BASIC MECHANISM OF

DISEASE
IN
PARASITOLOGY
RONALD TAMBUNAN

GENERAL SCOPE
PROTOZOAN
HELMINTHS
ENTOMOLOGY

DEFINITION
HEALTH (WHO)
1. STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL,
& SOCIAL WELL BEING & NOT MERELY
THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY
2. DYNAMIC

CONDITION RESULTING FROM A

BODYS CONSTANT ADJUSTMENT &
ADAPTATION IN RESPONSE TO STRESSES
& CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR
MAINTAINING AN INNER EQUILIBRIUM
CALLED HOMEOSTASIS PHYSIOLOGY

DEFINITION
DISEASE:

BROADLY DESCRIBED AS
AN ABNORMALITY IN BODY
FUNCTION THAT THREATENS A
PERSONS WELL BEING
THEREFORE, SPEAKING OF
MECHANISM OF DISEASE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (STUDY OF
UNDERLYING PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROCESS ASSOCIATED W/ DISEASE)
4

MECHANISM OF DISEASE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

GENETIC
PATHOGENIC
TUMOR & CANCER
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL AGENT
MALNUTRITION
AUTOIMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
DEGENERATION
5

RISK FACTORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

GENETIC
AGE
LIFESTYLE
STRESS
ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS
MICROORGANISMS
PREEXISTING CONDITIONS

HOST-PARASITE
RELATIONSHIPS
PARASITE

MAY LIVE IN OR ON THE

TISSUES OF ITS HOST
IN A MAJORITY CASES, PARASITE
HAS THE CAPACITY TO PRODUCE
DAMAGE
IF INFECTION EXISTS W/ A LITTLE
OR NO DAMAGE TO THE HOST &
WO/ SYMPTOMS CARRIER
IF RESULTING IN DISEASE, THE
PARASITE CALLED A PATHOGEN
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PATHOGENESIS
THE

DYNAMICS OF ANY DISEASE PROCESS

LESION MAY BE LOCALIZED OR EXTENDS TO
DISTANT PARTS OF THE HOSTS BODY
DAMAGES PRODUCED BY:
1. TRAUMA OR PHYSICAL
2. LYTIC NECROSIS
3. STIMULATION OF HOST-TISSUE REACTIONS
4. TOXIC & ALLERGIC PHENOMENA
5. SECONDARY INFECTION
(SPENCER, 1973; BINFORD & CONNOR, 1976)

PATHOGENESIS
INAPPARENT

INFECTION

1.BACTERIA
2.RICKETTSIAE
3.VIRUSES
4.MALARIA
5.HELMINTHS

COULD BE NO SYMPTOMS, NO
DETECTABLE HARM
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TRAUMATIC DAMAGE
INVADING

THE SKIN (SARCOPTES

SCABEI, HOOKWORM, MOSQUITO)
DURING INTERNALLY MIGRATION
(WORMS LARVAE THROUGH THE
LUNGS, LIVER, CEREBRAL,
RETINAL, OR RENAL EGGS OF
SCHISTOSOMA, HOOKWORMS,
ASCARIS OR TAENIA SAGINATA)

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LYTIC NECROSIS
TISSUE

DIGESTION & NECROSIS

IN ORDER TO TRANSFORM THE
NUTRIMENT INTO PROTOPLASM
OR STORE IT FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
(ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA,
PLASMODIA, LEISHMANIAE,
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI,
TOXOPLASMA GONDII)
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STIMULATION OF HOST
TISSUE REACTION
CELLULAR

PROLIFERATION &
INFILTRATION AT THE SITE OF THE
PARASITE
SYSTEMIC INCREASE IN CERTAIN
TYPES OF CELL
FIBROUS ENCAPSULATION

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STIMULATION OF HOST
TISSUE REACTION
EOSINOPHILIA
INCREASED

ERYTHROPOIESIS
AMEBIC GRANULOMA (E.
HISTOLYTICA)
INCREMENT OF
RETICULOENDOTHELIAL (RES)
SYSTEM (LEISHMANIASIS (KALAAZAR))
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STIMULATION OF HOST
TISSUE REACTION
NEOPLASTIC

GROWTH (LARVAE OF
GONGYLONEMA NEOPLASTICUM
(RATS), CYSTICERCUS FASCIOLARIS
(LARVAL STAGE OF TAENIA
TAENIAFORMIS IN CATS); EGGS OF
SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM IN
HUMAN
FLUKES IN THE BILE DUCT
HYPERPLASIA OF THE BILIARY
EPITHELIUM
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TOXIC & ALLERGIC

PHENOMENA
URTICARIA
DERMATITIS
ANAPHYLACTIC

SHOCK
BASIC MECHANISM: ANTIGENANTIBODY REACTION
CAUSED BY: TOXIN OR VENOM
(ARTHROPODS, JELLYFISH, etc.)

