Tm hiu h thng file

v
h thng th mc
chun
ca Linux
Nhm 6 Lp LTCNTT04-01 i hc i Nam

Cu trc slide

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H thng file v th mc
chun trn Linux

ngha cc th mc chun
ca Linux

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

1. / Root
- Mi mt file v th mc iu
bt u t root directory
- Ch c user root c quyn
trn cc th mc cp bn
di
- Cn /root l home directory
ca user root
2. /bin User Binaries
- Cha file thc thi dng
binary
- Cc lnh s dng thng
thng trong linux c s
dng single-user mode c
t di cu trc th mc ny
- Cc cu lnh c s dng
bi tt c cc user trong h
thng s c t trong y.
V d mt s lnh nh ps, ls,
ping, grep, cp

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

3. /sbin System Binaries

- Ging nh /bin, bn trong
/sbin cng cha ng cc file
thc thi dng binary. Cc lnh
bn trong /sbin thng c
s dng bi system
administrator v dng cho cc
mc ch l duy tr qun tr h
thng.
- Mt s lnh trong y v d
nh
iptables,
reboot, ifconfig...
4. /etc
Configuration
Files
- Thng thng /etc s cha
file cu hnh cho cc chng
trnh hot ng
- /etc cng thng cha cc
scripts dng start, stop,
kim tra status cho cc
chng trnh.
- V d: /etc/resolv.conf (cu

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

5. /dev Device Files

- Cha cc file device i
din cc hardware
- V d: /dev/tty1 hay /dev/sda
6. /proc Process
Information
- Cha ng thng tin v qu
trnh x l ca h thng
- y l mt pseudo
filesystem cha ng cc
thng tin v cc process ang
chy
- y l mt virtual filesystem
cha ng cc thng tin ti
nguyn h thng. V d:
/proc/cpuinfo cung cp cho ta
thng s k thut ca CPU

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

7. /var Variable Files

- Cha ng cc file c s
thay i trong qu trnh hot
ng ca h iu hnh
- V d system log s c t
ti v tr ny
+ System log file /var/log
+ database file /var/lib
+ email /var/mail
+ Cc print queue /var/spool
+ lock file /var/lock
+ Cc file tm thi cn cho
qu trnh reboot /var/tmp
8. /tmp Temporary Files
- Th mc ny cha cc file
c to ra bi h thng v
user
- Cc file bn di th mc
ny c xa i khi h thng
reboot

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

9. /usr User Programs

- Cha cc file binary, library,
ti liu, source-code cho cc
chng trnh.
- /usr/bin cha file binary cho
cc chng trnh ca user.
- /usr/sbin cha cc file binary
cho system administrator. Nu
nh ta khng tm thy cc file
system binary bn di /sbin
th ta c th tm trong
/usr/sbin. V d mt s lnh
nh cron, sshd, useradd,
userdel.
- /usr/lib cha cc file libraries
cho /usr/bin v /usr/sbin.
- /usr/local dng cha
chng trnh ca cc user, cc
chng trnh ny c ci t
t source. V d khi ta install
apache t source th n s
nm v tr l

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

10. /home Home

Directories
- Home directory c cha
ng thng tin c nhn ca
cc user
- V d /home/athena ,
/home/student
11. /boot Boot Loader
Files
- Cha ng boot loader v
cc file cn cho qu trnh boot
ty theo cc phin bn ca
kernel
- Cc file Kernel initrd,
vmlinux, grub c t bn
di /boot
- V d initrd.img-2.6.32-24generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24generic

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

12. /lib System Libraries

- Cha cc file library h tr
cho cc file thc binary nm
bn di /bin v /sbin
- Tn ca cc file library
thng l ld* or lib*.so.* . V
d nh ld-2.11.1.so,
libncurses.so.5.7
13. /opt Optional add-on
Applications
- opt i din cho optional
- Cha ng cc chng trnh
thm vo ca cc hng khc

T chc cc tp tin trn Linux

14. /mnt Mount Directory

- Cha cc th mc dng
system admin thc hin qu
trnh mount
15. /media Removable
Media Devices
- Cha th mc dng
mount cho cc thit b
removable. V d nh CDROM,
Floppy...
16. /srv Service Data
- srv i din cho service
- Cha ng cc dch v cho
server, n lin quan n d
liu. V d /srv/cvs cha ng
CVS

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT

Gii thiu:
- Ext Extended file system: l nh dng file h thng u tin c thit k dnh
ring cho Linux. C tng cng 4 phin bn v mi phin bn li c 1 tnh nng ni
bt. Phin bn u tin ca Ext l phn nng cp t file h thng Minix c s
dng ti thi im , nhng li khng p ng c nhiu tnh nng ph bin ngy
nay. V ti thi im ny, chng ta khng nn s dng Ext v c nhiu hn ch,
khng cn c h tr trn nhiu distribution.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT2

Gii thiu:
- Ext2 hay h thng tp tin m rng th hai l mt h thng tp tin dnh cho cc h
thng nhn Linux. Lc u n c thit k thay th cho h thng tp tin m
rng. N nhanh dng lm tiu chun cng nng ca cc loi h iu hnh
Linux. Hn ch chnh ca n l khng phi h thng tp tin nht k.
H thng file ext2 c gii thiu vo u nm 1993 v c thit k ring cho
Linux. N c nhiu tnh nng tng cng khc phc cc hn ch ca cc h thng
file khc.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT2

Gii thiu:

