DAMAGE OBSERVED IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Hydraulic turbines can present several problems, however, two of them

They are more common and considered critical. Due to its mode of
operation .
The hydraulic turbines are subject to erosion by cavitation and the
trincamento in
Regions of high concentration of tensions . Both the cavitation as the cracks
that
Occur in the turbines must be repaired in order to avoid a failure that could
Damaging them or even cause irreparable damage.
The appearance of cracks in the regions of the turbine where there is
concentration of tensions
2.2.1. DAMAGE CAUSED BY Cavitation
The damage cavitacionais are a form of mechanical damage result of
Exposure of a material to cavitation . This damage may include the loss of
material, the
Deformation of the surface , changes in properties, and changes in
appearance .
Cavitation is one of the most serious problems in a hydraulic turbine
When subject to continuous exposure to cavitation , resulting in progressive
loss
Material from surface .
When a hydraulic turbine is operated under circumstances of
severe cavitation.
The surfaces erodem quickly in places where the gas bubbles collide.
Fatigue cracks can appear in areas microscopically small
Caused by loading due to erode the steel. The efforts of
Fatigue generate a network of cracks and these small
particles possibly unemse,
Appearing on the surface of the metal in a manner similar to a sponge or
Pits (Figure 2.1).
In symmetrical components such as turbines, the damage pattern can
emerge
In identical positions. The affected surfaces can be ad-hoc or extensive.
Depending on the area affected by cavitation . The extent of the
damage can vary
Size and is on, both may appear in a short period of time or after
Many years of service.
To repair the damage caused by the erosion caused by cavitation in the
turbines , exigemse
Frequent repairs at regular intervals , using the process of
Welding.
Figure

2.2.2. DAMAGE CAUSED BY CRACKING

The cracks usually appear in regions of engastamento paddles

The crown of the turbine, which can reach several centimeters, as shown in
figure
2.2. They are extremely dangerous , because they can grow in a jerky
manner .
Compromising the use of the equipment . They must, therefore, be repaired
so
That identified to avoid catastrophic failures that impede the functioning of
the
Equipment.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE OF INTERPASSE IN TENACITY OF
SOLDER METAL IN MULTIPASS WELDING OF STAINLESS STEEL
MARTENSITICO CA6NM PROCESS BY TIG