MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Abstract
Currently, viral infections spread at alarming rates. Diagnosing a virus is the first step in
preventing its spread; however, the recent epidemic of the Ebola virus proved that current
methods, such as screening airline passengers with thermometers, are inefficient. Our
MediPrinter technology will create an easier, less expensive way to detect viruses. Advances in
3D inkjet printing will make it possible for the MediPrinter to print nanoscale plastic antibodies
onto an optical chip. The CDC will analyze a sample of an emerging virus and provide a
template on their website for the virus specific antibody. Patients with a MediPrinter can
download the template, print the antibodies onto the optical chip, and apply a sample, such as
saliva or blood, to the surface of the completed chip. The MediPrinter will allow quick,
economical, household viral testing, allowing patients to get immediate treatment while helping
to slow the spread of viruses.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

MediPrint: The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Present Technology
Currently, there are several different ways to detect viruses. Direct detection, which
involves visual study of a virus using electron microscopy, is mainly used for research and is
very rarely used to actually detect viruses. Indirect detection includes cell culturing, which is
used to grow viruses so that they can be detected and identified with a simple microscope. Cell
culturing has been in use since the 1960s and is currently the go-to method for virus detection.
Immuno-based detection either identifies the host antibodies of the virus or uses host antibodies
from a sample to attract any viruses that may be present. All of these methods, however, can take
anywhere from a day to a few weeks to process for diagnosis, allowing for the possibility of
further spread of the virus and wasting time that could be used treating an infected patient. With
our MediPrint technology, we will reduce the time taken for diagnosis to a matter of a few hours.
The MediPrint system will use optical chips to detect viruses; these chips are a relatively
new technology and have been able to produce results within
five minutes. Optical chips are currently in use for virus
detection; however, they currently use biological antibodies. The

(1)

optical chips are lined with tiny grooves that are coated in antibody receptors. When laser light
shines through these grooves, the presence of a virus distorts the light waves. A charged coupled
device (CCD) camera receives these light waves and converts them into electrons, and an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts these electrons into binary code, which can then be
read by computer software. Any anomalies caused by viruses results in a change in the binary
code, and this allows the computer software to recognize the virus and alert the user. However,
the fact that these chips use biological antibodies makes it hard for them to be easily reproduced.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Since the MediPrinter is a household system, biological antibodies would have to be replicated at
massive rates in order to meet demand, which takes time. Instead, the MediPrinter will use
plastic antibodies as the receptors, as they are easily mass-produced.
Currently, plastic antibodies are produced either by filling nanosize molds with liquid
plastic or by molecularly imprinting a synthetic polymer, as shown in the figure below. These
pseudo-antibodies have increased survival
rates in mice infected with melittin, which
(2)

is usually fatal for mice in certain doses

leading researchers to conclude that the plastic antibodies can perform the same duties as their
biological counterparts. Plastic antibodies also have the potential to be 3D-printed using
nanoscale inkjet printers, making them our weapon of choice to fight the spread of viruses.
Presently, 3D nanoscale inkjet printers can print materials in dots that are 100-250
nanometers in diameter. Because surface tension makes it practically impossible to push liquid
through a nozzle that small, these printers use an electric field to

(3)

pull the droplets to the surface to be printed on. The MediPrinter

will use this technology to print antibodies onto an optical chip
based on the template that will be provided by the CDC. However,
antibodies can be as small as 10nm, which is currently impossible for nanoscale inkjet printers.
Also, current inkjet printers build nanoscale objects from the bottom up, as one would build a
tower, but this takes time; in the future, with advances in 3D printing technology, our
MediPrinter will instead form nanoscale plastic droplets into antibodies as they fall, saving time
and enabling smaller structures.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

