MN HC

CHI TIT MY
GING VIN: NGUYN VN THNH
B MN: THIT K MY
KHOA C KH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

CHNG 1 V CHNG 2

- NHNG YU CU CHUNG
CA MY.
- NHNG CH TIU THIT K
MY V CHI TIT MY
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1.1. NHNG YEU CAU CHUNG CUA MAY (02)

Bao gm nhng yeu cau chung ve thiet ke che tao va van hanh.
1.1.1. NHNG YEU CAU CHUNG VE THIET KE CHE TAO:

1)
2)
3)
4)

am bao kha nang lam viec

am bao tnh cong nghe cao
Mc o tieu chuan hoa, qui cach hoa cao
Mc o tieu hao nguyen vat lieu nho

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Nang suat may cao

Gia thanh may thap
o tin cay cao
Gia thanh gia cong hp ly
Chat lng gia cong cao6
Ty suat li nhuan
Tnh c ong cua may

1.1.2. NHNG YEU CAU CHUNG VE VAN HANH:

Ngoai nhng yeu cau tren may thiet ke can phai thoa man cac yeu
cau khac nh: an toan, tien li, tham my va khong c anh hng
en moi trng xung quanh (khong on, khong gay o nhiem moi
trng).

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1.2. KHA NANG LAM VIEC CUA MAY VA CHI TIET MAY:
o ben, o cng, o ben mon, o on nh dao ong, o chu nhiet, o
chnh xac...
1.2.1. O BEN:
1.2.1.1. KHAI NIEM C BAN:
o ben la kha nang bao am cho may va chi tiet may khong b bien dang
d ln, gay hong hay be mat lam viec khong b pha huy khi chu tac dung
cua tai trong trong qua trnh lam viec.
Nhng dang hong chu yeu lien quan en o ben cua chi tiet may:
Bien dang deo
Pha huy do moi
Pha huy gion
Hoa gia (lao hoa)
Tuy theo dang hong xay ra cho ca khoi vat the hay ch tren be mat tiep xuc
ngi ta phan biet 2 loai o ben: o ben the tch (o ben keo, nen, uon,
xoan, cat...) va o ben tiep xuc (dap, tiep xuc).
Khi tnh toan o ben the tch hay tiep xuc ngi ta chu y en tnh chat thay
oi cua ng suat sinh ra trong chi tiet may: neu ng suat khong oi (tai
trong tnh) ta tnh theo o ben tnh, neu ng suat thay oi ta tnh theo o ben
moi.
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1.2.1.2. TAI TRONG VA NG SUAT (1)

a) Tai trong (ky hieu chung la Q)

+ Lc, momen do chi tiet may hoac bo phan may tiep nhan
trong qua trnh lam viec.
+ Tai trong tac dung len chi tiet may co the la khong oi hoac
thay oi:
- Tai trong khong oi (tai trong tnh
tnh)) : tai trong khong thay oi
theo thi gian hoac thay oi khong ang ke.
- Tai trong thay oi: tai trong co phng, chieu hay cng o thay
oi theo thi gian.
- Tai trong va ap: tai trong thay oi ot ngot (ot nhien tang
manh roi giam ngay tc khac).

Trong tnh toan ngi ta con phan biet: tai trong danh
ngha, tai trong tng ng va tai trong tnh toan.
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- Tai trong danh ngha Qdn:

Qdn:
La tai trong c chon trong so cac tai trong tac dung len may
trong che o lam viec on nh (thng chon tai trong ln hay
tac dung lau dai nhat lam tai trong dang ngha).
- Tai trong tng ng Qtd:
Qtd:
Gia tr tng ng khong oi cua tai trong thay the cho che o
thay oi cua tai trong.

Qtd = Qdn . Kn

trong o : Kn - He so phu thuoc vao che o tai trong

Tai trong tnh toan Qtt:

Qtt:

La tai trong dung trong tnh toan thiet ke may va chi tiet may,
phu thuoc vao t/c thay oi tai trong, s phan bo khong eu cua
tai trong, ieu kien s dung...

