Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THNG
, nm
2012 VN TI
TRNG CAO NG NGH GTVT TRUNG NG II
..............*&*..............
Mn hc: Sc bn vt liu
M mn hc : MH10
V tr, tnh cht, ngha v vai tr ca mn hc
GIO TRNH
- V tr:
+ Sc bn vt liu l mn hc k thut c s c b tr sau khi
hc sinh hc cc mn: C l thuyt v Vt liu kim loi.
+ Sc bn vt liu cung cp kin thc cho cc mn chi tit my v
k thut chuyn mn ca ngnh.
- Tnh cht:
+ Sc bn vt liu l mn khoa hc kt hp cht ch gia l
TRNH TRUNG CP NGH/CAO NG NGH
thuyt v thc nghim.
+ L mn hc thuc cc mn hc, m-un k thut c s bt
buc.
- ngha
(LU HNH NI B)
Gip sinh vin nm c cc kin thc c bn, c s trong k
thut v vn dng tnh ton trong thc t
- Vai tr
L mn l thuyt c s cho cc mn chuyn ngnh nn c vai tr
quan trng trong chng trnh o to ngh ct gtrkim loi.
Tn mn hc: Sc bn vt liu
M MN HOC: MH12
NGH: HN
Mc tiu ca mn hc:
- Trnh by c cc khi nim c bn ca mn hc nh: bin
dng, ni lc, ng sut, bn, cng, n nh
Fca chi tit my.
- Phn tch c ngha ca cc i lng c trng cho tnh
cht c hc ca vt liu.
- Xc nh c cc phng php a chi tit t kt cu thc v
s tnh v phn tch c thnh cc loi bin dng c bn.
- V c cc biu ni lc v xc nh c mt ct nguy
him trn chi tit.
- Vn dng c cc iu kin bn, iu kin cng, iu kin n
Hica
phng,
2011
nh gii ba bi ton c bn
mnnm
sc bn
vt liu.
- C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
5
LI NI U
Ngy nay khoa hc k thut pht trin nh v bo, cc ngnh k thut
chim mt v tr tng i quan trng trong nn kinh t .V vy vic o to
nhn lc cho cc ngnh k thut ng vai tr quan trng to ra ngun nhn
lc c nng lc phc v cho nn kinh t ang pht trin ca nc ta.
Sc bn vt liu l mn khoa hc bn thc nghim thuc khi k
thut c ging dy trong cc trng cao ng, i hc k thut. N cung
cp nhng kin thc cn thit v nhng tc dng c hc gi quyt cc vn
thc t trong vic thit k ch tao, tnh bn cho chi tit, n l mn hc c
s cho rt nhiu cc mn hc chuyn ngnh thuc kh k thut.
Gio trnh Sc bn vt liu c xy dng trn c s nhng gio
trnh c ging dy trong cc trng k thut kt hp vi kinh nghim
ging dy ca nhng gio vin trong ngnh. Gio trnh c bin son cho
ph hp vi c im ca sinh vin trng cao ng ngh.
Gio trnh Sc bn vt liu c bin son ngn gn, d hiu, b
sung nhiu kin thc mi, ni dung cp ti nhng kin thc c bn v tnh
ton bn, cng, s n nh ca chi tit. p ng c nhng tnh
cht c trng ca ngh c kh.
Trong khi bin son gio trnh tc gi c nhiu c gng nhng
khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp
kin t bn c.
Cu trc chung ca gio trnh c 10 chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
Chng
MC LC
mc
Li ni u
Mc lc
Chng I: Nhng khi nim chung.
Trang
3
4
7
8
9
10
15
17
17
20
24
27
36
39
43
45
49
52
54
57
61
61
64
67
69
71
72
78
83
87
89
89
90
thay i.
1. Khi nim v thanh chu ng sut thay i.
2. Hin tng mi ca vt liu.
3. Chu trnh v c trng chu trnh ng sut.
4. Gii hn mi.
5. Cc nhn t nh hng n gii hn mi, cc bin php khc
phc.
6. Tnh bn theo h s an ton.
93
93
93
94
95
97
CHNG I:
NHNG KHI NIM M U
M chng: CHI
Gii thiu:
Nhng khi nim m u c ngha rt quan trng trong qu trnh
nghin cu, tnh ton ca mn hc. Nhng khi nim ny gip sinh vin
hiu c nhng cm t v quy c k hiu thng c s dng trong
mn hc.
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c nhim v v i tng nghin cu ca mn hc.
+ Trnh by c cc khi nim: Vt rn thc, ngoi lc, ni lc,
phng php mt ct, ng sut, cc bin dng c bn.
+ C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
1. Gii thiu lch s mn hc.
T th k 18 con ngi c nhng cng trnh c xem l s
khi u ca mn hc
Nm 1729 Buyphinghe a ra dng quan h phi tuyn gia nhs
sut v bin dng. Sau nm 1768 Hc a ra quy lut c bn v
vt th n hi vi dng tuyn tnh ng thi ng c nhng cng
trnh :
- L thuyt ton hc v un ca thanh n hi ca le v Becnuli.
- Tnh n nh ca le
- Dao ng ngang ca thanh n hi
- Nghin cu v l thuyt lc n hi ca khng kh(Lmnxp)
Cui th k 18 u th k 19 nh bc hc ngi Php Navie xut
pht t quan im v lc tng tc gia cc phn t ca Niu tn
xut ra l thuyt n hi ri rc. Nm 1822 Csi a ra khi nim v
trng thi ng sut ti mt im v vit cc phng trnh cn bng cng
vi cc biu thc biu din s tng quan gia ng sut v bin dng
cho vt th ng hng. Ta c th kt lun rng Navi, Csi v
Ostrogratxki, Potxng l nhng ngi t nn mng cho l thuyt
n hi ton hc.
Vo cui th k 19 nhu cu v pht trin cng nghip thi thc
cc nh khoa hc tm cch tnh ton nhanh chng nhng bi ton trong
thc t do pht sinh ra ngnh l thuyt n hi ng dng v l
thuyt v sc bn vt liu.
10
Mt ct ngang
Hnh 1-2
Phn loi theo tit din: - Hnh ch nht
- Hnh vung
- Hnh trn
i tng nghin cu ca mn hc l vt rn thc (tc l vt rn
bin dng)
3. CC GI THIT C BN V VT LIU
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c cc khi nim: Vt rn thc, ngoi lc, ni lc,
phng php mt ct, ng sut, cc bin dng c bn.
3.1. Cc gi thit v s lin tc, ng tnh v ng hng
*S lin tc: Cc phn t vt liu mi ni trong vt th phn b u
v lin tc .Tc l gia chng khng c khe h coi vt th khng c
khuyt tt.
*S ng tnh: Cc phn t vt liu tt c mi ni trong vt th c
cng tnh cht
*S ng hng: Kh nng chu lc ca cc phn t vt liu trong vt
th theo mi hng u nh nhau
3.2. Vt liu c tnh n hi hon ton
- Tnh n hi l kh nng tr v trng thi ban u khi vt c bin
dng do tc dng ca ngoi lc
- n hi hon ton l di tc dng ca ngoi lc (ngoi lc phi nm
trong gii hn n hi ca vt) vt th b bin dng, khi thi tc dng
lc vt th tr li y nguyn trng thi ban u (tc l khng c bin
dng d)
P
Hnh 1-3.
Gi thuyt ny ch r sc bn vt liu ch nghin cu bi ton trong
11
Hnh 1-5
b. ngha: Mt bi ton phc tp c phn tch thnh cc bi ton
n gin v kt qu ca bi ton bng tng cc bi ton n gin
Nu vt liu lm vic ngoi min n hi th nguyn l trn
khng c p dng v sai s m. Cc yu t tc dng ln h c th
bao gm c goi lc ln cc tc nhn khc nh nhit , p sut, v.v...
4. NGOI LC NI LC - NG SUT H S AN TON
4.1. Ngoi lc
12
4.1.1. nh ngha
Ngoi lc l nhng lc hoc m men lc t vt th khc hoc t mi
trng xung quanh tc dng ln vt th kho st
Ngoi lc c hai loi: Ti trng(lc) tc dng v phn lc lin kt
4.1.2. Phn loi
a.Phn loi ngoi lc:
nh ngha: L ngoi lc tc dng ln vt th m im t,
phng, chiu, tr s bit trc.
+ Phn loi theo hnh thc tc dng:
- Ti trng tp trung: L nhng lc hoc ngu lc tc dng ln vt
trn mt din tch rt nh, coi nh tc dng ti mt im.
- Ti trng phn b:
. Ti trng phn b ng (Hnh 1-5):
q
Ti trng tc dng ln vt th theo mt ng.
Q = q .l
Trong : Q : L ln ca h lc phn b
q : Lc n v
Hnh 1-6
l : di ca on thng m h lc phn b
. Ti trng phn b m (Hnh 1-6): Ti trng tc dng ln vt th trn
mt mt no .
Q = q .S
Trong : Q : L ln ca h lc phn b q
q : Lc n v
S : din tch m h lc phn b
Hnh 1-7
. Ti trng phn b khi (Hnh 1-7):
Ti trng tc dng lin tc trn mt khi.
Q = q .V
Trong : Q : L ln ca h lc phn b
q
q : Lc n v
V : th tch m h lc phn b
Hnh 1-8
+ Theo mc tc dng:
- Ti trng tnh: L ti trng tc dng ln vt th c tr s tng dn t
0 n gi tr xc nh ri sau khng thay i na. Ti trng tnh
thng gp nh: trng lng, v cc phn lc
- Ti trng ng: L ti trng c tr s, phng, chiu hoc im t
lin tc thay i theo thi gian v lm cho vt th chuyn ng c gia
tc.
b. Phn lc lin kt
13
Y
Z
Y
Z
P5
P2
P6
P7
Phi
Tri
Pn
P3
P4
a,
Qy
P5
My
R'
P6
P7
Mx
Tri
x
Pn
b,
Hnh 1-12.
15
Qx
Mz
NZ
P (tri) R
i
( Pi (tri) F5 F6 F7 ... Fn )
Lp h trc ta Oxyz c gc ta O trng vi tm mt ct
ngang, cc trc Ox, Oy nm trong mt phng cha ct ngang ca thanh,
trc Oz trng vi trc thanh.
