PART 6

6
PART
NTRODUCTION TO
NTRODUCTION
TO
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS

WHAT
WHAT IS
IS A
A TRANSISTOR???
TRANSISTOR???
IS A
A THREE
THREE TERMINAL
TERMINAL DEVICE
HAS
IS
DEVICE THAT
THAT HAS
THE ABILITY
ABILITY TO
TO AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY SIGNALS???
THE
SIGNALS???

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERERENT

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS???
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS

BIPOLAR JUNCTION
BIPOLAR
JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR
TRANSISTOR

NPN
NPN

N
N
CHANNEL
CHANNEL

PNP
PNP

P
P
CHANNEL
CHANNEL

FIELD EFFECT
FIELD
EFFECT
TRANSISTOR
TRANSISTOR

JFET
JFET

ENHANCEMENT
ENHANCEMENT

MOSFET
MOSFET

DEPLETION
DEPLETION

WHAT ARE
WHAT
ARE THE
THE ASSOCIATED
ASSOCIATED
TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS???
TRANSISTOR
SYMBOLS???

HOW
HOW ARE
ARE BJT
BJT ss CONSTRUCTED???
CONSTRUCTED???

EMITTER
HEAVILY
DOPED

COLLECTOR
MEDIUM
DOPED

0.001 in.
BASE REGION THICKNESS
LIGHTLY DOPED

WHAT ARE
ARE THE
THE FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF
WHAT
OF
BJT
TERMINALS???
BJT TERMINALS???

BASE>>>>
SERVES
THE
INPUT
BASE>>>>
SERVES
ASAS
THE
INPUT
TERMINAL!CONTROLS
CONTROLS
TERMINAL!
CURRENTFLOW
FLOWFROM
FROM
CURRENT
EMITTER TO
TO COLLECTOR
EMITTER
COLLECTOR!

EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR

EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE
ASOR
INPUT
OR
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR
OUTPUT
OR
OUTPUT
TERMINAL!
ACTS
AS
OUTPUT ORACTS
OUTPUT
TERMINAL!
AS
THE
TERMINAL! ACTS AS
THE
SOURCE OF
THE
SOURCE OF
CURRENT
SOURCE OF
CURRENT
CARRIERS!!
CURRENT
CARRIERS!!
CARRIERS!!

EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR

OUTPUT TERMINAL!
ACTS AS THE SOURCE
OF CURRENT CARRIERS!!

WHAT ARE
ARE THE
THE FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF
WHAT
OF
BJT
TERMINALS???
BJT TERMINALS???

COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES
COLLECTOR>>>>
SERVES
COLLECTOR>>>>
SERVES
COLLECTOR>>>>
SERVES
COLLECTS
COLLECTS
COLLECTS
COLLECTS
CARRIERS
CARRIERS
CARRIERS
CARRIERS
EMITTER!!!
EMITTER!!!
EMITTER!!!
EMITTER!!!

AS OUTPUT
AS
OUTPUT
AS
OUTPUT
TERMINAL!!
AS
OUTPUT
TERMINAL!!
TERMINAL!!
TERMINAL!!
CURRENT
CURRENT
CURRENT
CURRENT
FROM
FROM
FROM
FROM

COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES AS OUTPUT

TERMINAL!! COLLECTS
CURRENT CARRIERS
FROM EMITTER!!!

WHAT ARE
ARE THE
THE FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF
WHAT
OF
BJT
TERMINALS???
BJT TERMINALS???

WHAT ARE
ARE THE
THE APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
WHAT
OF
OF BJT???
BJT???

AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
SWITCHING CIRCUITS
PROTECTION CIRCUITS
TIMING CIRCUITS
CONTROL CIRCUITS

WHAT ARE
WHAT
ARE THE
THE REQUIEREMENTS
REQUIEREMENTS
FOR
TO OPERATE???
FOR BJT
BJT TO
OPERATE???
BASE MUST
MUST BE
BECONNECTED
CONNECTEDTOWARDS
TOWARDS
BASE
POSITIVE SIDE
SIDE OF
OFSUPPLY
SUPPLY
POSITIVE
EMITTER MUST
BE CONNECTED
CONNECTED
EMITTER
MUST BE
TOWARDSNEGATIVE
NEGATIVESIDE
SIDEOF
OF
TOWARDS
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
COLLECTOR MUST
MUST BE
BE SUPPLIED
SUPPLIEDBY
BY
COLLECTOR
POSITIVE STRONGER
STRONGERTHAN
THAN
POSITIVE
BASE POSITIVE
POSITIVESUPPLY.
SUPPLY.
BASE

WHAT ARE
WHAT
ARE THE
THE DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
MODES
MODES OF
OF BJT
BJT OPERATION???
OPERATION???
CUT OFFF
CUT
OFFF
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
SATURATION
SATURATION

CUT OFF
CUT
OFF
BASE
BASE EMITTER,
EMITTER, BASE
BASE COLLECTOR
COLLECTOR
JUNCTIONS
JUNCTIONS ARE
ARE BOTH
BOTH
REVERSE
REVERSE BIAS!!!
BIAS!!!
C
B
E

ACTIVE
ACTIVE

BASE EMITTER JUNCTIONS

ARE FORWARD BIAS, BASE
COLLECTOR JUNCTION
ARE REVERSE BIASED!!!

C
B
E

SATURATION
SATURATION
BOTH BASE EMITTER AND BASE
COLLECTOR JUNCTIONS ARE
FORWARD BIASED!!!
C
B
E

BASIC OPERATION OF
AN NPN BJT
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF
OFOPERATION
OPERATION
COLLECTOR

P BASE
N

EMITTER

IN
IN THIS
THIS SET
SET UP,
UP, BASE
BASE
EMIITER
JUNCTION
EMIITER JUNCTION
IS
IS FORWARD
FORWARDBIAS
BIAS
WHILE
WHILE BASE
BASE
COLLECTOR
COLLECTOR
JUNCTION
JUNCTION IS
IS
REVERSE
REVERSE BIAS!!!
BIAS!!!

EQUIVALENT
SCHEMATIC
CIRCUIT!!!
NOTE: THIS KIND
OF DRAWING IS
CALLED CLOSE
LOOP!!!

+ Vcc

OPEN LOOP
STYLE OF
SCHMETIC
DIAGRAM

BJT MOST
IMPORTANT
VOLTAGES

Vbc

Vc

Vce
Vb

Vbe
Ve

THE COLLECTOR CURVES AND THE DC LOAD LINE

Icsat
70uA
60uA
50uA
40uA
30uA
20uA
10uA
0
Vce off

Icsat

THE Q POINT
MIDPOINT

Q POINT
70uA
60uA
50uA
40uA
30uA
20uA
10uA
0
Vce off

THE SATURATION POINT

THE CUT OFF POINT
THE ACTIVE POINT

10K
1K
10V

THE TRANSISTOR
TRANSISTORAS
ASA
ASWITCH
SWITCH
THE

Base bias is useful in digital circuits as this

as this circuits usually operates in saturation or
cut off. This means that the output is either
low or high output voltage.

Base bias
bias isis useful
useful in
in digital
digital circuits
circuits as
as this
this
Base
as this
this circuits
circuits usually
usually operates
operates in
in saturation
saturation or
or
as
cut off.
off.This
This means
means that
that the
the output
output isis either
either
cut
low or
orhigh
high output
output voltage.
voltage.
low

THE TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

Recognizing Hard Saturation

1. Often the base voltage and collector voltage

are equal
2. If this is the rule , the ratio is 10:1
which means that Base resistance is ten times
greater than collector resistance

Topic Evaluation:
1. What are the requirements of an NPN type BJT to operate?
2. What are the three modes f BJT operation?
3. What are the applications of of a BJT?
4. How many transistor voltages are there?
5. Among the different transistor voltages, which one is the
most important?
6. What is the approximate value of Vce if BJT is cut off?
7. What BJT voltage remains constant regardless of Vcc value?
8. What is the approximate value of Vce if BJT is saturated?
9. What happens to CE resistance if BJT is working as a switch?
10. What device or circuit do BJT comparable in terms of testing?

