PHYSICS a 4 Worked Solutions Classified Topic by Topic Uc ae litt ee Pee) NOVEMBER 2002 — 2010 Phang Yu Hon B.Eng (15t Class Hons.) www.physics.com.sg Dero a i \ Printed and Published by Dyna Publisher Pte Ltd for the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board under licence from the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate either solely or jointly with the Government of SingaporeG.C.E. ‘A’ Level HYSICS Worked Solutions Classified Topic by Topic ea www.physics.com.s Fst Clas in Physi Thiton (Latest Edition — H2 Syllabus) NOVEMBER 2002 — 2010 Phang Yu Hon B.Eng (15 Class Hons.) www.physics.com.sg First Class in Physies Tuition T y Printed and Published by Oyna Publisher Pte Ltd, for the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board Under licence trom the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate either solely or jointly with the Government of Singapore ff | | VALI / _All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the publisher. The publisher shall not be liable for any damages arising from the use or misuse of this publication, By purchasing this publication, you agree to the terms and conditions above. ‘The answers in this publication are given by the Publisher, Dyna Publisher Pte Ltd, Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board bears no responsibility for these answers. Any queries or comments on the answers should be forwarded to the publisher directly, wew.physics.com.sg Fis Chass n Pye TanData and Formulae Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Topic 7 Topic 8 Topic 9 Topic 10 Topic 11 Topic 12 Topic 13 Topic 14 Topie 15 Topic 16 Topic 17 Topic 18 Topic 19 Topic 20 Topic 21 Topic 22 weww.physics.com.sg Fist Cassin Physi Tuten © CONTENTS > Measurement Kinematics .. Work, Energy and Power ... Motion ina Circle .. 48 Gravitational Field Oscillations .. .- 66 Thermal Physics ..... Wave Motion .....sscesssseeesssvees Superposition .. Electric Fields ... Current of Electricity D.C. Circuits ..... Electromagnetism . 140 Electromagnetic Induction .. eect 153 Altemating Currents .. 163 Quantum Physies ... Lasers and Semiconductors .. Nuclear Physies ... Data Analysis Planning NB: Questions marked with an asterisk (+) require knowledge of later topics. They should be attempted later. 3DATA AND FORMULAE Data speed of light in free space permeabiliy of free space permittivity of free space elementary charge the Planck constant Unified atomic mass constant rest mass of electron rest mass of proton molar gas constant the Avogadro constant the Boltzmann constant gravitational constant acceleration of free fall Formulae uniformly accelerated motion ‘work done oniby @ gas hydrostatic pressure gravitational potential displacement of particle in s.h.m, velocity of particle in s.h.m. resistors in series resistors in parallel electric potential alternating currentivoltage transmission coefficient radioactive decay decay constant Ho xe ev Ewe @ UR where k ‘wurw.physics.com.sg Fis Class in Papsies Ton 3.00x 10° ms” 4x x10" Hm™ 8.85x 10? F mt (36x) x 10° F m* 1.60x 10" C 6.63 x 10 Js 1.66 x 10°” kg 9.11. x 107" kg 1.67 x 107” kg 8.31, K' mo" 6.02 x 10% mol” 1.38 x 107° KT 6.67 x 10" Nm? kg? 9.81 ms* ute Lae u? +2as pav pan -Gmir xsinot vecosot sake Ri +Ro+.., WR + VR OAreer Xe Sinat exp(-2kd) 8a%m{U -E) ge Xe exp(-At) 0.693 4 2 ss 7 i Th T ”TOPIC 1 Si Units ‘The drag force F experienced by a steet sphere of radius r <éropping at speed v through a liquid is given by Feary, where aisaconstant. | Ne a. Ko my® ‘What would be a suitable SY unit for «? AUN P B Net Cc Nm! D News Now Solution Answer: D temperature tse, where cis a constant. (a) Name the quantities in the expression that are SI base quantities. fea (b) Express, in terms of ST base units, the units of Gi) thermal energy, ( the constant c. (4) osm “A” Physics Topical Paper (NovSolution (@)_ mass (in kilogram) and temperature rise (in kelvin). (©) (i) Thermal energy has the same units as work (the joule), which is equal to force x distance (N m). Force (in newtons) is mass x acceleration (kg m s*) ‘The base units for thermal energy are (kg m s?\{m) = kgm? s ii) = (thermal energy)mass x temperature rise). ‘The base units of ¢ = kgm? )(keK) m? 57K", Long Questions X Pat te ftowing terms int piso th in ech isn given followed by i ursspondng ui coulomb power volt magnetic flux density work watt potential difference charge testa joule [4] NOTH (part) Solution power, watt magnetic flux density, tesla ‘work, joule potential dtfetence, vott charge, coulomb Errors and Uncertainties 8 An object of mass 1.000 kg is placed on four different balances. For each balance the rading is taken five times Tho able shows the values obtained together withthe means. Which balance has the smallest systematic error but is not ‘very precise? readnghg | vate [1 [ 2 [3 | ¢ [ 5 |meantg A [1.000 | 1.000 | 1.002 | 1.001 | 1.002 | 1.00% B_ | 1011 | 0999 | 1.001 | 0.989 | 0995 | o.993 c |rorz| 1013 }1.012 | 1014 | 1014 | ¢o8 D__|0.993 | 0.987 | 1.002 | 1.000 | 098s | goa Noa | Measurement ‘women. physics.com.sg ist Class in Pye: Tuion Solution Answer: B Precision refers to how close data points are from one another. Systematic errors increase the amount by which measured values deviate from their true value, It can be seen that the readings in B are scattered over a range thus having low precision. However, the mean value in B (0.999) is very close to the true value (1.000), thus B is said to have a low systematic error 9 Errors in measurement may be either systematic or random. ‘A not allowing for zero error on a moving-coil voltmeter B not subtracting background count rate when determining the count rate from a radioactive souree C stopping a stopwatch atthe end of a race D using the value of ¢ as 10 N kg! when caleutating ‘weight from mass ‘Which of the following involves random error? Nose Solution Answer: C Random errors result inthe readings being scattered. Due to errors in human judgment, the stopwatch could be stopped before or after the actual end of the race. ‘This results in a random error in the time measurement. The other answers involve an offset that is fixed in direction and thus result in systematic errors. 10 Calibration curves showing the variation with potential difference V ofthe deflection @ ofthe pointer of four differ- ent voltmeters are given below. Which meter gives the largest angular change per unit poten- al difference 2.5 V7 g » 47 Ds ay 0 on or Fs) so >. Tt 23 pIaerteanr ran) vv vw © ° ea a 1 an a 2a oy 2 1 Fa ww ww Nosi2 Solution ‘Answer: D Answer D's gradient (dA/aV) is the steepest at 2.5 V. Hence the rate of change of deflection 9 with potential difference Vis also the greatest. ‘A’ Physics Topical Paper (Nov.) Oo Gate iekuceiment, the width w and the thickness x of a metre measured as precisely as possible using normal scary apparatus ‘Winch combination of instruments is most appropriate for ‘bese measurements? measurement of w measurement of x a half-metre rule halfmeure rule s half-mewe rule vverier calipers c vernier calipers half metre rule vemier calipers | micrometer screw gauge Nosy. Answer: D 2 of 2 half-metre rule, venier calipers and cer screw gauge are respectively | mm, 0.1 mm and D ‘www.physics.com.sg rst Chass in Physics Tier Solution Answer: D 1% of 4.072 V is 0.0407 V. Add to this the additional uncertainty of 0.010 V, the total uncertainty is 0.05 V (uncertainties recorded to I s.f.) 4.072 V is then rounded to 4.07 V (2 dp), same number of dipsas the uncertainty 14 An instrument gives a numerical reading of 0.00160 = O.00ts b Which statement is correct? ‘A. The actual uncertainty is 5, B The fractional uncertainty is $x 10°. The fractional uncertainty is 5/16. D_ The percentage uncertainty is 3 %. Noga Solution Answer: D Percentage uncertainty is (0.00005 / 0.00160) x 100 %= 3 %. 