Qtt = Qtd . Ktt . Kd . Kdk = Qdn . Kn . Ktt . Kd . Kdk

trong o: Ktt- he so xet en s phan bo khong khong eu tai

trong; Kd- he so tai trong ong; Kdk- he so ieu kien lam viec.
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b) ng suat:
Di tac dung cua tai trong trong chi tiet may sinh ra
ng suat. Phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua tai trong ta co
ng suat tnh (ng suat khong thay oi theo thi gian)
hay ng suat thay oi (ng suat co tr so hay chieu
thay oi theo thi gian).
ng suat thay oi c ac trng bi nhng chu ky
ng suat.
Chu ky ng suat: mot vong thay oi cua ng suat t tr
so gii han nay sang tr so gii han khac roi tr ve v
tr ban au. Chu ky ng suat c ac trng bi:
- Bin ng sut
- T s ng sut
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 ng suat trong chi tiet may co the thay oi on

nh hoac khong on nh:
ng suat thay oi on nh
nh: co bien o ng suat
va ng suat trung bnh khong thay oi theo thi
gian.

nh: co mot trong

ng suat thay oi khong on nh
hai hay ca hai ai lng tren thay oi theo thi
gian
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c) ng suat tiep xuc:

ng suat tiep xuc sinh ra khi be mat lam viec cua chi
tiet may tiep xuc trc tiep vi nhau. ng suat tiep
xuc la nguyen nhan gay hien tng troc ro be mat
hay mai mon be mat tiep xuc.

ng suat tiep xuc gia hai hnh tru tiep xuc vi nhau
khi chu tai phan bo theo hnh Parabol trong mat cat
ngang. Gia tr cc ai c xac nh theo cong thc
Hetz:
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1.2.1.3. NG SUAT CHO PHEP VA HE SO AN TOAN:

ng suat cho phep la gia tr gii han e am bao cho chi tiet may
lam viec th ng suat phat sinh trong chi tiet may khong c vt
qua gia tr cho phep nay:

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b) He so an toan S va he so an toan cho phep [S]:

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1.2.1.4. TNH BEN TRONG TRNG HP TAI TRONG TNH:

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1.2.1.5. TNH BEN TRONG TRNG HP TAI

TRONG THAY OI
a) Chi tiet may chu che o ng suat thay oi on nh
nh::
Chi tiet may se b hong do moi sau mot so chu ky lam viec
kha ln N, ng suat gii han ay la gii han moi . Quan
he gia va N theo phng trnh ng cong moi.

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b) Chi tiet may chu che o ng suat thay oi

khong on nh:

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may:
Cac nhan to anh hng en sc ben moi cua chi tiet ma

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ng suat gii han khi co xet en cac nhan to

anh hng en sc ben moi:

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c) Cac phng phap nang cao o ben moi cua chi tiet may:
o ben moi cua chi tiet may chu anh hng cua cac nhan to:
Vat lieu va phng phap nhiet luyen; hnh dang ket cau chi
tiet; kch thc chi tiet; cong nghe gia cong be mat; ac tnh tai
trong; trang thai ng suat...
- Bien phap ket cau: tang kch thc tai cac thiet dien nguy
hiem e giam tr so danh ngha cua cac ng suat; s dung ket
cau hp ly e giam s tap trung ng suat (s dung goc ln vi
ban knh ln tai cho chuyen tiep cac kch thc; vat mep cac
be mat lap ghep...).
- Bien phap cong nghe: s dung cac phng phap gia cong ac
biet tang ben nh: dung nhiet luyen va hoa nhiet luyen vi cac
chi tiet may co s tap trung ng suat; anh bong, mai nghien
e san bang cac go ghe te vi lam giam tap trung ng suat; gay
bien dang deo lp be mat nh phun bi, lan nen gay cng nguoi
be mat lam tang o ben moi.
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1.2.2. O CNG:
1.2.2.1. KHAI NIEM C BAN:
o cng la kha nang chong lai s bien oi hnh

dang va kch thc cua chi tiet may di tac dung

cua tai trong. Neu mot chi tiet may khong u o

cng, khi lam viec se b bien dang an hoi vt qua

tr so cho phep, do o se pha huy ieu kien lam
viec bnh thng cua chi tiet may va cac chi tiet lap
ghep (v du: truc b vong qua se lam cho cac banh
rang tiep xuc khong tot, lam mon vet cac o).
Theo tnh chat cua tai trong la tnh hay ong ta co

o cng tnh hay ong.

Ngi ta phan biet o cng the tch lien quan en
bien dang cua toan bo vat lieu chi tiet va o cng
tiep xuc, lien quan en bien dang cua cac lp be
mat.
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1.2.2.2. TNH TOAN O CNG:

Tnh toan o cng la nham gii han bien dang trong
pham vi cho phep, phu thuoc vao tai trong tac dung.

a) o cng the tch:

tch:
Tnh toan o cng the tch xuat phat t ieu kien:
chuyen v thc (chuyen v dai hoac goc) khong c
vt qua gia tr cho phep.

b) o cng tiep xuc:

o cng tiep xuc the hien moi quan he gia ap suat
va bien dang tai cho tiep xuc tren be mat. Cho tiep
xuc co the la iem (o bi...), ng thang (cap banh
rang, o ua...).

