Q:

GESC2310

(stratification)

(Grusky &Charles2004:3)

(Streaming)

vs

19611991()

1961
(%)

1971
(%)

1981
(%)

1991
(%)

1961-71
(%)

1971-81
(%)

19912001()
1991-2001
(%)

19962001
(%)

349,637 (10.7)

40.3

- 5.3

179,825 (5.5)

81.0

18.6

369,132 (12.1)

498,671 (15.3)

78.2

35.1

431,651 (15.9)

512,719 (16.8)

529,992 (16.3)

22.8

3.4

359,319 (13.2)

419,721 (13.8)

488,961 (15.0)

36.1

16.5

397,992 (14.7)

373,143 (12.3)

321,000 (9.9)

- 19.4

- 14.0

365,826 (13.5)

259,909 (8.5)

238,666 (7.3)

- 34.8

- 8.2

1981-91
(%)

1991 (%)

1996 (%)

2001 (%)

249,247 (9.2)

369,323 (12.1)

99,331 (3.7)

151,591 (5.0)

279,909 (10.3)

60.9
(5.1)

79.9
(5.2)

143.7
(6.0)

237.2
(8.7)

31.3

84.7

65.1

36.6
(3.1)

37.5
(2.4)

64.1
(2.7)

139.1
(5.1)

2.6

70.6

117.1

69.6
(5.9)

128.6
(8.3)

293.9
(12.2)

504.4
(18.6)

84.7

128.5

71.6

162.9
(13.7)

163.8
(10.6)

247.9
(10.3)

313.1
(11.5)

0.5

51.3

26.3

179.7
(15.1)

229.5
(14.8)

374.1
(15.6)

506.9
(18.7)

27.7

63.0

35.5

87.5
(7.4)

59.4
(3.8)

50.6
(2.1)

24.8
(0.9)

-32.1

-14.8

-50.9

580.4
(48.7)

808.2
(52.3)

1,212.5
(50.4)

981.7
(36.2)

39.3

50.0

-19.0

503,832 (18.5)

564,682 (18.6)

635,393 (19.5)

26.1

12.5

13.1
(1.1)

39.7
(2.6)

17.1
(0.7)

7.5
(0.3)

201.1

-56.9

-55.9

27,996 (1.0)

23,478 (0.8)

10,561 (0.3)

- 62.3

- 55.0

1,191.1

1,546.9

2,404.1

2,715.1

29.9

55.4

12.9

2,715,103 (100.0)

3,043,698 (100.0)

3,252,706 (100.0)

19.8

6.9

()

Source: Census report, 2001

20012011()

2001 (%)

2006 (%)

2011(%)

20012006 (%)

349,637 (10.7)

361,891 (10.8)

359,717 (10.1)

3.5

-0.6

179,825 (5.5)

205,435 (6.1)

231,371 (6.5)

14.2

12.6

498,671 (15.3)

542,309 (16.1)

694,603 (19.6)

8.8

28.1

529,992 (16.3)

567,964 (16.9)

552,199 (15.6)

7.2

488,961 (15.0)

550,855 (16.4)

575,392 (16.2)

12.7

321,000 (9.9)

286,007 (8.5)

261,144 (7.4)

-10.9

20062011 (%)

-2.8

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)

1990

2000

Australia

2005

2010

100

99

97

China

85

95 (1997)

100 (2004)

103

4.5

France

103

100

100

100

-8.7

HK

102 (1988)

99

102

Japan

101

101

100

100

Sweden

102

115

100

99

9.1

UK

102

101

102

101

US

100

100

100

100

238,666 (7.3)

208,409 (6.2)

179,064 (5.0)

-12.7

-13.9

()

635,393 (19.5)

633,227 (18.8)

690,908 (19.5)

-0.3

10,561 (0.3)

9,639 (0.3)

3,383 (0.1)

-8.7

-64.9

3,252,706
(100.0)

3,365,736 (100.0)