Di chuyn R bng phng php di lc song song v tm O ta
c mt vc t lc R' v mmen M
* Chiu vc t lc R' v m men M ln h trc ta Oxyz ta
c6 thnh phn ni lc Nz , Qx, Qy , Mx, My , Mz gi l 6 thnh phn
ni lc trn ton b mt ct ngang ang kho st, mi thnh phn ni
lc c mt tn ring
- Thnh phn Nz gi l Lc dc c phng vung gc vi mt ct
ngang
N Z Piz (Tri)
Q y Piy (tri)
M z mz ( Pi ) tri
- Thnh phn Mx , My : Mmen un quanh trc Ox, Oy
M x m x ( Pi )
tri
M y m y ( Pi )
4.4. ng sut
4.4.1. nh ngha
ng sut l gi tr ca ni lc sinh ra trn mt n v din tch mt ct
* Nu ni lc phn b u: ng sut =
16
Ni lc
Din tch mt ct
F 1m 2
17
CU HI N TP
1. Cc gi thuyt c bn v vt liu, gi thuyt v tnh lin tc, ng
18
CHNG II: KO - NN NG TM
M chng: CHII
Bin dng ko v nn chng ta gp rt nhiu trong thc t c bit
l trong cc chi tit my v cc cu kin ca cng trnh.V d: Dy cp
ko vt, ng khi ca cc nh my, cc thanh trong kt cu dn...tt c
cc chi tit trn u chu ko hoc nn.
Mc tiu
+ Trnh by c khi nim thanh chu ko - nn ng tm
+ Phn tch c khi nim lc dc.
+ V c biu lc dc, biu ng sut trn mt ct ngang.
+ Tnh c ng sut v bin dng trong thanh.
+ p dng thnh tho ba bi ton c bn theo iu kin bn.
+ C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
1. NH NGHA
Mc tiu
- Trnh by c khi nim thanh chu ko - nn ng tm
+ nh ngha: Khi mt thanh thng chu tc dng ca cc lc c
phng trng vi trc thanh th thanh chu Ko - Nn ng tm.
V d:
Pn
Pn
Pk
Pk
Ko ng tm
Nn ng tm
Hnh 2-1
19
Pk
Pk
A
B
Q
a,
Nz
Pk
A
b,
Hnh 2-2
Vy da vo Pk xc nh N z :
Kt lun:
- Ni lc trong thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm ch c mt thnh phn
dc theo trc thanh, ta gi l lc dc.
- K hiu: N z
C
+ Phng: Trng vi trc ca thanh.
+ Chiu: Ngc chiu vi ngoi lc tc dng.
+ Tr s: NZ = Pk
+ im t: Ti tm mt ct.
* Quy c du:
+ Ni lc hng t trong mt ct ra th mang du dng (thanh chu
ko)
+ Ni lc hng t ngoi vo trong mt ct mang du m(thanh chu
nn)
2.2. Biu ni lc.
2.2.1. nh ngha.
Biu ni lc l th biu din s bin thin ca ni lc dc theo
trc thanh.
2.2.2. Cc bc v biu ni lc.
- Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt (nu cn)
- Bc 2: Chia on cho thanh, da trn c s im t ca lc tng
20
P1
Hnh 2-3
Bi lm
+ Xc nh phn lc:
Phng trnh cn bng :
ZA +P1 - P2 = 0
ZA = P2 - P1 =30 -10 =20 kN
+ Chia on cho thanh: Chia
thanh lm 2 phn AB, BC
+ Xc nh ni lc trn tng on:
- Xt on AB :Dng mt ct (1-1),
ct thanh,lm hai phn, gi li
phn tri kho st
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
NZ 1-1 + ZA= 0
1-1
NZ =-ZA= -20 KN
Vy on AB chu nn, ni lc
mang du m,
-Xt on BC: Dng mt ct (2-2),
ct thanh lm hai phn ,gi li
phn phi kho st
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
21
1
A
XA
2
P2
P1
C
1
1-1
Nz
XA
2
1
N 2-2
z
P1
2
10KN
NZ
20KN
Hnh 2-4
NZ 2-2- P1= 0
2-2
NZ = P1= 10 KN
Vy on BC chu ko
+V biu ni lc.( Hnh 2-4 )
Nhn xt biu ni lc: Nhn vo biu ni lc thy on AC
l on nguy him nht.
3. NG SUT V BIN DNG CA THANH
Mc tiu
+ V c biu ng sut trn mt ct ngang.
+ Tnh c ng sut v bin dng trong thanh.
3.1. ng sut
3.1.1.Th nghim
Xt thanh thng c tit din hnh ch nht chu ko ng tm
- Trc khi cho thanh chu ko
+ K ln mt ngoi ca thanh cc on thng song song vi trc
thanh, cc on thng ny c trng cho cc th dc v k cc on
thng vung gc vi trc thanh, cc on thng ny c trng cho cc
mt ct ngang. To thnh mt li vung
l
Hnh 2-5
- Sau khi cho thanh chu ko: Li vung bin thnh li ch nht
P
P
l1
F1
Hnh 2-6
Lm nhiu ln th nghim ta u thu c kt qu nh trn
- Nhn xt:
+ Cc th dc: Vn thng, vn song song vi nhau v song song vi
trc thanh. Cc th dc b gin di ra ,khong cch gia chng b thu
hp li nhng chng vn c chiu di bng nhau iu ny chng t cc
th dc bin dng ging nhau.
+ Cc mt ct ngang: Khong cch gia chng tng ln ,tit din
mt ct b thu hp li nhng cc mt ct vn phng v vn vung gc
22
NZ
F
(N/m2, kN/m2,)
N Z .l
E .F
ca ton thanh l: l
i 1
N Zi .li
Ei .Fi
23
Trong :
+ NZ : Ni lc (lc dc)
+ F: Din tch mt ct ngang
+ E: Mdun n hi ca vt liu (tra bng)
3.2.2. nh lut Hc
Trong giai on n hi, ng sut php t l vi bin dng di t i
Z
l N Z
Z Z Z Z .E
l
E.F
E
Trong :
+ Z : Bin dng di t i
+ EF: cng chng ko (nn)
3.2.3. nh lut Poat xng
Bin dng theo phng ngang t l thun vi bin dng dc t i
x y Z
N Z .l
E .F
8.100
4.103 (cm)
4
10.2.10
NZ
8
0,8
F 10
(KN/cm2)
P3
P2
P1
D
Hnh 2- 8
Bi lm
*V biu ni lc:
24
+ Xc nh phn lc lin kt :
Phng trnh cn bng :
PA - P1 + P2 P3 =
PA= P1- P2 + P3 = 3050 +60
PA = 40 kN
+ Chia on cho thanh: Chia thanh lm 3 on l : AC, CD ,DB
- Xt onBD:Dng mt ct(1-1), ct thanh , gi li phn phi
kho st
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
3
2
1
NZ 1-1- P1 = 0
A
C
P A
P3
P2 D
1-1
NZ = P1 =30 kN
Vy on DB chu ko, ni
3
2
1
1-1
l
2
l
1
l3
lc NZ mang du dng
1
-Xt onCD:Dng mt ct(2-2),
1-1
NZ
ct thanh, gi li phn phi
kho st
1
2
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
2-2
NZ
NZ 3-3 + P2 P1 = 0
P2
3-3
3
NZ = - P2+ P1= -50 + 30
3-3
N 3-3
2
PA A
Z
NZ = -20 kN
Vy on CD chu nn, chiu
3
NZ 2-2 c chiu ngc li.
-Xt on AC:Dng mt ct(3-3),
40KN
ct thanh ,gi li phn tri
kho st
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
NZ 3-3 - PA = 0
20KN
3-3
NZ = PA= 40 kN
Vy on AC chu ko, Ni lc
Hnh 2- 9
NZ 3-3 mang du dng
Biu ni lc Nz ( hnh 2-9)
*Bin dng di tuyt i ca thanh AB
p dng cng thc:
l
Ei .Fi
E1 .F1
E2 .F2
E3 .F3
25
B P1
P1
P1
30KN
NZ
4. C TRNG C HC CA VT LIU
Mc tiu
+ Trnh by c th nghim th ko vt liu do v th nghim
th ko vt liu dn
+ Phn tch c qu trnh bin dng ca mu
4.1. Th nghim ko nn vt liu do.
tin hnh th nghim trc tin phi c cc mu th nghim
theo tiu chun tng nc. Trn hnh 2 - 10 nhng mu th trn v dt
c dng Vit Nam.
a,
32 23
20
l0=10d=200
220
25
40
30
50
200
220
b,
5
32
d=20
25 20
10
B
5
50
d=6
c,
l0=6d=36
Hnh 2- 10
d,
D
M
C
B
A
B
Sau khi kp cht mu vo
my ngi ta cho lc ko mu tng
t h ch
chmchm t gi tr 0. Qu trnh
bin dng ca mu c my v
O
thnh biu ( - ) trn hnh 2
11.Ta thy chiu di mu tng dn,
Hnh 2-11
chiu ngang mu hp dn cho n
khi lc ko P t cc i P 0 th c m ch no trn mu b tht hn
li(ng vi im D). Sau thanh tip tc b dn di trong khi lc ko
26
Ptl
F0
ng sut tl
l gii hn t l (i vi
CT3 tl 21kN / cm2 210 MN / cm2 )
dc ca on OA xc nh bng m un n hi E
tg E
thp
* Giai on 2:
Bin dng ng bin vi lc cht t ri tng r rt trong khi lc
khng tng c na (on nm ngang k t C). Ta gi giai on ny
laf giai on chy do. Lc ko ng vi giai on ny c k hiu ch
ng sut : ch
Pch
F0
PB
F0
a. Biu
Vt liu dn chu ko rt km nn b ph
hng t ngt ngay khi gin cn rt
nh. Nhn biu ng 4 hnh 2-12
Ta thy khng c giai on t l v giai
on chy do, biu l mt dng
ng cong ngay khi ng sut cn rt
nh. Tuy vy trong gii hn lm vic,
thong thng i vt liu dn vn c th
p dng nh lut Hc, vi vt liu dn ta
ch c gii hn bn:
B
CT3
C
A
ch
tl
tl
ch
B
PB
F0
4
O
A
C
CT3
3
Hnh 2-12
28
Hnh 2-13
5. TNH TON V KO NN NG TM
Mc tiu
+ Trnh by c khi nim ng sut nguy him, ng sut cho
php v h s an ton
+ Xc nh c iu kin bn
+ p dng tnh ton c ba bi ton c bn theo iu kin bn
5.1. Khi nim v ng sut cho php v h s an ton.
5.1.1. ng sut nguy him v ng sut cho php
- ng sut nguy him: l gi tr ng sut nh nht m tng ng vi
n vt liu xem nh b ph hng, k hiu l: o , o
- ng sut cho php: l gi tr ng sut ln nht m tng ng vi n
vt liu cn lm vic c. Nu vt qu gi tr vt liu xem nh b
ph hng.
K hiu l:
: ng sut php cho php
: ng sut tip cho php
* Gi tr ca ng sut cho php c tra bng trong s tay k thut .
5.1.2. H s an ton : n > 1
H s an ton l h s d tr bn ty theo iu kin lm vic ca chi
tit , n ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
- Vt liu
- iu kin lm vic v thi gian lm vic
- Trnh cng ngh
- Mc quan trng ca chi tit.
