Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction
2
• Sewer
3
• Types of Sewer 3-4
• Sewage 4
• Sewage system
5
• Types of Sewer System
7
• Components of Sewer System
7–9
○ Sewer
7
○ Manhole
7
○ Drop Manhole
8
○ Pumping Station
9
• Design of Sewer System
12 - 15
• Design Procedure
16 - 17
• Design Data
18
• Conclusion
19
• Comments 19
• Reference 19
• Design of Wet Well
20-21
2 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
INTRODUCTION
We use water supply system in order to provide easy availability
of water for drinking , washing etc. when this water is used it
becomes waste water called "sewage". Proper system is required
for the collection of waste water and conveying it to the point of
disposal with or without treatment called as "sewerage
system".
ABOUT SCHEME:
On the east side it has Upper Chenab canal and Jhelum road. It has
allocation of two parks, graveyard as well. In the east direction there is
a treatment plant and disposal station.
SEWER: -
A pipe or system of pipes used to
remove human waste and to provide
drainage.
OR
TYPES OF SEWER: -
• A Sanitary Sewer (also called a foul
sewer) is a type of underground
carriage system, (the 'system of
sewers' is called sewerage), for
transporting sewage from houses or
industry to treatment or disposal. In
some areas, sanitary sewers are
separate sewer systems specifically
for the carrying of domestic and
industrial wastewater, and are operated separately and
independently of storm drains, which carry the runoff of rain
and other water which wash into city
streets.
SEWAGE: -
Sewage is water-carried wastes, in
either solution or suspension that flow
away from a community. Also known
as wastewater flows; sewage is the
used water supply of the community.
It is more than 99.9% pure water and
is characterized by its volume or rate
of flow, its physical condition, its
chemical constituents, and the
bacteriological organisms that it
contains. Depending on their origin, wastewater can be classed
as sanitary, commercial, industrial, or surface runoff.
SEWAGE SYSTEM: -
5 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
Collection: -
A sewage system
may convey the
wastewater by gravity to a sewage treatment plant. Where
pipeline excavation is difficult because of rock or there is limited
topographic relief (i.e., due to flat terrain), gravity collection
systems may not be practical and the sewage must be pumped
through a pipeline to the treatment plant. In low-lying
communities, wastewater may be conveyed by vacuum. Pipelines
range in size from pipes of six inches (150 mm) in diameter to
concrete-lined tunnels of up to thirty feet (10 m) in diameter.
the same pipe. Besides the projected sewage flow, the size and
characteristics of the watershed are the overriding design
considerations for combined sewers. Often, combined sewers
cannot handle the volume of runoff, resulting in combined sewer
overflows and causing water pollution problems in nearby water
bodies.
• Combined system:
Manhole: -
A manhole (alternatively utility hole,
maintenance hole, inspection chamber or
access chamber) is the top opening to an underground utility
vault used to house an access point for
making connections or performing
maintenance on underground and buried
public utility and other services including
sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains
and gas. It is protected by a manhole
cover, also known as a 'biscuit', a plug
designed to prevent accidental or
unauthorized access to the manhole.
450-750mm Not>120m
>750mm Not>150m
Drop Manhole:
8 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
Pumping stations: -
Pumping stations are facilities
including pumps and equipment for
pumping fluids from one place to
another. They are used for a variety of
infrastructure systems, such as the
supply of water to canals, the drainage
of low-lying land, and the removal of
sewage to processing sites.
Infiltration:
It is the waste water that enters sewers through poor joints,
cracked pipes, walls and covers of man holes. Infiltration is
almost nonexistent in dry weather but increases during rainy
season. WASA uses the following infiltration rate for design of
sewer system.
INVERT LEVEL:
The lowest inside level at
any cross section of a
sewer pipe is known as the
invert level at that cross
section.
(i) Screens:
used to
screen out
large floating
matter that
can damage
pump.
(ii) Dry Well:
Used to house
the pump.
(iii) Wet Well: to
receive
wastewater.
