2-

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88.352.17
159.942(075)
46

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. 2- . .: , 2013. 783 .: . ( ).

ISBN 978-5-496-00394-0
( 2001 .) .
. :
, , , , .
, , .
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15 .
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16+ ( 29 2010 . 436-.)

ISBN 978-5-496-00394-0

, 2013

. .

, 192102, -, . (. ), . 3, , . 7.
005-93, 2; 95 3005 .
25.03.13. 70100/16. . . . 63,210. 1500.
CtP .
194044, -, . , 9. / (812) 495-56-10.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2. . . . .
1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4. (, ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. . . . . . . . .
2.3. ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
14
16
18
23
25
25
30
32
38
38
41
46
55

3.
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2. ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. . . . . . . .
4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...........
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69
69
69
79

5. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.6. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

5.11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6. . .
6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2. - . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5. - . . . . . . . . .
6.6. . .
6.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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123
123
124
126
138
140
142
144
153

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5. , -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
() . . . . . . . . . . . . .

156
156
156
159
163
176
176
176
177
179
180
180
180
181
183
183
185
186
189
191
191
192
195
201
209
210
211
214
218
220
221

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

8.3. ()
8.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6. . . . .

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227
227
232
232

9. . . . . . . . . .
9.1. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2. , . . . . .
9.3. , . . . . . . . . .
9.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.8. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

241
241
243
252
257
259
260
261
264
265

10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4. . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

276
276
277
280
286
291

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4. ( ) . . . . .
11.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

293
293

12. . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

313
313
316
321
326
329
332
336
337
340
344

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267
269
274
274

299
303
307
311

12.8. () . . .
12.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.11.
12.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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350
351
355
358
360

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362
362
362
363
364
372
373
375

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376
377
379
381
382
387
389
389
395
396
401
401

13. ()
13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2. () . . . . . . . .
13.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.6. . . . . . . . . .
13.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1. ()
14.2. () .
14.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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15.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2. . . . . . .
15.3. . . . . .
15.4.
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.1. . . .
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.7. () . . . . . . . . . . . . .

402
402
407
410
412
414
414
418
420
421
422
426
427
430
432
433

16.8. . . . 434
16.9. . . . . . . 435
16.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.2. . . . . .
17.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

445
445
447
449
453
459
459
464

18. . . . . . . . . . . 467
18.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
18.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . .
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . .
9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

486
486
490
490
493
534
542
557
601
609
628
642
667
667
680

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

, , . -
, , , , . , , , .
,
; , , , . . (1950), . (1960),
. (1975), . (1979), . (2000), , : . . (1958), . . (1971), . . (1987), . . (1966, 1976, 1981, 1987),
. . (1997), . . (1984, 2004). .
,
, , ( ) (. . , 2000 , *),
( , , , , ,
,
). ,
. ,
,
. , , , , (. , 1894; . . , 1990; . . , 1987; . ,
1980; . . , 1982; . , 1975; . , 1979; . . ,
.). ,
. , . . (1983) : (. . .) , , ,
. , , -,
*

-
: , , (
, ).
.

, . ,
,
(. 107).
, . , ,
, , . , .
, ,
, . (1928):
. . , .
, . , , , . ,
(1984, . 93). ,
, .
, . , XIX :
, , ,
, , -, . , . ,
.
(1991, . 274). . ,
. , , , ,
, (. 273).
. . , , , .
, ,
() . -

10

, , ,
. , ,
,
, , , , , , , ,
, ,
, . , ,
,
(1996, . 255).
. (1930) ,
, . (1934, 1941) ,
,
, ,
.
. . (1933),
,
. . .
, ,
.
. ? ,
.
, , . , .
(1975)
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12

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16

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18

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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26

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27

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28

1.

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30

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31

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32

1.

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1.6.

33

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34

1.

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36

1.

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37

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39

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40

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42

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2.2.

43

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44

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2.2.

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48

2.

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49

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50

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52

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54

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56

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58

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60

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62

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64

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66

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68

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70

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72

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74

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76

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78

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80

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82

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90

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92

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94

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96

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98

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102

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104

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106

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108

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110

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. . I. ., 1954. . 209.

112

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2

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. . 243244.

5.12.

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114

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5.12.

115

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116

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5.12.

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[Tucker, 1981]). . . (1980) :
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118

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1975), (Carmon, Nachson, 1973; Haggard, Parkinson, 1971).
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) ,
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5.12.

