THIRD EDITION STANDARD HANDBOOK OF ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS TA é 32 Tyler G. Hicks, P.E. esitor International Engineering Associates \ a4 5 Member: American Society of Mechanical Engineers Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers United States Naval Institute S. David Hicks coordinating Editor International Engineering Associates Joseph Leto, P.E. Assistant Editor Consulting Engineer McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York San Francisco Washingto Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Mila Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto D.C. Auckland BogotéINDEX Accumulator, steam, 3.469 to 3.471 Acid Rain Contiol Progean, 3.192 Adjustable-speed drives, 4.16 Admiralty coefficients. 9.5 Aerial photogrammetry, 1.255 to 1.265 definitions pertaining to, 1.256, 1.257 flying height in, 1.255 to 1.257 with oblique photograph, 1.263 to 1.265 with overlapping photographs, 1.961 to 1.263 with tilted photograph, 1.259 to 1.261 with vertical photograph, 1.255 to 1.258, 1,261 to 1.263 Aeroderitative gas turbines, 13,25 Aeronautical engineering, 8.1 to 8.20 air-cushion vehicles, 8.6 to 8.9 aircraft: climb rate, 8.4 drift, 8.3 engine Uiust, 8.5 groundspeed, 8.3 landing speed, 8.2 stall speed, 8.2 true airspeed, 8.3 vertical-takeoff, 6.9 commercial aircraft, 8.10 lifting, power of balloons, 8.12 vertical-takeoff aircraft, 8.9 Affinity laws for pumps, 3.352 to 3.353 Air compressors, 3.325 to 3. 338 air receivers for, 3.331 altitude factors for, 3.330 brake horsepower (kW) input to, 3.328 Air compressors (Cont): components for, 3.329 to 3.331 computation of air requirements, 3.326 cooling-water requirements for, 2.330 effect of intake temperature on, 3.330 selection of, 3.325 to 3.329 Air conditioning, 2.80 to 2.126 cooling coils for, 2.82 to 2,93 heat-load determination for, 2.80 to 2.87 high-velocity ducts for, 2.112 to 2.114 marine, 9.19 to 9.21 noise-reduction materials for, 2.122 to 2.126 outlet and return guilles for, 2.114 to 2.118 selection of system for known load, 2.94 t0 2.96 sizing low-velocity ducts, 2.95 to 2.105 branch areas, 2.98 friction-loss chart for, 2.99 recommended velocities in, 2,07 systems and applications, 2.95 vibration isolators for, 2.120 to 2.122 Air-cooled heat exchanger selection, 3.540 to 3.543 Air-cushion vehicles, 8.6 to 8.9 Air-snubber springs, 3.92 to 3.96 Air-volume conversion factors, 2.70 Aireraft: limb rate of, 8.4 drift of, 8.3 engine thrust of, 8.51.2 INDEX Aircraft (Cont ) groundspeed of, 8.3, landing’speed of, 8.2 stall speed of, 8.2 true airspeed of, 8.3 vertical-takeoff, 8.8 Algebra, boolean, 7.48 to 7.64 Allowable stress, 3.113 to 3.117 Allowable stresses in pipes, 3.398 Allowance to emit CO,, 10.8 Alternating-current circuit analysis, 4.7 alternator-selection in, 4.13 ‘motor, seléction in, 4.44 to 4.47 starting current of, 4.47 starting time of, 4.447 vector algebra in, 4.8 Alternative proposals, evaluation of, 12.18 to 12,32 Alternatives, cogeneration, 13.14 energy-from-wastes, 13.4 Altitude of star, 1.234 Amplifier, 5.44 to 5.66 bipolar, 5.59 black-box, 5.35 buffer, 5.51 ‘operational, 3.53 to 5.97, 5.64 as equivalent circuit synthesis, 5.53 chain, 5.55 to 5.57 network synthesis with, 5.64 transistorized, 5.6, 5.13, 5.44 equivalent circuit for, 5.45 gain control in, 5.52 Analysis of business operations, 12.18 to 12.62 linear programming in, 12.48 optimal inventory level, 12.54 project planning using CPM/PERT, 12.55 to 12.59 Anchor force of pipes, 3.441 Antenna selections, 5.28 Appliances, electric, 4.69 Arch, reactions of three-hinged, 1.14 Architectural engineering, 2.1 0 2.150 air conditioning, 2.80 to 2.126 branch ducts, 2.98 cooling coils for, 2.82 to 2.93 friction-loss chart for low-velocity ducts, 2.99 heat-load determination for, 2.80 to 2.87 high-velocity ducts for, 2.112 to 2.114 noise-reduction materials for, 2.122 to 2.126 Architectural engineering, air conditioning (Cont.) outlet and return grilles for, 2.114 to 2.118 recommended velocities in duets, 2.97 selection of system for known load, 2.94 to 2.96 sizing low-velocity duets, 2.96 to 2.105 ms and applications, 2.95 vibration isolators for, 2.120 to 2.122 beam connection: riveted moment, 2.7 to 2.9 semirigid, 2.6 welded flexible, 2.9, 2.10 welded moment, 2.12 welded seated, 2.10, 2.11 column base: for axial load, 2.15 for end moment, 2.15 grillage type, 2.16 to 2.19 composite steel-and-concrete beam, 2.32 to 2.34 connection: beam-to-column (see Beam cannection) to resist horizontal shear, 2.31 to 2.34 of truss members, 2.5 eyebar, 2.3 gusset plate, 2.5 hanger, steel, 2.4 heating systems: applications of, 2.63 coils for, 2.72 condensate formation rate of coils, 2.73 final temperatures in coils, 2.73 facl-consumption factors for, 2.64 passive solar, 2.145 to 2,150 selection of, 2.62 to 2.65, solar, 2.134 to 2.141, 2.145 to 2.150 humidifiers, selection of, 2.105 to 2.110 capacities of, 2.107 location of, 3.108 piping for, 2.110 recommended humidities for, 2.109 steam required by, 2.106 Joists, reinforced-concrete, 2.34ff knee: curved, 2.14 rectangular, 213, plumbing and drainage, 2.37 to 2.61 cold- and hot-water piping, 2.44 to 251 gas piping, 2.55 to 2.57 pipe-size determination far, 2.37 to 2.42 roof and yard rainwater systems, 2.42 to 2.44Architectural engineering, heating systems: applications of (Cont): sprinkler systems, 2.52 to 2.54 swimming-pool sizing, 2.58 solar energy, 2.126 to 2.150 ASHRAE, 2.132 average annual amount, 2.126 collector choice for, 2.127, 2.146 collector sizing for, 2.134, 2.145 to 2.147 domestic hot-water heater, 2.141 to 2.145 F chart method, 2.135 to 2.141 flat-plate collector, 2.127 heat exchangers for flat-plate collector, 2.130 heating contribution of passive system, 2.149 heating systems, 2.134 to 2.141, 9.145 to 2.150 insolation determination, 2.131 to 2.133, 2.147 key system components with flat-plate collector, 2.199 orientation of collectors, 2.128 passive solar heating, 2.145 to 2.150 stair slab, 2.35 to 2.37 steel beam, 2.27 to 2.32 encased in concrete, 2.30 to 2.52 light-gage, 2.97 to 2.30 unit heaters: blow distances of, 2.69 capacity of, 2.65 to 2.70 conversion factors for, 2.68 diameter of pipes for, 2.70 outlet velocities of, 2.69 vertical types, 2.67 ventilators, roof, 2.118 to 2.120 vibration of bent, 2.37 wind drift, 2.25 reduction with diagonal bracing, 2.26 wind-stress analysis, 2.19 to 2.25 cantilever method, 2.21 portal method, 2.19 to 2.21 slope-deflection method, 2.93 to 2.25 Area: calculation of, 1.927 to 1.290 geometric properties of, 1.22 to 1.24 Ash reuse, 13.7 ASHRAE, 2.132 Astronautical engineering, 8.12 to 8.20 interplanetary launch velocity, 8.14 missile range, 8.13 observation satellites, 8.18 INDEX 13. Astronautical engineering (Cont. rocket flight velocity, 8.12 satellite velocity, 8.14 space vehicle bumout velocity, 8.16 Astronomy, field, 1.233 to 1.235 Atmospheric pollution, 13.17 Audio pollution, 2.195 Average-end-area method, 1.232, 1.233 Average-grade method, 1.245 to 1.247 Azimuth of star, 1,233 to 1.235 Balanced design: of prestressed-conerete beam, 1.166 of reinforced-concrete beam, 1.126, 1.139, 1.140 of reinforced-concrete column, 1.149 Ball bearings, 3.60ff Rarametrie-condenser selection, 3.247 heat transfer in, 3.470 Batch physical process balance, 6.7 Batteries, industrial, 4.40 characteristics of, 4.42 Beach cleaning, work required for, 13.40 Beam(s): bending moment in, 1.37 to 1.39 bending stress in, 1.39 to 142 composite steel-and-concrete, 1.200 to 1,204, 2.82 to 2.34 composite steel-and-timber, 1.41, 1.42 compound. 1.40 conjugate, 1.50 continuous, 1.53 to 1.58 of prestressed concrete, 1.187 to 1.197 of reinforced conerete, 1.134 to 1.136, 148 of steel, 1.82, 1.102 to 1.105 deflection of, 1,48 to 1.53 ‘on movable supports, 1.40 with moving loads, 1.59, 1.61, 1.67 prestressed-conercte (see Prestressed-con- crete beam) reinforced-concrete (see Reinforced-con- crete heam) shear center of, 1.43, 144 shear flow in, 142 shearing stress in, 1.42 statically indeterminate, 1.58 to 1.59 steel (see Steel beam) timber (see Timber beam) Vertical shear in, 1.37 to 1.39 Beam column: pile group as, 1.481.4 INDEX Beam column (Cont.}: soil prism as, 1.47 steel, 1.94, 1.95, L114, 1.115 Beam connection riveted moment, 2.7, to 2.9 semirigid, 2.6 welded flexible, 2.9, 2.10 welded moment, 2.12 welded seated, 2.10, 2.11 Bearings, shaft, 3.56 to 3.77 ball, 3.60ff. characteristics of, 3.57 gas-type, 3.75 to 3.77 heat generation of, 3.64 hydrostatic journal analysis, 3,69 to 3.72 constants for, 3.72 hydrostatic thrust, 3.67 to 3.69 constants for equations, 8.70, 3.71 oil-film thickness, 3.69 length of, 3.62 Joad capacity of, 3.79 materials for sleeve-type, 3.58 multidirection-type analysis, 3.72 to 2.75 constants for, 3.72 oil-ilm, 3.60 design load for, 3.60 porous-metal capacity, friction, 3, capacity factors, 3.66 friction factors, 3.66 roller-type, 3.63 to 3.65 capacity and reliability of, 3.65 operating-life analysis, 3.63 radial load rating uf, 3.64 rolling-type, capacity, cost, and size of, 3.61, 3.65 selection of type of, 3.56 to 3.62 speed limits for ball and roller, 3.61, 3.63 ‘temperature limits of, 3.60 Belleville springs, 3.88 Belts. 3.16 to 3.54 leather, 3.164. capacity factors for, 3.16 correction factors for, 3.17 rubber, 3.17, arc-of-contact factor, 3.18. correction factors, 3.17, 3.21 horsepower (kW) ratings, 3.19, 3.211 length correction factors, 3.23 minimum pulley diameters, 3.19 multiple V, 3.22 service factors, 3.17, 3.18 sheave dimensions, 3.20 Belts, suber (Cunt) small-diameter factors, 3.23 V (see V belts) timing, 3.51 to 3.54 Bending flat plate, 1.45 Bending metal parts, 3.180 to 3.182 Bending moment: in beam, 1.37 to 1.39 in column footing, 1.156 to 1.161 modified, in continuous beam, 1.82 1m three-hinged arch, 1.66, 1.67 in truss, 1.64 Rending-moment diagram: for beam, 1.37 to 1.39, 1.81, 1.82 for combined footing, 1.160 for gable frame, 1.111 Bending stress: in beam, 1.39 to 1.42 in curved member, 1.46 Bends, pipe, 3.443 to 3.455 Benefit-cost analysis, 12.47 Bernoulli's theorem, 1.208, 1.209 Bingham plastics, friction facto: for, 6.554 to 6.57 Biomass power generation, 13.27, 13.30 Bipolar amplifier, 5.59 Black-box amplifier, 5.35 Blauk diameters, 3.182 Blanking metals, 3.165 Bleed-steam cycles. 