T cc yu t nh hng trn ngi ta tng hp c h s an ton n
0 ;
n
Trong : n - l h s an ton
Z k , n
5.2.2. Cc bi ton c bn
5.2.2.1. Kim tra bn
29
NZ
k , n Thanh m bo bn
F
* Cc bc gii bi ton
- Bc 1: V biu ni lc((vi thanh c tit din thay i th phi v
biu ng sut))
- Bc 2:Xc nh im nguy him(im c ng sut ln nht trong
thanh). Tnh ng sut sinh ra ti im nguy him
- Bc 3: p dng iu kin bn kim tra bn
+ Nu Z max : Thanh bn
+ Nu Z max : Thanh khng bn
Bi 1: Cho thanh AB chu ko ng tm (hnh v). Din tch mt ct
ngang: F=20(cm2), P=120KN, = 10(KN/cm2).
Kim tra bn cho thanh ?
1
Bi lm
P
- Dng mt ct (1-1) ct thanh lm 2
phn , gi li phn phi kho st,
1
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
1
NZ = P = 120(KN)
N
P
- ng sut sinhh ra trn mt ct (1-1)
ca thanh l
Z
1
N Z 120
2
Z
20
6( KN / cm )
Hnh 2-14
p dng iu kin bn ta thy : Z
Kt lun : Thanh m bo bn
Bi 2: Cho thanh AC c tit din trn ng knh d = 2 cm, chu tc
dng ca cc lc dc trc P 1= 10kN, P2= 30kN .( Hnh 2-15)
a, V biu ni lc cho thanh AB ?
b, Kim tra bn cho thanh AC ? Bit k , n = 10 kN/cm2
P2
P1
C
Hnh 2-15
Bi lm
a, Biu ni lc ca thanh AC: ( Hnh 2-16)
30
P2 B
XA
P1
d
C
2
10kN
NZ
20kN
Hnh 2-16
b, Kim tra bn cho thanh AC
Nhn vo biu ni lc ta thy on AB l nguy him nht .Vy ta
ch cn kim tra bn cho on AB. Nu on AB m bo bn th
thanh AC m bo bn
p dng cng thc kim tra bn :
Z
N Z11
k ,n
F
- Ni lc Nz = 20KN
.d 2
4
3,14.2 2
3,14cm 2
4
20
6,37 KN / cm 2
3,14
11
So snh ta thy Z 6,37 KN / cm 2 k ,n 10 KN / cm 2
Z11
Bi lm
a. V biu ni lc
Hnh 2 - 18
C P3
P2
Hnh 2-17
31
P1
PA
C P3
P2
P1
40kN
30kN
NZ
20kN
Hnh 2-18
b. Kim tra bn
Nhn vo biu ta thy ni lc trn on AC l ln nht, do
AC l on nguy him nht . Nn ta ch
cn kim tra bn cho on AC. Nu on AC m bo bn th thanh
cng m bo bn .
iu kin bn :
Z max
N Z33
F
Tac: + N Z33 40 KN
+ Din tch mt ct ngang ca thanh l :
F=
d2
4
3,14.22
=3,14 (cm2)
4
N Z33
40
12,7( KN / cm 2 )
3,14 3,14
P3
d2
Hnh 2-19
32
P2
D d1
E P1
1-1
PA
A
= P1= 100 kN
Vy on DE chu ko,chiu NZ
c chiu nh hnh v
- Xt on BD:Dng mt ct (2-2),
ct thanh,gi li phn phi kho
st
Ta c phng trnh cn bng
NZ 3-3 + P2 P1 = 0
d1
E P1
3
3
N2-2
z
PA
A
N3-3
z
P2 D
E P1
2
1
3
3-3
NZ =-P2+P1=-60+100= 40 kN
N1-1
z
E P1
180KN
d2 C
1-1
NZ
d3 B P3
100KN
40KN
NZ
0
12,73
7,96KN/cm2
6,37
1,41
= PA =180 kN
Vy on AB chu ko, ni lc
Hnh 2-20
NZ 3-3 mang du dng, c chiu
hnh v
+ Bc 4: V biu ni lc Nz
( hnh 2-20)
* Trong bi ton ny tnh ton cho thanh c tit din thay i. V
vy khng th da vo biu ni lc xc nh im nguy him.
33
3,14 .4 2
F1
12,56 cm2
4
4
2
.d 2 3,14.22
F2
3,14cm2
4
4
F3
.d 32
4
3,14.6 2
28,26cm2
4
N Z11 100
7,96 kN / cm2
F1
12,56
CD
Z
N Z22
40
1,41kN / cm2
F3
28,26
BC
Z
N Z22
40
12,73kN / cm2
F2
3,14
DE
Z
N Z33
180
6,37 kN / cm2
F3
28,26
k ,n 10 kN / cm2
N Z max
= F
* Cc bc gii bi ton
- Bc 1: V biu ni lc
- Bc 2: Xc nh ng sut ln nht trong thanh
- Bc 3: Xc nh din tch mt ct t iu kin bn
* Ch : Chn mt kch thc F hp l trong khong :
F F F 5%F
Bi 5: Cho thanh thng AD, tit din trn ng knh d, chu tc
dng ca lc dc trc P 1=30 KN, P2=50 KN, P 3=60 KN .Bit k,n =
10 KN/cm2 (hnh v). Xc nh ng knh hp l cho thanh ?
Bi lm
Ta thy on AC l nguy him nht vy ta phi xc nh ng
knh hp l cho thanh v tr AC (Nu cn ta cng phi tnh ng knh
hp l cho on CB v DB)
Ta c:
N Z33 40 KN
T iu kin bn ta c
Din tch mt ct ngang ca thanh l
F
N Z33
M c F
.d 2
4
40
4(cm 2 ) ,
10
.d 2
4
4d
4.4
2,26 (cm)
3,14
* Cc bc gii bi ton
- Bc 1: V biu ni lc
- Bc 2: Xc nh ti trng t iu kin bn
* Ti trng tc dng hp l chn trong khong : P 5%P P P
Bi 6: Cho thanh AB c din tch mt ct ngang F=8cm2,
=10(KN/cm2). Xc nh lc tc dng hp l thanh bn ?
Bi lm
35
T iu kin bn ta c
NZ P
k ,n
F
F
P F. k ,n 8.10 80 KN
= 78 KN
CU HI N TP
BI TP
Bi 1: Cho thanh AB c tit din trn ng knh D = 4cm chu tc
dng ca cc lc dc trc P 1= 40KN ; P 2= 70KN ; P3= 50KN.
a) V biu ni lc cho thanh AB ?
b) Kim tra bn cho thanh AB ? Bit k ,n 10 KN / cm 2
D P2
P3 C
B P1
Hnh 2-20
Bi 2: Trc AB c ng knh khng i d = 4 cm , chu lc nh hnh v
Bit : F1= 60 kN, F2 = 40 kN F3 = 50 kN , E = 2.104 kN/cm2
a,V biu ni lc cho thanh ?
b, Tnh bin dng di tuyt i cho trc AB?
c, Kim tra iu kin bn cho thanh ? Bit []k,n = 10 kN/cm2
36
D P2
P3 C
P1 B
A
1m
1m
2m
Hnh 2-21
Bi 3: Trc AD c ng knh khng i d 1= 4cm, d2= 6cm chu lc nh
hnh2-22. Bit : F1= 100 kN;
F2 = 80 kN ; F3 = 40 kN
A d 2 P3 B
C P2
Hnh 2-22
37
d1
D P1
CHNG III: CT V DP
M chng: CHI
Gii thiu:
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c khi nim v ct, dp.
+ Gii c ba bi ton c bn ca sc bn v ct v dp theo iu
kin bn.
+ C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
1. HIN TNG CT
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c khi nim v ct.
+ Gii c ba bi ton c bn ca sc bn v ct theo iu kin bn.
1.1. nh ngha v ct, ni lc, ng sut v bin dng ct.
1.1.1. nh ngha v ct
Khi tc dng vo thanh hai lc song song, ngc chiu, cng
ln v t hai mt phng ct st gn nhau th thanh s xy ra hin
tng ct.
P
Q
I
II
I
P
P
Hnh 3-1
1.1.2. Ni lc: Qx , Qy
l
A
C
D
Hnh 3-2
l
Pc
B
B'
C
C'
D
Pc
Hnh 3-3
, C
Qy
FC
n v : N/m2, kN/cm2
P
1.2. nh lut Hoohs v ct.
Trong giai on n hi, ng sut tip
t l vi bin dng gc ca vt liu.
G.
Trong :
39
Hnh 3-4
: Bin dng gc
G : M dun n hi trt
Thp: G= 8.106N/cm2
1.3. Tnh ton cho ct
1.3.1. iu kin bn
Thanh chu ct tha mn iu kin bn khi ng sut ln nht pht
sinh trong thanh phi nh hn ng sut cho php.
c c
1.3.2. Cc bi ton c bn
a. Kim tra bn
T iu kin bn ta c cng thc kim tra bn:
Trong thc t thng gp trng hp chu lc theo phng trc Oy, rt
t trng hp chu lc theo phng trc Ox.
+ Trng hp lc tc dng theo phng trc Oy
c
Qy
Fc
c m bo bn
Qx
c m bo bn
Fc
.d 2
4
3,14.4 2
12,56cm 2
4
120
9,55( KN / cm 2 )
Fc 12,56
iu kin bn : c c
So snh ta thy : c 9,55 KN / cm 2 c 8KN / cm 2
T iu kin bn ta c
Fc
Qy
Qy
Fc
.d
4
15 d
120
15cm 2
8
.d 2
4
15.4
4,37 cm
3,14
12,56cm
4
4
Pc 12,56.8 100 ,48 KN
P 5%P P P
10
Hnh 3-5
Chn P = 98 KN
2. HIN TNG DP
Mc tiu:
+Trnh by c khi nim v dp.
+ Gii c ba bi ton c bn ca sc bn v dp theo iu kin bn.
41
30
Pc Fc . c P
2.1. nh ngha
Dp l hin tng nn cc b xy ra trn mt din tch truyn lc
tng i nh ca hai chi tit p vo nhau.
Hnh 3-6
V d: inh tn trong mi ni chu ct, thnh l ca tm ghp p vo
thn inh gy hin tng dp, ng thi thn inh cng b ct ngang,
2.2. Ni lc:
Ni lc sinh ra trn mt ct chu dp
K hiu :Pd c phng vung gc vi mt ct chu dp
2.3. Bin dng
Xt thanh thng chu dp (hnh 3-7a)
Sau khi tc dng vo thanh h lc phn
b Pd (hnh 3-7b)
Nhn xt :
- Bin dng ch xy ra phn chu lc
- Khong cch gia cc th dc trong
din tch chu dp b thu hp li (b
nn)
Kt lun :Bin dng trong thanh chu
dp l bin dng nn ca vt liu
a,
Pd
2.4. ng sut
Ni lc c phng vung gc vi mt ct
chu dp,nn
ng sut sinh ra trn mt ct chu dp l
ng sut php
K hiu : d
d
Pd
Fd
b,
Hnh 3-7
(N/m2, kN/cm2)
d d
42
2.5.2. Cc bi ton c bn
a. Kim tra bn
Cng thc kim tra bn :
d
Pd
d
Fd
m bo bn
Pd
F d
c. Xc nh lc tc dng hp l
T iu kin bn ta c
Pd Fd . d
Bi tp 1:
Mi ghp inh tn gm c 8 inh,
ng knh thn inh d = 0,8cm chu tc
dng lc P = 30kN (Hnh 3-12),C chiu
dy cc tm 1= 3cm, 2= 4cm.