15 An objet falls rosy from Kata waves distances in time &. A graph of ¢ against s is plotted and used to determine the acceleration of free fall g. e 3 & vechesimatebrater Gg 4 The kinetic energy of a bus travelling on an A esswvay is 30 000 J. ° = 8 The power ofa domestic light is 300 W gf 3#*— eee The gradient ofthe graph is found to be 0.204 $? m The temperature of a hot oven is 300 K. 5 OD Which statement about the value obtained for g is correct? D-_ The volume of air in a ear fyre is 0.03 m’ ——"_A_ Itis accurate but not precise. A _ nua Its both precise and accurate. rage car tyre radius = 0.20 m and cro al 0.10 m, volume = (2nR)(nr")= 0.039 m’. sw: Ais wrong. Using expressway speed of some human adults = B is wrong as the power rating of domestic filament coo + tpically around 40 W (energy-saving lamps will have + power ratings) C is wrong because 300 K "7 °C whieh is room se manufacturers of a dig ‘ication, 1 voltmeter give, as it + meter reads 4.072 V. ow should this reading be recorded, together with its ‘in? b x Go7+00)V B (4074004) V © (4072 20.0530 D (4070.05) Nosi1i3 Itis neither precise noxjaccurate, oe iow Solution Answer: A Use the Kinematics equation s = ut + Yar where initial velocity u ~ 0 (irom rest) and acceleration a ~ g. The equation can be rearranged into f= (2ig)s where the gradient 2/g = 0.204 s? m'! Using this value, ¢= 9.8039 m s, which ig close to the known value of g (9.81 m s*) and thus accura However, there is significant Seattcting of data points a Sight lin hence the value jatar cision ean be su? bu by visually faying a grid over the graph, it can be seen that the gradient ares significantly. The exact values ae om M262 © 1% with an additional uncertainty of = s? m", implying an acceleration of free fall g between 49m s* and 11.56 m s*. This is significantly different from the known value of 981m) ey TA NaN “A* Physics Topical Paper (Ne16 A wire of uniform circular cross-section has diameter d and length L. A potential difference V between the ends of the wire gives rise to a current / in the wire. ‘The resistivity 2 of the material of the wire is given by the expression 4ur In one paneular experimen, the following measurements are made. 2ot =s2020010n 2 > aoe " v Which measurement gives rise 10 the least uncertainty in the value forthe resistivity? 3 Ad Br L pr Nous Solution Answer: C The fractional uncertainty ofthe resistivity: ‘pl = 2(Ad’d) + AVIV + ALIL + AL = 2(0.01/1.20) + (0.1/5.0) + (1/100) + (0.05/1.50) = 0.0167 + 0.02 + 0.01 + 0.033 ‘The least uncertainty is contributed by the measurement of £. ‘Short Question x A student times the fall of small metal ball. Data for the time r taken for the ball to fall a vertical distance h from rest are given below. h=266 41 em 150,740 + 0.008 s (@) Use these data to determine (a value, to three acceleration of fiee fall g, ificant figures, of the acceleration ~ ms 2 (i the percentage uncertainty, t© two significant figures, of 1 the distance h, uncertain % a 2. thetime uncertainty % ul (b) Use your answers in (a) to determine the actual uncertainty in the value of g. Hence give a statement of g with ts uncertainty, to an appropriate number of significant figures. 7 fe ennrenee MS Bl (© Suggest two reasons why, in this experiment, although the value of ¢ is precise, it may not be accurate, soe I ‘Noma | Measurement 8 wwrw.physies.com.sg ist ln Pyss Ton Solution (a) (Use the kinematics equation s = wi + Yar where s is the displacement (h), w the initial velocity (Oms'), athe acceleration (g) andthe time taken. he Mgt & = Die = 2(2.66 m)(0.740 8)? = 9.72 ms? Gi) 1, iv x 100% = (1/266) x 100% = 0.38% 2. Av x 100% = (0.005/0.740) x 100% = 0.68% (b) Since g= 2h", g/g = AWvh + 2(a/) ‘Ag/g= 0.38/100 + 2(0.68/100) = 0.0174 Ag=0.01T4x g = 0.0174 x 9.72 ms? =0,169=0.2 ms?(Is.¢) Absolute uncertainties can only have one significant figure, and the value of g has to be rounded off (0 the same number of decimal places as the uncertainty. e717 202)ms? ©1 ction time (typically around Deans a the pressing of the stop button ofthe watch, resulting in an overestimation of the time of fee fall, 2. Air resistance results in a smaller accelerating force than is assumed hence the time of free fall measured is an overestimation ofthe true value. *A" Physics Topical Paper ¢Scams & Vectors % Whech one of the following groups contains three vector — Dard sy coat displacement, velocity, momentum octy, acceleration, power ce, work, energy NOB Answer: B are vector quantities because they have both and direction: displacement, velocity, momentum, zion, The following are scalar quantities because they _ magnitude but no direction: energy, power, work. the momentum of a body is the product of its mass sex: locity, and acts in the same direction as its velocity. * Sach diagram shows three vectors of equal magnitude. = which diagram is the magnitude of the resultant vector ‘Stferent from the other three? . © PC. ———— L—~ Nos/t/1 Setution Answer: C C’s resultant vector has a magnitude of ¥5 times that vector, «whereas the others’ resultants all have a itude exactly equal (0 that of one vector. sultant vector in each answer is shown below as a headed arrow. = original vectors in the question are shown as dotted > Measurement 9 i(PFy, 6-4 Wavpnyscecomse emporneoos 20. A boat changes its velocity from 8 m s" due north to 6m "due east. ‘What is its change in velocity? A ova at dation of 7 eat of roe B_ 2ms" ata direction of 53° cast of north C10 ms" ata direction of 37° east of south D 10 ms" ata direction of 53° west of south NIOM2 Solution Answer: C ‘The initial velocity u, final velocity v and change in velocity ‘Avare shown in the vector diagram below, A" Physies Topical Paper (Nov)TOPIC 2 Rei inear Motion 1 The graph shows the variation with time # of the displacement of a vehicle moving along a straight line, During which time interval does the acceleration of the vehicle have its greatest numerical value? noone Solution Answer: A ‘Acceleration is the second derivative ofthe displacement-time graph (a ~ dsia"). ‘Acceleration has the greatest value when the gradient of the Gisplacement-time graph is increasing, because that indicates the velocity is increasing (asin time-interval A). “The other intervals like B and D have constant velocity and hence zero acceleration. For interval C, both the velocity and acceleration are zero. 2 ‘The minimum time T required for a ar safely to overtake a lorry on the motorway is measured from the time the fant of «he cars level withthe rear ofthe fory, until the rear ofthe pasting ear ea fall carJength ahead ofthe lorry. =— ca begins to overtakes tim t=O car eafoly ovortakes: t= “The caris 3.5 m long and the lorry is 17.0 m long. The graph ime tof the speeds v of the ear and What isthe value of 7? A 0865 B 12s C 26s D 30s Noone 2 Kinematies 40 wwnw.physies.com.sg First Clas in Phsies Toe Kinematics Solution Answer: D During time 7, distance travelled by car = 4(10 + 26)T = 187 while distance travelled by lorry = 107. ‘The difference in distance is equal to one lorry length plus two car lengths Hence 187 — 107 = 17.0 m+2(3.Sm) and 7=3.0s. 3 A panicle is accelerating along a straight line Which statement defines the velocity of the particle at 2 particular instant? A Velocity is displacement divided by time. B Velocity is distance divided by time. Velocity isthe rate of change of displacement. D Velocity isthe rate of change of distance. NO3/L3 Solution Answer: C Velocity and displacements ae both vector quantities whereas distance is a sealar quantity. Thus velocity (@ vector) is defined with respect to displacement (ansiver C), whereas speed (a scalar) is defines as the rate of change of distance (answer D). Displacement divided by time (answer A) is the average velocity over that time interval, and not the velocity at any particular instant. Distance divided by time (answer B) isthe average speed over that time interval, and not the speed at any particular instant 4A train travelling at 2.0 m s+ passes through a station. The variation with time 1 of the speed v of the train after leaving the station is shown below. vims™! 