3.227 to 3.233, Blowdown, boiler heat recovery from, 3.538, Bode plot, 7.22, 7.27, 7.31, 7.34, 7.36 Boiler: blowdown heat recovery, 3.538 to 3.540 percentage, 3.540 controls, 7.11 to 7.12 combustion, 7.12 ‘conversion to coal, 3.533 to 3.535 feedwater regulators, 7.11 furnace size comparisons, 8.531 heat balance, 3.204 to 3.206 draft fans, 3.281 to 3.285 ducts and uptakes, 3.285 to 3.290 efficiency, 3.268 firo-tube, analysis of, 3.270 steam, selection of, 3.278 to 3.281 safety valves, 3.271 to 3.277 capacity of, 3.271 selection of, 3.271 to 3.277 seale, savings from reduced, 3.534 Bolt diameter selection, 3.121 to 3.125 ‘endurance limit of, 3.124Bolt diameter selection (Cont. ): for pressurized joint, 3.125 torque tightening factor, 3.122 Boolean algebra, 7.48 to 7.64 Boring, time and power for, 2.152 Boussinesq equation, 1.269, 1.270 Bracing, diagonal, 2.26 Brakes: characteristics of, 3.103 cooling time of, 3.106 electric, 3.104 performance characteristics of, 3.104 selection of, 3.102 surface area of, 3.105 to 3.106 Branching pipes, 1.217 Breakdown in manufacturing, 3.184 to 3.186 Bridge, highway, 1.197 to 1.204 composite steel-and-concrete, 1.200 to 1.204 concrete, 1.198 to 1.200 Bridge truss, 1.60 to 1.65 Brinell hardness, 3.173 Broaching time and production rate, 3.160 Bucket elevators, 3.326, 3.327 Buller amplifier, 5.51 current drain, 5.51 output voltage, 5.51 Bulk material conveying, 3.326 to 3.330 Bulkhead, thrust on, 1,277 to 1.280 Buoyancy, 1.204 to 1.208 center of, 1.207 Business operations, analysis af, 12.48 to 12.62 linear programming in, 12.48 optimal inventory level, 12.54 project planning using CPM/PERT, 12.55 to 12.59 Bypass cooling system for engines, 3.301 to 3.305 Cable(s): catenary, 1.17 with concentrated loads, 1.15, 1.16, 1.28 parabolic, 1.17 voltage regulation of, 4.25 Calorimeter, analysis of, 3.267 Cam clutch selection, 3.50 Cantilever method of windl-stress analysis, 2.21 Capacity-reduction factor, 1.126 INDEX 15. Capacity tables, fan, 3.275, Capital, recovery of, 12.7 Carbon dioxide (COS), 13.4 Cash flow calculations, 12.11 Celestial sphere, 1.234, 1.235 Centrifugal compressor, refrigeration, 3.505 Centrifugal pumps, 3.352 to 3.382 affinity Taws for, 3.352, 3,353 analysis of characteristic curves of, 3.368 to 3.374 condensate, selection of, 3.374 to 3.378 critical speed of, 3.38] as hydraulic turbines, 3.387 to 3.392 cavitation constant, 3,389 constant-head curves, 9.390 constant-speed curves, 3.389 converting design conditions, 3.387 number of stages, 3.387 specific speed of, 3.387 turbine performance, 3.385 minimum safe flow for, 3.378 net positive suction head of, 3.374 selecting for viscous liquid, 3.379 selection of, 3.362 to 3.368 shaft deflection of, 3.381 similarity laws for, 3.352, 3.353 sizing impellers, for safety service, 9.942 specific speed of, 3,352 to 3.353 total head on, 3.357 to 3.361 Centroid ot area, 1.22 to 1.24 Chain drives, 3.48 to 3.50 inverted-tooth (silent), 3.48 roller, 3.48 horsepower (kW) rating of, 3.49 length factors for, 3.50 Toads and service factors for, 3.48 Channel: nonuniform flow in, 1.221 uniform flow in, 1.217 Characteristic curves, pump, 3.356 to 3.362 Chemical engineering, 6.1 to 6.57 batch physical process balance, 6.7 crusher power input, 6.12 heat of mixing, 6.5 immiseible-solution characteristics, 6.10 liquid-liquid separation, 6.13 material balance, 6.6 mixer cooling-water flow rate, 6.12 process plant engineering (see Process plant engineering) pump selection for, 6.10 saturated-solution analysis, 6.216 INDEX Chemical engineering (Cont.): steady-state continuous physical balance, 6.7 to 6.10 ternary liquid system, 6.3 Chemical reactions in combustion, 3.193 Chicago Board of Trade, 13.27 Chilled-water system design, 13.37 Civil engineering. 1.1 to 1.292 Clean Air Act (CAA), 3.192 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), 6.41, 10.8, 13.27 “Clean” energy hydro, 13.34 Cleaning polluted beaches, 13.40 Clothoid, 1.241 Clutch selection, 3.100 to 3.102 Clutches: cam, 3.50 characteristics of, 3.100 ratings of, 3.102 service factors for. 3.101 Coal-burning plant, ground area for, 3.537 Coal fuel in a furnace, combustion of, 3.189 to 3.192 Coal storage capacity of piles and bunkers, 3.205 Coefficient of performance, 13.19 Cogeneration, choosing steam compressor for, 13.19 costs of, 3.526 to 3.533 defined, 13.25 Cold spring of pipes, 3.442 Cold-water pipe sizes. 2.44 Collectors, solar, 2.127 to 2.130, 2.134, 2.145 to 2.150 ‘Column: reinforced-concrete (see Reinforced-con- crete column) steel (see Steel colurnn) timber, 1.119, 1.120 Column ba for axial load, 2.15 for e1 ent, 2.15 grillage-type, 2.16 to 2.19 Combined bending and axial loading, 1.45 Combustion, 3.189 to 3.208 chemical reactions in, 3.197 of coal, 3.189 to 3.192 of fuel oil, 3.193 molal conversion factors for, 3.201 to 3.203 of natural gas, 3.191 to 3.199 Combustion (Gont.) products, final, 3.203 properties of elements in, 3.193 ‘of wood fuel, 3.199 to 3.201 Combustion controls, boiler, 7.12 Commercial aureraft, 8.10 Common-base bipolar amplifier, 5.59 Communicating vessels, discharge hetween, 1,221 Composite mechanisms, theorem of, 1.108 Composite steel-and-conerete beam, 1.200 to 1.204, 2.32 to 2.34 Composite steel-and-timber beam, 1.41, 1.42 Compound thin lens, 5.78 Compressed-air requirements, 3.925 to 3.929 and pressure loss, 3.493 receiver volume for, 3.331 of tools, 3.326 Compression index, 1.285 Compression ratio, engine, 3.294 Compression test triaxial, 1.272 unconfined, 1.270 to 1.272 Compressors, 13.20 cost considerations, 13.20 Computers for process control, 7.6 to 7.8 Concave mirrors, 5.73 Concordant trajectory. 1.190 Concrete joist, 2.34 Condensate heat recovery, 13.9 Condensate pump selection, 3.374 to 3.378 Condensers, steam, 3.246 to 3.254 Condensing turhine output, 3.238 to 9.240 Conjugate-beam method, 1.50 Connector ‘beam-to-column (see Beam connection) for pipe joint, 1.71 to resist horizontal shear, 1.84, 1.85, 1,203, 2.31 to 2.34 riveted, 1.68 to 1.75 riveted moment, 2.7 semirigid, 2.6 timber, 1.121 to 1.125 of truss members, 2.5, 2.6 welded, 1.74, 1.75, 2.9 to 2.13 Connectors, shear,1.203, 2.34 Conservation of energy (see Energy conser- vation) Constant-entropy steam process, 3.219 Constant-pressure steam process, 3.214Constant-temperature steam process, 3.218 Constant-volume steam process, 3.215 to 3.217 Control engineering, 7.1 to 7.48 Bode plot, 7.22, 7,27, 7.31, 7.34, 7.36 computers for, 7.6 to 7.8 developing a transfer function, 7.30 feedback control system, 7.33 fluid amplifiers for, 7.14 NAND gate circuit, 7.41 to 7.45 Karnaugh map for, 7.41 to 7.43 with two logie levels. 7.42 to 7.45 phase-lig compensator design, 7.31 process system, 7.2 to 7.4 process temperature, 7.4 pump selection to, 7.10 servo systems, 7.90 ta 7.30 active network solution, 7.29 angular-position system analysis, 7.21 closed-loop transfer function, 7.21, 7.26 compensation network, 7.28 de gain function, 7.29 with loop delay, 7.25 Joop-gain function analysis, 7.22 open-loop transfer function, 7.21 overshoot and settling time, 7.24 Routh array for stability determination, 7.20 Routh criterion for stability determina tion, 7.20 stability determination, 7.20 1 steam-control valves, 7.45 to 7.48 pressure-reducing valves, 7.45 to 7.48 for steam boilers, 7.110 temperature-measuring amplifier, 7.37 equivalent circuit for, 7.39 instrument, analysis of, 7.38 transfer function, 7.21, 7.26, 7.30, 7.35 phase shift, 7.31 valve selection for, 7.8 to 7.10 waveform rms vale, 7.40 average value of, 7.40 Control valves, 7.8 to 7.10, 7.12 to 7.20 characteristics and rangeahility of, 7.12 to Td flow considerations of, 7.15 to 7.20 for process control, 7.8 to 7.10 steam-control and pressure-reducing, 7.45 to 7.48 Controlled-volume pump, 7.10 Converse-Labarre equation, 1.288 Convex mirror, 5.73 INDEX —L7 Conveyor characteristics, 3.340 horsepower (kW) requirements, 3.341 maximum belt speeds, 3.342 minimum belt width, 3.341 serew-type, 3.342 to 3.344 capacities and speeds of, 3.342 material factors for. 3.343 size factors for, 3.341 Cooling of electric motors, 4.87 Cooling coils, 2.82 to 25 bypass factors for, 2.82 chavacteristies of, 2.808 selection of, 2.88 to 2.93 Cooling ponds, 3.248 to 3.250 Cooling systems for electronics, 5.25, 5.71 heat pump selection, 5.71 to 5.73 Cooling water: for air compressors, 3.330 engine, 3.306 to 3.311 Cost estimates for plant and equipment, 6.34 to 6.54 centrifugal-pump and electric-motor, 6.50 to 6.54 correlations in, 6.46 to 6.54 heat exchangers and storage tanks, 6.46 Cost of alternatives, 13.14 capital cost of, 13.31 energy plots for, 13.22 and gas turbines, 13.25 Cost vs. benefit, analysis of, 12.47 selection of profit with, 13.3 Coulomb's theory, 1.274 Countersinking, time and power for, 3.152 ‘Couplings, shaft, 3.39 to 3.48 flexible, 3.42 to 3.44 allowable misalignment of, 3.42 horsepower (kW) ratings of, 3.43 service factors for, 3.43 functional characteristics of, 3.46 high-speed, 3.44 operating characteristics of, 3.45 rigid flange-type, 3,39 selection for torque and thrust loads, 3.44 tuniversal-joint output variations, 3.47 Cover plates: for highway girder, 1,200 to 1.204 for plate girder, 1.84, 1.85 for rolled section, 1.79 to 1.82 for steel-and-concrete beam, 2.32 to 2.34luaveling, 4.87 Critical depth of fluid flow, 1.218 to 1.220 Gritical-path method (CPM) in project plan- ning, 12.55 to 12.59 Critical speed, pump, 3.381 Gross-border pollution, 3.206 Crusher power input, 6.12 Culmination of star. 1.235 Curve: circular, 1.236 to 1.241 compound, 1.239 to 1.24L transition, 1.241 to 1.244 vertical (see Vertical parabolic curve) Curved springs, 3.82 to 3.84 Cut, length and angle of, 3.150 Cutting speeds: ‘economical, 3.176 for lowest-cost machining, 3.181 for materials, 3.149 Cutting time keyway, 3.150 tool feed rate and, 3.152 Darcy-Weisbach formula, 1213 to 1.215 Declination of star, 1.234 Deflection: of beam, 1.48 to 1.53 of cantilever frame, 1.52 by conjugate-beam method, 1.50 by double-integration method, 1.49 by moment-area method, 1.49 under moving loads, 