Kim tra bn ct ,dp cho inh tn ?
Bit: =8 kN/cm2.
Bi lm
* Kim tra bn ct
P
P
Hnh 3-12
Pc
c
Fc
Pc
Fc
- Bit PC = 40KN
- Din tch mt ct ca mt inh tn
F1
.d 2
4
3,14 .0,8 2
0,5cm 2
4
30
7,5kN / cm2
4
43
inh tn m bo bn ct.
* Kim tra bn Dp
p dng iu kin bn ca thanh chu dp
P
d d d
Fd
C: Pd = 40KN
Din tch b mt chu dp ca 8 inh tn
Fd = n. 1.d = 8.3.0,8 = 19,2 (cm2)
Vy ng sut sinh ra trn b mt chu dpca 8 inh tn
d
30
1,6kN / cm2
19,2
1 2
P
P
Hnh 3-20
Hnh 3-19
44
CHNG IV:
C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT
M chng: CHIV
Cc c trng hnh hc xc nh cho cc mt ct ngang ca thanh
chu lc, n c xc nh cho tng mt ct c th tng ng vi hnh
dng ca mt ct. Cc c trng hnh hc ny c s dng tnh ton
cho thanh chu un, xon v thanh chu lc phc tp.
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c khi nim v momen tnh v cc momen qun
tnh.
+ Xc nh c trng tm ca hnh phng.
+ V c h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
+ Tnh c momen qun tnh chnh trung tm.
+ C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
1. M MEN TNH
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c khi nim v mmen tnh
+ Vit c cng thc xc nh ta trng tm
+ Xc nh c ta trng tm
Xt mt mt ct c din tch F v h trc y
xoy ta ly xung quanh im M(x, y) mt phn t
c din tch dF
F
M
Hnh 4-1
SY = XC.F
F1 F2 .... Fn
yC
x .F
F
Ci
Yc
OC
O1
Xc
x
X
Hnh 4-2
F1 F2 .... Fn
y .F
F
Ci
y
4m
6m
m;
S1 S 2
24 9
11
y1.S1 y2 .S2 3.24 2.9 30
m
S1 S 2
24 9
11
31 30
,
11 11
V d 4-2 :
Xc nh ta trng tm ca tm phng(Hnh 4 -4)
- t h trc ta Oxy vo tm phng
- Gi C(xc,yc) l trng tm ca c tm phng
- Chia hnh phng lm 2 phn : 1, 2
- Ta trng tm ca cc tm phng tng
46
yC
(1)
C1 C (2)
C2
xC
7m
Hnh 4 -3
60cm
yC
xC
S= S1 - S2 = 1800 - 628=1172cm2
(2)
60cm
x .S x .S
20 .1800 20 .628
xC 1 1 2 2
20 cm ;
S1 S 2
1172
yC
40cm
Hnh 4 -4
26,16 cm
S1 S 2
1172
47
h.b
12
O
b
48
ix
Jx
h
F 2 3
iy
Jy
Hnh 4-5
b
2 3
bh3
12
hb3
12
b
Hnh 4-6
y
D4
32
0,1D 4
J
D4
Jx Jy
0,05D 4
2
64
2
F
64 D
4
ix i y
Hnh 4-7
1 0,1D 1
4
D
d
J
0,05D 4 1 4
2
49
Hnh 4-8
Jx D
F 4
1
2
d
D
Hnh 4-9
2.4. Cng thc chuyn trc song song. (nh l tnh tin trc)
Trong thc t ta thng gp cc chi tit, b phn cng trnh m
tit din mt ct ngang c ghp bi nhiu tit din n gin, to
kh nng chu lc tt nht. Tit kim nht. iu ny yu cu chng ta
phi bit cch tnh cc loi mmen qun tnh khi bit mmen qun tnh
ca nhng hnh n gin.
- Cho mt ct F vi cc c trng hnh hc ca h trc xoy coi
nh bit. ( Hnh 4-7)
- Xc nh c trng hnh hc ca mt Y y
ct F i vi XO 1Y c to thnh khi ta
y
Y y b
O1 a
Mmen tnh ca mt ct F ly i vi
trc O1X, O1Y
SX= Y .dF ( y b)dF S x b.dF S x b.F
F
Tng t: S Y= S y a.F
50
dF
x
X
Hnh 4-10
x
X
+ Sx = S y = 0 ; Xc= a, Yc= b
Ta c: SX = YC.F ;
SY = XC.F
F
JX = Jx + b2F
JY= Jy + a2F
Yc
O1
OC
Xc
Hnh 4-11
JY = Jy +(XC)2F
JXY = Jxy +XCYCF
3. BN KNH QUN TNH : K hiu ix ; iy
ix
Jx
, iy
F
Jy
F
(chiu di)
V d 4.3:
Xc nh m men qun tnh chnh trung tm ca hnh phng (Hnh 4 12 )?
Lp h trc xOy, Oy l trc i xng nn l trc qun tnh chnh
trung tm.
* Xc nh trng tm ca hnh phng:
C xC = 0
51
yC
2,2cm
S1 S2
8 12
yy 0
2cm
C1
4cm
C
C2
6cm
2cm
x0
x
Hnh 4 -12
Ta c:
J 1xo
b.h3
2.43
376
C1C.F1
1,8.8
12
12
15
2
J xo
b.h3
6.23
92
C2C.F2
1,2.12
12
12
5
2
J xo J 1xo J xo
376 92 652
15
5
15
Tng t ta c
J yo J J
1
yo
2
yo
12
12
3
652
15
, Jy0=
116
3
CU HI N TP
1. nh ngha mmen tnh,vit cng xc nh ta trng tm ca
hnh phng ?
2. nh ngha cc mmen qun tnh trc, mmen qun tnh c cc,
mmen qun tnh ly tm?
3. Vit cc cng thc xc nh cc c trng hnh hc ca mt s mt
ct n gin ?
4. nh ngha h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm, m men qun tnh
chnh trung tm ?
5. Vit cc cng thc chuyn trc song song ?
52
BI TP
Bi 1: Xc nh m men qun tnh chnh trung tm ca hnh phng
(Hnh 4 -13)?
8cm
14cm
8cm
4cm
Hnh 4 -13
6cm
4cm
8cm
2cm
Hnh 4 -14
53
6cm
1. NI LC V BIU NI LC
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c khi nim v xon thun ty
+ V c biu mmen xon ni lc
1.1. nh ngha
Thanh chu xon thun ty l thanh m ngoi lc tc dng l cc
ngu lc hay cc mmen c chiu quay ngc nhau v c mt phng tc
dng trng vi cc mt ct trong thanh.
V d: Mi khoan, trc ng c, trc hp gim tc
1.2. Ni lc v biu m men xon ni lc
1.2.1: Ni lc
Xt thanh thng c tit din trn chu tc dng ca cc m men
nh hnh v (Hnh 5-1)
Dng phng php mt ct
xc nh ni lc.
Ta xc nh c m men
m
m
xon ni lc Mz c:
- Phng: Trng vi mt ct
ngang ca thanh
- Tr s: Bng tng i s ca
mmen ngoi lc tc dng
m
MZ
Hnh 5-1
54
*Quy c du
Mmen xon ni lc : K hiu : Mz
+ Nhn t bn ngoi vo mt ct thy mmen Mz quay cng chiu
kim ng h th Mz mang du dng.
+ Nhn t bn ngoi vo mt ct thy mmen Mz quay ngc
chiu kim ng h th Mz mang du m.
- n v: N.m, KN.m,
1.2.2. Biu ni lc
a. Cc bc v biu ni lc.
- Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt (nu cn)
- Bc 2: Chia on cho thanh, da trn c s v tr tc dng ca
mmen tng ng vi mt im ,hai im lin tip l mt on.
- Bc 3: Xc nh ni lc trong tng on
+ Dng phng php mt ct ,ct thanh lm hai phn ,gi li
mt phn kho st
+ t ni lc vo mt ct (gi nh ni lc Mz dng )
+ Vit phng trnh cn bng v gii cc phng trnh gi tr
ca ni lc
- Bc 4: V biu ni lc.
+ K ng thng song song vi trc thanh gi l ng khng.
+ K cc on thng song song vi nhau v vung gc vi
ng khng
+ in du ,in gi tr ni lc
*V d 1: Cho thanh chu xon thun ty nh trn ( hnh 5-2) : m1 =
20KNm, m2= 60KNm. V biu ni lc cho thanh ?
m2
A
Bi lm
m1
B
Hnh 5-2
mA m2 m1 60 20 40KN.m
- B2: Chia on cho thanh: AB, BC
- B3: Xc nh ni lc trn tng on
+ Xt on AB:Ct AB bi mt phng (1-1), xt cn bng phn bn
phi, ta c:
55
M Z11 m2 m1 0
M Z11 m2 m1 50 30 20 KN
+ Xt on BC: Ct BC bi mt
ct (2-2), xt cn bng phn bn
phi, ta c:
m1 0
m1 30 KN
C
2
mA Mz1-1 1
- B4: V biu ni lc
(Hnh5-3)
*Nhn xt : Nhn vo biu
ta thy on AB l nguy him
nht
m1
B
1
2 2
Z
2 2
Z
M
M
1 m2
mA
2
2-2
Mz
m1
C
2
20KN.m
0
Mz
40KN.m
Hnh 5-3
2. NG SUT V BIN DNG TRONG THANH TRN CHU
XON
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c bin dng trong thanh chu xon thun ty.
+ Phn tch v tnh c ng sut sinh ra trn mt ct ngang.
+ Tnh c bin dng trong thanh chu xon.
2.1. Bin dng
Xt mt thanh thng c tit din trn, chiu di l l, bn knh R.
+ Trc khi cho thanh chu xon (Hnh 5- 4)
- K ln mt ngoi ca thanh cc ng thng song song vi trc
thanh, cc ng thng ny c trng cho cc th dc.
- K cc ng trn vung gc vi trc ca thanh, cc ng ny
c trng cho cc mt ct ngang.
l
Hnh 5- 4
Tc dng vo thanh m men xon m lm cho thanh chu xon.