12 10 8 ol 0 10 20 30 40 50 Us What is the speed of the train when it is 150 m from the station? a 60ms 8.0ms! B c D “A” Physics Topical PaperAnswer: B 30 sand v~8.0ms'', the area of um under the graph is (2 + 8)(30) ~ 150 m. -overed ig 150m when v= 8.0 ms", = (12 ms'=2 ms")(50 s)= 0.20 ms? sematies equation y= 12 + 2as, =(2ms"} + 2(0.20 ms?\(150 m) Ooms" © ==! sphere is released from rest atthe surface of a deep) ssf viscous oil. A multiple exposure photograph is taken fe sobere asi falls, Tee ome interval between exposures is always the same. ‘ach of the following could represent this photograph’? B c D : ; . NOs Answer: B sphere’s speed is low and viscous drag is sccelerates from rest hence the spacing between ~posures increases. + the sphere’s speed increases, the drag force also 4 the resultant force acting on it decreases. = soon reaches terminal velocity in the viscous oil, -emains constant forthe rest ofthe journey. " www physics.com.sg Fist lass in Pisses Tenn 6 A steel ball is roeased from rest a stance above a rigid horizontal surface an i allowed to hour. Which graph best represents the variation with time 1 of acceleration a? ‘| ape ane cy Pie if a d” t rn 7 Ht NOS/3 Solution Answer: D As long as the ball is in mid-air (whether on its way up or down), its acceleration a is constant (acceleration of free fall 9.81 ms"), In that split second when the ball hits the rigid surface, it experiences an extremely large retarding force and hence a tremendous deceleration (since a~ Fim). Note the dotted lines indicating that these tremendous decelerations are too large to be drawn to scale, 7 Which graph shows how the distance d fallen varies with time rfor a body falling from rest through aie? a e 6 . ¢ 4 °0 T r Noss Solution Answer: A Initially the body’s speed is low and air resistance is negligible here it undergoes free fall with increasing speed. Since the ient of the distance time graph represents the body's Speed the graph hasan increasing proien! As the body's speed increases, the air resistance opposing iis motion also increases hence its resultant force decreases and so does its acceleration Eventually, the sum of air resistance and upthrust is equal and ‘opposite to the body's weight, and the resultant force as well as acceleration fall to zero. ‘The body then falls at a constant terminal speed hence the distance-time graph has a constant gradient (straight line) “A” Physics Topical Paper (Nov.)8 A ball is released from rest above a horizontal surface. ‘The ‘graph shows the variation wit time ofits velocity. tat Why are areas X and ¥ equal? ‘A. For one impact, the speed at which the ball hits the surface equals the speed at which it Ieaves the surface. B_ The ball rises and falls through the same distance between impacts. The ball’s acceleration is the same during its upward and downward motion, D__ The speed at which the ball leaves the surface after an impact is equal to the speed at which it retums to the surface for the next impact. spe Solution Answer: B The area under a velocity-time graph displacement of the body. ‘The reason for the areas being the same is that the ball rises ‘and falls through the same vertical distance between impacts. represents. the 9 A ball is thrown vertically upwards and returns along the same path, The graph shows how its height varies with ‘woww.physics.com.sg Fist Clas in PysiyTuiton Solution Answer: A s The velocity-time graph must have a constant negative t aradient since its gradient represents the vertical acceleration a = which is @ constant = 10 What is the definition of velocity? ‘A. displacement per unit time B distance travelled in unit time C -distance travelled per unit time D speed in a particular direction NOs! fgg Solution Answer A Fe Velocity measures te rate of change of displacement, o ‘Answers B and C are scalar quantities and relate to speed. Answer D refers to velocity, but isnot its definition. » 11. A metal ball is dropped from rest over a bed of sand, It hits the sand bed one second later and makes an impression of maximum depth 8.0 mm in the sand. Air resistance is negligible. ‘On hitting the sand, what is the average deceleration ofthe ball? A 60x10?ms? Bo 12x 10'ms? © 60x 10°ms? D 12x 10'ms* NOBit/4 Solution Answer: C “The balls speed just before hitting the sand bed can be found using y= + ar=0+ (981 ms°XI s)=9.81 ms" “The average deceleration can be found using y* = 1? + 2as, 0=(9.81 ms"? +2a(8.0 x 10° m) time. a> -6.0x 10° ms* 12 A cyolist accelerates down a hill and then travels st height constant speed before decelerating as he climbs back up A another hill. Which graph shows the variation with time 1 of the distance s moved by the cyclist? 7 moved by the ee i Which velocity-time graph describes this motion? | 4 a . vevety — ts wos % time oF ‘time % t 0 T : : c ° vty vesty Spade eS q q ie ie 1 —— | Now Nomis 2 Kinematics 12 “A” Physies Topical Paper (Answer: D = sesttime graph of the cyclist will probably look sez like “this (assuming uniform acceleration! \ \ Ney <= soeed is the gradient of the distance-time graph, this gradient of the distance-time graph first increases, ant, and then decreases. raph shows how the velocity of a racing ear changes velocity 0 time Which statement deseribes the acceleration? 4A constant positive acceleration is followed by an acceleration increase and then a neg: acceleration B_ The acceleration increases positively in the first two sections and then decreases to zero. C. The acceleration is positive at the start, increases, then decreases to zero, D. The acceleration starts from zero, increases, then decreases to zero. ; NOs Answer: C ime graph represents. the ws 5 Sart, the gradient of the velocity-time graph is positive not zero). The graph then gets steeper with time, and slly plateaus (acceleration = 0) 4 Aman stands on the edge of a cliff, He throws a stone upwards with a velocity of 19.6 m s™ at time (= 0. The fone reaches the top of the trajectory after 2.00 s and then alls towards the bottom of the cliff. Air resistance is negligible. Which row shows the correct velocity v and acceleration ofthe stone at different times? is vine" [_alme? al 100 9st 98t B | 200 ° ° | 300 9.1 -981 | s00 204 =981 Nooila pv.) = Sinematics 13 www.physies.com.sg "ist Cl in Pye Tun Solution Answer: D ‘Taking upwards to be the positive direction (which this question appears to be using), the acceleration of free fall is negative since itis downwards. At 1 = 5.00 5, the ball has already passed the top of its trajectory hence its velocity should be downwards as well. Alternatively, using the kinematics equation 294ms", + at= 19.6 + (-9.81(5.00) 15 An object is dropped from a great height so that air resistance becomes significant. Which graphs shows how time? io Answer: D Initially, the object is at rest hence it experiences no air Solution resistance and the resultant force acting on it is its weight alone, As a result, its acceleration is equal to g. As the object's speed increases, the air resistance opposing. its motion increases thus causing its resultant force to fall. According ‘o Newton's second law of motion, its acceleration will decrease. Eventually, when the total resistive force (air resistance and upthrust) is equal and opposite to the object’s weight, its resultant force is zero and acceleration also zero (body reaches terminal velocity) 16 An object falls fieely with constant acceleration « from above thre light gates. [tis found that it takes atime 10 fall between the first two light gates a distance of sy apart Ie then takes an additional time, also , to fall between the second and third light gates a distance s apart. fanigao) —— cE vine stent lontgnte2 1 5 teetaken ‘om gates ‘What is the acceleration in terms of si, s2 and ? 