3,547,781
(100.0)

3.5

5.4

Source: Census report, 2006, Main Census Report, v.I 2011

100 = gender
neutral
<100: favor to M
>100: favor to F

Source: World Bank 2012

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ENR.PRSC.FM.ZS?page=4

Ratio for female to male tertiary enrollment (%)

HK:
2003: 100
2004: 101
Genderparityindexforgross
enrolmentratio.Tertiaryisthe
ratiooffemalegrossenrolment
ratiofortertiarytomalegross
enrolmentratiofortertiary.Itis
calculatedbydividingthefemale
valuefortheindicatorbythe
malevaluefortheindicator.
100=genderneutral
<100:favortoM
>100:favortoF

Source: Women and

Men in Hong Kong: Key
Statistics 2012 Edition,
p.61

Source: World Bank 2012

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ENR.TERT.FM.ZS/countries?page=1&display=default

ProportionofPopulationwithPost
secondaryEducationbySex
30

StudentsEnrolledinProgrammes FundedbyUniversityGrantsCommittee
byLevelofStudyandSex

29.4

28
26
24.8

24
22

25.5

21.4
F

20
18
17.1

17.8

16
15.1
14

Source: Women and

Men in Hong Kong: Key
Statistics 2012
Edition, p.71

13.3

12
10
1996

2001

2006

2011

Source: Women and

Men in Hong Kong: Key
Statistics 2012
Edition, p.68

Percentageofmaleandfemalecandidateswhoobtainedacgradsinselectedsubjects
inthehkcee,2010

Percentageofmaleandfemalecandidateswhoobtainedacgradesin10mostpopular
subjectsatalevelinthehkale,2010

%ofmale candidatesattainingA
Cgrades

%offemale candidatesattainingAC
grades

Biology

32.7

30.7

Chemistry

31.2

29.2

Biology

19.4

19.6

Chinesehistory

16.8

18.8

Chemistry

26.3

19.4

Economics

22.4

22.8

Chinesehistory

27.8

21.0

Geography

19.5

20.2

Chineselanguage&culture

19.1

30.2

Government&publicaffairs*

16.9

17.4

Economics

30.5

20.7

Mathematics

30.9

25.1

Geography

22.7

22.5

Physics

32.4

27.5

Physics

27.4

16.8

%ofmale candidatesattaining
5*4grades

%offemale candidatesattaining5*
4grades

%ofmalecandidates
attainingACgrades

%offemalecandidates
attainingACgrades

Principlesofaccounts

25.6

21.5

Chineselanguage

12.8

23.5

Puremathematics

27.7

19.5

Englishlanguage

13.0

21.8

UseofEnglish
10.0
16.4
Source: HK Examinations and Assessment Authority (2010). Examination
Report HKALE 2010, p.55-59

Source: HK Examinations and Assessment Authority (2010). Examination

Report HKcee 2010, p.52-57

PercentageDistributionofFemaleandMalePopulationwith
PostsecondaryEducationbyFieldofEducation

Source: Women and

Men in Hong Kong: Key
Statistics 2012
Edition, p.73

Womenasapercentageofstudentsenrolledinugcfundedprogrammes bybroad
academicprogramme category,19962011

1996/97

2001/02

2006/07

2011/12

Medicine,dentistry&health

53.9

60.9

62.5

59.5

Sciences

35.6

38.8

36.4

34.8

Engineering& Technology

14.1

25.0

31.1

33.1

Business &management

59.9

62.4

59.9

55.7

Social sciences

66.5

66.6

65.9

63.3

Arts&humanities

78.2

76.1

72.5

72.8

Education

67.8

75.2

71.2

73.6

Total

50.1

54.4

54.1

53.2

Source: University Grant Committee, various years

Personsaged25andbelowwhowerestudyingoutsidehk byplaceofstudy
andsex,2002

Male(%)

Female(%)

Total(N)

Canada

63

37

19,600

Australia

42

58

16,400

UK

55

45

16,100

US

51

49

13,200

ChineseMainland

73

27

3,000

Otherplaces

60

40

5,800

Total

55

45

74,100

(educationstreaming)

Source: Census & Statistics Department (2005),
Survey on Hong Kong students studying outside HK
in 2002.