+ Sau khi cho thanh chu xon (Hnh 5- 5)
56
a
m
Hnh 5-5
Nhn xt :
- Cc th dc:
+ Cc th dc b lch i so vi ban u mt gc gi l , khi xt
cc th dc trn cng mt tr ngoi cng th cc gc bng nhau.
+ on thng biu th cho th dc l tp hp ca v s im do
khi on thng b lch i mt gc th cc im trn on thng ny
cng b dch chuyn, thy c iu ny chng ta xt ba im nh
trn hnh: A, B, C. im A khng b dch chuyn, im B dch chuyn
n v tr B, im C dch chuyn n v tr C. Vy im B v C u b
trt trn chu vi ngoi cng ca mt ct ngang m c th l trt trn
cc cung trn c ln khc nhau. Nh vy khi th dc b lch i mt
gc th ch c im A v tr lin kt ngm cng l khng b dch
chuyn cn cc im cn li trn th dc u b trt trn cc cung trn
c kch thc khc nhau v cc cung ny u chn gc v vy gc
c gi l gc trt.
Ta c gi thit bin dng trong lng thanh ging bin dng bn
ngoi thanh vy th cc th dc trong thanh cng b lch i mt gc
v cc th dc trn cng mt mt tr th gc bng nhau vy khi ta xt
cc th dc trn cc mt tr khc nhau th gc c bng nhau khng,
chng ta cng tm hiu. Trn mt tr ny th ng mu trng vn th
hin th dc khi chua bin dng v ng mu vng th hin th dc
khi bin dng.
Trong cng l mt th dc trng vi trc thanh. Vy ta thy th
dc trng vi trc thanh khng b bin dng vy gc =0. Cng tin ra
mt tr ngoi cng th gc cng tng dn v mt tr ngoi cng th
gc t gia tr ln nht l max
Ta c: 0 max
- Cc mt ct ngang:
+ Khong cch gia cc mt ct ngang khng i, chiu di thanh
khng i -> thanh khng b bin dng dc theo trc thanh.
+ Hnh dng ca cc mt ct ngang vn l hnh trn, vn phng v
vn vung gc vi trc thanh.
57
max
Wp
Jp
R
Jp
R
.D 4 .2
32.D
.D3
16
0,02.D3
.D 3 .1 4
32
0,2.D 3 .1 ;
4
d
D
max
Mz
x
Wp
- Tm ng sut ln nht
- So snh ng sut ln nht vi ng sut cho php
- Kt lun
+ Nu max X thanh bn
+ Nu max X thanh khng bn
b. Xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang hp l
T iu kin bn ta c
Wp
Mz
x
59
M z .0,2
D D D 5%D
c. Xc nh lc tc dng hp l
M X (m) WX X
BI TP V D:
Bi 1 : Cho thanh chu xon thun ty nh trn hnh v:
m1=30kNcm , m2=60kNcm ; m3 = 50kN.cm
V biu m men xon ni lc cho thanh ?
m3
A
m1
m2
C
Hnh 5-7
Bi lm
- Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin
kt
1 m3
mA
A
2 m2
C
B
1
m1
D
mA Mz 1
mA m3 m1 m2 50 60 30
2
m1
2-2 m2
Mz
mA 40kN.m
A
- Bc2: Chia on cho thanh:
C
D
1
AB, BC, CD
2
3 m1
- Bc3: Xc nh ni lc trn
M3-3
z
tng on
D
+ Xt on AB: Dng mt
3
ct (1-1) ct thanh, xt cn bng
90kN.m
phn bn phi, ta c:
30kN.m
40kN.m
M Z11 mA 0
Mz
M Z11 mA 40kNm
+ Xt on BC: Dng mt
ct (2-2) ct thanh, xt cn bng
Hnh 5-8
phn bn phi, ta c:
1-1
60
M Z22 m1 m2 0
M Z22 m1 m2 30 60 90kNm
M Z33 m1 0
M z33 m1 30kNm
Mz
G. J p
M zi
sau
G.J pi
61
m2
A
m1
C
B
Hnh 5-8
m3
m2
m1
Hnh 5-9
Bi 3: Trc AB c tit din trn c cc ng knh tng ng l d 1=
4cm , d 2= 6cm ; (hnh 5-10), thanh chu tc dng ca cc lc dc trc
m1=50kN.cm ; m2=160 kN.cm
a. V biu ni lc cho thanh AD ?
b. V biu ng sut cho thanh AD?
c. Tnh bn cho thanh AD ? Bit ]x = 10 kN/cm2
m2
A
m1
d2
d1
Hnh 5-10
62
63
Qy>0
Mx>0
Phn tri
Phn phi
Mx>0
Qy>0
Hnh 6-1
- Quy c du:
+ Lc ct Q mang du (+) khi php tuyn ngoi ca mt ct
quay 90 0 theo chiu kim ng h n trng vi vc t lc Q y v ngc
li Qy mang du m
+ Mmen un c du (+) nu ni lc lm cho th pha di ca
dm b dn ra, th trn ca dm b co li
2.2. Biu ni lc
Cc bc v biu ni lc.
- Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt (nu cn)
- Bc 2: Chia on cho thanh, da trn c s im t ca lc
tng ng vi mt im ,hai im lin tip l mt on.
- Bc 3: Xc nh ni lc trong tng on
+ Dng phng php mt ct ,ct thanh lm hai phn ,gi li
mt phn kho st
+ t ni lc vo mt ct (gi nh ni lc dng)
+ Vit phng trnh cn bng v gii cc phng trnh
- Bc 4: V biu ni lc.
+ K ng thng song song vi trc thanh gi l ng khng.
+ K cc on thng song song vi nhau v vung gc vi
ng khng
+ in du ,in gi tr ni lc
V d 6.1: Cho dm AC di a=1m, chu tc dng lc un P=100N. V
biu ni lc Qy , Mx cho dm AC ?
P
A
B
a
Hnh 6-2
Bi lm
- Bc1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt
64
C
a
X X 0
Y Y Y P 0
A
YA YC P 100( N )
P.a YC .2a 0
YC
P
P 100
YA YC
50( N )
2
2
2
XA
A
YA
P
B
a
1
z1
Mx 1
Q
1 1
Mx
Q1 YA 50N
YA
XA
* Fy Q1 YA 0
Yc
Q22
* M x1 YA .z1 0
Yc
z2
50N
M x1 YA .z1
50N
Mx
+ Xt on BC: Ct BC bi mt ct
(2-2) cch gc mt khong z2
( 0 z1 a ). Xt cn bng phn
phi, ta c:
50Nm
Hnh 6-3
* Fy Q2 YC 0 Q2 YC 50 N
* M x 2 YC .z2 0
M x 2 YC .z2
A
l
Hnh 6-4
65
Bi lm
- Bc1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt
X X 0
Y Y Y q.l 0
A
YA
XA
A
YA YB q.l 100( N )
l
q.l. YB .l 0
2
q.l 10.10
YB
50( N )
2
2
YA YB 50( N )
- Bc2: Chia on v xc nh
ni lc
- Bc3:
+ Xt onAB: Ct AB bi mt
ct (1-1) cch gc A mt khong
z ( 0 z l ).
Xt cn bng phn phi, ta c
YB
l
l/2
q YB
Mx
Q1
B
50N
Q
50N
Mx
125Nm
* Fy Q1 YB q.z 0
Hnh 6-5
Q1 YB q.z 0
Q1 50 10z
- Khi z = 0 Q1 = -50N
- Khi z = l =10m Q1 = 50N
z
z2
* M x YB .z q.z. 0 M x YB .z q.
2
2
M x 50.z 5.z 2
- Khi z = 0 Mx =0 (Nm)
- Khi z = l/2 = 5m Mx =125(Nm)
- Khi z = l =1m Mx = 0(Nm)
-Bc 4: V biu ni lc (Hnh 6-5)
3. NG SUT TRONG DM CHU UN
3.1. Th nghim:
Xt thanh c tit din hnh ch nht,
66
thun tin cho vic quan st bin dng ta xt trng thi trc v sau
khi chu un
+ Trc khi cho thanh chu un(Hnh 6-6a)
K ln mt ngoi ca thanh cc ng thng song song vi trc thanh:
c trng cho cc th dc, v k cc ng thng vung gc vi trc:
c trng cho cc mt ct ngang
Tc dng ngoi lc l hai mmen un, thanh chu un thun ty
(hai ngu lc nm trong mt phng i xng cha trc thanh)
+ Sau khi cho thanh chu un (Hnh 6-6b,c)
1
2
3
4
5
Mt trung ha
Th trung ha
1
2
a,
Trc trung ha
4
5
c,
b,
Hnh 6-6
* Nhn xt
- Trc thanh b cong i so vi ban u, trc thanh b bin dng
- Cc mt ct ngang:
Khi c ngoi lc tc dng cc mt ct ngang trong thanh vn
phng v vn vung gc vi tip tuyn ca trc thanh v khng cn
song song vi nhau na
- Cc th dc:
+ Trc bin dng cc th dc thng, song song vi nhau v song
song vi trc thanh
+ Xt 7 th dc, cc th dc trong thanh b un cong ng dng
vi trc v chiu di ca chng c s thay i lin tc t th dc b co
li ti th dc b dn di nh vy t th dc th nht n th dc th 7
s c mt th dc c chiu di khng thay i, th gi l th trung
ha.
+ Tp hp tt c nhng th c chiu di khng i trong thanh
s to thnh mt lp th gi l lp th trung ha (mt s ti liu gi l
mt trung ha)
+ Giao tuyn ca lp th trung ha vi mt ct ngang gi l trc
trung ha
67
min
Nn
O
Ko
Ymax
M : E = const;
A'
Hnh 6-7
max
x
Mx
Jx
(m men chng un ca mt ct i vi trc trung
ymax
ha x, n v l m3). Ph thuc vo tit din mt ct ngang.
Trong : Wu
Jx=
d4
Wx
d3
Wy 0,1d 3
64
32
Wx cng ln kh nng chng un cng cao v max cng gim.
* Vi cc mt ct c hnh dng phc tp th m men chng un c
th tra bng trong s tay k thut.
Bng hng lot th nghim v l thuyt
n hi chng minh: mt ct ngang ca
dm chu un ngang phng khng hon ton
phng v vung gc v trc thanh nh un
thun tu, nhng s bin dng ca mt ct
ngang d l khng ng k v c th b qua.