119

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120

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1992). .
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5.12.

121

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1993) :
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1994, . 244). , (, Le Doux, 1996).
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122

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124

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6.2. -

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126

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6.3.

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128

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1961; Bindra, 1969; Tomkins, 1970).

6.3.

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130

6.

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1969; Tomkins, 1970).
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132

6.

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134

6.

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6.3.

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136

6.

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6.3.

137

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138

6.

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6.4.

139

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140

6.

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142

6.

6.6.

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6.6.

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144

6.

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6.7.

145

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146

6.

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6.7.

147

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148

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6.7.

149

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150

6.

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6.7.

151

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152

6.

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6.8.

153

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1989), , , , , . , , ,
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1976; Young, 1961). ,
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154

6.

, , (Hebb, 1949; , 1979).

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1948). ,
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6.8.

155

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7.1.

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158

7.

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208

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214

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218

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220

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222

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224

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226

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228

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230

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234

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8.6.

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236

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237

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238

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8.6.

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240

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242

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246

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248

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9.1.

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250

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9.1.

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252

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9.1.

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254

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9.1.

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256

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9.1.

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258

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9.1.

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260

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262

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266

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268

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270

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272

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274

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9.9.

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10.2.

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278

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10.2.

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280

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10.3.

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282

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284

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286

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10.4.

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288

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290

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292

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294

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11.1.

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, . ,
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, , ... (. 285), ,
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296

11.

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, . , (Donaldson, Westerman, 1986).
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1948; , 1986; , 1998)
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. , .
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, . ,
(), (,
.). -

11.1.

297

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298

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;
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11.2. ...

299

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.

11.2.

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. , - -, , ,
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300

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302

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303

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304

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( . . , ).
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1991; Feingold, 1992). , . . , (Clifford, Walster, 1973).
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1971; Krebs, Adinolfi, 1975; Reis et al., 1980; Walster et al., 1966). ,
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, , , - 90% (Crowley, 1996; Dion et al., 1990). .
. 2004, . 505506

, :
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11.3. ,

305

(Langlois et al., 1987). , .

, ,
(Cash, Janda, 1984; Mack, Raney, 1990; Marvell, Green, 1980). (Umberson, Hughes, 1987; Roszell et al., 1990;
Frieze et al., 1991).

, (Hatfield, Sprecher,
1986).
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, (Beck et al., 1976; Graziano et al., 1978; Symons, 1981). ,
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) ,
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. 2004, . 511512

3. , . , , , , ,
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1971; Caspi, Herbener, 1990). ,
. , , -

306

11.

,
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.
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(Kenny, Nasby, 1980).
.

11.4. ( )

307

,
? ,
, (Aron et al.,
1989). , - , . : , , - , , (Berscheid, Walster, 1978).
: ,
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, (Yzerbyt, Leyens, 1991). ,
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, . .
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et al., 1987).

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( )

(. 11.1).

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, , , ,

308

11.

. , , ,
.
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11.4. ( )

309

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1

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310

11.

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11.5.

311

.

. .
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11.5.

, , .
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, . .).
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,

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312

11.

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 12

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. , tele, ,
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314

12.

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attraction , , .
(, 1997).
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12.1.

315

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316

12.

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12.2.

317

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318

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, .

02

27

724

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12.2.

319

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320

12.

. -
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( ) (secure attachment) (Baldwin et al., 1996; Jones,
Cunningham, 1996; Mickelson et al., 1997). , , (
), , , , . , , ,
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(Feeney, 1996; Feeney, Noller, 1990; Simpson et al., 1992).

(avoidant attachment). ,
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attachment). ,
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, (Cassigy, 2000; Simpson et al.,
1996).
. , , , , (Aisworth, 1979; Erikson, 1963).
(Conger et al., 2000). -

12.3.

321

,
, (Harris,
1998). ,
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. ,
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, (Bowlby, 1973).
, , , , (Clarke, Clarke, 1976; Kagan, 1976; Rutter, 1976). . (Douglas,
1975), , ,
,
.
. , .
() : ( 55% ), ( 25% ) - ( 20% ) (Hazan, Shaver, 1987; Shaver, Hazan, 1994).
(Tidwell et al., 1996).

12.3.
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(. . , 1997). : , , , , , , , (Davis, Todd, 1982).
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, 1

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322

12.