28,-8) 25-8) ag if fea) g o a Nios Physics Topical Paper (NoSolution Answers A Use the kinematies equation s~ ut + Ya? where acceleration Between the ist two light gates, te intl velocity w= O hence s, = 4gF. Between the second and third light gates, 1 = gt hence s; = (gi + Vag? = Ger. Subtracting the frst equation rom the second, s»~ s; = gf. Hence g= (2.~8) Short Questions 17 A student wishes to measure the length of a metal plate. The only equipment available is an electronic tmer controled by alight beam and a rod 1.00 m long, Using the rod, the student positions the plate so that its lower ‘edge is 1.00:m above the light beam, as shown in Fig. 1.1 Fig. Li ‘The metal plate is released and the timer starts to record as the Tight beam is cut. The total time for the plate to pass ‘through the beam is 0.052 s. The student is told that the local value for the acceleration of fre fall is 9.79 ms, (a) (Show that the time for the bottom edge of the plate to reach the light beam is 0.452. a Gi) Calculate the length of the metal plate, giving ‘your answer to an appropriate number of signifi- * cant figures length m (4) (b) Suggest two reasons why the time for the bottom edge of the plate to reach the light beam may differ from that quoted in (a). 2 Solution (@) @._ Use the kinematies equation s = ut + iat where s is the displacement travelled by the metal plate, 1 its initial velocity (0.00 m s" in this ease since the plate is released from rest), a the acceleration of free fall 6.79 m s® at this location) and 1 the time for the bottom edge of the place to reach the bear. seut Yar 1.00 = 14(9.79 m $F 45198 = 0.452 5 Gi) Use the same kinematies equation s = wt ~ Ysa but with s being the length of the metal plate and x the velocity of the plate when it reaches the beam ‘The initial velocity (u) of the plate whea the plate starts entering the beam is equal to the tinal velocity (0) of the first part of the fall (through 1.00 m), 2 Kinematies 14 wow. physics.com.sg Fist Class ia Pais Tuition veutar = 0+ (9.79 ms?\0.45198 §)= 4.4249 ms" seat} Yar (0.052 s) + 14(9.79 m s3)(0.052 5)? 0.2433 = 0.24 m Qs.) = (4.4249 m (b) 1. In practice, the presence of air resistance decreases the acceleration ofthe plate and causes the time to be longer than that predicted. 2. The plate may start to tilt as it falls, causing the time for the bottom edge to reach the beam to be different from that predicted, 18 A student takes measurements to determine the acceleration of fre fall. He determines the time taken fora bal ofall a distance s from rest. Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with distance s of 2 sie Fig. 11 (a) State what feature of Fig. 1.1 suggests that, inv this experiment, there are (random esors, 0 Gi) systematic erors (b) Suggest 2 possible source for a systematic error in experiment (c) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine (i) the gradient of the line, el i) a value for the acceleration of freefall. fe} (@) The data collected by the student.consisted of values of sand f. Plotting the variation with s of was expected to give a straight line. (3) State what other variation could be plotted to give 2 sirsight line graph from these dat. 0 (ii) Explain why the graph in (gives a straight ine a Nos A" Physics Topical Paper (Nov.)21 fov.) fact that some data points lie above while some slow the expected straight line graph suggests that re random errors, which cause the readings to ered. raph of # vs s is expected to pass through the i. The fact that it does not suggests that there are tematic errors which cause a unidirectional offset le systematic error is that the metre rule used suring distance has been offset, with the 10 em ced at the starting point of the ball aradient LF As= Q15 ~65)x 10" /(140—40) em ~ 0.210 s*/ 100 cm ~ 0.00210 s’ cm" = 0.210 s? m? equation of motion » = ut + Yar the bal is released from rest, the initial velocity =, while vertical downward acceleration a= ¢ squation becomes s= gh of F = 2sig. otting & against s should yield a straight line graph stha gradient of 2g 210 s'm" 2/0210 s* m!=9, Plotting log s against log ¢ will also give a straight ine graph, Taking the log of the equation log s= log (14g) +2 log t A graph of log s vs log ¢ will be a stai gradient of 2 and y-intercept of log ('4g), from which he acceleration of freefall g can also be found. This a straight line because the gradient ‘2° is the power of variable 1, which must be a constant since displacement s is proportional to the square of time www physies.com.sg it Cas a Pye Taton Long Questions 19 (a) o © Define acceleration. wo (Use your definition in (a) to show that v =u +at, where ¥ is the final velocity. 1 is the initial velocity and a and fare the acceleration and the time interval eespectivey. Rl i State the conditions that must be satisfied For the ‘equation to be vali, a ‘The graph of Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with time r of the velocity v of a ball from the moment itis thrown with a velocity of 26 m s~! vertically upstards. (a i) 14 (State the time at which ihe ball reaches iis ‘maximum height a i). State the feature of & velocity-time graph that enables the acceleration to be determined. [1] (ii) Just after the ball eaves the thrower's land, it tis @ downward acceleration of approximately 20 m7. Explain how this i possible el Go State the time at which the acceleration is Explain why the acceleration has this value ony at this particular time, Bl (¥) Sketch an aeceleration-time graph forthe motion. Show the value of gon the ncceleration axis. [3] [Explain why, forall real vertical throws, the time taken to each maximum height must be shorter than the tine taken to return to the starting point br “The bal in (c) stats with kinetic energy of 54 J (Calculate the mass of the bal. Gi) Deseribe qualitatively how the amount of kinetic ‘energy changes during he motion, Nos Solution (a) Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, Ie takes place in the direction of the change of velocity (b) (From the definition of acceleration, a= dvlde=(v—n) it younat 15 “A* Physies Topical Paper (%‘wenw.physics.com.sg Tint Clase Physics Tun Gi) The conditions ate that the acceleration is constant AAs the ball moves upwards, it decelerates and its and the motion i linear speed decreases. Since kinetic energy is proportional to the square of (©) (= 1.8 s (when the ball i instantaneously at res) speed, its kinetic energy decreases When the ball reaches its maximum height sueh thet (Gi) The gradient of the tangent to the velocty-time graph its instantaneously at rest, its kintic energy is zero at any instant isthe acceleration. ‘Thereafter, the ball starts accelerating downwards. As its speed increases, its kinetic energy also increases. ‘There is air resistance in this situation, and air ‘The rate of change in kinetic energy is non-uniform, resistance increases with speed. and is greater during the ascent compared to during ‘When the ball just leaves the thrower’s hang, it has a the descent, very high speed ‘This is because the rate of change of speed during the ‘The total downward force acting on the ball is the ascent is greater than that during the descent, for gravitational force plus air resistive force. reasons explained in (d), ‘The balls total downward acceleration is the sum of the acceleration of free fall g (9.81 ms”) and 20 Explain why itis technically incorrect to define speed as acceleration duc to air resistance (approximately distance travelled per second, Include in your answer the 10.19 ms") ‘correct statement defining speed. ra NOAM (past) (iv r= 18s. Solution At this instant, the ball reaches its maximum height The second is not the only unit of time measurement, nor is and is instantaneously at rest it the smallest division of time interval. Since air resistance is proportional to v* (under “Distance travelled per second” is the average speed within ‘turbulent conditions like this), when speed is zero, a time interval of