Hnh 6-8
max
Trong :
max l ng sut ln nht trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un
Wx l m men chng un
Mx l m men un ni lc
4. TNH TON CHO THANH CHU UN PHNG
Mc tiu:
+ Vit c iu kin bn v cc bi ton c bn
+ p dng thnh tho ba bi ton c bn theo iu kin bn v
ng sut php
4.1. iu kin bn v ng sut php v ba bi ton c bn
4.1.1. iu kin bn v ng sut php
iu kin cn v thanh chu un m bo bn l ng sut
sinh ra trn mt ct ngang ca thanh phi nh hn hoc bng ng sut
cho php.
max u
4.1.2. Ba bi ton c bn
a. Kim tra bn
Cng thc kim tra bn
max
Mx
69
- Tm ng sut ln nht
- So snh ng sut ln nht vi ng sut cho php
- Kt lun
+ Nu u thanh bn
+ Nu u thanh khng bn
b. Xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang hp l
Wx
Mx
c. Xc nh lc tc dng hp l
M u Wx . u
Mx
u
Wx
YA
XA
- M men chng un l:
z1
c D= 20cm= 0,2m
a
Mx 1
Q
1 1
Mx
Q22
z2
50kN
- M men un ni lc l:
50kN
Yc
Mx
50kNm
M x 50.10 3
62,5MN / m2
4
Wx
8.10
Hnh 6-9
70
Xt chuyn v ca im K
ta thy sau bin dng im
K di chuyn thnh im K`.
Khi chuyn v va im
K l :
K` u
K = KK`
v y(z) z
ng n hi
Hnh 6-10
K v(z)
v(z): l vng
T hnh v ta c th suy ra :
K v(z) y(z)
Xt mt ct ngang i qua im K trc v sau bin dng to nn
mt gc (z)
(z) : l chuyn v gc (gc xoay)
- Qua K` k tip tuyn vi ng n hi to vi trc z mt gc l
T ta c: tg (bi v rt nh)
Vy :
tg y`(z) v`(z)
71
C
B
a
2a
Hnh 6-11
Bi 2: Cho mt dm AB mt ct ch nht cnh (axb) =(2x3)cm chu tc
dng h lc phn b q=20kN/m , chiu di l =4 m, dm c ta trn 2
gi nh hnh 6-12.
- V biu ni lc Qy , Mx cho dm AC
- Hy kim tra bn ca dm g theo ng sut php bit: 100 MN / m2
q
A
Hnh 6-12
Bi 3: Cho mt dm AB mt ct ch nht cnh (axb) =(3x4)cm chu tc
dng ca m men m =120kN.cm , chiu di a =2 m, dm c ta trn
2 gi nh hnh 6-13.
- V biu ni lc Qy , Mx cho dm AC
- Hy kim tra bn ca dm g theo ng sut php bit: 100 MN / m2
m
A
C
a
Hnh 6-13
72
Nz
F
Mz
Wp
73
* Un ngang phng:
+ Un quanh trc x:
- Ni lc: Qy , Mx
- ng sut php ln nht phn b theo quan h bc nht vi y:
max
Mx
Wx
+ Un quanh trc y:
- Ni lc: Qx, My
- ng sut php ln nht phn b theo quan h bc nht vi x:
max
My
Wy
Bi tp kt hp:
Mx + My c un xin
Mx + My + Nz c un xin + ko (nn)
Mx + My + Mz c un xin + xon
gii quyt cc bi ton trn chng ta s p dng nguyn l
cng tc dng: ng sut hay bin dng do nhiu yu t (ngoi la, nhit
, ln ca gi...) gy ra ng thi trnmt thanh bng tng ng sut
hay bin dng do tng yu t gy nn. Nguyn l ny ch c p dng
khi vt liu lm vic trong min n hi v bin dng ca thanh l nh.
2. UN XIN.
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c c cc khi nim v un xin.
+ V c s tnh tng qut v s tnh un xin
+ Xc nh c mt ct nguy him v p dng c iu kin
bn gii ba bi ton c bn ca sc bn .
2.1. nh ngha.
Du hiu ni lc: Thanh chu un xin l thanh chu lc sao cho
trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c hai thnh phn ni lc l m men un
Mx , My nm trong cc mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct
ngang. (Hnh 7-1a)
Mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang l mt
phng c to bi mt trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct
ngang v trc ca thanh
Mx thuc mt phng z0y (0y l trc qun tnh chnh trung tm).
74
My thuc mt phng z0x. (0x l trc qun tnh chnh trung tm).
Hp hai m men Mx , My ta c mt m men Mu :
M u M x2 M y2
Mx: ng ti trng l y
My : ng ti trng l x
Mu : ng ti trng hnh7-1b
Mx
Mx
ng ti trng
My
a,
Mu
My
y
b,
Hnh 7-1
2.2. ng sut.
Ta gi gc l gc gia trc x v ng ti trng, > 0 khi chiu
quay t trc x n ng ti trng l thun chiu kim ng h.
( Hnh 7-1b)
Ta c quan h:
M x M .sin
M y M . cos
H s gc ca ng ti trng
tg
Mx
My
Ta c Mx gy nn ng sut php c gi tr l :
zMx
Mx
.y
Jx
My gy nn ng sut php c gi tr l :
zMy
My
Jy
.x
75
M
Mx
. y y .x
Jx
Jy
(7.1)
Biu thc (7.1) l cng thc tng qut tnh ng sut php cho
un xin.
Khi s dng cng thc trn ta phi ch n du ca x, y v ca
Mx , My. trnh nhm ln ta thng dng cng thc k thut sau:
My
Mx
.y
.x
Jx
Jy
Mx
x
My
z
y
Hnh 7-2
2.3. iu kin bn v ba bi ton c bn.
2.3.1. iu kin bn
* Vi vt liu do : k n nn trong hai gi tr ng sut ta
chn ng sut no c tr s tuyt i ln nht kim tra:
max max , min
* Vi vt liu dn: k n
Nn ta phi kim tra bn cho c im chu ko ln nht v chu nn
ln nht.
+ max k
76
+ min n
2.3.2. Ba bi ton c bn.
a. Bi ton kim tra bn.
T iu kin bn ta c cng thc kim tra bn
* Vi vt liu do :
Mx
max min
Wx
My
Wy
k , n
* Vi vt liu dn:
max
Mx
min
Mx
Wx
Wx
My
Wy
My
Wy
k
n
Wx
k
t
Wy . Phi chn k sao cho ph hp vi tng loi mt ct
+ Hnh n gin tnh k.
b.h 2
h
6
Hnh ch nht c k b 2 .h b
6
+ Hnh phc tp chn k.
- Thp ch I chn k = 8,5 10
- Thp ch chn k = 6 8
Vy :
Wx
k .M y M x
My
My > 0; My = 10kNcm
z
im A c ta : x = -2; y = 4
4
8cm
8.12
1152 cm3 ;
y
12
Hnh 7-3
12 .83
Jy
512 cm3
12
ng sut ti mt im A trn mt ct ngang c ta (-2,4) l:
Jx
30
10
4
( 2)
1152
512
120 20
0,144 kN / cm2
1152 512
My
Mx
.y
.x
Jx
Jy
30
10
2 0,065 kN / cm 2
1152
512
* Kim tra bn ti im nguy him
im nguy him l im B
Theo iu kin bn ta c:
max min
max min
Mx
Wx
My
Wy
k , n
30
10
0,235 kN / cm 2
2
2
8.12
12 .8
6
6
78
y
b
Px
h x
M x= P y.l
Py
M y = P x.l
Hnh 7-4
Bi lm
Lc P tc dng lm cho dm chu un xin, t biu ni lc
Mxv My ta thy mt ct ti ngm(im B) l nguy him nht.
+ Phn tch lc P ra thnh 2 thnh phn l P x; Py :
Px = P.sin = 12. sin 300 = 6kN
Py = P.cos = 12.cos300 10,4 kN
+ i n v :
h =12cm = 12.10-2 m
b= 7,2cm= 7,2.10-2 m
Px = 6kN = 6. 10-3 MN
Py = 10,4 kN= 10,4. 10-3 MN
Ta c:
Mx = Py .l = 10,4. 10-3.1 = 10,4. 10-3 MN.m
My = Px.l = 6. 10-3.1 = 6. 10-3 MN.m
79
172 ,8.10 6 m3
6
6
M x M y 10,4.10 3
6.10 3
118 ,1MN / m2
6
6
Wx Wy 172 ,8.10
103,68 .10
Mx
x
My
Nz
y
Hnh 7-5
3.2. ng sut.
Gi x, y l ta ca im M bt k trn mt ct ngang.
Ta c: Mx gy nn ng sut php c gi tr l :
zMx
Mx
.y
Jx
My gy nn ng sut php c gi tr l :
80
My
zMy
Jy
.x
Nz gy nn ng sut php c gi tr l :
zNz
Nz
F
Mx
N
.y z
Jx
F
My
Jy
.x
Nz
F
Mx
Jx
.y
Nz
F
My
Jy
.x
Nz
F
Mx
x
My
z
z
y
Hnh 7-6
81
x
Nz
z
max
WX
min
Mx
WX
Nz
F
Nz
F
* Vi vt liu dn: k n
Nn ta phi kim tra bn cho c im chu ko ln nht v chu nn
ln nht.
+ max k
+ min n
3.3.2. Ba bi ton c bn.
a. Bi ton kim tra bn.
T iu kin bn ta c cng thc kim tra bn
* Vi vt liu do :
max min
Mx
Wx
Nz
F
k , n
max
Mx
Wx
Nz
F
82
min
Mx
Wx
Nz
F
B
C
Py
P
h
1,5m
Mx
1,5m
15kNm
10kN
Hnh 7-7
83
Nz
Bi lm
- Lc P tc dng lm cho dm chu un v nn ng thi
- Phn tch lc P ra thnh 2 thnh phn l P z ; Py ; Py lm cho dm
chu un phng, P z lm cho on AC ca dm chu nn. on AC ca
dm va chu un v va chu nn.
Pz = P.sin = 20.sin 300 = 10kN
Py = P.cos =20.cos300 17,3kN
Ta c:
3
0
Py l Py .l 20 . cos 30 . cos 30 0 20 .3
Mx .
15 kNm
2 2
4
4
4
Nz = Pz = 10kN
V biu ni lc Mx v Nz (Hnh 7-7)
* Nhn vo ni lc Mx v Nz ta thy mt ct qua im C l
nguy him nht.
+ i n v :
Nz = 10kN = 10. 10-3 MN
Mx = 15kNm = 15. 10-3 MNm
- Din tch mt ct ngang ca dm :
F= 10.10-2.12.10-2 = 12.10-3 m2
- M men chng un ca mt ct :
b.h2 10.12 2
Wx
p dng iu kin bn
min
Nz M x
F
Wx
min
10 .10 3 15 .10 3
63,3MN / m 2
3
6
12 .10
240 .10
84
4. UN V XON NG THI.
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c c cc khi nim v un v xon ng thi.
+ V c s tnh tng qut v s tnh un un v xon
ng thi
+ Xc nh c mt ct nguy him v p dng c iu kin
bn gii ba bi ton c bn ca sc bn .
4.1. nh ngha.
Mt thanh un ng thi xon l thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi
mt ct ngang ca n ch c cc thnh phn ni lc : Cc m men un
Mx , My v m men xon Mz
* Vi thanh mt ct ngang trn
y l trng hp un phng nn nu hp hai m men Mx , My li ta
c :
M u M x2 M y2
A
Mx
Mz
My
ng trung ha
Mz u
Mu
B
v
b,
a,
Hnh 7-8
4.2. ng sut.