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12.3.

323

. . . (1979) , ,
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, (Hartup, 1970).
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)
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1984) ,
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324

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(. 12.2).
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20% .
. . . (1993), 69% 67- , , . 84%.

12.3.

325

12.2

,
,
37

315

515

- , - . ., 1976

. . 1974

. ., 1976
., 1967

. ., 1978

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: , - . ., 1970
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., 1967

., 1970
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612 . 915
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326

12.

,
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.

, . , ,
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.
.
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).
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12.4.

327

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(Kelley, 1983).
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), , , ,
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328

12.

, , . , . . - -.
.
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), (5,97 ) - (4,86 ) (Shaver et al., 1988).
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. . . (1966), , -

12.4.

329

,
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),
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330

12.

, , , , ; , ,
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1) -,
;
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;
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C. Hendrick, S. Hendrick, 1989; Mallandain, Davies, 1994).
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()
(Frazier, Esterly, 1990).
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1) ; 2) (Swensen, Gilner, 1964). . (Rabin, 1970) , . . (Diener, Pyszczynski, 1978)
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12.4.

331

1) , ;
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).
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332

12.

. ,
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12.3

: + , .

()
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. , , (Hendrick, Hendrick, 1995).
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storge (), erros () (Meyers, Berscheid, 1997).
. 2004, . 533

. . (1989) . 3 (1

,
30 (Aron, Aron, 1994).

12.4.

333

)
( ) .
78 , .
(1213 ),
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- : , . .).
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. (Peel, 1988)
, 1

. ., 1975. . 38.

334

12.

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:
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1
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12.4.

335

, , .
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:
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(Tennov, 1979).
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: , , , , .
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, ,
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336

12.

-
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.

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12.5.

337

. , , ,
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12.5.
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(Spielberger et al., 1985) :
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338

12.

( , , ) .
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. 1.
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1) () , ;
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).
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(
/ )

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(
)

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. ., 1990. . 165.

12.5.

339

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340

12.

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. 369). . : , , , , , , , , (1989, . 561). , , , , ,
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12.6.

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342

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12.6.

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344

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12.7.

345

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1991), (Buunk, 1991), (Bryson, 1991; Hupka,
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346

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12.7.

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348

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12.7.

349

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350

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12.9.

351

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1974; , 1981; , 1977; , 1970; , 1978, .).
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352

12.

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12.9.

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354

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1991).
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12.10.

355

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356

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12.10.

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2001) : ,
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358

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12.11.

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360

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12.12.

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364

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1941) );

13.4.

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1952).
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366

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13.4.

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368

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13.4.

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370

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13.4.

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372

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13.6.

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374

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13.7.

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14.1. ()

377

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378

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380

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14.4.

383

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384

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Meadows, 1991; Miller, 1995). . . (Pilkonis, Zimbardo,
1979) , ,
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14.4.

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386

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5- , 6 7 .
, 4 :
4 ,
4 .
. . . , :
, . .
, . , . , ,
.
,
, , , .
.
1517- . . (Zazzo, 1966) ,
? 8% ( : ,
30% ). , ,
( 10% ).
, , . . , . . , 13%. , , , .
, , . -

14.5.

387

, . ,
(, , , , ) .
() . , , . ,
. , , , . , , , .
, , . , .
. ; , , , .

14.5.
. , ,
, , ,
, .
,
.
. . , 511- , , , (. 14.2). , , ,
(. 14.3).

. 14.2.

388

14.

14.3

,
11

12

13

1415

1617

0,39
= 0,05

0,50
= 0,05

0,12
= 0,05

0,43

0,19

0,56
= 0,01

0,62
= 0,05

0,61
= 0,01

0,51
= 0,05

0,32

, . .
. . . 5
11- , , -, , , -,
12 1415 (. 14.3). .
, ,
, (. 14.4).

. 14.3.
14.4

,
11

12

13

1415

1617

0,41
p < 0,05

0,35

0,54
p < 0,01

0,26

0,52
p < 0,05

0,46
p < 0,05

0,56
p < 0,05

0,40
p < 0,05

0,76
p < 0,01

0,32

14.7.

389

(2000) , , .

14.6.
. , ,
- - ,
- , . . , . . , - .
(Spielberger et. al., 1995) , -
, (Kopper,
Eppersohn, 1996). ,
, -.
(Kring, 2000), ,
, , , , .
, ; ,
, .