1.67 of prestressed-conerete heam, 1.178 of reinforced-conerete continuous beam, 1.148, 1.149 of shafts, 3.13 to 3.15 pump, 3.381 of spring, 3.77 by unit-load method, 1.51 Deformation: of built-up member, 1.26 of member under axial load, 1.26 Degree of saturation, 1.265, 1.266 Departure of line, 1.226 Depletion and depreciation (see Deprecia- tion and depletion) Depreciation and depletion, 12.12 to 12.18 accounting for, 12.17 combination, 12.13, 12.15 constant-unit use, 12.15 declining-balance, 12.13 Depreciation and depleti declining-unit-use, 12.14 income from, 12.17 sinking-fund, 12.12 straight-line, 12.18 sum-of-the-digits, 12.15 taxes and earnings, 12.16 unit method, 12.17 Depth factor, 1.117 Designing parts, 3.110 to 3.112 Desuperheater, steam, 3.468, 3.475 Desuperheater condensers, 6.39 Diesel engines, 3.301 to 3.995 cooling water for, 3.306 to 3.311 displacement of, 3.302 horsepower (kW) of, 3.302, mean effective pressure of, 3.302 output of, 3.304 selection of, 3.303 Differential leveling, 1.230, 1.231 Digital control, fuel savings from, 3.543 Dimensional analysis, 1.224, 1.225 Dimpling metal parts, 3.183 to 3.185 Direct-current circuit analysis, 4.2 to 4.7 generator selection in, Kirchhoff’s laws for, 4, Direct-current permanent-magnet motors, 4.81 to 4.87 Displacement of truss joint, 1.29 Dissolved gas, effect of. on rotary pump, 3.384 to 3.386 Distance: double meridian, 1.227, 1.228 sight, 1.249 Double-integration method, 1.49 Dovetails, dimensions of, 3.152 Dowel pins, sizing of, 3.147 Dowels: in column footing, 1.157 to 1.159 in retaining wall, 1.165 Drains: building, 2.41 roof, 2.42 (See also Plumbing and drainage) Drawing of metals, 3.168, 3.183 to 3.185 Drill penetration rate, 3.183 Drilling, time and power for, 3.155 Dryers, coal, 3.293 Duct sizing, 2.96 to 2.105 equal-friction method, 2.96 to 2.102 friction chart for, 2.99 static-regain method, 2.102 to 2.105 Dummy pile, 1.291Earth thrust: ‘on bulkhead, 1.277 to 1.280 fon retaining wall, 1.273 to 1.275 ‘on timbered trench, 1.275 to 1.277 Earthwork, volume of, 1.232, 1.233 Economical cutting speeds and production rates, 3.176 Economies, engineering, of energy-from- wastes, 13.4 (See also Engineering economies} Economizer, heat transfer, 3.489 Efficiency, internal-combustion engines, 3.289, 9.290 Elasticity, modulus of, 1.25 Electric-are welding, 3.165 Electric brakes, 3.104 Electric comfort-heating load determination, 4.68 to 4.79 Electric heaters, 3.488 Electrie-motor controls. 4.148. characteristics and applications of, 4.48 to 4.50 constants for starting current, 4.52 dimensions of, 4.47 frame numbers for, 4.51 full-load current of, 4.32 locked-rotor kVA, 4.52 power ratings of, 4.45 selection of, 4.44 to 4.47 speed- and power-range applications of, 4.46 speed-torque characteristies of, 4.45, 4.47 Electric motors, 4.2 to 4.14, 4.44 to 4.51, 4.79 to 4.89 benefits, 4.81 cooling of, 4.87 cost of, 4.79 energy charge, present value, 4,80 flywheel selection for, 4.87 to 4.89 permanent-magnel type, 4.81 to 4.87 Electric transformers, 4.20 to 4.24 characteristics of, 4.22 coolant characteristics of, 4.22 load-center units, 4.23 selection of, 4.21 Electrical engineering, 4.1 to 4.92 circuit lengths in, 4.34 to 4.35, crane, traveling, 4.87 direct-current permanent-magnet motors, 4.81 to 4.87 electric motors, 4.79 to 4.89 cooling of, 4.87 cost of, 4.79 INDEX 1.9 Electrical engineering, electric motors (Cont.): cfficicney benefits, 4.81 energy charge, present value, 4.80 flywheel selection for, 4.87 to 4.89 permanent-magnet type, 4.81 to 4.87 power-factor benefits, 4.81 flywheels for electric motors, 4.87 to 4.89 effect of width on, 4.89 linear inertia of, 4.87 starting and stopping times, 4.88 total inertia of, 4.88 lightning protection, 4.9 to 4.12, 4.90 to 4.92 arrester selection, 4.9 to 4.12 ineidence of thunderstorms, 4.91 type of system to use, 4.90 zone of protection, 4.92 load estimating in, 4.33 to 4.37 ermanent-magnet motors, 4.81 to 4.87 analysis, 4.81 dimensionless efficiency curves, 4.85 electrical measurement analysis, 4.85 equivalent motor circuit, 4.86 factor of merit, 4.85 performance characteristics, 4.83 stall and drag torques, 4.83, 4.86 universal performance formulas, 4.82 thunderstorms, incidence of, 4.91 transformers, 4.20 to 4.24 Electronics engineering, 5.1 to 5.80 electronics—design and applications, 5.2 to 5.73 ac equivalent circuit synthesis for oper- ational amplifier, 5.53, amplifiers, 5.44 to 5.66 antenna selection, analysis of, 5.28 bipolar amplifier, 5.59 black-box amplifier, 5.35 buffer amplifier, 5.51 cooling of equipment, 5.25, 5.71 to 5.73 current drain, 5.51 filter distortion, 5.62 Fourier expression, 5.63 frequency-changer selection and appli- cation, 5.37 gnin-contral circuit, 5.57 heat pump, 5.71 to 5.73 high-pass filter design, 5.60 hybrid-parameter conversions, 5.31 to 5.35 integrated-cirouit selection, applications of, 5.14 to 5.171.10 INDEX Electronies engineering, electronies— design and applications (Cont.): JFET resistance of gain-control circuit, 5.58 large-scale integration, 5.35 low-pass filter design, 5.60 maintainability analysis in, 5.22 to 5.24 microwave transmitter analysis, 5.68 to 8.71 mismatch efficiency, 5.29 network synthesis, 5.64 operational amplifier, 5.53 to 5.57, 5.64 operational amplifier chain, 5.55 to 5.57 oscillator selection, application of, 5.14 output voltage of buffer amplifier, 5.51 power-supply analysis, selection of, 5.19 public-address systems, 5.30 reliahility analysis in, 5.20 to 5.22 satellite communications, 5.66 Smith chart use, 5.39 solid-state device evaluation, 5.3 to 5.5 sonar equations, 5.42 transistor selection, 5.5 amplifiers, 5.6, 5.13 transistorized amplifier, 5.44 equivalent circuit for, 5.45 gain control in, 5.52 transistorized circuit, 5.47 Toad line, 5.49 operating point, 5.48 small-signal, 5.49 tuned-cireuit Q values, 5.27 ultasonic-generators, 540 vacuum-tube: amplifier selection for, 5.1 characteristics of, 5.8, 5.11 worst-case transistor leakage current, 3.17 optics —mirror and lens systems, 5.73 to 5.80 compound thin-lens analysis, 5.78 to 5.80 lenses, image produced by, 5.76 to 5.78 mirrors, image produced by, 5.73 to 5.76 thick compound lens systems analysis, 5.78 Energy, solar (see Solar energy) Energy conservation, 3.509 to 3.562 air-cooled heat exchanger, preliminary se- lection, 3.542 to 3.544 boiler conversion to coal, 3.533 to 3.535 boiler furnace size comparisons, 3.531 cogeneration costs, 3.525 to 3.530 flash tanks, sizing, 3.548 to 3.551 from waste alternatives, 13.4 fuel savings from direct digital control, 3.543 1 8.545 ground area, for coal burning plants, 3.537 heat exchanger, air-cooled, 3.542 heat-loss cost, 3.521 heat-rate improvement, 3.522 to 3.526 heat recovery from boiler blawdown, 538 high-temperature hot-water heating, 3.516 to 3.519 produced by heat recovery, 3.519 pump choice for, 3.394 to 3.395 from reduced boiler scale, 3.536 return on investment, 3.535 small hydro power analysis, 3.546 uninsulated pipes, cost of heat loss, 3.521 wind-energy systems for, 3.509 to 3.516 capital costs of machines, 3.514 electric power output, 3.510 kites for power generation, 3.514 machine performance curves, 3.513, machine selection, 3.509 types of machines, 3.511 to 3.514 Energy gradient, 1.221 Energy requirements of screw compressors, 13.20 Energy savings: in industrial hydraulic systems, 3.146 in plants, 6.22 plots of, 13.22 from recompression, 6.27 to 6.29 by relocating units, 6.25 from storage tanks and vessels, 6.22 to 6.25 from waste heat for refrigeration, 6.31 Engine lathe, 3.155 Engineering economies, 12.1 to 12.100 Kmbankment, stability of, 1.280 to 1.285 Emissions, credits, 6.33 reduction of, 13.8 Emptying vessel, time needed for, 6.59 Endownment fund, allowance for inflation, 12.34 alternative proposals, 12.18 to 12.32 annual cost, after-tax basis, 12.27 annual cost of asset, 12.18, 12.93 annual-cost studies, 12.20 asset replacement, 12,29 to 12.32 capitalized cost, 12.24 to 12.27Engineering economics, alternative pro- posals (Cont.) cost and come, 12.19 equipment replacement, 12.22 mannfachiring, break-even poi minimum asset life, 12.19 nonuniform operating costs, 12.21 present worth of future costs of an in- stallation, 12.24 analysis of business operations, 12.18 to 12.62 linear programming in, 12.48 optimal inventory level, 12.54 project planning using CPM/PERT, to 12.59 capital recovery, 12.7 cost comparison, 12,18 to 12.22 depreciation and depletion, 12,12 to 12.18 accelerated cost recovery, 12.12 accounting for, 12.17 combination, 12.13, 12,16 constant-unit use, 12.14 declining-balance, 12.14 declining-unit-use, 12.14 income from, 12.17 sinking-fund, 12.13 straight-line, 12.12 sum-of-the-digits, 12.15 taxes and earning, 12.16 unit method, 12.17 effects of inflation (see inflation, effects of, below) equivalent sums, 12.7 evaluation of investments, 12.35 to 12.48 allocation of capital, 12.37 to 12.41 apparent rates of return, 12.42 average rate of return, 12.44 benefit-cost analysis, 12.47 corporate bonds, 12.36 economic level of investment, 12.41 investment at an intermediate date, 12.45 investment-rate calculations, 12.37, 12.42 payback period, 12.46 premium worth method, 12.35 true rate of return, 12.43 inflation, effects of, 12.32 to 12.35 anticipated, 12.34 at constant rate, 12.32, ‘on endowment fund, 12.34 ‘on present worth of costs, 12.33 ‘on replacement cost, 12.32 at variable rate, 12.33 - 12.20 INDEX 1.1L Engineering economics (Cont, interest calculations, 12.4 to 12.7 compound, 12.5 effective rate, 12.7 simple, 12.5 nonuniform series, 12.8 perpetuity determination, 12.7 present worth, 12.68. of continuous cash flow of uniform rate, 12.11 of costs in inflationary period, 12.33 of future costs of installation, 12.24 of single payment, 12.6 of uniform-gradient series, 12.9 of unifirut series, 12.6 probability, 12.66 to 12.90 sinking fund, principal in, 12.6 sinking-fund deposit, 12.6 statistical inference, 12,73. statistics and probability, 12.62 to 12.100 arithmetic mean and median, 12.62 to 12.64 binomial distribution, 12.67 composite event, 12.70 decision making, 12.76, 12.89 to 12.100 of failure, 12.82 of false null hypothesis, 12.79 forecasting