History
1300s: Bubonic plague wipes out 60 percent of Europes population, showcasing the destructive
power of a viral outbreak.
1796: Edward Jenner used a cowpox-infected material to vaccinate eight-year-old James Phipps.
1908: Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper found that an infectious particle smaller than bacteria
caused the Polio disease, therefore discovering the existence of viruses.
1911: The existence of viruses that infect bacteria was first recognized by Frederick Twort.
1930s: The electron microscope was invented in Germany and began a revolution in the
investigation of virus structures.
1931: It was discovered that the influenza virus could be grown in fertilized chicken eggs, a
method that is still used today to produce vaccines for viruses such as polio.
1935: Wendell Stanley achieved virus crystallization, which allows the structure of a virus to be
seen with electron microscopy, and showed that viruses are still active even after crystallization.
1960s: Detection methods for viruses were developed and improved. Some methods included
Immunofluorescence (direct detection of virus antigens), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assays, Radioimmune Precipitation, and Western Blot Assays.

(4)

1984: 3D extrusion printing technologies were first introduced.

Late 1980s: The first commercial inkjet printer was developed.
2007: The 3D inkjet printer was developed, and as of now it can
print lines of material 700 nanometers wide or individual dots just 250 nanometers in diameter,
as seen in the image above.
2015: 3D Printing can create ears, splints that can be inserted into the body, knee meniscus, skin
grafts, kidneys, prosthetics, and much more by using ink made up of biological cells.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Future Technology
In the future, the MediPrinter will provide a quicker and easier way to detect viruses. 3D
scanning will have the ability to analyze and create a template for objects as small as an enlarged
antibody, and that template can then be shrunk to the exact size of a real antibody. Then, using a
3D inkjet printer, the plastic antibodies can be printed onto the surface of an optical chip. The
patient can then apply a sample from the bodily fluid that is suspected to be infected, such as
saliva or blood, to the surface of the optical chip. If the virus is present, it will attach onto the
antibodies. The detection system in the users iPhone will then scan the chip and tell the user if
they have contracted the virus or not.
When an outbreak of a new virus occurs, the Center for Disease
Control (CDC) will obtain a sample of the viruss antibodies from a
patient and/or victim of the disease. Antibodies are, on average, 10
nanometers in size, which currently makes it difficult to photograph and
create a 3-dimensional digital reconstruction of an antibody. However,
through cell culturing, the CDC will amplify the size of the antibodies,

(5)

enabling easier 3D scanning of the shape of the antibody. Once the antibody has been scanned
into the computer, the templates dimensions can be shrunk to that of an actual antibody. These
templates will be available for download from the CDCs website, and will list symptoms of the
viruses to allow users to select the antibody template for the virus that matches their symptoms.
Also, if during an outbreak of a virus a mutation occurs and creates a new strain, or if a different
flu strain than the one the vaccine was created for becomes prevalent, the CDC can update the
virus for the new strain while still keeping the old strains available. As of now, 3D nanoscale
inkjet printers use an electrical field to pull out nanosize drops of material, but there is no current

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

way to create antibody shapes out of a single droplet. In the future, to create the shaped
antibodies, the MediPrinter will melt a cartridge of negatively charged monomer plastic with a
heating element until it reaches the liquid stage. Positively charged ions on the base of the
MediPrinter will pull out a drop of the plastic material into the shaping
tube, where the template from the CDC will control the positions of
positively and negatively charged ions in the tube walls to attract different
areas of the plastic droplet as it cools. These ions will pull the drop into the
shape of the antibody associated with the virus that is being detected. From
there, the antibody will be applied to the optical chip. The printing process will be repeated until
every groove in the chip is coated in an even pattern of plastic antibodies.
Once the optical chip is completed, the user must apply a sample of the bodily fluid that
they suspect to be infected such as saliva or blood onto the chip. To apply the sample, the
user must have a microfluidic device that can cut
down the size of large droplets from a sample; current
devices such as a parallel droplet generator break
down the droplets within a small lab-on-a-chip

(6)

setting, making the device relatively cheap and portable. Using a microfluidic device, the user
can apply a miniscule drop of the sample onto the chip. If a virus is present, it will attach onto
the antibodies. Plugging the chip into a specific slot in an iPhone will activate the laser and CCD
camera, and if a virus is present, the wavelengths of laser light hitting the CCD will change. If
the antibodies are applied in an even pattern, their distortion of the light waves will be even
across the surface of the CCD but the presence of a virus will change the phase of light even
more drastically and unevenly, creating an abnormality that will be noticed by the CCD and