14.7.
, 1, (
. pathos , ,
, ). , , , . , ,
. ( ), (Feshbach, 1987; Eisenberg et al., 1989).
. . , ,
, . .
, ,
.
, .
(, 1895; , 1876; ,
1

. . (2004, . 260) . ; . , , , .
.

390

14.

1896), (, 1907). . . . ,
. : ( ) (). .
,
. . .
. .
.
, .
, .
, , . , ( ).
. .
. (1925) ,
.
() . (Scheler, 1923). () , , .
, Einsfuhlung
, , a Mitgefuhl
.
XIX
. . (1897),
( ), , . .
, , .
, , .
, .
B. (1922) , . (, ) (, ).
.
, .
. (1889)
, . ,

14.7.

391

. , .
(Allport, 1924; Asch, 1952). , . , . 50% ,
. ,
, .
C. . .
. , .
.
. (Titchener, 1909),
. , ,
, .
,
, , ,
(Cotrell, Dymond, 1949; Bronfenbrenner et al., 1958).
,
. (Beres, Harlow, 1953),
, (Mahoney, 1960; Speroff, 1953), (Wilmer, 1968)
, (, 1969).
. ,
, . ,
. , , -.
. . -- ,
.
,
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, ,
( ).
:
-- -

392

14.

, , , (. 117). ,
, .
: , . , , , , .
.
, . , , .

,
, , , , .
, .
(Aderman et al., 1974; Berger, 1962; Mehrabian, Epstein, 1972; Stotland et al., 1971).
, , , . . . . (1924) , .
, ,
, . . .
, . . (1981), , .
. . . . (1981) , , .
. . .
(1999), , , , , , , .
. . (Sulzer, Burglass, 1968),
, . .
. . . (Martin, Toomey, 1973) , .
, . . (Murphy, 1937) ,
(
), ( ), , (, ), -

14.7.

393

. , ,
, .
.
,
, . , , , (Moor et al., 1984).
XIX
:
,
?
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?
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?
,
?

?1

. . . . (1975), .
. (Stotland, 1971),
.
() , , , ,
.
, . () , , , . .
. . (1993)
: . , -, . ,
, .
, . , . , , .
,
, (,
, , ). , : , 1

. 1979. 10. . 106.

394

14.

,
. , . . ,
, .
. . ,
.
, , , ;
.
, .
, . (,
) , , . : , , .

, . (Hoffman, 1978) ( ). .
( )
, . , , ,
,
, ,
, .
( 23 ) , , .
,
.
( 6 9 )
.
(Hoffman, 1982 a, )
: ,
, . (Straier, 1987),
, , ( ) ,
( ) , .
, . , , , , (Feshbach,
1987).
- . , , (Sidman, 1969). . . (1977) ,
- . -

14.8.

395

, (. 14.4).

. 14.4. , () ()
, . :
, . , .

14.8.
,
( . sentiment ). , , . ,
, , , , . . , .
.
, , , . . . (), , , - ,
,
, - .
, , , ,
( ) , ,
(1995, . 146).

396

14.

14.9.
, . .
, () , , (Spilberger, 1966). . . (1973)
. . ,
: , .
. , , .
, ,
, , , . , .
, , ,
(Endler et al., 1962; Martens, 1977, .). ,
. (Sarason, 1972) ,
, . , , , , ,
. .

. , , ( , ) .
. -
.
.
. . (1979) , ( . ), ( ),
( ) , ( Q4). . .
. . (2000),
, , , , , , .
, . . . (1966) , , . . (, 1970;
, 1976; ., 1979), -

14.9.

397

(. 14.5), , ,
, , . , , ( ., 1979).
14.5

(. . , 1976)

(n = 171)

22,8

19,3

57,9

(n = 146)

28,0

24,8

47,2

. ,
. . . (1979) . (1953). 86% 64% . 14 36% .
, ,
. . . (1981) -, .
, ( . ) (. 14.5).

. 14.5.

. . . (Cattell, Scheier, 1961) ,

398

14.

,
, .
- . . . . (1976) , (16 . ) 7
8- , 910- .
(. 14.6).

. 14.6.
, , ,
, , , .
. . . (2000) , 11
. ,
: , , , ,
, . ,
. . . , 45% .
.
. (Cattell, Scheier, 1961),
: , , . , ,
, . . . (1997) , 1011- , .

14.9.