Femalelaborforceparticipationrate(excludingfdh)byeducationattainment,
20012011

80.0
75.3

Labor participation rate, female

(% of female population ages 15+)

70.0

70.8

60.0

60.2

73.9
69.8

73.3
64.0

58.2

75

55.5

50.0

72

PrimaryF

71

70

69

68

Australia

44.4

44.0

30.2

30.9

44.0

LowersecondaryF

40.0

UppersecondaryF

China

65

France
62

56
53
52
51
50

50

1990

59
58

59
58
57

55
54
53

55
54

2000

59
58
57
56

Japan

Postsecondary(degree)F

20.0

Singapore
Sweden

10.0

UK

52

51
50

50

49
48

47
46

45

Postsecondary(nondegree)F
28.0

HK

60

55

30.0

US

0.0
2001

48

2005

2010

2006

2011

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012

Edition, p.102

Source: World Bank 2012: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS/countries?page=6

(sexsegregationatwork)

malelaborforceparticipationratebyeducationattainment,19862011

90.0
85.0

(manualworker)VS
(nonmanualworker)

80.0
75.0
70.0
65.0

Men

60.0
55.0

45.0
40.0
PrimaryM
LowersecondaryM

MEN

WOMEN

50.0

Women
2001

2006

2011

57.9

51.8

45.9

81.1

76.2

71.6

UppersecondaryM

77.8

75.9

72.5

Postsecondary(nondegree)M

82.0

76.0

70.8

Postsecondary(degree)M

81.4

81.0

80.6

Types of
work

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012

Edition, p.102

HORIZONTALSEXSEGREGATIONBYINDUSTRY
Percentage distribution of employed persons engaged in
individual industries by sex, 2011
Industry

Male(%)

32.4

Construction
M/Xtrade&wholesale
Retail,accommodation&foodservices
Transportation,storage,postal&courier,
info. &communication

Manufacturing

Manual
work

sexsegregationbyoccupation
WorkingPopulationXOccupations199310(,000persons)
Occupation

Female(%)

Non-manual
work

1993

2003

2010

199303
(%)

200310
(%)

Managersandadministrators

251.7
(9.0)

271.0
(8.5)

337.4
(9.7)

7.7

24.5

67.6

Professionals
Associateprofessionals

226.0
(6.5)
675.0
(19.3)

11.3

91.5

203.0
(6.4)
583.8
(18.3)

74.8

8.5

116.1
(4.1)
312.8
(11.2)

86.6

15.6

49.4

50.6

Clerks

54.7

45.3

Serviceworkersandshop
salesworkers

522.0
(18.6)
397.8
(14.2)

527.8
(18.3)
481.3
(15.1)

563.5
(16.1)
557.8
(16.0)

23.5

76.5

Financing,insurance,real estate,
professional&businessservices

47.6

52.4

Public admin.,social&personalservices

69.1

30.9

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012

Edition, p.109

1.1

6.8

21.0

15.9

Craftandrelatedworkers

354.1
(13.0)

Plantandmachineoperators
andassemblers

365.1
(13.0)

270.5
(8.5)
233.2
(7.3)

249.3
(7.1)
201.2
(5.8)

Elementaryoccupations

464.9
(16.6)

613
(19.2)

679.0
(19.4)

31.9

10.8

15.5
(0.6)

6.9
(0.2)

3.3
(0.1)

55.5

52.2

2800.1

3207.3

3492.5

Others

Total

23.6

7.8

36.1

13.7

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012 Edition, p.110

Percentage of Employed Women by occupation (1993-2010)

Occupation

1993

2003

2010

Percentage of Employed Women by industry and occupation (1993-2010)