one second. the air resistive force is also zero. Speed should be defined as the rate of change of distance ‘The only force acting on te ball isthe gravitational travelled. force hence its acceleration is the acceleration of free fall g 21 A ball is thrown vertically upwards from ground level. Ait — : resistance is not negligible. (0) ‘The acceleration-time graph for the motion is shown The variation with time £ of the vertical velocity v of the in the figure below (taking the downward direction all is shown in Fig. 6.1, as the positive direction), ans) 0 (@) Airresistance is present in real vertical throws. On its way up, air resistive force (which opposes motion) acts in the same direction as gravitational force, bot acting against the direction of motion. The resultant force and hence deceleration are on average very large. f= (¥—1)ia, the time is taken is very short. On its way down, air resistive force acts opposite 10 gravitational force. ‘The resultant force and hence acceleration are on average much smaller. Using the same concept, the time taken is much longer. © (Kinetic energy = 4 ms? Yom 26 ms m= 0.1598 ky 2 Kinematies 16 “A! Physics Topical Paper (Nov.: Use Fig. 6.1 to explain how it may be deduced that 2 resistance varies with speed. ~ 2 le and explain, without any calculation, the feature 6.1 that enables the magnitude of the scceleration of free fall to be determined. a se Fig. 6.1 to determine the maximum height ached by the ball eight = a Use your answer in (i) to calculate the ratio 2 ° the bal's upward motion (4 The ball has mass 350 g. tant when this ball is traveling at 10 ms", sse Fig. 6.1 to show that the acceleration of the calls approximately -13 ms? S saiculate the magnitude of the force due to air eon the ball N BI sketch the graph to show the variation the velocity v of the ball as it falls back BI NOS raph is not constant, indicating the bal changes with speed. From Geman «second la of motion, it cam be deduced that Gemma: Sorce clso changes with speed, Since the the ball’s weight and air st is constant, it may be deduced s with speed. ) at = 1.75 5, there is no Semis Sc the resultant force acting on the “Sei mcr c= The acceleration of the ball at + is the area under the graph 1.75 s (When the ball is tthe top of its motion). Se approximated by finding the area sie domed line in the figure below, where sat be raph which lies above the dotted ‘Se par that lies below. 7 www physics.com sg st Clee in Pgs Tue 25; 20] vims* 15] 19} i 10 2 Maximum height = ¥4(1.5 5)@5 ms") = 18.75 m height = 19 m Gi) Initial kinetic energy Ym(2sy? = 312.5m, Gain in gravitational potential energy = mgh = 1m(9.81}{18.75) = 183.91, Bnerey lost due to air resistance = 312.5m ~ 183.9 = 128.62, ‘Therefore, ratio = 128.6m / 312.5m= 0.4115 ratio= O61 ‘The gradient of the graph at y = 10 ms" is drawn below. 25 - oo 20 vimst 15] 10] Hato) ‘The gradient of the graph = (21.5 ms) /(1.6 8) = -13.44=-13 ms* A’ Physies Topical Paper (Nov.)(id) Using Newton's second taw of motion, the resultant force on the ball = ma = (0.350 kg) - 13. ms") =-4,55 N. (The negative sign means that the resultant force is downwards). ‘The weight of the ball 1V'= mg = (0.350 kg\-9.81 N kg?) = -3.43 N (The negative sign means that the weight is downwards), Since the ball is on its way up, the air resistance and weight act in the same direction (i.e. downwards). Hence the air resistance = 4.55 — 3.43 = 1.12N. force = LUN (@) The sketch is shown below (similar in shape to the ‘graph given in the question of NO3/II1/1), ‘On its Way up, with air resistance acting in concert with the force of gravity against its motion, the projectile experiences a greater decelerating force and hhence deceleration (Newton's second law of motion), hhas a steeper gradient for its velocity-time graph, and is brought to rest in a shorter time. The gradient becomes progressively less steep as air resistance, and hence the total decelerating force as well as deceleration, decreases with speed on its way up. On its way down, with air resistance acting opposite to the force of gravity, the projectile experiences a smaier downward accelerating force and hence acceleration, has a gentler gradient for its velocity» time graph, and takes @ longer time t0 reach the ground, The gradient becomes progressively less steep fay air resistance increases with speed on its way down, and hence the total accelerating force as well ‘as acceleration decreases. The total area under the graph above the time axis is equal to that below the time avis because the vertical distance travelled upwards is equal to the vertical distance travelled downwards back to the ground. 2 Kinematies 18 ‘yoww.physics.com.sg Fist Cs in Phsies Tun Non-linear Motion 22. An object is projected with velocity 40 m sat an angle of 45° tothe horizontal Air resistance is negligible height 4oms o4e\ 0 time ‘What is the speed of the object alter 5.0 3? A 2Qims' Bo 28ms' C 35ms' D 49ms" Ooms Solution Answer: C ‘The horizontal velocity v, remains unchanged due to the absence of air resistance. c= th Fad = 40 cos 45° + (05.0) = 28 ms ‘The vertical velocity v, can be found from: yy Ty + t= 40 sin 45° + (-9,81)(5.0)=-21 ms" ‘The resultant velocity ve AM( ve +93) = 128) + 6-21)" = 35 mst Short Questions 23.4 student throws a ball from point S to a friend at point F. The path ofthe ball is shown in Fig, 1.1. A, Fig. U1 ‘The points $ and F are on the same horizontal level. Air resistance is negligible, ‘The ball is thrown from point $ with velocity v. represented by the vector arrow shown on Fig. I. On Fig. 1.1, a draw arrows from point $ to represent the initial horizontal and vertical components of the velocity (label these components vip and vy respectively), [1] (ii) draw arrows at A and at B (o represent the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity the ball at these two points A" Physics Topical Paper (Nov=] The arrows are drawn in the figure below. | ne arrows are drawn in the figure below. i he magnitude of the horizontal component Vy remains stant throughout. a ‘magnitude of the vertical component Fv decreases to -so, then inereases in the opposite direction, stone of mass 130 g is thrown horizontally from the top a cliff of height 32 m, as illustrated in Fig, 1.1 ig. 1. + resistance is negligible, The stone enters the sea with aspeed of Mims 2) Determine, for the stone as it hits the sea, ()) the vertical component of the velocity of the a at stone, vertical component of velocity =......ms" [2] (ii) the angle @ 10 the horizontal of the stone’s path. a= . fe} NOS/IY/I (part) Use the kinematics equation, applied to the vertical 2+ 2aysy FO where isthe fal Vertical comporont ofthe sore"s stone's velocity (0 m s since the stone was thrown b Air horizontally), a, the vertical component of the stone’s scsi gt nk tad Yoel SORpORBEC Te Stone's displacement (32m). a vie + 2g, + 20.81 m s*)(32 m) = 627.84 m? s* pnitial vy = 25.06 = 25 ms" p. {1 the ity of| BI eat matics 419 (Nov. www physies.com.sg Fist Clas Pysie Tution (ii) The vector diagram including the final velocity and its components is shown in Fig, 1.2 below. v=34ms" 25.06 ms" % Fig. 1.2 sin O~ vv~ 25.0634 = 0.7371 onan? Physics Topical Paper (Nov.)TOPIC3 Newton's Laws of Mi 1A wolley rans down a slope witha constant eccelerstion “The mass of the twlley # nose doubled and the trolly is allowed to run down the same slope. In both cases eects of fteton an air sistance are negligible ‘Which statement is correct forthe second experiment? ‘A. The accelerating force is the same, B The acceleration c D OIG Solution Answer: C ‘When the mass of the trolley is doubled, its weight (mg) will also be doubled. Hence the down-slope component of its weight (me sin 6) will also be doubled (where @ is the angle the slope makes with respect tothe horizontal). Since the dovn-slope accelerating force is doubled and the ‘mass is also doubled, the acceleration remains unchanged (a = img sin 8 m= g sin 8) and is hence independent of the mass of the trolley 2 Which graph best shows the variation with time of the ‘momentum of a body accelerated by a constant force? A B momentum momentum og time Time ¢ D omentum ‘momentum 6 —— 0 ‘ime 0 ‘ime Noss Solution Answer: A ‘According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of ‘chenge of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it Since the foree is constant, the rate of change of its ‘momentum is also constant ‘Thus its momentum increases uniformly with time 3 Dynamics 20 www.physics.com.sg lst Clas in Phys Ton Dynamics 3 A force 2F acting on a particle of mass 10 kg produces an Acceleration of 60 m =~, A foree SF acting on a panicle of mass M produces an acceleration of 50 m 5 ‘What isthe mass M1? A 33kg Bo 48kg Cc o2kg D 30kg Noss Sol Answer: D. “Applying Newton's second law of motion to the first situation, 2F = (10 kg)(60 ms") yields F = 300 N. Applying the same equation to the second sit 5(300.N) = M(S0 ms") yields Af= 30 kg, ation, 4 Acar of mass 1200 kg is accelerated by a resultant force 3000 N for atime of 5.0 ‘What is the gain in momentum of the car? A 2Skgmst C 60x18 kems! Be GOx10?kems! D5 10% ke ms! ost Sot Answer: D ‘The gain in momentum (or impulse) Ap = Fr= (3000 NYS.0s)= 1.5 x 10" Ns. driver but not fuel, to 30 m s" when 5. Arracing car of mass 500 kg, inclu decelerates from a speed of 50 m s approaching a bend. ‘The brakes exert a fixed retarding force of 7000 N. The time for the car to decelerate when itis almost out of fie! is 1, The time for it to decelerate when it has a full load of 130 kg of fuel iso, ‘What isthe difference (¢; ~ 1) in the times? A 037s B 056s © 093s D 143s NOTMIS Solution Answer: A ‘When the racing car is almost out of fuel, its deceleration a= Fim = 7000 N / 500 kg = 14 m s®, The time for it to slow down (= v= /a=(30~50)/ (-14) = 1.43, When the racing car has a full load of fuel, its deceleration a Fim = 7000 N / 630 kg = 11.1 ms. The time for it to slo down =~ / a= (30~50)/(-11.1)= 1.80 s, ‘The difference 1, = 1,801.43 ~0.37s. “A” Physics Topical Paper (Nov:orse of 54 N pushes two touching blocks of mass 6,0 J 2.0 kg along a flat surface. The frictional force the blocks and the surface is 6.0 N. oN | 60kg TH 2.0 a} TOIT ITT TITITT: s the magnitude of the resultant force on the 6.0 kg NB 36N € 45ND 48N 1047 Answer: B the resultant force on the whole system and ewton’s second law of motion, (G4N—6N)=(6.0 kg =2.0 kg) a ant force on the 6.0 kg mass is F=(6.0kg\ 6.0m s*)=36N 21 www .physics.com.sg Fist Clas PysieTuston Short Questions 7 A steel ball of mass 250 kg is suspended from the jib of a crane, as illustrated in Fig, 3.1. In order to demolish a wall, the ball is pulled away from the wall and then released. The ball swings down and hits the wall Fig. ‘The variation with time tof the speed v ofthe ball is shown in Fig. 3.2. 6 vine 4 os 1015 Us 20 Fig.3.2 (a) Using Fig. 32, determine () the magnitude of the acceleration of the ball at time r= 0.85, acceleration = ms? 3) the distance moved by the ball before it hits the wall, tha is, from time = @ disian mid) (b) Catculate the magnitude of. (i) the change in momenturn of the ball during its collision with the wall, change in momenta kgms i) the average force exerted on the wall during the collision. force = 1“ ‘When the ball hits the wall, 159% ofthe kinetic energy of the ball is converted to thermal energy in the bail Caleulate the mean temperature rise of the ball ‘The specific heat capacity of steel is 450) kg! K- Ki) ozs rr) temperature rise = *A" Physies Topical Paper (NovSolution 8 (@) (The acceleration can be found by measuring the gradient of the tangent of the speed-time graph at time ¢= 0.8, The gradient (6.0 ms'—2.0 ms'V(1.45 50.153) Oms'/13s 1 ms? Refer to diagram below, Gi) The distance can be found by measuring the area under the speed-time graph from f= 0.0 sto ¢~ 1.6. Using the trapezium rule, ‘The area from ¢=0.0 s to 1= 1.5 sis A= (0.25 8/2) (0 +,2(1.6) + 22.8) + 26.8) + 24.5) + 24.9) + 52] ms? =5005 m. ‘The area from ¢ ms'=052m. ‘The total distance moved = 5.05 m +0.52 m 5.6m. Refer to diagram below. © ISstor=16sisA= Lx 5.2 57 Solutic (@) Newton's second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body 6 the vims* ©) @ 05 10 15 20 i tis (&) (@_ Magnitude of the change in momentum = [0 maj = 4250 ke) 5.2 ms) = 1300 kg ms Gi) Average force (change in momentum)/time (4300 kg ms") /(0.20 8) = 6500. (© The kinet = Yami energy of the ball just before impact 4(250 kgy(5.2 ms)" = 3380 J. 15% of 3380] = $07 J = Q (thermal energy) Q= meso 507 (250 kgx(450 J kg" K") AG A9~ 4.507 x 10° = 4.5 x 10°K. 3 Dynamics 22 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion, t (b) A car of mass 750 kg is travelling at 25 m s* alon; direction of the resultant foree (iii) Friction exists between the tyres and the road surface. wonw.physics.com-ss Fist Cassin Physiss Taam horizontal road, The brakes are applied and the car is brought to rest by an average resistive force F, The ‘ar has an average deceleration of 4.8 ms” i) Show that the resistive force acting on the car is 3600 N. 0] Gi) Calculate the distance travelled by the car during this deceleration Aslan = oe sesseeseresen Q Gi) Describe, in terms of Newion's third law, the horizontal forces acting on the tyres of the car and on the road. Pp The car in (b) now travels at 25 m s down a slope where the angle to the horizontal is 10°. The car is brought to rest by applying the brakes. The same resistive force of 3600 N acts on the car. i) Explain why the distance the ear travels before coming to rest is greater than in (b). 0 Gi) Calculate the deceleration of the cat. deceleration = ms 2] Niom directly proportional to resultant force acting on it, and takes place in the Since the resistive force is the only force acting on the ccar while it is braking, the resistive force is also the resultant force F = ma = (750 kg)(4.8 m s*) = 3600 N. Using the kinematies equation: view +2as 0= (25) +2-4.8)5 s=65m ‘When the brakes are applied, the wheels stop rolling. Friction between the tyres and the road surface causes the tyres 0 exert a forward frictional force on the road. According to Newton’s third law of motion, the road surface will exert an equal and opposite (i. backward) frietional force on the tyres, causing the ‘car to decelerate, od Backrard Force “powmg face by Road On Tye Forward Farce | Aetion/ Reaction Fotee Par accoraing fo tlenton’s tied law ot motion) *A’ Physies Topical Paper (NowWher Se car is on a slope, the component of ‘its qememsceal force acting down the slope acts in the Girection to the resistive force hence ‘he resultant decelerating foree. According = second law of motion, the magnitude of tion thus decreases and the car travels coming to rest. ‘he component of the car’s gravitational foree acting ug sin 10° Sia7eN Ss x10 Tes reduces the magnitude of the resultant erating force to 3600 - 1278 = 2322 N, Newton's second law of motion, 2322/750 = 3.1 m 3.1ms the kinematics equation, the distance (s) the nels before coming t0 rest can be calculated (if w+ as 25) + 2¢-3.)s 01 m spared) Leese Momentum and its Conservation © Tee sae! balls X and ¥ are suspended on strings. Ball X is, suse © one side as shown. 