with a Markov process, 12.96 to 12.98 life span of devices, 12.81 to 12.85 life span of systems, 12.83 to 12.89 Markov process, 12.96 to 12.100 Monte Carlo simulation of commercial activity, 12.91 to 12.94 vegative-exponential distribution, 12.72 normal distribution, 12.70 to 12.72 number of ways of assigning work, 12.65 optimal inventory, 12.89 to 12.91 Pascal distribution, 12.68 to 12,60 permutations, and combinations, 12.64 to 12.73 Poisson distribution, 12.69 to 12.71 population mean, 12,75 proportion of sample, 12.78 to 12.80 sales forecasting by linear regression, 12.94 of sequence of events, 12.66 series of trials, 12.67 standard deviation, 12.62 to 12.64 standard deviation from regression line, 12.96 uniform series, 12.9 to 12.11 of unsatisfactory shipment, 12.8012 wwoex Enlargement of pipe, 1.215 L217 Environmental cleanup, 10.9 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 6.10, 10.8, 13.5, 13.17 Epicyclie gears, 3.37 Equal-friction duct sizing, 2.96 to 2.102 Equilibrant of force system, 1.7, 1.8 Equilibrium, equations of, 1.7 Equipotential line, 1.267 Equivalent-beam method, 1.279 Equivalent length of pipes, 3.410, 3.411 Estimating, cost of cogeneration alterna- fives, 19.14 cost of waste disposal, 13.5 electrical loads, 4.33 to 4.37 Euler equation for column, 1.89 Evaluation of investments, 12.35 to 12.48 Excess-air analysis, 6.33 Expansion, pipe, 3.4534 bends, 3.453, joints, 3.455 Expansion fits, 3.170 Expected life, designing for, 3.110 to 3.112 Explosion vent, sizing of, 13.42 Extraction turbine, 3.298 to 3.300 Eyebar, 2.3 F chart method, 2.135 to 2.141 Facing, time for, 3.155 Factor of safety, 3.113 to 3.116 Fans, draft controls for, 3.290 to 3.292 selection of, 3.281 to 3.285 Fatigue loading, 1.93, 1.94 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERO), 13.27 Feed rate, tool, 3.152 Feedhack control system, 7.33 Feeders, electrical, 4.63 Feedwater heaters, 3.258 to 3.267 closed, 3.259 to 3.264 Girect-contact, 3.258 extraction-cycle, 3.264 to 3.268 Feedwater regulators, boiler, 7.1L Filter distortion, 5.62 Finned-tube heat exchangers, 3.484 to 3.486 Fired-heat composite curve (FHC), 13.22 Fixed-end moment, 1.56 Fixture, plumbing, 2.398. demand weight of, 2.47. Flash tank, sizing, 3.548 to 3.551 Flashing condensate, line sizing for, 6.20 to 6.22 Flexural stress (see Bending stress) Flow line, 1.267 Flow set, 1.267, 1.268 Flue gas, 3.560 Flue-gas heat recovery, 13.8 Fluid amplifiers, 7.14 Fluid velocity in pipes, 3.397 Flying height for aerial photographs, 1.255 to 1.257 Flywheels, 3.7, 4,87 to 4.89 for electric motors, 4.87 to 4.89 effect of width, 4.89 linear inertia of, 4.87 starting and stopping times, 4.88 total inertia of, 4.88 Footing combined, 1.159 to 1.161 isolated square, 1.157 to 1.159 settlement of, 1.286 sizing of, by Housel’s method, 1.287 stability of, 1.284, 1.285 Force, hydrostatic, 1.204 to 1.206 Force fit, 3.117 Force polygon, 1.10, 1.289 Form coefficients, vessel, 9.2 Form milling, 3.160 Fouling factors, heat-exchanger, 3.482 Fourier expression. 5.63, Francis equation, 1.212 Frequency of vibrating bent, 2.37 Frequency changers, 5.37 Friction, static, 1.8, 1.9 Friction damping, 3.108 to 3.110 Friction factor for Bingham plasties, 6.54 to 6.57 Friction head, pipe, 3.416 to 3.420 Fuel, industrial waste, 3.281 low-sulfur Diesel, 3.319 Fuel-consumption factors, 2.64 Fuel oil, combustion of, 3.193 Fuel savings: from direct digital control, 3.543 to 3.545 from heat recovery, 8.503 Fuse, classes of, 4.66 Gain-control circuit, 5.57 JPET resistance of, 5.58 Gang milling, 3.157 Gas, flow rate of, 3.422 Gas and vapor disposal for plants, 6.29Gas bearings, 3.75 to 3.77 Gas engines, 3.289 to 3.313 Gas pressure loss in pipes, 2.55ff., 3.421, 3.422 Gas turbines, 3.297 to 3.298 inlet air temperature, 3.206 Gases, properties of mixtures of, 3.286 Gear drives, 3.33 to 3.37 bearing loads in, 3.34 force ratio of, 3.35 moment of inertia of, 9.3% transmission gear ratio, 3.37 Gear trains, 3.37 epieyclic, 3.37 planetary, 3.38 Gearcd speed reducer, 3.54 Gears, 3.24 to 3.39 bearing loads of, 3.94 bore diameter of, 3.36 dimensions of, 3.31 epwychic, 3.37 force ratio of, 3.35 horsepower (kW) rating of, 3.32 for light loads, 3.29 to 3.31 moment of inertia of, 3.33 pitch selection of, 3.298% planetary, 3.38 plastics, 8.125 to 8.128 ratio for, 3.37 selection of: by application, 3.26 by arrangement of equipment, 3.28 by convenience, 3.27 size of, 3.25 speed of, 3.24 type of, 2.25 General wedge theory, 1.275 to 1.277 Geothermal power generation, 13.27 Graphical analysis: of cable with concentrated loads, 1.15 to 116 of force system, 1.7, 1.8 of pile roup, 1.288 to 1.290 of plane truss, 1.10 to 1.12 Grillage under column, 2.16 to 2.19 Grille, outlet and return, 2.114 to 2.118 Grinding feed and work time, 3.159 Gusset plate, 2.5 Gutter sizes, 2.44 INDEX 1.13 Hankinson’s equation, 1.121 Hardy Cross method, 11.5 Hazardous air pollutants (HAP), 6.41 Hazen-Williams formula, 3.435, 11.4 Head friction, loss in water pipe, 3.415 total, on a pump, 3.357 to 3.361 Heat, waste, 6.33, Heat of mixing, 6.5 Heat balance, boiler, 3.204 to 3.206 draft fans, 3.281 to 3.285 ducts and uptakes, 3.285 to 3.290 efficiency of, 3.268 fire-tube, analysis of, 3.270 steam, selection of, 3.278 to 3.281 Heat exchangers: costs, 6.46 to 6.50 selection of air-cooled, 3.542 Heat insulation for pipes, 3.410 Heat loss, cost of, 3.521 Heat-loss determination, 2.61 Heat-loss factors, 4.7 to 4.78 for concrete slabs, 4.77 for frame walls, 4.75 for infiltration, 4.76 for residential ceilings, 4.75 for roofing, 4.78 for windows, 4.78 for wood floors, 4.76 for wooden doors, 4.78 Heat pump: analysis of, 3.504 to 3.507 cooling electronic devices, 5.71 to 5.73 Heat-rate improvement, 3.523 to 3.526 Heat recovery. from boiler blowdown, 3.542 boilers, 13.31 engine, 3.317 from lighting systems, 2.79, 4.79 steam generator (HKSG), 13.25 unit, 13.12 Heat transfer, 3.474 to 3.491 actual temperature difference of, 3.480 to 3.482 air-cooled, selection of, 3.540 to 3.543 in barometric condensers, 3.483 cunts, 6.46 to 6.50 clectric, 3.488 exchangers for, 3.475 to 3.489 finned-tube type, 3.484 to 3.486 fouling factors in, 3.482 quick design and evaluation, 3.552 to 3.560114 wpex Heat transfer (Cont.) selecting type of, 3.475 shell-and-tube type, 3.475 to 3.480 spiral type, 3.486 Heating, electric comfort, 4.68 to 4.79 Heating systems: applications of, 2.63, coils for, 2.72 condensate formation rate of, 2.73 final temperatures in, 273 fuel-consumption factors for, 2.64 passive solar, 2.145 to 2.150 selection of, 2.62 tw 2.65 solar, 2.134 to 2.141, 2.145 to 2.150 steam consumption of, 2.70 to 2.72 Heaters: electric, 3.488 feedwater, 3.258 to 3.267 closed, 3.259 to 3.264 direct-contact, 3.258 extraction-eycle, 3.264 to 3.268 Helical springs, 3.78 to 3.81 High-pass filter design, 5.60 High-temperature hot-water heating, 3.516 to 3.519 High-vacuum systems, 3.332 to 3.338 pipe size for, 3.337 pumping speed for, 3.327 pumps for, 3.332 to 3.338 systean factors for, 3.336 Hobbing time, 3.163 Horsepower (kW) for metalworking, 3.179 to 3.181 Hot water: domestic hot-water heater, 2.141 to 2.145 heating with high-temperature, 3.516 to ‘519 ipe sizes for, 244 to 2.51 piping systems for, 2.51 temperatures for various services, 2.51 Housel’s method, 1.287 Hull type, marine vessel, 0.22 Humidifiers, selection of, 2.105 to 2.110 capacities of, 2.107 location of, 2.108 piping for, 2.110 recommended humidities for, 2.109 steam required by, 2.106 Hybrid-parameter conversions, 5.31 to 5.35 Hydraulic gradient, 1.215, 1.266 Hydraulic jump, 1.220, 1.221 Hydraulle piston, 3.1386. accelerating force, 3.139 Hydraulic piston (Cont.): cushioning pressure, 3.134 fluid low required, 3.139 Hydraulic radius, 1.215 pipe, 3.414 Hydraulic similarity, 1.225 Hydraulic systems, 3.117 to 3.121 ‘energy savings in industrial, 3.145 valving and piping for, 3.121 Hydraulic turbines from centrifugal pumps, 3.376 to 3.381 Hydro sites, 13.34 small, 3.546 Hydropneumatie accumulator, 3.144 final gas pressure, 3.144 final volume, 3.145 kinetic energy absorbed, 3.144 Hydropneumatic storage tank, sizing, 3.375 Hydrostatic bearings, 3.69 to 3.75 journal, 3.69 to 3.72 multidirection-type, 3.72 to 3.75 thrust, 3.67 to 3.69 Hydrostatie force: on curved surface, 1.206 fon plane surface, 1.204, 1.205 Immiscible-solution characteristics, 6.10 Impact load, 1.29 Indicators, engine, 3.294 Indoor lighting, 4.51 to 4.59 Industrial building ventilation, 13.44 Industrial Fuel Use Act (IFUA), 13.17 Industrial waste fuel, 13.7 Inflation, effects of, 12.32 to 12. anticipated, 12.34 at constant rate, 19.39 on endowment fund, 12.34 on present worth of costs, 12.33, on replacement cost, 12.32 at variable rate, 12.33 Influence line for bridge truss, 1.60 to 1.62 for three-hinged arch, 1.66 Initial yielding, 1.97 Insolation determination, solar, 2.132 to 2.14, 2.147 Integrated circuits, 5.14. Interaction diagram, 1.150 to 1.156 Interest calculations, 12.4 to 12.7 Interior lighting, 4.51 to 4.59 Internal-combustion engines, 3,201 to 3.325 bypass cooling system for, 3.312 to 3.317Internal-combustion engines (Cont. ): ‘compression ratio of, 3.306 cooling-water requirements of, 3.306 to 3.311 hookups for, 3.308 slant diagrams for, 3.309 displacement of, 3.302 efficiency of, 3.301 fuel storage capacity and cost, 3.318 horsepower (kW) of, 3.302 hot-water heat recovery, 3.317 indicator, use for, 3.305 low-sulfur fuel, 3.319 mean effective pressure of, 3.302 vil evolers for, 3.320 output at high temperatues and high alti tudes. 3.304 performance factors for, piston speed of, 3.306 power input to pumps for, 3.319 selection of, 3.303 solids entering, 3.391 torque of, 3.306 vent system for, 3.311 to 3.312 Interplanetary flight, 8.14 Inventory, optimal level of, 12.54, 12.89 to 12.01 Inverted-tooth (silent) chain drive, 3.48 Investments: ‘evaluation of, 12.35 to 12.48 return on, for energy savings, 3.518 Involute splines, 3.106 to 3.108 face width of, 3.107 number of teeth for, 3.108 size of, 3.107 321 to 3.325, Jet-plane speed, 8.23 Joists, reinforced-concrete, 2.348 Karnaugh map, construction of, 7.58 to 7.60 with distinctive blocks, 7.61 incomplete block, use of, 7.63, large block, use of. 7.62 reduction of expression, 7.60 Kern distance, 1.176 Keyway, cutting of, 3.148 Kirchhoff's laws, 4.5 Kites for wind energy. 