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

therefore result in a change in the binary code created by the ADC. As soon as this abnormality
in the light is detected, the software in the Health app on the iPhone will
alert both the user and their doctor to the presence of the virus, and will
either advise the user to seek medical help or allow the doctor to
communicate with the user via email or a phone call. If there is no virus
present, and no anomaly in the binary code is detected, the health app will
(7)

send back a negative test result and notify the users doctor that the virus is
(31)

not present. The health app will keep track of all tests, positive or negative,

and data from positive tests will be used to further refine the technology.
To get a MediPrinter for their home, all a person will have to do is to go to a local retail
store or pharmacy to purchase one. We expect the MediPrinter to be a 20cm x 20cm x 20cm
cube or smaller, allowing it to sit easily on a desk or countertop. Supply kits will also be
available, and will include a cartridge of negatively charged monomer plastic material and 30 to
40 empty optical chips. The rapid results and availability of MediPrint technology will allow for
cheaper and more convenient virus detection in both the home and the entire medical field.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Breakthroughs
Several advances in 3D inkjet printing and programming are required for the MediPrint
system to work. Improvements are needed in droplet size, droplet shape, 3D scanning, software,
and world health protocols.
Droplet Size: At the moment, the best 3D inkjet printers which can only be found in labs and
at universities are
only able to print to a
scale factor of 100-250
nanometers.
(7)

MediPrint

For

the

system

to

work, the MediPrinter has to be able to print at the size of an antibody. The size of an antibody is
10-20 nanometers, which is roughly 10-25 times smaller than current technology is able to print
when using the printing process shown above. Future advances in this area are needed to allow
the MediPrinter to print at the nanoscale sizes needed for antibodies.
Droplet Shaping: Today, researchers have only been able to create plastic antibodies using
molds. This process is very useful, but a specific mold is needed for every antibody. Because the
MediPrinter will need to have any antibody ready to use, it will be too expensive to purchase a
new mold every single time. Instead of using molds, the MediPrinter will shape the already
charged plastic using the shaping tube on the end of the nozzle. However, the shaping tube
technology doesnt currently exist, and must be invented in the near future for the MediPrinter to
work.
Digital 3D Rendering of an Antibody: Creating a 3-dimensional digital rendering of an object
as small as an antibody is difficult at the nanoscale, as images are needed from all sides of the

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

object to create a 360 degree view. In the future, the CDC will need to have a very precise
rendering of an antibody in order to create a template. Research technology and 3D scanning will
need to be improved in order for the MediPrinter to successfully create plastic antibodies.
Software: There is no current software that is able to perform all of the necessary functions for
the MediPrint system. As of now, very few health apps can actually send data to the users
doctor. There is also no current way for the CDC to create a software code to control the position
of the positive and negative ions in the shaping tube; further research and innovations are needed
before this technology becomes a reality.
World Health Protocols: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDC will have to
create regulations that will determine which viruses are major health threats and are worth
creating a template for. There will also need to be protocols that determine what course of action
is taken for a user who tests positive for a virus at home, such as how and where to quarantine
them to prevent the virus from spreading. In reality, the MediPrinter will have to come with an
entire set of regulations and procedures that both users and medical professionals will need to be
aware of, both in the United States and throughout the rest of the world and as none of these
protocols exist yet, it may take a few years to develop them to where they can be implemented
by WHO and the CDC.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Design Process
While brainstorming topics, we remembered how, when Ebola first became an epidemic
in West Africa, that everyone was panicking here in the U.S. even though the only cases here
were healthcare workers that had come here for treatment. We imagined a device that could
make virus detection cheaper and more accessible. Together, we agreed that 3D printing is
becoming more popular and affordable, which lead us to the idea of having a home printer with
the ability to print out devices that would detect if the user has a virus or not. The following are
three ideas that, although we considered them, were rejected from our final design.
Design 1 - Biological Antibodies
The first thing that popped into our heads when we thought of viruses was antibodies.
The human body is amazing at detecting viruses by flagging the infected cells with antibodies for
white blood cells to come and kill. The problem with biological antibodies is that they would be
too hard to get organized enough to where we could print them through an inkjet printer and
have them placed with precision onto an optical chip. Also, replicating biological antibodies via
cell culturing takes time, and if this system is to be as quick and simple as possible, then it cant
afford to take the amount of time needed to replicate the antibodies. Plastic antibodies, on the
other hand, are easily replicated and are much less expensive than their biological counterparts,
and this discovery prompted us to scrap the idea of biological antibodies and move forward with
the plastic version.
Design 2 - Using Extrusion 3D Printers:
Today, 3D printers are becoming less expensive and easier to access every day. 3D
printers were first invented in the late 1980s, and since then two separate types of the
technology have been created: extrusion and inkjet. An extrusion printer acts like a glue gun and