BASIC AMPLIFIER PRINCIPLES

1. There exist a RESISTANCE between

EMITTER AND COLECTOR.
2. CE resistance is CONTROLLED BY BA
3. MORE base bias, CE resistance decre
4. LESS base bias, CE resistance increa
5. VARYING base bias, CE resistance va
6. Variation of CE resistance is PROPOR
to base bias variations.

TRANSISTOR BIASING
The VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS
+Vcc

Associated Formulas
Vcc
Divider current: I =
R1+R2
R2
VCC
Base Voltage:
VB =
R1+R2
Emitter Voltage: VE = VB - VBE
VE
Emitter Current: IE = RE
VCEQ = ICQRC - IERE
OR

VCC - IE(RC+RE)
IE
1 + hFE
IB =

BASE BIAS OR FIXED BIAS

+Vcc

IB

ASSOCIATED

FORMULAS
Ic

ASSOCIATED FORMULAS
IB = VCC - VBE
RB

IE

IC = hFE IB -------- for Q point value

VCE = VCC _ ICRC---- for Q point value

Constructing a DC load line for Base Bias

IB

Determine Q pts for VCE and IC?

VCC = 8V
RB

RC

360K

2K

Ic

=100

IE

SOLUTION
IB = VCC - VBE = 20.28uA
RB
Q POINT

4
IC = hFE IB = 2.028mA
3
VCE = VCC - ICRC = 3.94mA 2
1
0
ICSAT = Vcc / RC = 4mA
VCEoff = VCC = 8V

EMITTER BIAS
FORMULAS
+VCC

IB

RB

Ic RC

360K

2K
=100

IE

+VEE

ASSOCIATED
IE =

VEE - VBE
RE
VEE - VBE

SINCE IC APPROX.
EQUAL TO IE
RE
VCEQ = VCC - ICQRC = 6.53mA
TO SOLVE FOR ICSAT AND VCEOFF
2VCC
ICSAT =
RC + RE
ICQ =

VCEOFF = 2VCC
note : only if two supplies are equal

EXAMPLE:

SOLVE FOR : ICQ AND VCEQ

+VCC = 12V

SOLUTION:
VEE - VBE

RC
750
=100

RB
100

RE
1.5K
-VEE 12V

ICQ =
=7.53mA
RE
note: IC IS APPROX.
EQUAL TO IE

What is an amplifier GAIN?

Gain of an amplifier is mainly det

by the HFE or hfe rating of a part

Gain is number that is used to mu

the input so as to predict the exp
output level. BJT HFE are typicall
50 to 400

What is an amplifier GAIN?

The ability of a transistor to amp

referred to as current gain. Beta(
current gain of a common emitte
Also sometimes called forward c
transfer ratio(HFE).
dc = IC / IB
i c / ib
ac =

BASIC AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS

1. COMMON EMITTERinput is a
to base and output is taken at coll
2. COMMON BASEinput is app
to emitter and output is taken at c
3. COMMON COLLECTOR...input is
to base and output is taken at em

+ Vcc

output
input

Bipolar Transistor Definitions

VCC---- supply voltage connected to
collector
VEE---- supply voltage connected to
emitter
VBB---- supply voltage connected to
base
Vc----- Collector voltage to ground
VB----- Base voltage to ground
VE----- Emitter voltage to ground
VCE---- Collector Emitter Voltage

BVCBO---DC breakdown voltage , colle

base with emitter open.
BVEBO---DC breakdown voltage, emitt
with collector open.
IE--------Emitter current
IB--------Base Current
IC--------Collector current
Icmax-----maximum allowable current

wo stage amplifier
+ Vcc

100K
1uF

2.2K

10K

1uF

input

output
22K

220