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1.2.2.3. CAC PHNG PHAP NANG CAO O CNG:

- Dung vat lieu hp ly: vat lieu co moun an hoi cao, co the de dang che tao

cac chi tiet co hnh dang phc tap va thiet dien hp ly. Trong thc te thng
dung thep, gang... (v co o cng ty le vi moun an hoi E,G).
- Chon hnh dang thiet dien ngang hp ly: ton t vat lieu ma co o cng vng cao
(v o cng ty le vi momem quan tnh cua thiet dien J hay momen chong
xoan Wo. Trong ket cau co the tao gan, sn ben trong e tang o cng uon
va xoan.
- Chon ket cau chu tai hp ly ve o cng: s dung ket cau chu tai oi xng e
tranh chuyen v an hoi theo phng tac dung cua tai trong; co gang s dung
cang nhieu cang tot cac ket cau chu keo, chu nen v o cng cua chung ln
hn nhieu so vi trng hp uon xoan.
- S dung va phan bo cac o truc hp ly ve so lng va the loai e tang o cng.
- Co the tao ra cac bien dang ngc lai nh cac oi trong e can bang vi bien
dang do trong lng rieng cua cac bo phan may gay ra.
- am bao s can bang cua he thong (dung cac chi tiet co o cng khong qua
trenh lech); giam bien dang cuc bo...
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1.2.3. O CHU MON

1.2.3.1. KHAI NIEM VE O MAI MON
Mon la ket qua tac dung cua ng suat tiep xuc hoac ap suat khi cac

be mat tiep xuc trt tng oi vi nhau trong ieu kien khong u
dau boi trn (trong thc te co khoang 90% chi tiet may co be mat

lam viec tiep xuc b hong do mon).

Chi tiet may b mon gay ra nhng hau qua:
- Lam viec khong chnh xac (may o khong bao chnh xac ket qua o
do mon...)
- Giam hieu suat (cap Pittong-Xylanh b mon khien may lam viec
khong tot...)
- Giam o ben cua chi tiet may (do b mon se tang s tap trung ng
suat)
- Tang tai trong ong, gay on ln (mon lam khe h gia con lan va
vong cach ln sinh ra hien tng va ap va gay ra tieng on ln).
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1.2.3.2. CC DANG MON

-

Mon hat mai: bui t ben ngoai, trong dau boi trn ri vao; nhng hat kim loai do qua trnh

Mon oxy hoa: oxy trong khong kh hay trong dung dch boi trn tac dung vi kim loai tao

mon tao ra.

thanh lp mang oxy hoa khi b troc ra gay mon.

Troc dnh: xay ra khi ma sat trt gia cac lp kim loai thuan khiet tiep xuc trc tiep vi
van toc tng oi nho va ap suat rieng vt qua gii han chay tai vung tiep xuc, kim loai
tren be mat b dnh va troc ra khoi chi tiet.
Troc nhiet: la ket qua cua qua trnh nung nong, lam mem bien dang va tiep xuc cua be
mat kim loai thuan khiet trong qua trnh chu ma sat vi van toc ln va ap suat rieng ln.
Pha huy do moi v tr tiep xuc: ng suat be mat tiep xuc bien oi theo chu ky gay moi
tren be mat tiep xuc lam lp kim loai tren be mat tiep xuc troc ra - be mat mon dan.
Xoi mon kim loai: la s pha huy be mat chi tiet di tac dung lap lai nhieu lan cua dong
chat long, chat kh, hat mai ...
An mon kim loai: la s pha huy be mat tiep xuc di tac dung hoa va ien hoa trong moi
trng.
Mon troc r: la qua trnh pha huy be mat tiep xuc khi ong thi co hien tng an mon kim
loai va s di ong tng oi cua chi tiet sinh ra dao ong vi bien o nho be mat tiep
xuc.
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1.2.3.3. CAC BIEN PHAP GIAM MON

-

Chon ket cau cac chi tiet tiep xuc nham bao am che o boi trn ma sat t.
Trng hp khong the tao che o boi trn ma sat t, tnh toan ve o ben mon da tren c
s han che ap suat hoac ng suat tiep xuc khong cho vt qua gia tr cho phep: p [p].
- Moi lien he gia ap suap p va quang ng ma sat L co the xac nh theo cong thc:pm L =
const
trong o: L- quang ng ma sat; m- so mu phu thuoc ieu kien boi trn: masat kho m=1;
masat na kho m=2; t m=3.
Ngoai ra phai chu y en nhng bien phap giam mon sau:
sau:
- S dung vat lieu giam ma sat (ong thanh ...) nhng bo phan co van toc ln (banh vt, o
trt...).
- Giam tai cho be mat chu ma sat (dung c cau t la e phan tai eu tren be mat tiep xuc,
ket cau be mat tiep xuc sao cho khong tiep xuc nhng ni co ng suat ln).