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IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY

IN PARASITOSES IS
RARELY SOLID, EXCEPT IN
CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
TRICHINOSIS, HOOKWORM,
BLOOD-FLUKE, CORDYLOBIA
ANTHROPOPHAGA INFESTATION:
PREVIOUS LIGHT EXPOSURE IN
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS PREVENTS
INFECTION OF CLINICAL GRADE
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IMMUNITY
MALARIA
1.INDIVIDUALS

WHO HAVE HAD

MALARIA ARE HIGHLY RESISTANT
TO THE HOMOLOGOUS STRAIN
2.LESS SO TO HETEROLOGOUS
STRAIN OF THE SAME SPECIES
3.NO RESISTANCE TO OTHER
SPECIES OF PLASMODIA THAT
ARE INFECTIVE FOR HUMAN
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IMMUNITY
IMMUNE

MECHANISM OF THE HOST

MAY OR MAY NOT BE PROTECTIVE
TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE
1.IN ASCARIS INFECTION, IMMUNE
MECHANISM IS HARMFUL TO THE
HOST PRODUCING ALLERGIC
2.IMMUNE MECHANISM MAY BE
HELPFUL TO THE PARASITE, AS IN
THE PROLIFERATION OF
LEISHMANIASIS WI/ PHAGOCYTIC
CELLS
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IMMUNITY
PHYSIOLOGICAL:

IMMUNE SYSTEM IS
TO DIFFERENTIATE INTRINSIC FROM
FOREIGN MOLECULES & TO REACT
W/ THE LATTER TO ELIMINATE THEM
THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF 2
SPECIFIC ARMS (THE ANTIBODY &
CELLULAR MEDIATION) & 2
NONSPECIFIC ARMS (COMPLEMENT
& INFLAMMATORY CELLS)
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IMMUNITY
THE

SPECIFIC ARMS ARE

ASSOCIATED W/
LYMPHOCYTES,THOSE DERIVED
FROM THE THYMUS (T CELLS),
WHICH PROVIDE SPECIFITY TO THE
CELLULAR IMMUNE SYSTEM
DERIVED FROM ELSEWHERE IN THE
BODY (B CELLS), PROVIDE SPECIFIC
HUMORAL SUBSTANCES OR
ANTIBODIES
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IMMUNITY
COMPLEMENT

& INFLAMMATORY
CELLS ARE SPECIFICALLY
ACTIVATED BY THE LYMPHOCYTES

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IMMUNITY
ANTIGENS

STIMULATE PRODUCTION
OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES BY CELLS
OF THE B CELLS.
IN CASE OF ALLERGIC REACTIVITY:
IgE
ASCARIS: IgG
VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS: IgG & IgM
AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS: IgM

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IMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTIC

CELLULAR
REACTION TO A TISSUE
PARASITE: GRANULOMA
GRANULOMA: MACROPHAGES &
EPITHELIOID CELLS ARRANGE
A CONNECTIVE LAYER ABOUT
THE PARASITE OBJECT
MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELLS &
EOSINOPHILS
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SECONDARY INVADERS
OCCURRED

AFTER A FIRST

INFECTION

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APPENDIX: RES SYSTEM

A

NETWORK OF CELLS & TISSUES FOUND

THROUGOUT THE BODY, ESPECIALLY IN THE
BLOOD, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, SPLEEN,
LIVER, LUNGS, BONE MARROW, & LYMPH
NODES
CONCERNED W/ BLOOD CELL FORMATION
& DESTRUCTION, STORAGE OF FATTY
MATERIAL, & METABOLISM OF IRON &
PIGMENT
HAS A ROLE IN INFLAMMATION & IMMUNITY
SOME OF THE CELLS ARE MOTILE &
PHAGOCYTIC
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RES SYSTEM
SOME

OF THE CELLS ARE MOTILE

& PHAGOCYTIC

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