199303
(%)

200310
(%)

Managersand
administrators
Professionals

16.0

26.1

30.7

10.1

4.6

32.5

34.5

37.1

2.0

2.6

Associateprofessionals

40.4

40.9

44.5

0.5

3.5

Clerks

68.0

74.8

72.6

6.8

2.2

Serviceworkersand
shopsalesworkers

35.2

48.0

52.8

12.8

4.8

Craftandrelated
workers
Plantandmachine
operatorsand
assemblers

4.7

3.9

3.3

0.8

0.6

26.6

12.4

5.5

14.2

6.8

Elementaryoccupations

48.3

62.0

64.8

13.7

2.7

Others

23.7

33.8

24.2

10.1

9.5

Occupation

Finance,
Community,
Community,
insurance,real
social&personal social&personal
estate&bservice, services,1993
services,2007
2007

Femalesshare
(%)

Femalesshare(%)

Femalesshare
(%)

Femalesshare
(%)

Managersandadministrators

24.4

37.6

26.7

Professionals

26.8

32.6

43.8

48.4

Associateprofessionals

34.6

41.1

62.7

58.0

Clerks

67.6

73.4

73.0

77.8

Serviceworkersandshopsales
workers

50.0

53.3

29.8

52.0

Craftandrelatedworkers

2.6

1.1

4.6

Plantandmachineoperatorsand
assemblers

7.0

8.5

13

27.2

72.2

87.0

Elementaryoccupations

Source: HK Annual digest 2004, p. 23-24 & 2011, p.25

Finance,
insurance,real
estate&b
service,1993

50.2

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012 Edition, p.151-2

Sex ratio (M:F) by industry and occupation (1993-2010)

Occupation

Finance,
insurance,real
estate&b
service,1993

Finance,
Community,
Community,
insurance,real
social&personal social&personal
estate&bservice, services,1993
services,2007
2007

Managersandadministrators

0.33

0.60

0.36

1.01

Professionals

0.37

0.48

0.78

0.94

Associateprofessionals

0.53

0.70

1.68

1.52

Clerks

2.08

2.77

2.70

3.51

Serviceworkersandshopsales
workers

1.14

0.43

1.08

Craftandrelatedworkers

0.03

0.01

0.05

Plantandmachineoperatorsand
assemblers

0.08

0.09

0.15

0.37

2.60

6.67

(1529)

(3044)

(4564)
Elementaryoccupations

Lee, Li & Zhang

(2009:92)

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012 Edition, p.151-2

Lee, Li & Zhang

(2009:95)

Lee, Li & Zhang

(2009:94)


Median monthly employment earnings of employed persons in selected industry of
main employment and sex, 2011 (Basic on HSIC version 2.0)
Sex

2008

2011

7,000

8,100

13,000

14,000

Financing,insurance,real
estate,professionaland
businessservices

12,000

12,000

13,500

15,000

Publicadministration

12,000

13,000

17,000

18,000

Education

17,000

18,500

24,000

23,000

Manufacturing

(sexsegregation)

(manualworker)VS (nonmanual
worker)

Genderessentialism(Charles&Grusky 2004:15):
thetraitsthatareregardedasdistinctivelymaleorfemale
Personalservice,nurturance&interpersonalinteraction

Maleprimacy
Goodatdealingwiththingsthanpersons,andinstrenuousor
physicallabor

Source: Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics 2012 Edition, p.226-7

Mechanismsunderlyinghorizontal&verticalsegregation
(CHARLES&GRUNSKY2004:16)
Typeofsegregation
Mechanisms

Horizontal

Vertical

1. Employerdiscrimination

2.Institutionaldiscrimination

Culturalmechanisms

3.Internalization
a.Preferences

b.Selfevaluation

4.Expectedsanctions

5.Laborforcecommitment

Othermechanisms
1.Statisticaldiscrimination

2.Networks

Q:

Glassceiling

Timelag