- Boi trn va lam nguoi tot

- Giam lng hat mai ri vao trong be mat ma sat bang cach che chan kn
- am bao mon eu cho cac chi tiet
- Chuyen mon vao chi tiet t anh hng en o chnh xac cua may
- S dung cac ket cau ieu chnh c khi mon...
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1.2.4. O CHU NHIET

La kha nang cua chi tiet may co the lam viec trong mot pham vi nhiet o can
thiet ma khong b nung nong qua mot gia tr cho phep. Nhiet sinh ra thng
do ma sat c cau, bo phan may...
Nhiet o cao cac chi tiet co the sinh ra mot so hien tng co hai:
- Lam giam kha nang tai cua chi tiet may (do thay oi cac ac tnh c cua vat
lieu): vi vat lieu thep, t >300400oC; vi vat lieu bang chat deo, t
100150oC.
- Giam kha nang bao ve cua mang dau (giam o nht cua dau).
- Lam thay oi khe h gia cac chi tiet lap ghep.
- Lam thay oi tnh chat be mat lam viec (giam he so ma sat trong cac bo phan
ham...).

- Lam giam o chnh xac cua may

Tnh toan nhiet nham xac nh nhiet o sinh ra trong qua trnh lam viec va
cac bien phap han che no trong pham vi cho phep:t [t]
e nang cao kha nang chu nhiet cua chi tiet may can che tao bang vat lieu
chu nhiet, ap dung cac bien phap boi trn lam mat...
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1.2.5. O N
N NH DAO ONG

La kha nang cua chi tiet may co the lam viec trong mot pham vi van
toc can thiet ma khong b rung qua mc cho phep. Dao ong xuat hien
cac tiet may quay khong can bang, khong u o cng, lam viec vi
van toc cao...
Dao ong co the la cng bc (do lc tuan hoan t ben ngoai, khi cac
chi tiet khong can bang, sai so do che tao, lc thay oi trong may co
pitong) hay t dao ong do lc nhieu gay nen khi dao ong (v du: dao
ong masat khi giam ma sat khi tang van toc va cac nhan to khac).
Dao ong gay nen ng suat phu thay oi theo chu ky dan en hong do
moi; gay on ln; giam o chnh xac cua chi tiet may...
Tnh toan dao ong nham xac nh tan so dao ong rieng cua may, c
cau e tranh cong hng hay han che bien o trong pham vi cho phep.
Cac bien phap chong rung: triet tieu ngoai lc gay dao ong; thay oi
tnh chat ong lc cua he thong; dung cac thiet b giam rung, giam va
ap...
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1.3. O TIN CAY VA TUOI THO CUA MAY

1.3.1. KHAI NIEM VE O TIN CAY
o tin cay la kha nang cua may hoac chi tiet may thc hien chc nang cua mnh
va duy tr chc nang, nhiem vu o trong suot thi han a nh (o tin cay ac

trng cho kha nang lam viec cua may va xac suat duy tr kha nang o trong suot
thi han quy nh).

1.3.2. CAC CH TIEU ANH GIA O TIN CAY CUA MAY

1) Xac suat lam viec khong hong R(t): la xac suat khong xay ra hong hoc chi tiet
may hoac may trong thi han a nh.
2) Mat o phan phoi hong f(t): xac suat hong tren mot n v thi gian
3) Cng o hong (t): la so hong hoc tren mot n v thi gian va mot n v san
pham.
4) Tuoi tho: la khoang thi gian lam viec cua chi tiet may t khi bat au lam hoat
ong cho ti khi at trang thai ti han, tc la b hong can sa cha, phuc hoi.
5) He so s dung Ks: la t so gia thi gian lam viec tlv vi tong thi gian th cua chu
ky lam viec cua chi tiet may .
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1.3.3. CAC PHNG PHAP NANG CAO O

TIN CAY CUA MAY

- Khi thiet ke tan dung kha nang s dung cac thiet b vi so

lng chi tiet t, n gian, o tin cay gan bang nhau.
- Co bien phap dung hoa gia giam cng o chu tai (tang o
tin cay) vi giam khoi lng va kch thc cua chi tiet may: s
dung vat lieu co o ben cao, nhiet luyen va hoa nhiet luyen,
bien phap cong nghe nh phun bi, lan nen.
- Boi trn tot: chon ung loai dau, thiet ke he thong boi trn hp
ly...
- S dung he thong t can bang (cac khuyet tat trong che tao t
anh hng en s phan bo tai trong hn); dung ly hp an toan
hay rle vi may hay xuat hien cac qua tai ngau nhien.