1 X is released, the balls collide, ties must be conserved in the collision? < Linctic energy, total energy and momentum 2 Sinetic energy and momentum only © kinetic energy and total energy only > ‘otal energy and momenturn only oars Answer: D zy and momentum must be conserved in accordance laws of conservation of eneray and momentum However, the kinetic energy of the system is sdonly ifthe collision is elastic. = that is so is not mentioned in this question, hence no <5 on can be drawn regarding the kinetic energy. x (Nov 23 www.physics.com.sg Fist Clas in Physi Ton 10 The diagram shows two trolleys X and Y held stationary and connected by an extended elastic cord. The mass of X is twice that of Y. pin ‘The wolleys are released at the same instant. They move towards cach other and stick together on impact. Just before the collision, the speed of X is 20 em =~ ‘What is the speed of Y after the collision? A ero © tems? Bo Semst D lems! —Nosi4 Solution Answer: A. Considering the two trolleys as one system, the force of the elastic cord as well as the force of impact are both internal forces Since no net extemal force acts on the system, the total ‘momentum of the system remains constant, ie. zero. Upon collision, the rightward momentum of X (2m x 20m s") cancels out the leftward momentum of Y (m x 40 m s“), and both trolleys come to rest 11 Two spheres of equal mass collide head-on. Before the collision, one sphere is stationary and the other is moving ‘with speed 6 ms directly towards the stationary sphere. before collision : A afte collision tenes before collision 2 B @ afer collision an befor colision ° c @ after soliton = before collision pal t ° e@ ®@ after calision moo Noss “At Physics Topical Paper (Nos.)Solution Answer: A In an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved. ‘The total kinetic energy before collision is Yum(6)'= 18m J. After the collision, the total kinetic energy for answer A is Yam(6)" = 18m J. ‘The total KE. for answer B is m3)! + m3)? = The total K.B. for answer Cis Y4m(3)? + Yam(3)? ‘The total K.E. for answer B is Yane(3)' + Ym(9) =9m3. 12. An object of mass M travelling to the right with velocity 2y collides with another object of mass 2M travelling 10 the left with velocity v. After the collision, the objects stick together. av ¥ M 2M Which line in the table shows the total momentum and the total kinetic energy of the two objects ater the collision? momentum | kinetic energy A 0 0 8 4Mv o c ° ame D 4My ome NOTV6 Solution Answer: A val momentum of the system before collision is (MA(2¥) = 2x) = 0 hence, according to the law of conservation of near momentum, the total momentum of the system after the mast also be 0. «2 momentum p of the system after the collision is 0, i kinetic energy K must also be 0 (K = p'2m). cle of mass m travelling with velocity w collides -ssically and head-on with a stationary particle of mass Which expression gives the velocity of the particle of i afier the collision? mu 2mu (mw Aug my (Mow s M Mem M+m Nomr7 Answer: C collisions. the velocity of approach equals the separation. u-0- Un Yn Y= (1) oe law of conservation of linear momentum, = my * Moye Q) (2) into @), smu = (vy — 1) Ming 2mu= (m+ Myr, 2m! (an MM) 3 Dynamics 24 www physies.com.eg ist Clas in Physi 14 A wolley of mass 6.0 kg travelling at a speed of 5.0 ms" collides head-on and locks together with another trolley of mass 10 kg which is travelling in the opposite direction at ‘a speed of 3.0 ms". The collision lasts for 0.20 s, 10k9 ‘What is the total momentum of the two trolleys before the collision and the average force acting on each trolley «uring this collision? Total momentum | average force on botorecofsionvkgms* | “each Woley/N A ° 300) 8 6 150 ° ° 150 > oo 300 Nose Solution Answer: C Total momentum of the system before collision = (6.0 kg)(5.0 ms) ~ (10 ke)G.0 m s") = 30 Ns — 30 Ns = 0. According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, since no extemal net foree acts on the system, the total momentum of the system after the collision must also be zero. This means both trolley will be brought to ret. ‘According to Newton's second law of motion, the resultant force acting on each trolley is its rate of change of linear ‘momentum, F = G0 N s)(0.20 s) = 150 N. ‘The force exerted by the 6.0 kg trolley on the 10 kg trolley’ should be equal and opposite to that by the 10 kg tralley on the: 6.0 kg tolley (Newion’s third law of motion. Hence both trolleys experience a force of 150. The left trolley exerts a force of 150 N to bring the right trolley (o rest, and! vice versa, 15 A proton (mass 1u) travelling with velocity +0,100 collides elastically head-on with a helium mucleus (mass 4u) travelling with velocity -0,050 c. proton helium nucleus 0.100¢ 0.050¢ a What are the velocities of each particle aftr the cols helium Proton nucleus A -0.140¢ 40.0100 B | +0.140¢ | +0.0100 c 40.2336 0.083 D | -0233¢ | +0086 Noo “A‘ Physics Topical Paper (NoAnswer: A sifinoe. the relative velocity of approach equals setece of separation. settee: of separation = velocity of approach, =~ 25 = 0.100 6~ (0,050 ¢) = 0.150 ¢ “Se te of conservation of linear momentum, rats + mats = mv + my 20 6) 4uj(-0.050 ¢) = (Iu) v, + Gu) v3 vitavy © smeiccule of mass m travels with velocity +u towards a samenar; molecule of mass 4m and collides elastically om x Weer s the velocity of the molecule of mass m after the 2-1 NIOMUG Answer: B ollisions, the relative velocity of approach equals, sy of separation, u—O= v3 — ee Sseservation of linear momentum, au navy * mvs, w+ yy into the second equation, © sax = my Amu) Sy)=-3u v= -G/5)u Questions jum nucleus moves towards a deuterium nucleus as deuterium tision? Fig. 1.1 ally have the same speed v. The tritium sus consists of (Wo neutrons and a proton. The -euterium nucleus consists of a neutron and a proton. The proton and the neutron have the same mass 7. 4) (State why the two nuclei will repel one another. aestnaagiiwite PeaeeeeeTA (Gi) State what will happen if vis sufficiently high. " nase “ wee (A) NO9IIT er (Nov.)3 Denamies 25 www.physies.com.sg st Clas in PysisTuton (ii) Explain why it is not possible for the nuclei to stop at the same instant, 21 (b) At one instant during the interaction between the nuclei, they are both travelling in the same direction with the same speed. Calculate this speed, in terms of | speed a (©) Fig. 1.2 is a velocity-time sketch graph showing how the velocity of each nucleus varies. The interaction between the nuclei is elastic. Fig. 1.2 (Label the graph to show 1. whieh eurve i for the tritium nucleus, 2. the times at which each mucteus stops, 3. the time at which they ae at their distance of closest approach. G) i) Determine the final speed of each nucleus in terms ofv final speed of deuterium. final speed of tritium Ot ‘Nomi Solution G) (i) Like charges repel. Since both nuclei are positively charged, they repel i) Nuclear fusion will occur. If vis sufficiently high, the nuclei will have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the electrostatic repulsion, ii) The initial momentum of the system before collision js not zero because the nuclei are travelling in opposite directions with different magnitudes of ‘momentum. ‘According to the law of conservation of linear ‘momentum, since there is no extemal net foree acting con the system, momentum must be conserved hence the momentum of the system at any instant during the interaction cannot be zero. (b) Apply the law of conservation of linear momentum ang let "be their common velocity. “A” Physics Topical Paper (Nov(©) (i) The labeling is shown in Fig. 1.3 below. Deuterium Nusous Stops The tritium nucteus, being the heavier of the wo nuclei, experiences a smaller reversal in velocity after the collision. The distance of closest approach occurs when both nuclei are travelling at the same speed, just before they separate. Gi) For an clastic collision, the relative velocity of approach equals the relative velocity of separation, v-O)= vr w= 2v (I) where vp and vy are the velocities of the deuterium nucleus and tritium nucleus after the collision, respectively. From the law of conservation of linear momentum, 3nty— eww = 3mve + 2p Buy + 2p = va 3x) +@), % Substitute into (1), lav wn ‘Therefore, the final speed of the deuterium nucleus is 1.4v while the final speed of the tritium nucleus is 0.6, Check: This confirms the answer to (ch). 