3.500 Knee: curved, 2.14 rectangular, 2.133 Krey ¢-circle method of analysis, 1.282 INDEX LIS Laminar flow, 1.212, 1.213 in pipes, 3.426 Landfills, mining of, 1.286 Laplace equation, 1.267 Large-scale integration, 5.95 Latitude of line, 1.226 Learning curves, 3.173 to 3.176 Lenses, 5.76 to 5.80 ‘compound thin analysis, 5.78 to 5.80 images produced by, 5.76 to 5.78 thick compound systems analysis, Leveling, differential. 1.230, 1.231 Life of springs, 3.98 designing parts for expected, 3.110 to B.112 Light-gage steel beam: with stiffened flange, 2.28 to 2.30 with unstiffened steel flange, 2.27 Lighting systems, 4.51 to 4.63 heat recoverable from, 2.79, 4.79 indoor, 4.51 to 4.59 coefficients of utilization of, 4.57 illumination level of, 4.52 light sources for, 4.54 performance fuctors in, 4.58 outdoor, 4.59 to 4.63 pole placements for. 4.61 recommended lighting levels for, 4.60 Lightning protection, 4.9 to 4.12, 4.90 to 4.92 arrester selection, 4.9 to 4.12 incidence of thunderstorms, 4.91 type of system to use, 4.90 zone of protection, 4,92 Line sizing for Mashing undensate, 6.20 to 6.22 Linear transformat 1.190 Liquid, 3.4248 siphon, 3.424 specific gravity of, 3.425 Viscosity of, 3.425 Liquid-liquid separation, 6.13 Liquid springs, 3.91 Liquid-vapor separators, 6.41 to 6.45 horizontal, 6.43 to 6.45 vertical, 6.41 to 6.43 Load, structural, 1486, 1.724 eccentric, 1.488, 1.72ff on pile group, 1.48 on rectangular section, 1.45 on riveted connection, 1.72 to L74 on welded connection, 1.75 moving (see Moving-load system) 78, n, principle of, 1.188 to116 INDEX Load factor, 1.95 Load-stress factors, 3.113, Looping pipes, 1.216 Lot size in manufacturing, 3.174 Low-pass filter design, 5.60 Lube-oil coolers, engine, 3.308 Mach 2.5 air stream, 8.26 Machine design and analysis, 3.7 to 3.146 Magnel diagram, 1.176 to 1.178, 1.193 to 1.195 Maintainability, electronic, 5.22 to 5.24 Manning formula factor, 1.215, 11.22 Maps, Karnaugh, 7.58 to 7.64 Marine engineering, 9.1 to 9,22 choice of vessel, 9.22 hull type, 9.22 immersion and flooding effects, 9.10 ‘marine propeller shafts, 9.6 nuclear propulsion, 9.15 to 9.17 power-plant selection in, 9.13 to 9.16 propeller selection, 9.7 to 9.9 pump selection in, 9.10 to 9.13, refrigeration and air conditioning, 9.19 to 9.21 revolutions of propeller, 9.9 tanker capacity, 9.17 to 9.18 vessel choice, 9.22 vessel form coefficients, 9.2 power for propulsion, 9.4 to 9.6 shallow-water speed, 9.3 to 9.5 speed, 9.9 wetted area, 9.3 vessel seakeeping potential, 9.22 Marine refrigeration and air conditioning, 9.19 to 9.21 Markov process in sales forecasting, 12.96 to 12.100 Material balance, 6.6 Materials handling, 3.338 to 3.352 bulk elevators and conveyors, 3.338 to 3.342 conveyor characteristics, 3.340 horsepower (kW) required for, 3.341 maximum belt speeds for, 3.342 minimum belt width for, 3.341 pneumatic conveying systems, 3.344 to 3.35 air quantities for, 3.348 design calculations for, 3.346 duct diameters for, 3.348 Materials handling, pneumatic conveying systems (Cont, }: duet gages for, 3.351 duct resistance in, 3.349 entrance losses of, 3.350 serew conveyors, 3,342 to 3.344 capacity and speed of, 3.342 material factors for, 3.343 size factors for, 3.343 Maxwell's theorem, 1.68, Mean effective pressure, 3.000 Mechanical-drive turbines, 3.000 to 3.000 Mechanical engineering, 3.1 to 3.562 Mechanism method of plastic design, 1.101 Membrane vibration, 3.145 Meridian, 1.234 Metacenter, 1.208 Metalworking, 3.148 to 3.180 angle and length of cut, 3.152 bending, dimpling, and drawing, 3.183 to 3.185 blank diameters for, 3.185 blanking, drawing, and necking, 3.168 breakeven in, 3.187 to 3.189 Brinnel hardness, 3.176 broaching, 3.163 centerless grinder, 3.183 cutting speed for lowest cost, 3.181 cutting speeds in, 3.149 cutting time in, 3.152 drill penetration rate, 3.183 economical cutting speeds and production rates, 3.176 element time in, 3.149 grinding, 3.162 hobbing, 3.163 horsepower (kW) required for, 3.179 to 3.181 keyway cutting, 3.150 leaning curves in, 3.173 to 3.176 mechanical-press capacity, 3.167 milling-machine feed and approach, 3.351 milling operations, 3.159 to 3.161 minimum lot size for, 3.153 ‘operator time of, 3.119 optimum lot size in, 3.177 oxyacetylene cutting, 3.165 planer operations, 3.161 plating of metals, 3.169 precision dimensions, 3.178 ress fits, 3.170 presswork force, 3.167 reorder quantity for, 3.181Metalworking (Cont.} savings with more machinable materials 3.182 sawing time, 3.164 serrating time, 3.163 shaper operations, 3.161 shrink fits, 3.170 splining, 3.163 tapers and dovetails, 3.151 tapping time, 3.156 thread milling, 3.182 threading time, 3.156, 3.157 time and power for, 3.154 boring, 3.154 countersinking, 3.154 drilling, 3.154 facing, 3.155 reaming, 3.154 time to tap. 3.156, 3.158 time to thread, 3.158 tool-change time in, 3.153 tool feed rate in, 3.15% true unit time of, 3.153 turning time for, 3.153 turret-lathe power, 3.157 constants for, 3.158 Methane gas, 13.8 Method: of joints, 1.12 to 1-1 of sections, 1-14 of slices, 1.280 to 1.282 Microwave transmitter analysis, 5.68 to 5.71 Milling machine: cutting speed of, 3.159 feed for, 3.148, 3.159 horsepower (kW) of, 3.159 teeth number for, 3.159 Mine surveying, 1.250 to 1.255 Minimum lot size, 3.153 Minimum safe flow for pump, 3.378 Mining landfills, 1.286 Mirrors, analysis of image produced by, 5.73 t0 5.76 concave, 5.73 convex, 5.73 plane, 5.73 Mismatch, efficiency, 5.29 Missiles, range of, 8.13 Mixer cooling-water flow rate, 6.12 Mixing of two airstreams, 2.93 Modulus of elasticity, 1.25 of rigidity. 1,36 INDEX 1.17 Mohr's circle of stress, 1.30, 1 1.273 Moisture content: of saturated air, 2.107 of soil, 1.265, 1.266 Molal method of combustion analysis, 3.201 to 3.203 Mollier diagram, steam, 3.209 to 3.211 Moment: bending (see Bending moment) of inertia, 1.22 to 1.25 polar, 1.22 to 1.25 statical, 1.23 Moment-area method, 1.49#f. Moment distribution, 1.57 Monte Carlo simulation, 12.91 to 12.94 Motors, electric (see Electric motors) Moving-load system: on beam, 1.59, 1.61, 1.67 on bridge truss, 1.60 to 1.64 Multiple milling, 3.160 Multirate helical springs, 3.87 1, 1.270 to Nadir of observer, 1.234 NAND gate circuit, 7.41 to 7.45 Karnaugh map for, 7.41 to 7.43, with two logic levels, 7.42 to 745 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 13.18 Natural gas, combustion of, 3.194 to 3.199 Necking of metals, 3.165 Net positive suction head for pumps, 3.362 Network synthests, 5.64 Neutral axis in composite beam, 1.41 Neutral point, 1.63 NO, formation, 6.41, 13.18 Noise-reduction material, 3.125 to 3.126 Noncircular shafts, 3.130 to 3.138 composite, 3.132 eross-shaped, 3.138 four-keyway, 3.135 four-spline, 3.133, milled, 3.133 pinned-shaft, 3.137 rectangular, 3.137 single-keyway, 3.134 single-spline, 3.136 two-keyway, 3.135 two-spline, 3.136 Noncondensable gases (NCGs), 13.28 Nonuniform series, 12.8 Notice of commencement (NOC), 6.11118 npex Nonutility generation (NUG), 19.27 Nuclear power plants, 9.16, 10.2 to 10.12 cycle analysis, 10.3 to 10.6 and desalting plants, 10.10 to 10.13 fissionable material for, 10.7 murine, 9.16 to 9.17 power reactor selection, 10.2 reactor characteristics. 10.3 reactor fuel consumption, 10.6 spent fuel care, 10.8 Nuclear radiation, effects of, on humans, 10.8 Observation satellites, 8.18 OiL-film bearings, 3.60 Oil pipes, pressure loss in, 3.427 to 3.433 Operating costs, 13.17 Operating speed for pumps, 3.348 to 3.345 Operational amplifier, 5.53 to 5.57, 5.64 ac equivalent circuit synthesis, 5.53 chain, 5.55 to 5.57 de output of, 5.55 node-defined, 5.56 network synthesis with, 5.64 Optics, 5.73 to 5.80 compound thin-lens analysis, 5.78 t lenses, image produced by, 5.76 to 5.78 mirrors, image produced by, 5.73 to 5.76 thick compound lens system analysis, 5.78 Optimal inventory level, 12.54, 12.89 to 12.91 Optimum lot size, 3.153 Orifice: flow through, 1.211 meter, 3.411 variation in head on, 1.222 Onfice meter, pipe, 3.411 Oscillator, selection of, 5.14 Outdoor lighting, 4.59 to 4.63 Oxyacetylene cutting, 3.165 to 3.166 Ozone ‘Transport Commission, 3.319 Parabolic curve: coordinates of, 1.186 vertical (see Vertical parabolic curve) Pascal probability distribution, 12,68 to 12.69 Passive solar heating, 2.145 to 2.151 Payback period of investments, 12.46, Performance curves, wind-energy machines, 3.513 Permanent-magiet motors, 4.51 to 4.87 analysis, 4.81 dimensionless efficiency curves, 4.85 electrical measurement analysis, 4.85 equivalent motor circuit, 4.86 factor of merit, 4.85 performance characteristics, 4.83 stall and drag torques, 4.83, 4.86 ‘universal performance formulas, 4.82 Permeability of soil, 1.267 PEKU in project planning, 12.55 to 12.59 Phase-lag compensator design, 7.31 g-cirele method, 1.282 Photogrammetry, aerial (see Aerial photo- grammetry) Pile-driving formula, 1.288 Pile group: under concentric load, 1.288 under eccentric load, 1.48 load distribution within, 1.289 to 1.292 Piping (and fluid flow), 3.396 to 3.474 allowable stresses in, 3.398 anchor force in, 8.453 chart determination of friction head, 3.416 to 3.420 cold-spring effect, 3.442 compressed-air pressure loss, 3.433 corrugated expansion joint, 8.457 to 3.459 equivalent length: of parallel pipeline, 3.423 of series pipeline, 3.422 expansion-bend stress, deflection of, 3.453 flow of water in pipes, 1.209 to 1.217 fluid velocities in 3.397 friction loss, for solids in 3.472 ‘1s pressure loss, 2.558, 3.434 flow rate of, 3.434 hanger selection for, 3.434 to 3.442 spacing, 3.442 Hazen-Williams formula, 3.415 head loss in water piping, 3.415 heat insulation for, 3.410 heat loss in uninsulated, 3.521 hydraulic radius of, 3.411 Jaminar flow, pressure loss with, 3.426 liquid siphon height, 3.494 liquid specific gravity in, 3.425 liquid velocity in, 3.414 liquid viscosity in, 3.425 orifice meter for, 3.411 pipe bends for, 3.443 to 3.454 pipe slope for, 3.442 sspension,Piping (Cont.): plastic piping, 3.471 plumbing (see Plumbing and drainage) pressure loss: in oil pipes, 3.427 to 3.433 in steam piping, 3.399 to 3.403 ressure-reducing valves for water, 3.420 to 3.421 pressure-regulating valve for, 3.412 to 3.414 relative carrying capacity of, 3.420 schedule number of, 3.396 single-plane bends in, 3,443 to 3.446 slip-type expansion joint, 3.455 to 3.457 steam transmission lines, 3.460 to 3.468 accumulator selection and sizing, 3.469 to 3.471 desuperheater analysis. 