refrigeration

system

Thermoelectric

Thomas Seebeck 1821
Electromotive force



.
1834 Jean Peltier

1-0


.
1838
1

.

.1930
Altenkrich

)
(KJ\H 300-200


... .
.


:

:
.
:

a-2



.
2-0
:
T

E
.

) ( 1

) p,N=(p- N ) A B P N P .(N
:

b-2





b-2

:

q 3
:

)=(p-N

p,N

: Reversible
c-2
:

 ) (V/K /x q
.

:
c-2
) (6 ) (4:

) (7
.

.
:
:

I,R .
:

:U THTL
A L k
):(10

-2-2
) (3a
COP
.
.i
.ii
.iii .
:

) (3
) (3


.
) (3a :

Z :

) (23) (22 COP

) (18 :
:
)...(24

 Tm ) 2 / ( TH TL
:
(25a)...
(25b)... .

COPC

(26)...
) rel( COPref ) ( b 25

) (26
) : ( 25b

(27)...

(28)...
:

(29)...
,and

(30)...
COPopt ) ( ,
:

(31)...
Z
,
K/0.007 TH = 310 K TL = 260 K
Z
COP = 1.0251
) ( 4 ,

Fig. 4 Achievement of maximum temperature rise with year

) ( TH TL ) ( 5
TH = 313 K
) ( 6 COP qc

COP qc

,
the merit )
( 7

,
figure of merit ,

 the figure of merit

.

Fig. 5 Valuation in cop with temperature difference

)(1
) (1

)
(P) . (N ) (P
)

) ) (N ) )

(1

(2
(3
(4

:
.
,

.

, ) (9-8


-5
,
.
-6 .
-7
,

.
.
-8 ,
.
-9
.
-10 .
-11 .

.

.

.
. COP ).(0.2 0.1

-4 :
) (10
.
,

.
) (P-N
.
. )(
.

)( .

 :1 313 .
Z ) 0.0036^.(1-
.
: .

:2 N
) ,(Zm) (Zm .

: (22) . :

(23) :

R U

) (19 :

 ) (20 :

: 3 COP = 4
.
313 258
: (25) :

100
: .
.
.
: 4

:

(a) : N ) (b (c)
D.C (d)


(e) COPs ) (O
) (c ) (d .
: Z
): (22

) (b U R ) (19 ) (20 .

 ):(24

)(

D.C COP :

)(d :

. D.C
:

) (e :

) (f : COP

: :

: .

.
:5
N .


. :
:

: COP :

)(a
) (b
)(c
) (d

COP .

:

: COP
:

N :

 COP :

COP

:6

:

:
:

 Z :

.5 Optimum Thermocouple
Elements
8.6 COP
.
maximum cooling
.
.
.TR
:
(32)..

)(33
C1 L
L .Nc1
L )(32
kWh Operating
:Factor=OF
)(34a
total annual expenditure :
(34).
) (8.21 ) (8.34 :
(35).
:

) (35 :

N 1 ,N 2 , z T a

COP

11

COP

qc

) (39 q c
N
:

11

T r ,Z ,N 2 , N 1c1 , N 1s1 ,

.
.

:



) (31 ) (12a
.

) (12

q1

41 :

) (8.45 :
(46).
cop n :

) (46 ) (45 :

cop

48 :

TH TL

CPOs

50 49

)(51

:

.
.
b 12 cop
, .
13
.
. n :
= .

:
:

 13
:

55, 54

I1 I 2

T1 T i T1 . T 2 T 2 T1 / i I 1 I 2

Ii

53

3
.
:

Ii

Ti

, , 57

) (COP
). (14



:
.

) : (14

, Tl=228 K , TH=300 K , d=l=5 mm ,k=0.0125 w/m.K
Elect,Conductivity=910/ ohm cm, Seebeck Coefficient = 395 V/K

 ) : (7 0.2

:
: ) (51 :

3%

6% .

.

-7 :


.




.


) (15 .

) : (15
) : (8 ) 0.0025 (ohm )(W/K
0.02
10%
150
K 260 K Donof of the pair = 0.0005 (V/K) 310

.
:

 &
-8.1 )(Peltier cooling
-8.2
-8.3

-8.4
-8.5 COP
COP COPc
-8.6
-8.7

-8.8 p n
-8.9

-8.10
-8.11
-8.12
-8.13

-8.14 COP

-8.15

-8.16 COP n :

1
(1+1/COP)n1

= COPnstage

COP .

 -8.17 COP

T h ,T l
2

Tk

2T l 2 T h T h T l 1
2T hT l

COPmax

8.18
COPmax qc max .COPmax=0=qc max
8.19 COPmax
. Th=305K .Tl=260K
figure of merit COPmax ) COPopt .(qc max
) 0.002875K-1 .(0.8624
8.20 600kJ/h
.K(=2oC) 275
) .cooling medium 305 K (=32oC mm 10
A/L=5 mm R=0.0025 ohm U=0.02 W/K P,N=0.0004 V/K
)( ) COPmax( COP )( .
10
.Pa 1.0/kWh
))( ) 294( ) 1.0723( W 155.70 .(Rs. 46.73
8.21 8.20 R=0.0015 .U=0.014 W/K
.
))( ) 271( ) 2.2409( W 74.39 .(Rs. 22.32
8.22 8.20 .
))( ) 92( ) 0.339( W 439.86 .(Rs. 148.16

8.23 8.20 K 7
.
))( ) 256( ) 0.5721( W 291.8 .(Rs. 87.53
8.24 8.23 8.20 R=0.0037 P,
.N=0.0003 V/K : ).max(Th-Tl
8.25 kJ/h 150
K (=35oC) 308 K (= -1oC) 272 .

 mm 10 mm 12.5 .
:
k=2 W/m.K

=0.000 m

p-type =17010-8 V/K,

k=2 W/m.K

=0.00008 m

n-type =-19010-8 V/K,

%10
qc max )( ) ( ) COP(
)( : I qc max II .COPmax
] ) I( ) 68( ) 0.1782( W 234.3 )( 276.21W ) II( ) 106(
) 0.2795( W 149.4 )( [W 191.07
8.26 200 R=0.003 U=0.025 W/K
.P,N=0.00042 V/K
K(=37oC) 310 .K(=-13oC) 260 Amp 20
)( ) ( COP )( .
])( ) W 66.8( ) 0.206( .[W 324
8.27 ) Z (figure of merit

. :

UR
0.0
Ap Lp

UR
0.0
An Ln

-8.28 [K]300 . [K]250

[amp] 55 ] .R=0.002 [ohm
%30 .
300 :
,e

'

COPmax I for COPmax

:
COPmax
d) : 0.5228, 24.075 ,: ( a ) :
]( [amp] e , ) : 506.67 [W

, d) :

COPopt

c) :, 0.2533

, b) : P , c) :

Qc max

(a):

551.76 [W] b) : 2178 [W] ,

-8.29

33

h l
max .
COP

) (T T

) :

10
1

Z=0.002905 K COP max =0.4889

(.

 -8.30 55 .
] R = 0.003 [W] U = 0.025 [W/K
%80
. 260 [K] ,[K] 310
.
: (a : (b c) : COP .