18 Fig. 2.1 shows the path of a ball that is kicked off the ground towards a vertical wall Incident velocity wall velocity maximum height of 18 m. The ball is incident with a horizontal velocity of 66 m s" and rebounds in a horizontal direction with 2 velocity of 5.2 ms". The ball isin contact with the wall 3 Dynamies 28 b) © @ www physics.com.s3. Fist Class in Physi Tele (@) Calculate the inti vertical component of the bal’s velocity. vertical velocity =. : ms' py Calculate the average force acting on the ball due to its collision with the wall, ‘magnitude of the force ~ direetion of foree on the bal © BI ‘State and explain whether the collision with the wall is elastic. 1) Explain why the ball does not rebound to the point on the ground from where it was kicked. pl Noo © @ Using the kinematics equation on the vertical component of the ball’s velocity, and taking upwards as the positive direction: P= 2 +2a5, +2(9.81)1.8) 943 ms" vertical velocity = 5.9 ms Applying Newton’s second law of motion, and taking rightwards asthe positive direction: P= (mv— mm) /1= m(y~1) I = 0.45 (-5.2~ 6.6) /0.22=-24.14N ‘magnitude of the force = 24.N direction of the force on the ball = towards the left Not elastic. The speed of the ball v has decreased rom 6. ms! 10 5.2 ms". Since its kinetic energy Ey = Yom’ (where m is its mass), ils kinetic energy has decreased, Another way to explain will be that the relative velocity approach (6.6—0 = 6.6 m5") is greater than the relat velocity of separation (0 —(-5.2) = 5.2 ms") In situations like this where air resistance is negligible, th time for the ball to rise is equal to that for it to fll However, the ball’s horizontal velocity has decreased aft the rebound. In the same time interval that it took to Ts the ball will thus travel a shorter horizontal distance aft the rebound, and land closer to the wall *A’ Physics Topical Paper (Nov266 sn ty off ative c,the after rise, after (Nov wes Questions Define linear moment. a ‘State the relationship between the change in linear ‘momentum of an object, the constant foree acting and the time for whieh the force 0) >) In a collision between two bodies A and B, the force hat A exerts on B varies with time in the way shown in Fig. 21 force that ce Aexers onB 0 Fig. 24 (i) Copy Pig. 2.1 and show on your sketch 2 graph of the force that B exerts on A a (i) Beplain your answer to (i). a (ii). Explain how your answer to (i) is consistent with the principle of conservation of momentum. — [3] =) Inaceollision, when a uuck of mass 12.000 kg runs into the back of a car of mass [200 kg, a constant force of 72 000 N acts for 0.25 s. Caleulate the change in velocity of ( theear, fe (i) the muck. 2 Suggest one way in which the conditions in (c) are unrealistic, m Discuss how seat belts and air bags in a car ensure preater safety. 12) In order to reduce the number of road traffic accidents, many counities conduct research into improving road safety. (One area of research concerns braking. State three factors that affect braking which might be considered by researchers. BI (ii) State one other aspect of ear safety that could be researched, and suggest briefly how the research coud be conducted. fe Nos amis 2 www.physics.com.sg Fst Cas in Physics Tuiton Solution @@ (ii) 0) @ Gai) ‘The linear momentum of a body is the product of its ‘mass and its velocity, and acts in the same direction as its velocity. ‘The change in linear momentum Ap of an object (impulse) is equal to the produce of the constant force F acting on it and the time ¢ for which the force acts. Ap= Fi ‘The force that B exerts on A is shown in the figure below. According 10 Newion’s third law of motion, when body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an ‘equal but opposite force on body A. Hence the force that B exerts on A is equal in ‘magnitude but opposite in direction to that exerted by AonB. (iii) The force that A exerts on B is equal in magnitude to oO @ Gi) that by B on A and the time of contact over which the forces act is also the same for both bodies. ‘The change in A’s linear momentum (J F di) is thas ‘equal in magnitude but opposite to B's (Fi), ‘Considering A and B as one system, theit changes in linear momentum cancel out vectorially, thus the total momentum of the system remains unchanged Since their mutual contact forces are considered as intemal forces and there are no external forces acting on the system, the fact that the linear momentum of the system remains unchanged in the absence of external- forces is consistent with the law of conservation of linear momentum, ‘The impulse (i.e. change of momentum) = constant force x time 72.000 N x 18000 Ns. For the ear, m Av= 18000 N s ‘Av ~ (18 000 N s)/(1200 kg) = 15 ms", For the truck, m Av= |8000 Ns Av = (-18 000 N s)/(12 000 kg) =-1.5 ms". A" Physies Topical Paper (Novwoww.physics.com.sg Fist Chass in Physics Tan (@) It is not possible for vehicles to experience a constant (6) _In planning a railway timetable, threc options are being force during a collisi ‘considered for trains going through a certain town, The ‘options are The foree varies as the bodies undergo deformation ‘Ac auain of maisi60> 10° kp dardoarseestap, during a collision B, a train of mass 6.0 x 10° ke that can accelerate (©) By undergoing deformation, seat belts and air bags and decelerate at a rate of 0.50 ms, which stops inorease the time for the body tobe brousht to rest. Jn the sation for 200s, C. a train of mass 1.0 x 10° kg that can accelerate According to Newton’s second law of motion, the and decelerate ats rate of 2.00 m £2, which stops resultant fore (F) acting on a body is directly in the station for 200s. proportional tothe rate of change of linear momentum (p) of the body (F @ dpidi). Hence an increase in the time taken reduces the rate of change of momentum, and hence the resultant force acting on the body. ‘The steady speed of the trains between stations is 50 ms“! Velocity-time graphs of their movement are shown in Fig. 1.1 apposite (© Copy and complete the last three columns of the ( @ Frictional force between the tire and the road following abt. 61 (material engineering research). tain | tain | tainc Skidding due to the tires locking in abrupt braking distor tavelled in situations (antilock braking system (ABS) research), Sn tne the 400 s thatthe wains | 20.000 m Speed of braking action (replacement of mechanical ave cer ree system with electronic brake-by-wire systems), distance train is behind tain Aasaresutef | 0 | 15009m Shock absorptian inthe event of collision, stopping Research can be conducted into the efficacy of the | Timeelayasaresuk |g | ons crumple zone at the front and back of the car peak Cncluding the bumper) Kinetic energy of tain 1.25 08s at a speed of 50m“! The material sed should be stiff enough so that the [oe cay car docs not break apart, yet not so stiff as to result in. bopaine eee Ove Ie 0 co tain by the tack ‘an extremely large force of impact, Force sensors placed on dummy drivers can be used -Yebeyt to measure the force of injury in simulated collisions, a 20 (a) Newton's third law of motion ean be stated in the form ‘wher! object X exerts a force on object Y, then object Y exerts a foree of the same type that is equal in oh___i__i -magnitude and opposite in direction on object X. une (Explain what is meant by of the same type in this. Yanna’ “UH statement ofthe la a cones Gi) Object X is a book resting in equilibrium on a table (object Y). Draw labelled force diagrams 10 show the forees on X and on Y. Make it clear ‘which forces are equal in magnitude and opposite ol in diection, a (ily Now suppose object X isa book that has fallen YORRRY onto the table (object ¥) and has just landed on i For the instant of arrival, draw labelled force iagrams to show the forces on X and on Y Make i clear which forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and which forces are different in magnitude from those in (i). [3] some a us Fig. 1.4 Be Be eco aes (ii) Suggest two advantages and two disadvantages of using trains such as C rather than B. a) NOsAIIA, 3 Dynamics 28 *A’ Physics Topical Paper (Nov,