NB. The distance moved must be
along the same line (parallel) as the force. \
‘The unit of eat
therefore the |
{ Newton-meire (Nm).
1
is usually called i Motim™ — Pallet :
a Joule, J. M/ Motion |
2 ' > |
! Push
' 1
1
~ Work done X Work not done |
Work done on
the object.
Ronco and Ma
op in Sami ication, Force and distance are opposite
Distance <—
Bow does work
on the arrow
a
Kinetic
Fuel loses
chemical energy,
\\ Gains energy
'
Loses energy
Energy conservation ’
Sar Shots See pia eS
atta grote energy eatin Golf club Fuel doeslwork on
ow fie le \ the rocket
Kinet Golf ball gains some
Elastic potential IM] | Gravitational potential energy aw 9 Goll ba es
energy lest by yy st hy mass
the bow
Weight Mass does work on spring Club does work on the ballInvisible gravitational field - lines show
direction the force on a mass acts
A gravitational field is a region of space where objects
‘Near the surface of the Earth, the
\ Earth's gravitational field exerts
\ about 9.8 N (often rounded to 10 N)
‘ilogram of mass.
‘Weight always acts_7 =
towards the centre
of the Earth.
The force per kilogram of mass is a
good way of measuring the strength
of the Earth's gravitational field.
If an object is in
free fall, the only Applying Newton's
force on it is second law
weight (difficult
in practice
because of air
resistance).
ay
W=mg
10 mys? ¥
g= 10 Nikg
oe
‘The mass of an object is the
same everywhere. The weight
depends on the gravitational
field strength,
Hence. acceleration due to
free fall is equivalent to
gravitational field strength.
Masses i
Goo an
oy ys m/s?
an
16y
Moon
\1.6 ms?
.
yo
towards the centre of the Earth.
/
muesli.)
bat this
above
Gravitational field strength g, defined as the force
per kilogram of mass placed at the point of interest,
gravitational field gets weakef,
not significant unfil
you hayp gone about 20
e surface.
Resultant force = mass x acceleration
=> Then acceleration (m/s?) = weight (N)/ mass (kg).
You can think of
this as the weight
increasing to
compensate for the
increased mass 50
all objects fall at
the same rate,
independent of
their mass.
JagENERGY Powe Slow conversion of electrical ar ae
to heat and light energy.
Walking
Dim
[A __ Slow gain in gravitational
4K potontial enorgy.
Low rate of doing work. Low power
Electrical energy Heat and
light
energy
Rapid rate of doing work sd sonvorson of eloceicg
Ray
to heat and light energy.
Rapid gain in gravitational
potential energy.
Power is the number of Joules transferred
each second.
‘The unit of power is the Joule per second,
called the Watt, W. Rentigavanangy
‘Rate’ means how quickly something happens.
Energy transferred = work done, so
Find out total (heat, ight, electrical) energy transferred
+ Find out how long the energy transfer took
Use the formula above Mechanical:
(Le. where a force moves
through a distance)
Calculating power. Non-mechanical:
Power = energy transferred
ime taken
Electrical = foites Caleulate the work done = force (N) x distance (m)
energy '* Find out how long the work took to be done
1200 J = 6OW ¢ Use the formula above
jm Work done = 300.N'x 0.5 m
0.5m = 150 J per lift
20x 1505
Bulb is switched on for 20s.
Total work don:
Compare these: imagine how Soe
tired you would get if you
personally had to do all the 300 N Power = workdone = 3000J
‘work necessary to generate 20 lifts in 60 s ia ee
all the electrical power your
‘house uses. = > = 50WWork done Gravitational Work done by
against potential Only changes in Gravitational gravitational
gravitational energy gravitational potential potential energy force (weight)
for gained energy are calculated A take
(weight) from changes in height
Gravitational potential energy transferred (J)
(= mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)
g x change in height (m)
on
Doubling the mass doubles ae
the kinetic energy; doubling eS
fhe Mes enemy ch POE 0 cts
kinetic energy. ‘oa Barth ‘Work done =
Speeding, even a litle bit, force x distance
“+ in'a car is vory dangorous
(sh Weight =
‘Kinetic energy (Joules)
= Ye mass of object (kg) x [speed (mvs)?
Work done = weight
change in height
Weight and height
along the same line as,
required by the definition of work.
Gravitational potential energy depends on:
* Acceleration of free fall
*Mass ——_______—1
oi |
Unbalanced force does work —t4
og the object and the kinetic energy
increases.
‘fe mo®
If no resultant
force acts
No work is done
It depends on the
object’s mass and speed
tinetg eboney Velocity Increases
(ie. acceleration)
No change in
velocity
4 Hence, unbalanced ¥
forces cause
Newton's acceleration, waich is Ne
First consistent with
tev Friction Newton's Second Law.