399

. , .
. . (1983) , , (. 14.7).

. 14.7. : ;

. . ,
. , . . (1979),
- .
(, 1970) , , , .
, ( ,
) ,
, . , . . (1981),
, .

. , , ,
. , . . (1979),
- , , , ,
, (
, ).

, (. 14.6).
,
. , , -

400

14.

(
, ).
14.6

, %

45,4
65,0

55,5
15,0

20,0

45,5
50,0

55,5
28,5

21,5

36,4
38,5

59,1
38,5

4,5
33,0

, , . , ,
, .
. . (1988) . , - . , 80%
. 52% ( 74% ). , , : , . .
,
, ( ,
).
. . . (1987) ,
( 83% ), (58%) , . . (43%). . . (, , , 1974), ()
, () .
, , .
,
, , ,

14.11.

401

(, 1970; , 1975), ( ., 1974).

,
( 10%). , ( ),
, , . . . , ( 20%), (
., 1974). ,

, .

14.10.
.
. . (Whiting, Child, 1953). ,
.
. , ,
(Benedict, 1934; Meade, 1956; Izard, 1971).
,
, ,
. , ,
, : , . , : 4,7 , 7,2 .

14.11.

. . . , .
, .
,
.
. 45 , ,
. ,
, .
,
, , - .

 15

,
. , . . . . (1985) ,
, ,

;
,
.
. . (1986), 23% , .
: , , . . 1.
, . , .

15.1.

. . (1979), - ;
, , , .
- (
) . . (1997) , . . , .
.
1

. . . .: 6 . ., 1957. . 2. . 507.

15.1.

403

, , .
: , . . , ,
, , , , . , .
. , ,
: , , ,
, ,
.
,
, .
. . (1988), .
-. , , , .
. . , . . , , - ( ), (
) ( ) .
( 64% ) ,
. , (, 21, 21 18% ).
(, 22, 19
14% ).
, , .
, , , . . .
(1995) .
( ). 75% . .
(. . ). -

404

15.

, , . 15.1.
15.1

,
, %

11

16

31

63

60

56

54

24

33

65

52

50

74

40

22

39

28

07

.
, , (. 15.2).
15.2

, , %

74

67

48

52

17

96

79

44

60

52

. ,
, .
,
. . (1993), ,
. 5
. 6 , .
. , . ( 20 ) , ,
( 5 ).
. -

15.1.

405

,
. , ,
. ,
. , , .
. . (1996), , ,
() . , , .
, . . : .
, , , . : ,
, ,
, . , , -! . , , ?..1
, ,
,
.
. . . (2000), - , , -, , (. 15.1).
, , , -. .
.
. . (1982) ,
. , (, , ),
, ,
, . ,
. . ,
.
, . . , , . . , ,
. (. 15.2).
1

. . . .: 2 . . 2. . 13.

406

15.

. 15.1.

. 15.2.

15.2.

407

(. 15.3). , .

. 15.3.

, . , . (Busch, 1973),
, . c, . , .
, . .
, (Zaborowski, 1973). , , , , . ,
, .

15.2.

.
, , .
. . . (1976) ,
-
. ,
. -

408

15.

(). . .
(1986) , -
.
. (Seashore, 1990) ,
, , .
, , . ,
. . . . (2000). , , , . . ,
.
. ,
,

.
, ,
. , , ,
(, . . (1993) :
, ). , , , .
( ) . ,
(5 27), .
. . . (1979) , ,
(. 15.3).
. . (1994) 84,4% . . ,
. . . (1980) ,
.
, .
. . : . , , .

. . -

15.2.

409

, . . ,
.
15.3

4,25

3,70

0,01

4,12

3,60

0,05

3,99

3,60

3,84

3,51

4,02

3,50

0,05

4,20

3,72

0,05

, .

, . , , ,
, (, 1991).
. . (1988), - , , - .
. . ,
, , . . (1968), , -
. , , ,
.
. . (1983) , ,
, (
)
. ,
. , .

410

15.

. . (1986)
. .
.
.
. . (2000),
 ( G,
. ), , ( I),
, , , ( F).
. . (1999) (). , . ,
.
. . (1988),
. ,
, , ; , .

15.3.

, . , , . ,
, ,
(, 1997). , (Keef, 1973). , . . (1925), .
, , , , , (, 1988). , ,

. , -, - (, 2000). ,
.