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

spits out the plastic through a nozzle. For our MediPrinter, however, we need to be able to shape
the plastic into an antibody, and the extrusion printer doesnt have the ability to print plastic at
nanoscale sizes due to the surface tension inside the nozzle. To be able to print out antibodies,
we will have to use inkjet printers, which pull positively and negatively charged ions in the
plastic droplet to where the plastic is needed. In the near future, it is expected that these inkjet
printers will be able to print at the nanoscale needed for the MediPrinter, thus eliminating the
idea of using an extrusion printer from our design process.
Design 3 - Pre-Formed Antibodies:
Each virus has a different antibody that matches it perfectly. Because of this, when a user
wants to print a MediPrint chip for a specific virus, the antibody being printed must be the
correct one. At first, we planned on having the plastic antibodies pre-made, and having the CDC
make large batches of plastic antibodies for every single strain of virus. People who wanted to
use the MediPrinter would then go to their local pharmacy and purchase a cartridge the plastic
antibodies they needed, and the MediPrinter would place the antibodies onto the optical chip.
However, we wanted to make the MediPrint system simpler and less expensive for users, leading
us to the idea of using nanoscale inkjet printers to print the antibodies so that users wouldn't have
to purchase the antibodies they needed at the pharmacy and waste all of their unused antibodies.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

Consequences
Negatives:
Faulty chips or improperly printed antibodies can result in incorrect test results and improper
treatment for patients with and without a virus.
If someone were to hack the CDCs website and modify the templates, incorrect antibodies
could be printed, again resulting in faulty test results and incorrect treatment.
As nanoscale inkjet printing is a new technology, it may still be expensive to operate within the
next 20 years, making it difficult for middle- and low-income families to own a MediPrinter.
People could get the mindset that theyll never get the virus because of one negative test, which
poses a health hazard to both the user and the people around them.
Positives:
The knowledge that one can simply take a MediPrint test at home to determine if they have a
specific virus or not will help ease the fear of catching a virus.
There are many people who go to emergency rooms just to get a diagnosis for their symptoms;
with our MediPrinter, however, we will make it possible for people to diagnose themselves at
home, which will reduce the waiting time for emergency rooms.
With an easier way to diagnose viruses, the MediPrinter will be able to reach patients in thirdworld countries, allowing for less confusion and better treatment in those areas.
Because viruses mutate so quickly, vaccines often prove ineffective, which can lead to a
mutation of a virus spreading very rapidly through large areas. If a mutated virus can be
detected quickly, infected patients can be isolated so that the mutation doesnt spread. The
CDC will be able to quickly turn out an antibody template for every new mutation, allowing
for the mutation to be isolated from the general public that much faster.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

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Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

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Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

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Jan.

2015<http://www.polioeradication.org/Polioandprevention/Thevirus.aspx>.
12. 3D printer. 3D Printing Wags the Dog (and Other Observations from 2014). Web. 25 Jan.
2015.<http://www.sparpointgroup.com/sam-billingsley-jr/vol12no53-3d-printing-wags-thedog-and-other-observations-from-2014>.
13. The first 3D printer. 3D Printing: What You Need to Know. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.pcmag.com/slideshow_viewer/0,3253,l=289174&a=289174&po=1,00.asp>
14. Diamatix. Masdar Buys Inkjet Printer for 3D Printing Solar Cells. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.greenprophet.com/2013/06/masdar-buys-inkjet-printer-for-solar-cells/>.
15. ORANGE

PETRI

DISH

CLIP

ART.

clker.com.