Mt phng ti trng(mt phng V) cng l mt phng qun tnh
chnh trung tm nn hai im A v B c ng sut php min , max l giao
im mt phng ti trng vi chu vi mt ct ngang.(hnh 7-..).Tr s ng
sut ca n l :
B
max
A
min
M x2 M y2
Mu
Wu
Wu
Wu Wx Wy
85
Mx
Mx
W p 2.Wx
M t
Wx
Trong :
M t M x2 M y2 M 2z
M t
Wx
d 3
M t
0,1.
M t Wx .
4.4. Ton p dng
Mt trc truyn c ng knh d = 7cm, trc chu m men xon
Mz = 498Nm( Hnh 7-9). Trc truyn mang hai bnh truyn c ng
knh D1= 0,36m, D2= 0,71m, phng chiu lc cng ca ai truyn v
cc kch thc khc cho trn hnh v. Bit 55MN / m2 (b qua trng
lng ca cc bnh v ai truyn).
Kim tra bn cho trc ?
Bi lm
Lin h gia m men xon v lc cng gia cc ai truyn l;
86
D2 S
M z S1 S1' .
S 2'
D2
498 Nm
S 2766 ,66 N
'
1
S1 5533,32N
0,25m
S 1402 ,81N
'
2
0,6m
YA
PCy
S2 2805,63N
tnh ton cho trc ta di cc
lc cng S 1, S1' , S2, S 2' v tm
mi bnh ta c:
D
0,15m
mz
mz
PCx
PDx
YB
A
XA
498Nm
PC S1 S 8299 ,98 N
XB
Mz
'
1
Mx
1345Nm
691Nm
Cc m men mz = 498Nm
931Nm
Da vo ngoi lc ta v
Hnh 7-9
c biu ni lc (Hnh 7-9) .
Nhn
vo biu m men xon ni lc ta thy mt ct qua im C l nguy
him nht.
Ta c:
M t M x2 M y2 M 2z 1345 2 931 2 498 2 1710 Nm
Wx 0,1.d 3 0,1.0,07 3,43 .10 5 m 3
3
M t 1710 .10 6
49,85 MN / m 2
Vy t
5
Wx
3,43.10
87
My
CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim thanh chu lc phc tp, phng php nghin cu?
2. nh ngha un xin, vit cng thc tnh ng sut, iu kin bn v
ba bi ton c bn ?
3. nh ngha un ngang phng v ko (nn) ng thi, vit cng thc
tnh ng sut, iu kin bn v ba bi ton c bn ?
4. nh ngha un v xon ng thi, vit cng thc tnh ng sut, iu
kin bn v ba bi ton c bn ?
BI TP
Bi 1: Dm AB c tit din ch nht cnh b = 3cm, h= 4cm chu tc
dng ca cc lc P 1= 40kN, P2= 60kN,chiu di l= 2m (Hnh 7-10)
,ng sut cho php 120 MN / m2 .Kim tra bn cho dm ?
y
B
P1
1m
1m
P2
Hnh 7-10
Bi 2: Mt trc truyn, t trn hai gi C v D mang hai bnh kha
C v D. Bnh C c ng knh d 1 = 0,3m, chu mt lc tip tuyn thng
ng P1 = 5kN, Bnh D c ng knh d2 = 0,15cm chu mt lc tip
tuyn nm ngang P 2 = 10kN ( Hnh 7-11).. Bit 40 MN / m2 .Tnh
ng knh ti thiu d ca trc truyn (b qua trng lng ca trc v
cc bnh kha).
d1
d2
A
P2
0,15m
0,3m
88
0,15m
P1
CHNG VIII:
N NH CA THANH THNG CHU NN NG TM
Trong qu trnh lm vic cc chi tit my chu tc ng ca rt
nhiu cc yu t nh hng trc tip n kh nng lm vic ca chi tit
my v ca my. Tnh n nh l mt trong nhng yu t c s nh
hng n rt ln n kh nng lm vic v chnh xc khi lm vic
ca my, b phn my.
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c cc khi nim v: n nh ca thanh thng chu
nn ng tm, lc ti hn, ng sut n nh cho php, h s gim
ng sut.
+ Xc nh c phng php tnh n nh theo Euler v Iasinki
v h s gim ng sut.
+ S dng c bng tm c h s gim ng sut.
+ C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
1. KHI NIM V N NH, LC TI HN V NGNG SUT
TI HN.
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c cc khi nim v: n nh ca thanh thng chu
nn ng tm, lc ti hn, ng sut n nh cho php, h s gim
ng sut.
1.1. Khi nim v s n nh
Ngoi vic tnh ton bn, cng ta cn phi tnh s n nh
ca cng trnh hay chi tit my. S mt n nh ca mt chi tit no
trong c cu my c th dn n ph hng c c cu my .
S n nh ca cng trnh hay ca chi tit my l kh nng chu
lc ln nht ca chi tit sao cho s thay i hnh dng hnh hc khng
nh hng n qu trnh lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh hay ca
chi tit my di tc dng ca ngoi lc.
1.2. Lc ti hn v ng sut ti hn
Pth
1.2.1. Lc ti hn
Xt thanh chu nn ng tm nh
hnh 8-1a. Gi s chiu dy ca thanh ln
gp nhiu ln kch thc mt ct ngang.
Khi ln ca P cha ng k , nu ta
dng mt lc x ngang R y thanh lch
khi v tr cn bng th sau khi b R i
,thanh li tr v v t ban u. Trng thi
89
a,
Hnh 8-1
b,
F
l 2 F
2E
Hay: th 2
(8-1)
(8-2)
i min
Vi : l h s ph thuc vo lin kt hai u thanh (Hnh 8-2)
J min
imin
gi l bn knh qun tnh cc tiu ca mt ct ngang.
F
P
= 2
= 1
= 0,75
Hnh 8-2
90
= 0,5
ch
Trong :
tl
ng hypecbol le
- E l m un n hi ko
(nn) ca vt liu
- l mnh ca thanh,
c xc nh theo cng
thc(8-2)
Hnh 8-3
2E
2E
0
tl ; hay
tl
2
Ngha l ta ch gi li phn hypecbol le tng ng vi gi tr
0
Tr s 0 ch ph thuc vo vt liu.
3. CNG THC TNH LC TI HN V NG SUT TI HN
THEO IASINKI
Mc tiu:
+ Trnh by c cng thc tnh ng sut ti hn: Cng thc
Iasinki v h s gim ng sut.
91
th a b
th
(8-3)
bn)
n . th
n 0
Ta nhn thy h s lun lun nh hn 1 nn gi l h s gim
ng sut. H s ph thuc vo mnh ca
* Vi thanh chu nn iu kin n nh l :
P
F
P
.
F
1.2
80 Tra bng = 0,75.
2,5.10 2
0,5 0,75
0,625
2
230
26,2.10 4 m 2 26,2cm2
0,625 .140
93
1.2
96,61 Tra bng = 0,627.
2,07.10 2
P
. n ;
F
P 230 .10 3
85,82 MN / m 2 . n 87 ,78 MN / m 2
4
F 26,8.10
94
CHNG IX:
TNH BN CA THANH CHU NG SUT THAY I
Trong thc t nhiu chi tit my v cng trnh di tc dng ca
ti trng ng sut trn mt ct ngang bin i theo thi gian.
V d: Trc xe tu ha quay di ti trng khng i, dn cu khi on
tu chy qua......
Mc tiu:
+ Hiu c cc khi nim: ng sut thay i, chu trnh ng sut,
chu k tn s, hin tng mi, gii hn mi.
+ Kim tra c bn ca thanh chu ng sut thay i theo h
s an ton.
+ C thc trch nhim, ch ng hc tp.
1. Khi nim v thanh chu ng sut thay i
t lu ngi ta nhn thy cc chi tit chu ng sut
thay i theo thi gian thng b ph hy t ngt (khng c bin dng
d tuy lm bng vt liu do) vi ng sut cn rt thp so vi gii hn
bn ca vt liu nhng sau mt thi gian di chu ng chi tit s b ph
hy mt cch t ngt. Hin tng gi l hin tng mi ca vt liu
2. Hin tng mi ca vt liu.
Hin tng mi c c bit ch trong k thut . Khong 90%
chi tit my b hng u do nguyn nhn mi.V th khi tnh ton cc
chi tit chu ng sut bin i, cn kim tra bn mi ca chng
Hin tng vt liu b ph hng do ng sut bin i theo thi
gian gi l hin tng mi ca vt liu.
3. Chu trnh v c trng chu trnh ng sut.
3.1. Chu trnh
Qu trnh bin i ca ng sut theo thi gian, qua hai gi tr k
tip nhau v lp li gi tr ban u, gi l chu k ng sut.
Thi gian thc hin mt chu trnh l mt chu k , k hiu l T
3.2. c trng chu trnh ng sut
Gi pmax , pmin l gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca ng sut (c th l
hoc ty theo loi bin dng), ta c i lng:
ptb
pmax pmin
2
(9-1)
95
pb
pmax pmin
0
2
(9-2)
T (9-1) v (9-2) ta c:
pmax ptb pb
pmin ptb pb
Chu trnh pmax = -pmin gi l chu trnh i xng; chu trnh c pmax
-pmin
gi l chu trnh khng i xng. Chu trnh c pmax hoc pmin bng 0 gi l chu
trnh mch ng.
pmin
r
T s :
pmax gi l h s khng i xng ca chu trnh
Theo nh ngha:
- Khi r = -1 : chu trnh i xng
- Khi r = 1 : chu trnh hng
- Khi r = 0 : chu trnh mch ng(dng)
- Khi r = - : chu trnh khng i xng(m)
4. Gii hn mi.
Gii hn mi l tr s ln nht ca ng sut bin i tun hon
m vt liu c th chu ng c so vi chu trnh khng hn nh,
khng xut hin vt nt v mi.
tnh bn mi ca cc chi tit ngi ta phi lm cc th
nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu ng vi cc chu trnh c h
s i xng khc nhau. l gi
p
tr ln nht ng sut bin i
tun hon m vt liu c th chu
c vi s chu trnh khng hn
pr
p= p(N)
nh m khng xut hin cc vt
pB
nt v mi.