Tnh nng

Minix

EXT

EXT 2

Kch thc h thng file ln nht

64MB

2GB

4TB

Kch thc file ln nht

64MB

2GB

2GB

Chiu di tn file ti a

30 k t

255 k t

255 k t

Kch thc block ty bin

Khng

Khng

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT2

Nhng c trng:
- H thng tp tin Ext2 h tr cc kiu tp tin Unix chun.
- H thng tp tin Ext2 c kh nng qun l cc h thng tp tin trn nhng phn
vng kch c rt ln.
- H thng tp tin Ext2 cung cp tn tp tin di. y l kh nng ca Linux m
trn cc h thng UNIX chun khng h cung cp.
- H thng tp tin Ext2 d tr mt vi block cho super user (root).
- H thng tp tin Ext2 cho php truy xut n cc h thng khc nh FAT,
FAT32, MSDOS trn Windows 9.x v DOS mt cch d dng.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT3

Gii thiu:
- c xy dng da trn c s ca h thng file Ext2 nhng Ext3 c thm vo
mt tnh nng mi rt quan trng gip chng ta thao tc d liu c an ton hn,
l journaling file system.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT3

Journaling l g?:
- Journaling ch c s dng khi ghi d liu ln cng v ng vai tr
nh nhng chic c l ghi thng tin vo phn vng. ng thi, n
cng khc phc vn xy ra khi cng gp li trong qu trnh ny, nu
khng c journal th h iu hnh s khng th bit c file d liu c
c ghi y ti cng hay cha.
- Chng ta c th hiu nm na nh sau: trc tin file s c ghi vo
journal, y vo bn trong lp qun l d liu, sau journal s ghi file
vo phn vng cng khi sn sng. V khi thnh cng, file s c
xa b khi journal, y ngc ra bn ngoi v qu trnh hon tt. Nu
xy ra li trong khi thc hin th file h thng c th kim tra li journal
v tt c cc thao tc cha c hon tt, ng thi ghi nh li ng v
tr xy ra li .

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT3

Chi tit:
- Ext3 v cn bn ch l Ext2 i km vi journaling. Mc ch chnh ca Ext3 l
tng thch ngc vi Ext2, v do vy nhng a, phn vng c th d dng c
chuyn i gia 2 ch m khng cn phi format nh trc kia. Tuy nhin, vn
vn cn tn ti y l nhng gii hn ca Ext2 vn cn nguyn trong Ext3, v
u im ca Ext3 l hot ng nhanh, n nh hn rt nhiu. Khng thc s ph
hp lm file h thng dnh cho my ch bi v khng h tr tnh nng to disk
snapshot v file c khi phc s rt kh xa b sau ny.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file EXT4

Gii thiu:
- Ext4 cng ging nh Ext3, lu gi c nhng u im v tnh tng thch ngc
vi phin bn trc . Nh vy, chng ta c th d dng kt hp cc phn vng
nh dng Ext2, Ext3 v Ext4 trong cng 1 a trong Ubuntu tng hiu sut
hot ng. Trn thc t, Ext4 c th gim bt hin tng phn mnh d liu trong
cng, h tr cc file v phn vng c dung lng ln... Thch hp vi SSD so vi
Ext3, tc hot ng nhanh hn so vi 2 phin bn Ext trc , cng kh ph
hp hot ng trn server, nhng li khng bng Ext3.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file ReiserFS

Gii thiu:
- ReiserFS: c th coi l 1 trong nhng bc tin ln nht ca file h thng Linux,
ln u c cng b vo nm 2001 vi nhiu tnh nng mi m file h thng Ext
kh c th t c. Nhng n nm 2004, ReiserFS c thay th bi Reiser4
vi nhiu ci tin hn na. Tuy nhin, qu trnh nghin cu, pht trin ca Reiser4
kh chm chp v vn khng h tr y h thng kernel ca Linux. t hiu
sut hot ng rt cao i vi nhng file nh nh file log, ph hp vi database v
server email.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file BtrFS

Gii thiu:
- BtrFS thng pht m l Butter hoc Better FS, hin ti vn ang trong giai on
pht trin bi Oracle v c nhiu tnh nng ging vi ReiserFS. i din cho B-Tree
File System, h tr tnh nng pool trn cng, to v lu tr snapshot, nn d liu
mc cao, chng phn mnh d liu nhanh chng... c thit k ring bit dnh
cho cc doanh nghip c quy m ln.
Mc d BtrFS khng hot ng n nh trn 1 s nn tng distro nht nh, nhng
cui cng th n vn l s thay th mc nh ca Ext4 v cung cp ch chuyn
i nh dng nhanh chng t Ext3/4. Do vy, BtrFS rt ph hp hot ng vi
server da vo hiu sut lm vic cao, kh nng to snapshot nhanh chng cng nh
h tr nhiu tnh nng a dng khc.

 ngha cc th mc chun trong Linux

H thng file JFS v ZFS

Gii thiu:
- JFS c IBM pht trin ln u tin nm 1990, sau chuyn sang Linux. im
mnh rt d nhn thy ca JFS l tiu tn t ti nguyn h thng, t hiu sut
hot ng tt vi nhiu file dung lng ln v nh khc nhau. Cc phn vng JFS
c th thay i kch thc c nhng li khng th shrink nh ReiserFS v
XFS, tuy nhin n li c tc kim tra a nhanh nht so vi cc phin bn
Ext.
- ZFS hin ti vn ang trong giai on pht trin bi Oracle vi nhiu tnh nng
tng t nh Btrfs v ReiserFS. Mi xut hin trong nhng nm gn y v c tin
n rng Apple s dng n lm file h thng mc nh.

V d cy th
mc ca h
thng file
Ext2:

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