Web.

25

Jan.

2015.

<http://www.clker.com/clipart-orange-petri-dish.html>.
16. Computer-virus. How To Avoid Backing Up Viruses. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://onlinebackup-reviews.biz/articles/how-to-avoid-backing-up-viruses/>.
17. Viruses. Supporting people with chronic fatigue syndrome. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
<http://phoenixrising.me/interviews-3/the-dr-john-chia-interview-with-cort-johnson-808introduction/viruses>.
18. Virus. Microorganismos tiles y efectivos para una agricultura sostenible y un
medioambiente saludable. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.eminfo.es/clickweb/service/cw.php?F=em.php&LANG=SPANISH&PR=em>.
19. Clip art Virus 3. Clip Art Panda. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/form-of-a-virus-that-is-8334839>.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

20. Binocular Biological Microscopes XSP-136E. nbfangyuan.en.alibaba.. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.

<http://nbfangyuan.en.alibaba.com/product/278433537213706271/Arc_shaped_Stand_New_Products_Binocular_Biological_Microscopes_XSP_13
6E.html>
21. Hettich EBA20S Portable Centrifuge. Hettich EBA20S Portable Centrifuge. Web. 25 Jan.
2015.<https://www.djblabcare.co.uk/djb/product/2486/Centrifuges-C2080Hettich_EBA20S_Portable_Centrifuge>.
22. Clip art Virus 4. Clip Art Panda. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/a-clip-art-cartoon-8335240>.
23. Clip art Virus. Clip Art Panda. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/downloads-8333137>.
24. Clip art Virus 2. Clip Art Panda. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/downloads-8333337>.
25. Clip Art Scientist. How To Draw Funny Cartoons. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.how-todraw-funny-cartoons.com/cartoon-scientist.html>.
26. Binocular Biological Microscopes XSP-136E. nbfangyuan.en.alibaba. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://nbfangyuan.en.alibaba.com/product/278433537213706271/Arc_shaped_Stand_New_Products_Binocular_Biological_Microscopes_XSP_13
6E.html>
27. Blank Computer. Clker. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clker.com/cliparts/S/6/5/k/Y/X/computer-monitor-blank-md.png>.
28. Earth Clip Art. Clip Art Panda. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/earth-clip-art-2255336>.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

29. House

Clip

Art

87

House

Clip.

Clip

Art

Panda.

Web.

26

Jan.

2015.

<http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/house-clip-art-87-house-clip-1489629>.
30. Happy Person With Paper. clker. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.clker.com/clipart231189.html>.
31. iPhone. clker. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.clker.com/clipart-250539.html>.
32. Advanced

SD

Card

Manager.

Google

Play.

Web.

26

Jan.

2015.

<https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arron.sdCardManager>

Artwork
All uncited artwork designed and drawn by ExploraVision team members.

Videos
Joe DeRisi: Solving medical mysteries. Perf. Joe DeRisi. TedTalk, Feb. 2006. Ted. Web. 29
Dec. 2015.
<http://www.ted.com/talks/joe_derisi_hunts_the_next_killer_virus?language=en#t-142184>.

Interviews
Email interview with K.E. from the CDC. Dec 23 2014

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

(8)

(10)

Clicking on one of the four pictures will take the

user to the appropriate page.

(9)

(11)

All images used on this page are cited under Images as numbers 8-11.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

All images used on this page are cited under Images as numbers 12-14.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

All images used on this page are cited under Images as numbers 15-21.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

All artwork created by ExploraVision team members.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System

This webpage will only show the first picture

with an arrow; clicking the arrow will bring up
the next picture and arrow, and so on.

All images used on this page are cited under Images as numbers 3, 19, and 22-31.

Project ID # 1948Q MediPrint - The Household Virus Diagnostic System