General
Design
Consideration: -
(i) More than 1 pump should be provided to cope with
available discharge, two pumps for small pumping
stations and more than two for large pumping stations
should be used out of which one is for min. flow, one is
for avg. flow and one for max. Flow.
(ii) Total pumping capacity of pumping station must be
equal to the peak sewage flow.
(iii) Stand by pump must be provided at the pumping
station. Its capacity should be at least 50% of peak
sewage flow.
(iv) Alternate sources of power must be there at pumping
station. (Either power from two different feeders or a
diesel operated pumps).
(v) Pumps should be of self priming type and should be of
self priming type and should operate under positive
suction head.
(vi) Each pump should have individual intake.
(vii) Screens with 50mm opening should be provided at
pump station to avoid entrance of big particles in
pumps.
(viii) Size of dry well should be sufficient to house pumping
machinery and for working.
11 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
(ix) Dry wells are provided with sump pump which are
usually reciprocating pumps to pump out sewage leaks
in dry wells.
(x) Sluice valve must be provided at suction and delivery
side of pump and non-return valve at the delivery side
(to reduce back hammer effect)
(xi) Detention time in the wet well should not be more than
30min to avoid septic conditions.
2 1
1
V = × R 3 ×S 2
n
Where;
V = Velocity of flow , m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth =
12 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
Plant Location: -
1) General: - The following items shall be considered when
selecting a plant site:
a) Proximity to residential areas.
b) Direction of prevailing winds.
c) Necessary routing to provide accessibility by all weather
roads.
d) Area available for expansion.
13 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
Quality of Effluent: -
The required degree of wastewater treatment shall be
established by reference to applicable effluent criteria issued
by the Division of Water Pollution Control for all projects
involving new plants, new discharge locations or major
upgrades.
Design: -
The goal of the preparers of this Design Criteria is to promote
the simplest treatment scheme available that will meet the
requirements of the permit while providing maximum ease of
operation. While cost comparisons are important, long term
operability and reliability should be an overriding influence in
developing new sewerage collection and treatment works.
Type of Treatment: -
14 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
a) Preparation of Hydraulic Statement: -
➢ Find the present population of the project area. Then
find the design population from the given design
period. Afterwards find average sewage flow for the
design population, select peak factor for you project
area from given table.
➢ Draw the layout of the sewer system keeping in view the
layout of the roads and streets (represent each sewer
with a line and manhole with a dot).
➢ Number the manholes and identify each sewer line (like
M2M2, M2M3 etc.).
➢ Allocate plots or area to each sewer line.
➢ Measure the length of each sewer line as per scale of
your map. Also show direction of flow in sewer lines with
an arrow.
➢ By adopting per capita sewage flow as 70% of water
consumption, calculate average sewage flow and
15 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
DESIGN DATA
CONCLUSION: -
• This sewerage system is designed keeping in view WASA
criteria.
• Minimum pipe size is 225mm.
• Minimum cover is maintained as 1m throughout design.
• We use RCC pipes. They are strong and long lasting. They
are best to bear backfill loads. Giving high 3- edge bearing
test strength value.
COMMENTS: -
• Velocity is taken as 0.7 m/s according to WASA criteria for
partially combined sewer.
• The diameter of pipes used in the design of the housing
scheme should have been in the multiple of 75mm, but we
did not use the diameters of pipes in multiples of 75mm,
because these are not locally available.
• In the Sewer Profile that we have drawn there is only one
Drop Manhole i.e. M16
REFERENCE: -
• Water Supply and Sewerage by EW Steel and McGhee.
• Design Aid (provide by the teacher).
• WASA design criteria.
V = tmin × P / 4 = 20 × 5.20 / 4 = 26 m3
t = V/ (P - Qavg)
t = 26 / (5.20 – 1.30)
= 26 / (5.20-1.30) + 26 / (1.30)
= 4 × 26 / 5.20
= 20 min (OK)
= 26 / 1.3
19 Ahsan Abid Kalim 06-CIVIL-103
= 20 min (OK)
=> V = (π/4) × D2 x d
26 = (π/4) × D2 × 2.5
=> D = 3.64 m
So,