- S dung rong rai cac chi tiet, ket cau tieu chuan se tao ra cac
san pham co chat lng cao, de sa cha thay the.

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1.4. TIEU CHUAN HOA CHI TIET MAY

Tieu chuan hoa la viec quy nh nhng tieu chuan va quy pham hp ly,

thong nhat ve hnh thc, loai, chat lng, phng phap th nghiem va che
tao... cua chi tiet may va may

Tieu chuan hoa co y ngha kinh te ky thuat quan trong the hien nhng iem
chnh sau:
- Han che chung loai, kch thc cac san pham cung loai, cung ten nen co the s
dung nhng phng phap tien tien e che tao hang loat chi tiet may tieu
chuan chat lng cao, ha gia thanh (giam sc lao ong, tiet kiem nguyen vat
lieu, giam au t thiet b...)
- am bao tnh oi lan cua chi tiet may, nh o tao de dang cho cong viec sa
cha, thay the.

- Giam bt thi gian, cong sc thiet ke.

Hien nc ta s dung 4 tieu chuan:

- Tieu chuan nha nc Viet Nan: TCVN
- Tieu chuan nganh: TCN
- Tieu chuan tnh, thanh pho: TCV
- Tieu chuan c s: TC
ong thi ang ap dung nhieu tieu chuan cua to chc tieu chuan hoa the gii
ISO.
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1.5. NOI DUNG, TRNH T THIET KE MAY

VA CHI TIET MAY
1.5.1. NOI DUNG THIET KE MAY:
Thiet ke may bao gom nhng noi dung:

1) Xac nh nguyen ly hoat ong va che o lam viec cua may d nh thiet
ke

2) Lap s o chung toan may va cac bo phan may thoa man cac yeu cau

cho trc. anh gia cac phng an e tm ra phng an thch hp nhat,

ap ng tot nhat cac yeu cau a at ra.
3) Xac nh tr so va ac tnh cua tai trong tac dung len cac bo phan may.
4) Chon vat lieu thch hp nham nang cao hieu qua va o tin cay lam viec
cua may.
5) Tien hanh tnh toan ong hoc, ong lc hoc va tnh toan thiet ke nham
nh ra cac kch thc gan ung cua chi tiet may thoa man cac ch tieu
chu yeu ve kha nang lam viec cua chung. Sau o ket hp vi cac yeu
cau ve tieu chuan hoa, lap ghep, cong nghe... e xac nh lan cuoi kch
thc cua chi tiet may, bo phan may va toan may.
6) Lap thuyet minh, hng dan s dung, bao dng va sa cha may.
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1.5.2. TRNH T THIET KE CHI TIET MAY

Thiet ke chi tiet may la mot phan trong qui trnh thiet ke may tien hanh theo
trnh t sau:
1) Lap s o tnh toan (cac ket cau c n gian hoa, cac lc c tap trung
hay phan bo theo qui luat nao o).
2) Xac nh tai trong tac dung len chi tiet may (doc truc Fa, hng tam Fr, lc
vong Ft).
3) Chon vat lieu thch hp vi ieu kien lam viec cua chi tiet may, kha nang gia
cong va co xet en cac yeu to kinh te.
4) Tnh toan cac kch thc chnh theo ch tieu ve kha nang lam viec.
5) Tien hanh kiem nghiem theo cac ch tieu ve kha nang lam viec (nh he so an
toan cac tiet dien nguy hiem...) va so sanh vi cac tr so cho phep neu
khong thoa phai xac nh lai kch thc.
6) Da theo tnh toan va cac ieu kien che tao lap ghep... ve ay u ket cau chi

tiet may vi kch thc, dung sai, o nham be mat, cac yeu cau ve cong
nghe.
3/11/2011

GV:NGUYN VN THNH

39

HT CHNG 1 V CHNG 2

3/11/2011

GV:NGUYN VN THNH

40