepard(1984)
,
.
(Levinson, 1986).

73

.
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
. 21
(self-directed protean career)
. ,
.

5. (Relational Learning) (Diversity Learning)

.
. ,
. .
. Joyce Fletcher
.
(growth in connection) (Hall, 1996b).

.

,
.

74

.
, (, ,
16)

) (, , ) .
.

( ) .

.
.
. .
. ( , ,
)
. , ,
, , ( ),

. , Arthur, Claman and Defillippi(1995) Knowing how Knowing
why Knowing whom
. .
16) (mutuality), (interdependence), (reciprocity) 3 .

(Arthur, 1994).
.
.
.
.
.

75

21
.
, .
Walker(1996)
. Walker
.
,
,
.

6.
Hall (1996)

.
, , , .
.
. .
,

.
.
,
, ?

? . , ,
,

76

. , , ,
.
,
.
.

. .

,
.
.

17)

, , ,
, , , ,
.
.
.
.
.

.

17) (work identity)

. 1( )
2, 3 ,

(Hall, 1996a).

77

7.

.

. , , (sense of self)
.
.
(, , , ) .
.
(self-perception) .
( , , ,
, , ) .
.
.

8.
.
.

.
.
.

.

78

. (real
work)
18)

9.
,
19)

, .
18) ,

, .
, ,
.
,
(Hall, 1996a).
, ,

.
(Sullivan et. al., 1998).

. Landers, Rebitzer Taylor(1996)


.
.
.
19) 20

.
, , , ,
. .
,
.

79

.
.
.
.
.
(work-family)
. (real work)
,
. ,
.
, .
.
.
.
(work vs. life) .
.
,

.
. ,
, , , , .

.
,
.

(, 2003).

80

.
. ,
,
.
.

10.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 5
. .
. ,
,
20)

.
20)

. (sunk cost)
.

81

.
.

,
. .
, , ,
(ministages)
.
.
. .
, .
.


(Hirsch and Shanley, 1996).
,

.
.
, Fortune 500
28%
.

,
. X
.
.
, ,

(Sullivan et. al., 1998).

82

. (Driver
) .
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
,
.
.

.

5

.

.
Brousseau (1996) .

83

1.

. , , ,
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
, , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. Palo Alto
Ideo . Ideo
.
?

.

. ?
(Brousseau et. al., 1996).

84

.
.
: ,
.
.

.


?
.
.

21)

21) 360

,
.
(Internal Information Interview Network)
.

.
(1998)
.

.

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(Learning: The Treasure Within) 21
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, (Education For All) .

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100

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102

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.

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103

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104

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.
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105

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106

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114

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117

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118

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120

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121

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124

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127

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129

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130

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132

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136

.

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137

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.

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138

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,
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. UNESCO
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OECD

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.

,

.

4.

139

, - (Social Learning Net) .

UNESCO OECD
.
.

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, (workplace competencies)
.
.
.
, , ICT .
.

.


. (signal) (guide)
.
,
, (National Skill Standard)
. ,
(Core Skill)
(Individual Learning Account System) .

140

6.

(public domain)
.
(market failure) .
.

.

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141

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learning) .
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142

,
(Self-directed Learning) .


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143

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144

.

. (lifelong education)
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.
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145

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.

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.

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.
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.

,
. (lifewide) (lifelong) (career compentency)
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.

146

1

(boundaryless career), (protean career), (multiple career),
(post-corporate career) .
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. (career goal) .
. (career stage)
, (knowhow) ,
, ,
(Hall, 1976; 1996b).
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(expert career) .
,
. .


.
. 21

.
.

147

2
Hall
.
(psychological success) .
(continuous learning) .
(learning stage) .
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, .

. ,
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.
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.

. 20
(work identity)

. 1(

148

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3

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4
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, (portable)
.

5
.


.

149

,

.

6

,
.
.
X
. Brousseau (1996) .


.

7

. , ,
, ,
.

150

8
UNESCO
OECD
. UNESCO
OECD

.

9
,
(Social Learning Net)
.
.
, (workplace competencies)
.
.
.
, , ICT .
.


. (signal) (guide)
,
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151

10

.
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,
.


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11
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of learning) .
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.

152

12 e-Learning
e-Learning ,

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.

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14

.
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39) (lifelong education)

(lifelong learning)

153

,

. , ,
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.
.

15

.
.
.
.
.

, .
,
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.
.
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.

(, 2003).

154

.

.

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.
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17
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155

.


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.

156

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, 2000. ,
.
, 2001. .
, , .
, 2003. , .
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9(1): 211-239.
, 2003. . ,
.
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, 2004. , 2004
.
, 1999. ,
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, .
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, 2003. , .
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, 2002. ASEM
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7(2): 177-199.
, 2001. ,
, , .
, 2000. 21 , 21
, .
, 2003. , .
, .
, 1999. ,
2(2). .
, 2001. ,
.
, 2000. , .
, 2003. 21 , .
, .
, 1998. : ,
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, 2004. , , 1(2).
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, 2002. ,
.
, 2002. OECD - ,
.
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9(3): 299-325.
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