3.468 steam trap selection for, 3.404 to 3.410 bucket-trap capacity, 3.409 coefficient of heat transfer for, 3.406 condensate formed, 3.407 factors in, 3.404 impulse-trap capacities, 3.409 specific heats for, 3.405, uunit-heater correction factors for, 3.408 tabular determination of friction head, 416 to 3.420 three-plane behds in, 3.451 to 3.453, two-plane bends in, 3.446 to 3.449 wall thickness of, 3.396ff wall thickness determination by ANSI piping code formula, 3.396 to 3.300 warm-up condensate load of, 3.403 water-hammer effects, 3.425 water-meter, sizing of, 3.422 Plane mirror, 5.73 Plancr characteristics, 3.156 to 9.159 Planetary gears, 3.38 Plant gas and vapor disposa Plastic design, 1.97 to 1.116 of beam-column, 1.114 un, 1.102 to 1.105 definitions relating to, 1.97 of gable frame, 1.110 to 1.114 mechanism method of, 1.101 of rectangular frame, 1.105 to 1.110 shape factor in, 1.99 statical method of, 1.100 Plastic gears, 3.125 to 3.128 horsepower (kW) equations, 3.126 materials for, 3.126 safe stress for, 3.125 Plastic hinge, 1.98 6.29 INDEX — 1.19 Plastic modulus, 1.98 Plastic moment, 1.98 Plastic piping, 3.459 Plate girder, 1.84 to 1.88, Plating of metals, 3.169 Plumbing and drainage, 2.37 to 2.61 cold- and hot-water piping, 2.44 to 2.51 gas piping, 2.55 to 2.57 pipe-size determination for, 2.37 to 2.42 ruof and yurd rainwater systems, 2.42 to 2.44 sprinkler systems. 2,52 to 2.54 swimming-pool sizing, 2.58 Preumatie conveying systems, 3.344 to 3.352, design calculations for, 3.346 duct diameters and arens for, 3.948 duct gages for, 3.351 duct resistance chart for, 3.349 entrance losses for, 3.350 exhaust air quantities in, 3.348 Poisson probability distribution, 12.69 to 12.70, 12.82 Poisson's ratio, 3.119 Polar moment of inertia, 1.22 to 1.25 Polluted beach, cleaning of, 13.40 Pollution: air, reduction of, 2.145, 2.150 audio, 2.125 cross-border, 3.206 by tabacco smoke, 2.120 Porosity of soil, 1.265 Portal method of wind-stress analysis, 2.19 to2.21 Power: of flowing Kiquid, 1.211 generation of (see Power generation) marine nuclear, 9.16 to propel vessels. 9.4 t0 9.6 Power distribution for plan Power factor: analysis of, 4.28 determination of, 4.26 improvement of, 4.26 Power generation, 3.208 to 3.300 air-ejector analysis, 3,252 to 3.254 barometric condenser analysis, 3.255 with biomass, 13.27 bleed-stream regenerative cycle, 3.227 to 3.233 boiler efficiency in, 3.268 to 3.270 boiler selection, 3.278 to 3.281 air duets for, 3.285 to 3.290 4.37 to 4.401.20 moex Power generation, boiler selection (Cont.): fan control selection, 3.290 to 3.292 fan selection in, 3.281 to 3.285 coal-dryer analysis, 3.293 coal storage capacity, 3.295 condenser. water pressure loss in, 3.254 weight analysis of, 3.254 condensing turbine analysis, 3.238 to 3.240 constant-entropy steam process, 3.219 constant-pressure steam process, 3.214 constant-temperature steam process, 3.218, constant-volume steam process, 3.215 to 3.217 cooling-pond sizing, 3.257 to 3.258 feedwater heaters, 3.258 to 3.267 closed, 3.959 ta 3.264 direct-contact, 3.258 extraction-cycle, 3.264 to 3.268 fire-tube boiler analysis, 3.270 geothermal, 13.27 internal-combustion engines for, 3.301 to 3.325, irreversible adiabatic compression, 3.221 to 3.922 irreversible adiabatic expansion, 3.222 mechanical-drive turbine analysis, 3.236 to 3.938 nuclear (see Nuclear power plants) properties of gas mixtures, 3.234 regenerative-cycle performance, steam turbine, 3.240 to 3.242 regenerative-gas turbine, 3.297 to 3.298 reheat cycle performance, 3.233 to 3.236 reheat-regenerative heat rate, 3.243 reversible heating process, 3.225 to 3.227 safety valve: capacity of, 3.271 selection of, for boiler, 3.272 to 3.277 smokestack sizing, 3.292 steam condenser: air-ejector analysis for, 3.252 to 3.254 ‘carculating-water pressure loss in, 3.254 performance of, 3.246 to 3.249 selection af, 9.950 weight analysis of, 3.254 steam injection, 3.296 steam Mollier diagram for, 3.209 to 3.214 steam-quality determination, 3.277 steam table use for, 3.200 to 3.214 interpolation of values in, 3.211 to 3.214 steam turbine-gas turbine cycles, 3.245 Power gencration (Cont.): superheater pressuredrop, 3.277 throttling processes, 3.223 Power-plant thermal pollution, 13.47 Power plants, marine, 9.13 to 9.16 Tower savings iu iudustiial hydraulic sys- tems, 3.146 Power-supply analysis, 5.19 Power transmission, 3.56 Powerboats, coefficients for, 9.6 Precision dimensions in metalworking, 3.175 Premanufacture notificaton (PMN), 6.10 Present worth: of continuous cash flow of uniform rate, 1 of costs in inflationary period, 12.33 of future costs of an installation, 12.24 of single payment, 12.6 of uniform-gradient series, 12.9 of uniform series, 12.6 Pressing, 3.167, 3.170 Pressure, soil, 1.47, 1.269, 1.270 Pressure center, 1,204 Pressure loss: in oil pipes, 3.427 to 3.433 in reducing valves for water piping, 3.420 in regulating valves, 3.412 to 3.414 for solids in suspension, 8.472 in steam pipes, 3.399 Pressure prism of fluid, 1.205 Pressure-reducing valves, 7.45 to 7.48 for water piping, 3.420 Pressure vessel: prestressed, 1.32 thick-walled, 1.33, thin-walled, 1.32, Pressurized joint, bolt diameter, 3.121 to 3.125; endurance limit of, 3.124 loss of clamping force, 3.124 required bolt area, 3.122 spring rate of, 3.123 tightening torque applied, 3.125 tightening torque required, 3.124 Presswork force, 3.167 Prestressed-conerete beam, 1.165 to 1.197 in balanced design, 1.166 concordant trajectory in, 1.190 continuity moment in, 1.188 continuous, 1-187 to 1.197 with nonprestressed reinforcement, 1.191 to L197 actions for, 1.197Prestressed-concrete beam (Cont.): deflection of, 1.178 guides in design of, 1.175 kern of, 1.176 linear transformation in, 1.188 to 1.190 loads carried by, 1.166 Magnel diagram for, 1-176 to 1.178, 1.193 to 1.195 notational system for, 1.166, 1.167 posttensioned, design of, 1.182 to 1.186 posttensioning of, 1.166 prestress shear and bending moment in, 1.167 pretensioned, design of. 1.179 to 1.182 pretensioning of, 1.165, 1.166 radial forces in, 1.187 stress diagrams for, 1.168 to 1.172 trajectory of prestressing force in, 1.166 transmission length of, 1.166 web reinforcement of, 1-181 Principal axis, 1.89 Principal plane, 1.30 to 1.32 Principal stress, 1.31, 1.32 Prismoidal method, 1.233 Probability, 12.66 to 12.90 binomial distribution, 12.67 composite event, 12.70 of failure, 12.52 of false null hypothesis, 12.79 negative-exponential distribution, 12.72 neyative-exponential life span, 12.51 to Pascal distribution, 12.68 Poisson distribution, 12.69 to 12.70, 12.82 of sequence of events, 12.66 series of trials, 12,67 of unsatisfactory shipment, 12.50 Process-control systems, 7.2 to 7.11 computers for, 7.6 to 7.8 mode of control for, 7.3 for temperature, 7.4 valves for, 7.8 Process plant engineering, 6.14 to 6.57 Bingham plasties, friction factor for, 6.54 to 6.57 cost estimates, 6.34 to 6.54 centrifugal-pump and electeic- 6.50 to 6.54 correlations in, 6.46 to 6.54 heat exchangers and storage tanks, 6.46 desnperheater condensers, 6.59 to 6.41 INDEX 1.21 Process plant engineering (Cont) energy loss savings, 6.22 by relocating units, 6.25 from storage tanks and vessels, 6.22 to 6.25 from waste heat for refrigeration, 6.31 energy savings, 6.22 to 6.29 from recompression, 6.27 to 6.29 exoeseair analysis, 6.33 flashing condensate, line sizing for, 6.20 to 6.22 friction factor for Bingham plastics, 6.54 to 6.57 gas and vapor disposal, plant, 6.29 heat exchanger and storage tank costs, 6.46 to 6.50 line sizing for flashing condensate, 6.20 to 6.22 liquid-vapor separators, 6.41 to 6.45 horizontal, 6.43 to 6.45 vertical, 6.41 to 6.43 rupture disks, 6.45 size and cost estimates, process equip- ment, 6.34 to 6.54 stack height, effective, 6.29 steam tracing: for piping, 6.14 vessel bottom, 6.15 steam transmission line, 6.17 without steam traps, 6.17 to 6.20 storage vessel. time to empty, 6.46 Venturi scrubbers, 6.34 to 6.39 waste-heat loss reduction, 6.33 Product of inertia, 1.24 Product cooling, 3.493 to 3.498 Project planing, 12.55 ws 12.62 selection, 13.3 Propellers, marine, 9.6 to 9.10 best combinations of, 9.8 critical thrust of, 9.9 diameter of shaft for, 9.6 revolutions of, 9.9 selection of, 9.7 to 8.9 slip of, 9.6 ind vessel speed, 9.9 Properties of combustion elements, 3.192 Psychrometrie charts, 2.90, 2.110 to 2.112 Public-address systems, 5. Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), 13.27 Pulley, load on shaft, 3.9 Pump-down time, vacuum systems, 3.352122 inpex Pumps (and pumping systems), 3.352 to 3.395 affinity laws for, 3.952, 3.953 analysis of characteristic curves, 3.368 to 3.374 centrifugal, 3.352 to 3.383 as hydraulic turbines, 3.387 to 3.392 characteristics of modern, 3.365 chemical-plant, 6.12 choice to reduce energy consumption, 3.394 classes and types of, 3.365 composite chart for, 3.366 condensate, 3.374 to 3.378 critical speed of, 3.381 effect of liquid viscosity, 3.982 to 3.386 on reciprocating pumps, 3.383 on regenerative pumps, 8.382 on rotary pumps, 3.384 to 3.386 energy efficiency, 3.395 engine, 3.316 essential data for, 3.364 hydraulic system, 3.117 to 3.121 hydropneumatic tank sizing, 3.386 impeller shapes in, 3.356 marine, 9.10 to 9.13 minimum safe flow for, 3.378 net positive suction head for, 3.374 pipe friction loss for water, 3.961 piping arrangements for, 3.358 rotary pump capacity ranges, 3.367 selecting best operating speed of, 3.355 to 3.357 selection of: for any system, 3.362 to 3.368 for chemical plants, 6.10 materials for, 3.386 for reduced energy consumption and loss, 3.394 to 3.395 shaft deflection of, 3.981 similarity laws for, 3.352 to 3.353 specific-speed considerations for, 3.353 to 3.355 suction specific speed ratings, 3. total Iread on, 3.357 to 3.361 types of, by specific speeds, 3.357 typical rating table, 3.356 for viscous liquids, 3.379 to 3.381 Quick design of heat exchangers, 3.552 ind conditions, 1.266 Radiant-heating panels, 2.75 to 2.78 Radiation, nuclear, 10.8 Rain forests, 13.4 Ramjet engine, 8.21 Rankine's theory, 1.273 Rate of springs, 3.99 Reactions at elastic supports, 1.27, 1.53 to 155 Reaming, time and power for, 3.152 Rebhann’s theorem, 1.275 Reciprocal deflections, theorem of, 1.67 Reciprocating-pump performance, 3.383 Reciprocating refrigeration compressors, 3.5034 Rectangular springs, 3.81 Redtenbacker's formula, 1.287 Refrigeration, 3.491 to 3.509 ccentrifugal-machine load analysis, 9.505 compressor eycle analysis for, 3.499 to 3.503 energy for steam-jet, 3.498 to 3.499 heat-pump cycle, 3.506 to 3.509 marine, 9,19 to 9.21 for product cooling, 3.493 to 3.498 reciprocating, compressor selection, 3.503 to 3.505, system selection for, 3.491 to 3.493, Regenerative cycle, steam, 3.240 to 3,242 Regenerative-pump performance, 3.358 Reheat oyele, steam, 3.233 to 3.236 Reheat-regenerative cycle, steam, 3.243 Reinforced-concrete beam, 1.125 to 1.149 in balanced design, 1.126, 1.139, 1.140 ond stress in, 1.134 with compression reinforcement, 1.131, Lu7 continuous: deflection of, 1.148 design of, 1.134 to 1.136 equations of, 1.127, 1.139 of joist construction, 2.34 of rectangular section, 1.127 to 1.132, 1.140 to 1.148 stress in, 1.132, 1.143 supporting stair, 2.35 of T section, 1.129, 1.190, 1.144 to 1.147, 1.198 to 1.200 transformed section of, 1.141, 1.142 with two-way reinforcement, 1.136 to 1.138 ultimate-strengtlt design of, 14126 to 1-198 web reinforcement of, 1.132 to 1.134, 1143 working-stress design of, 1.138 to 1.149 sheariReinforced-concrete column, 1.149 to 1.157 in balanced design, 1.149 interaction diagram for, 1.150, 1.154 ultimate-strength design of, 1.149 to 1.153 working-stress design of, 1.153 to 1.157 Reinforced-plastic springs, 3.96 to 3.98 Relative carrying, capacity of pipes, 3.420 Reliability, electronic, 5.20 to 5.22 Reorder quantity for metalworking, 3.181 Tepowering of plants, 3.532 Residential-service demand load, 4.64 to 4.68 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3.281 Retaining wall: cantilever, design of, 1.162 to 1.165 earth thrust on, 1.273 to 1.275 gravity, stability of, 1.18 Return on investment for energy saving, 3.536 Reversible heating processes, 3.225 to 3.227 Reynolds number, 1,213, 2.560 Ribbed floor, 2.34 Right ascension of star, 1.234 Rigidity, modulus of, 1.36 Ring springs, 3.89 to 3.91 Riveted conncetion, 1.68 to 1.75, 2.7 eccentric load on, 1.72 to 1.74 moment on, 1.72, 27 Robots, 3.140 to 3.144 ares of, 3.140 three-link, 3.141 types of bodies, 3.143 workspace of. 3.141 Rocket combustion chamber, 8.25 Rocket flight velocity, 8.13 Koller bearings, 3.65 to 3.65, capacity: and cost and size of, 3.63 and reliability of, 3.65 operating-life analysis of, 3.63 radial load rating of, 3.64 speed limits for, 3.61, 3.63 Roller chain drives, 3.48 to 3.50 Rolling surface wear life, 3.112 Roof ventilators, 2.118 to 2.120 Rotary pump performance, 3.372 to 3.374 Roughness coefficient, 1.215 Rupture disks, 6.45 Rupture factor, 3.116 Safety service, sizing centrifugal pumps for, 3,392 INDEX L238 Safety valves, boiler, 3.27] to 3.277 capacity of, 3.271 selection of, 3.271 tu 3,277 Sanitary engineering, 11.1 to 11,29 Manning formula factor, 11.22, sanitary sewer design, 11.20 to 11.23 sewage-treatment methods: products of, 118 selection of, 11.26 to 11.29 sewer-pipe earth load, 11.17 to 11.90 sizing sewer pipes, 11.14 to 11.16 storm-sewer design, 11.25 storm-sewer inlet size and tow rate, 11.24 storm-water runoff rate, 11.12 water supply: flow rate, 11.2 to 11.6 Hardy Cross method, 11.5 Hazen-Williams equation for, 114 industrial water requirements, 11.10 pressure loss of, 11.2 to 11.6 system selection for, 11.7 to 11.10 treatment methods for, 11.10 to LL. 12 Satellite: communications link analysis, 5.66 ight velocity of, 8.14 observation, 8.18 Saturated-air moisture content, 2.107 Saturated-solution analysis, 6.2. Scale, boiler, savings from reduced, 3.534 Scale of aerial photograph: definition of, 1.257 determination of, 1.263 to 1.265 in rclation to flying height, 1.255 to 1.257. Schedule number, pipe, 3.396 Screw compressor, 13.20 Selection of project, 13.3 Serrating time, 3.163 Servo systems), 7.20 to 7.30 active network solution, 7.29 angular-position system analysis, 7.21 closed-loop transfer function, 7.21, 7.26 open-loop transfer function, 7.21 compensation network, 7.28 de gain function, 7.29 with loop delay, 7.95 loop-gain funetion analysis, 7.22 overshoot and settling time, 7.24 stability determination, 7.20 Routh array, 7.20 Routh eriterion, 7.20 Sewage treatment, 11.26 to 11.29 Sewer pipes: ‘earth loads of, 11.17 to 11.20 sanitary system design, 11.20 to 11.231.24 Nvex Sewer pipes (Cont) sizing of, 11.14 to 11.16 storm-sewer design, 11.25 storm-sewer inlet size and flow rate, 11.24 Shaft bearings (see Bearings, shaft) Shaft vibration damping, 3.108 to 3.110 Shafts: bearings for (see Bearings, shaft) bending of, 3.11, 3.12 bending moment of, 3.9, 3.10 concentrated loads on, 3.14 couplings for, 3.39 to 3.48 flexible, 3.42 to 3.44 deflection of, 3.13 to 3.15 pump, 3.369 driver efficiency of, 3.8 equivalent bending moment of, 3.13 hollow, 3.10 horsepower (kW) of, 3.8 ideal torque for. 3.13 keys for, 3.15 marine propeller, 9.6 to 9.10 noncircular (see Noncircular shafts) pump, deflection of, 3.369 reactions of, 3.9 solid, 1.36, 3.10, 3.11 torque of, 3.8, 3.13 torsion of, 1.36, 3.10, 3.11 uniform loads on, 3.14 Shape factor, 1.97 to 1.99 Shaper characteristics, 3.158 Shear: in beam, 1.37 to 1.39 in column footing, 1.157 to 1.161 punching, 1.157 pure, 2.31, 2.32 in truss, 1.60 to 1.62 Shear center, 143, 144 Shear connectors, 1,203, 2.34 Shear diagram: for beam, 1.37 to 1.39 for combined footing, 1.160 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.475 to 3.480 Short-circuit current, 4.17 in power systems, 4.18 Shrink-fit stress, 1.35 Shrink fits, 3.117, 3.170 Similarity, hydraulic, 1.295 Similarity laws for pumps, 3.352 to 3.353 Sinking fund, 12.6 Size and cost estimates, process equipment, 6.34 to 6.54 desuperheater condensers, 6.39 to 6.41 heat exchangers and storage tanks, 6.46 to 6.50 horizontal liquid-vapor separators, 6.43 to 6.45 rupture disks. 6.45 Venturi scrubbers, 6.34 to 6.39 vertical liquid-vapor separators, 6.41 to 6.43 Slenderness ratio, 1.90 Slices, method of, 1.280 to 1.982 Slip of propellers, 9.6 Slope of pipes, 3.442 Slope-deflection method of wind-stress anal- ysis, 2.23 to 2.95 Small hydro power, 9.546, 13.94 Smith chart, use of, 5.39 Smoke, tobacco, 2.120 ‘Smokestacks, 3.292 diameter of, 3.292 height of, 3.292 Snow-melting heating panels, 2.78 Soil: composition of, 1.265 compression index of, 1.285 consolidation of, 1.285 contaminated, 1.266 nvisture content of, 1.265, 1.266 permeability of, 1.267 porosity of, 1.265 shearing capacity of, 1.270 Soil pressure: caused by point load, 1.269 caused by rectangular loading, 1.271 under dam, 1.47 Solar energy, 2.126 to 2.151 ASHRAE, 2.132 average annual amount, 2.126 collectors for: choice of, 2.127 Mat-plate, 2.127 heat exchangers for, 2.130 key system components, 2.129 orientation, 2.128 for passive solar heating, 2.145 to 2.151 sizing of, 2.134 domestic hot-water heater, 2.141 to 2.145 F chart method, 2.135 to 2.141 heating systems, 2.134 to 2.141, 2.145 to 2.150Solar energy (Cont.): insolation determination, 2.132 to 2.133, 2.147 passive solar heating, 2.145 to 2.150 collector for, 2.146 heating contribution, 2.149 insolation, 2.147 Solid-state device evaluation, 5.3 to 5.5 Sonar equations, 5.42 Sound levels for various occupancies, 4.26 Space frame, 1.19 to 1.22 Space vehicles, 8.16 to 8.17 Specific gravity of liquid, 3.425 Specific speed of pumps, 3.353 Speed reducer: selection of, 3.54 torque rating of, 3.55 Spiral, transition, 1.241 to 1.244 Spiral-type heat exchangers, 3.486 Splines, involute, 3.106 to 3.108 Splining time, 3.163, Spring constant of bent, 2.37 Springs, 3.77 to 3.100 air-snubber, 3.92 to 3.96 Belleville, 3.88, curved, 3.82 to 3.84 helical compression and tension, 3.78 to 3.80 fe of, 3.98 designing parts for expected, 3.110 to 3.112 liquid, 3.91 multirate helical, 3.87 rate of, 3.99 reinforced-plastic, 3.96 to 3.98 ring, 3.89 to 3.91 round- and square-wire helical, 3.84 to 3.86 selection for load and detlection, 3.77 sizing helical, 3.80 square. and rectangular-wire hel to 3.82 stripping, 3.168, torsion, 3.84 to 3.86 torsion-bar, 3.86 wire length and weight, 3.78 Sprinkler systems, 2.52 to 2.54 pipe sizes for, 2.53 piping for, 2.55 Square springs, 3.84 to 3.86 Stability; of embankment, 1.280 to 1.285 INDEX 1.25 Stability (Cont.): of vessel, 1,206 to 1.208 Stack height, effective, 6.29 Stadia surveying, 1.231 Stair slab, 2.35 to 2.37 Star strut, 1,90 Static-regain duct sizing, 2.102 to 2.105 Statically indeterminate structures, 1.53 to 1.59 Statistical inference, 12.73 Statistics and probability, 12.62 to 12,100 Steady-state continuous physical balance, 6.7 to 6.10 Steam boiler: heat balance determination, 3.204 to 3.200 selection of, 3.278 to 3.281 Steam comprestor, choice of, 13.19 Steam condenser: air-ejector analysis for, 3.252 to 3.254 circulating-water pressure loss in, 3.254 performance of, 3.246 to 3.249 selection of, 3.250 weight analysis of, 3.254 Steam consumption of heating systems, 2.70 to 2.72 Steam-control valves, 7.45 to 7.48 Steannjet refrigeration, 3.498 to 3.499 Steam piping, pressure loss in, 3.399 to 3.403 Steam pressure drop in superheater, 3.277 Steam processes, 3.214 to 3.219 constant-entropy, 3.219 constant-pressure, 3.214 canstant-temperature, 3.218 constant-volume, 3.215 to 3.217 Steam-quality determination, 3.277 Steam tables, use of, 3.208 to 3.211 nterpolation of values in, 3.211 to 3.214 Steam tracing: for piping, 6.14 vessel bottom, 6.15 Steam transmission line, 6.17 without steam traps, 6.17 to 6.20 Steam (rausmission piping, 3.460 tw 3.468 accumulator selection and sizing, 3.469 to 3.471 desuperheater analysis, 3.468, 3.473 Steam trap selection, 3.406 to 3.410 bucket-trap capacity, 3.409 coefficient of heat transfer for, 3.4061.26 INDEX