Gi Nr l s chu trnh m
O
Ni
vaath liu chu ng c (cho
n khi hng) vi ng sut p r ;
Hnh 9-1
bng thc nghim ngi ta lp
ra c biu p = p(N)- gi l biu mi (hnh 9-1)
96
pr
Nr N
1k , n 0,55 1u 0,22 B
i vi kim loi mu
u1 0,25 0,50 . B
p1
1
p1t
p1
H s r l tch s ca cc h s:
a. nh hng ca s tp trung ng sut
97
moi
1
moi( k )
Trong :
moi l gii hn mi ca chi tit khng c yu t tp trung ng sut
moi(k) l gii hn mi ca chi tit c tnh n yu t tp trung ng
sut.
b. nh hng ca trng thi b mt
m
1
m
1
1 2
nr n
6.1. Trng hp chi tit chu un (ng sut bin i l ng sut php)
n
1
k
1 2
. b . tb
1
k
1 2
. b . tb
1
1
1
2 2
2
n
n
n
Hay:
n n
n2 n2
Trong :
n l h s an ton mi khi un
99
B Mz
Pa
P
263281Nmm
D
N
Mz
54405Nmm
6210Nmm
Mx
82215Nmm
My
Hnh 9-2
Bi lm
Mt ct qua im C ca trc chu un xon ng thi. Vy h s an ton
n n
c tnh theo cng thc: n
n2 n2
100
Trong :
1 2
. b . tb
1 2
b
. b . tb
max min
2
max
Mu
min
54405 2 82215 2
9MN / m 2
10650
9 (9)
max 9 MN / m 2
2
max
b tb
Mz
263281
5,7 MN / m 2
2W0 2.22900
b 5,7 MN / m2
Thay cc s liu trn vo cng thc ta c:
250
n
8,26
3,36 .9 0,1.0,23
n
150
10,23
2,52 .5,7 0,05 .5,7
Vy h s an ton ti mt ct qua C l:
n
8,26.10,23
8,26 10,23
2
6,42
101
CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim v thanh chu ng sut thay i ?
2. Trnh by hin tng mi ca vt liu ?
3. Chu trnh v c trng chu trnh ng sut ?
4. Gii hn mi l g ? Cc biu thc xc nh gii hn mi?
5. Cc nhn t nh hng n gii hn mi, cc bin php khc
phc?
6. Vit cng thc tnh bn theo h s an ton trong cc trng
hp chi tit chu un, xon, un xon ng thi ?
102
TR LI CU HI V BI TP
CHNG I: NHNG KHI NIM M U
TR LI CU HI
1. Trnh by c cc gi thuyt c bn v vt liu:
- Gi thuyt v tnh lin tc, ng cht v ng hng
- Gi thuyt v vt liu n hi tuyt i
- Gi thuyt v tng quan gia bin dng v lc
- Nguyn l c lp tc dng
2. Trnh by c cc nh ngha:
- Ngoi lc
- Ni lc
- ng sut
- Phn loi ng sut
3. Trnh by c phng php mt ct xc nh ni lc
4. Trnh by c cc loi bin dng c bn ca vt liu
CHNG II: KO - NN NG TM
TR LI TR LI
1. Trnh by c:
- nh ngha thanh chu ko - nn ng tm,
- Quy c du ni lc Nz trong thanh chu ko - nn ng tm
2. Trnh by c phng php v biu ni lc trong thanh chu ko nn ng tm
3. Vit c biu thc tnh ng sut sinh ra trn mt ct ngang ca thanh
chu ko - nn ng tm v gii thch k hiu
4. - Vit c biu thc tnh bin dng di ca thanh
- Trnh by c cc nh lut Hc , nh lut Poat-xng
5. + Vit c iu kin bn
+ Vit c cc cng thc tnh ton cho thanh chu ko nn ng tm
v gii thch k hiu
- Bi ton kim tra bn
- Bi ton xc nh kch thc hp l
- Bi ton xc nh ti trng tc dng hp l
3
TR LI BI TP
Bi 1:
a) V biu ni lc thanh AB (Hnh
2-20a)
b) Thanh AB m bo bn.
22
z
PA
A
2
D F2
F3 C
3
B F1
1
110kN
8,75kN / cm
40kN
60kN
NZ
Hnh 2-20a
103
Bi 2:
a,V biu ni lc cho thanh(Hnh 2-21a)
b, Bin dng di tuyt i cho trc AB: l= 0,083cm
c, Thanh AB m bo bn
z33 5,57 kN / cm2
3
2
D F2
PA
F3 C
A
2
3
1
F1 B
1
20kN
60kN
70kN
NZ
Hnh 2-21a
Bi 3:
P2 d1
P1
180kN
140kN
100kN
NZ
14,33
4,95
6,36
z
Hnh 2-22a
CHNG III: CT V DP
TR LI CU HI
1. Trnh by c nh ngha thanh chu ct
2.Vit c cc biu thc ca cc bi ton tnh ton cho thanh chu ct
- Bi ton kim tra bn
- Bi ton xc nh kch thc hp l
- Bi ton xc nh ti trng tc dng hp l
3. Trnh by c nh ngha thanh chu dp
4.Vit c cc biu thc ca cc bi ton tnh ton cho thanh chu dp
104
7,96kN/cm
Bi 2:
Tnh ng knh hp l cho inh khi chu ct
d= 1,6cm
- Tnh ng knh hp l cho inh khi chu dp
d= 1cm
Chn d=1,6 cm
-
CHNG IV:
C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT
TR LI CU HI
1. - Trnh by c nh ngha mmen tnh
- Vit c cng thc xc nh ta trng tm ca hnh phng
2. Trnh by c cc nh ngha:
- Mmen qun tnh trc
- Mmen qun tnh c cc
- Mmen qun tnh ly tm
3. Vit c cc cng thc xc nh cc c trng hnh hc ca mt s mt
ct n gin
- Mt ct hnh ch nht
- Mt ct hnh tam gic
- Mt ct hnh trn c
- Mt ct hnh trn rng
4. Trnh by c cc nh ngha:
- H trc qun tnh chnh trung tm
- M men qun tnh chnh trung tm
5. Vit c cc cng thc chuyn trc song song
TR LI BI TP
Bi 1: (Hnh 4 -13a)
M men qun tnh chnh trung tm ca
y0
Jy0 = 1256
14cm
4cm
8cm
x- x0
Hnh 4 -13a
105
Bi 2: (Hnh 4 -14a)
y0
8cm
4cm
12cm
ca hnh phng:
Jx0 = 5848,17
6cm
2cm
6cm
Jy0 = 1130,67
x- x 0
Hnh 4 -14a
CHNG V : XON THUN TY THANH TRN
TR LI CU HI
6. Trnh by c cc nh ngha thanh chu xon nu quy c du ni
lc Mz v cc bc v biu ni lc Mz ca thanh chu xon thun
ty ?
7. V biu phn b ng sut trn mt ct ngang ca thanh chu xon
thun ty?
8. Vit cng thc tnh ng sut ln nht sinh ra trn mt ct ngang ca
thanh chu xon thun ty? Gii thch cc k hiu?
9. Vit cc cng thc tnh ton ca cc bi ton c bn tnh theo iu kin
bn cho thanh chu xon thun ty ?
10. Vit cc cng thc tnh ton ca cc bi ton c bn tnh theo iu
kin cng cho thanh chu xon thun ty ?
TR LI BI TP
Bi 1 :
V biu m men xon ni lc ca
thanh AC: Hnh 5-8a
mA
m2
B
1
m1
20KN.m
30KN.m
Hnh 5-8a
Bi 2:
a.V biu ni lc cho thanh (hnh 5-9a)
b. Thanh AD m bo bn
106
mA
m3
m2
m1
D
3
90kN.m
80kN.m
30kN.m
Mz
Hnh 5-9a
Bi 3:
a. V biu ni lc cho
thanh AB: Hnh 5-10a
b. V biu ng sut max
cho thanh AB: Hnh 5-10a
m2
A
d3
c. Thanh AD m bo bn
m
1
d1
90
70KN.m
kN/cm
Mz
3,18
2,47
5,57kN/cm2
max
Hnh 5-10a
CHNG VI : UN NGANG PHNG THANH THNG
TR LI CU HI
1. Trnh by c
- Cc nh ngha thanh chu un ngang phng
- Nu quy c du ni lc Qy, Mx
- Cc bc v biu ni lc Qy, Mx ca thanh chu un ngang
phng?
2. Vit c cng thc tnh ng sut trong dm chu un , gii thch cc i
lng trong cng thc
3. . Vit c iu kin bn v ng sut php v cng thc tnh ton ca ba
bi ton c bn trong thanh chu un ngang phng
107
XA
A
YA
Yc
2a
60kN
Qy
30kN
Mx
60kN.cm
Hnh 6-11a
Bi 2:
YB
B
l
40kN
Qy
40kN
Mx
80kN.m
Hnh 6-12a
108
YA
Bi 3:
- V biu ni lc Qy, Mx cho dm AB :
Hnh 6-13a
XA
A
YB
B
- Dm AB m bo bn
60kN
Q
60kN.cm
Mx
60kN.cm
Hnh 6-13a
CHNG VII: THANH CHU LC PHC TP
TR LI CU HI
1. Trnh by c:
- Khi nim thanh chu lc phc tp
- Phng php nghin cu
2. - Trnh by c nh ngha un xin
- Vit cng thc tnh ng sut
- Vit c cng thc xc nh iu kin bn v ba bi ton c bn
3. - Trnh by c nh ngha un ngang phng v ko (nn) ng thi
- Vit cng thc tnh ng sut
- Vit c cng thc xc nh iu kin bn v ba bi ton c bn
4. - Trnh by c nh ngha un ngang phng v ko (nn) ng thi
- Vit cng thc tnh ng sut
- Vit c cng thc xc nh iu kin bn v ba bi ton c bn
TR LI BI TP
y
Bi 1: Hnh 7-10a
h = 0,257cm
b = 0,154cm
P1
Bi 2:
d 0,07 m 7cm
1m
P2
1m
y
60kNm
40kNm
Mx
My
Hnh 7-10a
109
x
x
CHNG VIII:
N NH CA THANH THNG CHU NN NG TM
TR LI CU HI
1. Trnh by c :
- Khi nim v n nh
- Khi nim lc ti hn
- Khi nim ng sut ti hn
2. - Vit c cng thc tnh lc ti hn, ng sut ti hn theo Euler
- Trnh by c nu phm vi s dng
3 . - Vit c cng thc tnh lc ti hn, ng sut ti hn theo Iasinki
- Trnh by c nu phm vi s dng
4. Vit c cng thc tnh tnh ton tr s n nh
TR LI BI TP
Bi 1: P th = 250kN
Bi 2: [P] = 362kN
CHNG IX:
TNH BN CA THANH CHU NG SUT THAY I
TR LI CU HI
7. Trnh by c khi nim v thanh chu ng sut thay i
8. Trnh by c hin tng mi ca vt liu
9. Trnh by c chu trnh v c trng chu trnh ng sut
10. - Trnh by c gii hn mi l g
- Vit c cc biu thc xc nh gii hn mi
11. Trnh by c:
- Cc nhn t nh hng n gii hn mi
- Cc bin php khc phc
12. Vit c cng thc tnh bn theo h s an ton trong cc trng
hp chi tit chu un, xon, un xon ng thi
110
111