Steam trap selection (Cont): condensate formed, 3.407 factors in, 3.404 impulse-trap capacities, 3.409 specific heats for, 3.405 unit-heater correction factors for, 3.408 Steam turbine-gas turbine cycle analysis, 2.245, Steel beam, 1.76 to 1.88, 2.27 to 2.32 continuous, 1.82, 1.102 to 1.105 elastic design of, 1.82, 1.101 to 1.105 plastic design of, 1.102 to 1.105 with continuous lateral support, 1.76 cover-plated, 1.79 to 1.82 encased in conerete, 2.30 to 2.32 with intermittent lateral support, 1.76 light-gage, 2.27 to 2.30 with reduced allowable stress, 1.75 shearing stress in, 1.83 Steel beam-column, 1.94, 1.95, 1.114, 1.115, Steel column, 1.88 to 1.95 base for, 2.15 to 2.19 built-up, 1.89 effective length of, 1.88 with end moments, 1.04, 1.05 under fatigue loading, 1.93 with intermediate loading, 1.93 lacing of, 1.92 with partial restraint, 1.91 of star-strut section, 1.90 with two effective lengths, 1.91 Storage tank costs, 6.46 to 6.50 Storage vessel: energy savings from, 6.22 to 6.25 time to empty, 6.46 Storm sewer: design of, 11.5, inlet size for, 11,24 Storm-water runoff rate, 11.12 Storm-water systems, 11.24 to 11.26 Strain, axial, 1.25, 1.26 Stress(es): allowable, in design, 3.113 to 3.117 axial, 1.98 bending, 1.39 to 1.42, 1.46 bond, 1.134, 1.157 to 1.165 hoop, 1.32 to 1.35 for plastic gears, 3.125 to 3.128 principal, 1.31, 1.92 shearing, 1.42, 1.83, 1.117, 1.132, 1.143, 1,289 in homogeneous beam, 1.31, 1.42 Stress(es), shearing (Cont. in reinforced-conerete beam, 1.133, 1.139 in steel beam, 1.83 in timber beam, 1.117 shrink-fit, 1.35 thermal, 1.34 String polygon, 1.7, 1.287 Structural engineering, 2.2 to 2.37 beam connection: riveted moment, 2.7 to 2.9 semirigid, 2.6 welded flexible, 2.9, 2.10 welded moment, 2.12 welded seated, 2.10, 2.11 column base: for axial load, 2.15 for end moment, 2.15 grillage-type, 2.16 to 2.19 composite steel-and-conerete beam, 2.32 to 2.34 connection: beam-to-column (see Beam connection) w resist horizontal sheur, 2.31 to 2.94 of truss members, 2.5, 2.6 eyebar, 2.3 gusset plate, 2.5 hanger, steel, 2.4 joists, reinforced-conerete, 2.34 knee: curved, 2.14 rectangular, 2.13, stair slab, 2.35 to 2.37 steel beam, 2.27 to 2.32 encased in concrete, 2.30 to 232 light-gage, 2.27 to 2.30 vibration of bent, 2.37 wind drift, 2.25 reduction with diagonal bracing, 2.26 wind-stress analysis, 2.19 to 2.25 cantilever method, 2.21 portal method, 2.19 to 2.91 slope-deflection method, 2.23 to 2.25 Sulfur dioxide, 3.192, 6.41, 13.8, 13.11, 13.14, 13.18 Superheater, boiler, 3.277 Supersonic wind tunnel, 8.24 Surveying, mine, 1.250 to 1.255 Swedish method for analysis of slope stabil- ity, 1,280 to 1.282 ‘Swimming pool, sizing of, 2.58 T beam reinforced-concrete, 1.129, 1.130, 1.144, to 1.147, 1.198 to 1.200Tables, truth, 7.55 ‘Tangent-oflset method, 1.245 to 1.247 ‘Tangential deviation, 1.49 Tankers, marine, 9.17 to 9.18 capacity of, 9.17 discharge time of, 9.18 T-2 equivalent of, 9.17 ‘Tapers, dimensions of, 3.149 Tapping time, 3.156 ‘Temperature control, 7.4 Temperature difference in heat exchangers, 3.480 Temperature-measuring amplifier, 7.37 instrament, analysis of, 7.38 equivalent circuit for, 7.39 ‘Temperature reinforcement, 1.165, 1.198, 2.35 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 13.14 Tension member, steel, 1.96 Ternary liquid system, 6.3 Terzaghi general wedge theory, 1.275 Terzaghi theory of consolidation, 1.285 Thermal effects, 1.34, 1.35 Thermal pollution, estimating, 13.47 Threading time, 3.156, 3.157 Three moments, theorem of, 1.55 ‘Throttling processes, steam and water. 3.223 Thrust, aircraft engine, 8.5 ‘Thunderstorms, incidence of, 4.91 Timber beam, 1.116 to 1.119 bending stress in, 1.116 built-up, 1.117 to 1.119 depth factor of, 1.117 moving load on, 1-117 shearing stress in, 1-117 Timber column, 1.119, 1.120 Timber connection, 1.121 to 1.195 Timber engineering, 1.116 to 1.125 Timber member under oblique force, 1-121 Time: to bore: 3.154 for broaching, 2.163 to countersink, 3.154 to drill, 3.154 to empty dished-end vessel, 6.59 to empty storage vessel, 6.46 to face, 3.155 for grinding, 3.162 for hobbing, 3.163 for oxyacetylene cutting, 3.165 to plate metals, 3.169 to ream, 3.154 for sawing, 3.164 INDEX 1.27 Time (Cont.): for serrating, 3.163 for sphining, 3.163 to tap, 3.156 to theead, 9.156 for thread milling, 3.182 for tool change, 3.153 to turn, 3.153 Timing belts: center distances of, 3.53 horsepower (kW) ratings of, 3.54 number of sprocket teeth for, 3.53 pitch of, 3.52 selection of, 3.51 to 3.54 service factors for, 8.52 Tool-change time, 3.153 Torsion of shaft, 1.36, 3.10, 3.11 Torsion-bar springs, 3.86 Torsion springs, 3.84 to 3.86 ‘Total costs, evgeneration altermatives, 1347 Total clement time, 3.147 Total head on a pump, 3.357 to 3. Total operation time, 3.150 Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), 6.10 Tracing, steam: for piping, 6.14 tank bottom, 6.15 Tract area of, 1.227 to 1.230 partition of, 1.228 to 1.230 Trajectory: concordant, 1.190 linear transformation of, 1.188 to 1.190 Transfer fimetion, 7.21, 7.26, 7.30, 7.35 phase shift, 7.31 ‘Transformed section, 1-41, 142 Transformers, electric, 4.20 to 4.24 characteristics of, 4.221 coolant characteristies of, 4.22 load-center units, 4.23 selection of, 4.21 Transistorized amplifier, 6.6, 5.13, 544 equivalent circuit for, 5.45 gain contral in, 5.52 Transistorized circuit, 5.47 load line, 5.49 uperuting point, 5.48. small-signal, 5.49 ‘Transistors, selection of, 5.5 Transition spiral, 1.241 to 1.244 Traverse, closed, 1.225 to 1.227 ‘Treatment, sewage, 11.26 to 11.29 Trench, earth thrust on, 1.275 to 1.277128 inoex ‘True unit time, 8.153 Truth tables, 7.55 ‘Truss force analysis of, 1.10 to 1.14 by graphical method, 1.10 to 112 by method of joints, 1-12 to Ll by method of sections, 1.14 with moving loads, 1.60 to 1.65 statically indeterminate, 1.58 gusset plate of, 2.5 ‘Tuned-circuit Q values, 5.27 Turbines: gas, 3.297 to 3.300 hydraulic, 3.546, 13.34 mechanical-drive, 3.236 steam rates, 13.16 steam turbine-gas turbine cycle analysis, 2.248, Turbulent flow, 1.213 to 1.215 ‘Turning, time for, 3.153 Turret lathe: power constant, 3.158 power input, 3.157 ‘Two-way slab, 1.136 to 1.138 Ultimate load, 1.98, 1.99 Ultrasonic generators, 5.40 Underground storage tank (UST) laws, 6.21 Uniform series, 12.9 to 12.11 Uninsulated pipes, costs of heat loss, 3.521 Unit heaters: blow distances of, 2.69 capacity of, 2.65 to 2.70 conversion factors for, 2.68 diameter of pipes for, 2.70 outlet velocities of, 2.69 vertical types, 2.67 Unit-load method, 1.51 Universal joints. 3.47 V belts, 3.19 to 3.23 are of contact factor for, 3.18 tors for, 8.17, 3.21 horsepower (kW) ratings of, 3.19, 3.21ff length correction factors, 3.23 minimum pulley diameters for, 3.19 multiple, 3.22 service factors for, 3.17, 3.18 sheave dimensions for, 3.20 small-diameter factors, 3.23 Vacuum systems, 3.932 to 3.358 pipe size for, 3.337 pump-down time of, 3.332 to 3.345 pump selection for, 3.334 to 3.337 rating, checking, 6.61 system factors for, 3.338 Vacuum-tube amplifier, 5.11 characteristics of, 5.8, 5.11 Valves, safety, 3.272 to 3.277 Variable-speed drive, 3.56 Vector algebra, 4.5 Vent, explosion, sizing of, 13.42 Vent system, engine, 5.908 ta 4.301 Ventilation, building, 13.44 Ventilators, roof, 2.118 to 2.120 Venturi meter, flow through, 1.210 Venturi scrubbers, 6.34 to 6.39 Vertical parabolic curve: containing given point, 1.248 plotting of, 1.245 to 1.248, sight distance on, 1.249 Vertical shear (see Shear) Vertical-takeoff aircraft, 8.9 Very large commercial transport, 8.10 Vessel(s), marine, 9.24 choice of, 9.22 form coefficients for, 9.2 hall type, 9.22 immersion and flooding of, 9.10 nuclear propulsion for, 9.16 to 9.17 power-plant selection for, 9.13 to 9.15 power required to propel, 9.4 to 9.6 pressure, minimum-cost, 6.67 prismatic, designing, 6.637 propeller revolutions and speed, 9.9 propellers for, 9.7 to 9.9 pumps for, 9.10 to 9.13 refrigeration and air conditioning for, 9.19 to 9.21 seakeeping potential, 9.22 shallow-water speed of, 9.3 to 9.5 vacuum rating, checking, 6.61 wetted area of, 9.3 Vibration of bent, 2.37 Vibration isolators, 2.121 to 2.125 Virtual displacements, theorem of, L112 Viscosity of fluid, 1.208 of liquid, 3.425 liquid, effect of, on pump, 3.382 to 3.356 Viscous liquid, selecting pump for, 3.379 to 3.381Void ratio, 1.265, 1.285 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 6.41 Voltage drup, tables of, 4.34 to 4.35, Voltage ratings for power equipment, 4.37 Voltage regulation of cables, 4.28 Wall thickness of pipe, 3.396ff Warm-up condensate load, piping, 3.403 Waste-heat boiler, 3.551 Waste-heat loss reduction, 6.33 Water-hammer effects in pipes, 3.425 Water meters, sizing of 3.422 Water pressure, loss in, 2.48 Water-supply piping, 2.44 to 2.51 Water-supply systems, 11.2 to 11.12 flow rates in, 11.2 to 11.6 Hardy Cross method for, 11.5 Hazen-Williams equation for L.4 industrial water requirements, 11.10 pipe sizes for, 11.3 pressure losses in, 11.2 to 11.6 selection of, 11.7 to 11.10 treatment methods for, 11.10 to 11.12 typical sources for, 11.7 Waveform rms value, 7.40 Wear life of rolling surfaces, 3.112 Web reinforcement: of prestressed-conerete beam, 1.181 of reinforced-concrete beam, 1.132 to 1.134, 1.143 Weir: discharge over, 1.212 variation in head on, 1.222 to 1.224 INDEX 1.29 Welded connection, 1.74, 1.75, 2.9, to 2.13 Welding: electric-are, 3.165 oxyacetylene, 3.165 Westergaard constmiction, 1.288 to 1.290 Wetted perimeter, 1.215 Williott displacement diagram, 1.29 Wind drift, 2.95, 2.26 Wind-energy systems, 3.509 to 3.516 capital costs of, 3.514 electric power output, 3.510 kites in, 3.514 machine performance curves, 3.513 machine selection, 3.509 types of machines, 3.511 Wind-stress analysis, 2.19 to 2.95 by cantilever method, 2.21 by portal method, 2.19 to 2.21 by slope-deflection method, 2.23 to 2.25 Wind tuanel, supersonic, 8.24 Wire length for springs, 3.78 Wire-rope drives, 3.23 Wire size, choice of, 4.26 to 4.33 Wood, combustion of, 3.199 to 3.201 Wood-plywood girder, 1.118 Worst-case transistor leakage current, 5.17 Yield-line theory, 1.136 to 1.138, Yield moment, 1.98 Zenith of observer, 1.236