15.3.

411

, , .
. , ( , 1989).
?
. , . - , . , . , , ,
. . ,
: .
, , : .
. , . . ,
(, 2000), . ,
(, 2000) (, 2000).
, , , . , ,
. , (, 2000; , 2000).
, , (, 2000).
, . .
(1999), : , ,
, . ,
, -
. , ,
, , ,
50%
(, 2000).
. . (1997)
- (. 15.4).
, -
, -.
. 15.4
, . .
(1993).

412

15.

15.4

-
,

4,58

4,80

4,51

4,77

4,36

4,61

4,24

4,57

4,20

4,46

. 15.4.

15.4.
(
)
. . (1999)
. -

15.4.

413

. . (1973),
, .
. . , , ,
.
,
- , ,
, ,
, .
.
( , ).
, , , .
. . . (1984) , , . . . (1981),
, , . . . (1990) , , , .
. . , ,
, , . , ,
.
, . .
.
,
. . . ,
, .
.

. ,
. , , , . .
-, , . , -.
.

 16

, . . . (1999) ,
,
, , .
,
, , , , . ,
.
.

.

16.1.

. . . (1971) , 56- .
, .
: . , , ;
, ,
, , , (1997, . 201).
. . : () ,
: , , ;
, , ,
.

16.1.

415

, ,
(. 503504).
. (2000), , . , 3- ,
.
3- ,
13- ,
13- , ,
.
. , . . , ,
. 23 , . , , . . , , ,
. , 9 .
. (1930) , . :
.
, . .
. , , , ,
(, , , ).
() .
. , ,
.

(Field et al., 1982; Mayo, La France, 1978).
. . (Shennum, Bugenthal, 1982), . . (Kilbrite, Jarczower, 1980), . . (Malatesta, Haviland, 1982) .
(2,55 )
. , . .
, . . . - (Lenard, Forrai-Banlaki, 1960), 717 . ,
1113 -

416

16.

. ,
, (Edwards et al., 1984).
, , .
, .
. . (2000)
. ,
, 9- . 10- .
, . (Goodenough, 1931).
7 7
10 , , ,
, , , (, -), (. 16.1).

. 16.1.
, a epo xapaepyec ocoeoc
poe o yc. . :
, , ,
...
, ,
...
, ,
...1
1

. . ., 1990. . 161.

16.1.

417

(, 1994; Bormann-Kischkel, Hildebrand-Pascher, 1990; Donaldson, Westerman, 1986;

Harris, 1983). ,
( ), .
; , , . ,
; , ,
. . (Devitz, 1969). 5
,

, .
. (Belsky et al., 1991).
3 9 .
. 16.1, .
16.1

; ;

;
;
,

. . (1961), :
1) - ;
2) , ;
3) , , , ,
. , . .
, .

418

16.

, , , , ,
, , ,
(Dunn, Brown, Beardsall, 1991).

,

,
(): , , , . .
. . (2005), , 1011
. , 1113 .
(36 ), .
. , ; (, ); 1213 ( , ), 1314
.
, . -,
, , , .

: (,
), (,
).
, :
, ( 1213 );
( 1314 );
,
, , . . ( , ), ( ).
1314 .
, ,
. , , , 1314 . (, -

16.1.

419

, ), 15
, : . 910
1314 . 1011
1314 .
, ,
:
, , . , , ,
-, , -, ( ) .
, :
910 ,
;
;
1314 , , ,
.
1314 .
.
910 , 1112
- .
, : 1314 (, ) 13
14 ( , ).
1617 . . .
. -,
, , ;
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-,
( ),
.
,
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420

16.

910 . , ( ),
. 1011 ; , , ( , ), .
1415 . , -,
,
, .
1617 , 1516 . , , , ,

, . .
, :
(910 );
(1011 ), 1415
;
1517 .
1516 .

(Strayer, 1986), 5 6 . ,
,
, , 78 .
(Lewine, 1995), 56
. . ( ), ( ).
7
(Yirmiya, Weiner, 1986).
. . (2005) . . 910 .

16.1.

421

. 910 , 1011 , 1112

( ), 13
14 (, , ).
1112 . ,
, .
1011 ,
( , - )
. 1314 , (, ), (
). ,
. , , ( )
. ,
, , .
, , ,
. 1314 , .
, , ,
, .
, , ,
(, . .)
( 1011 1315 ).
, , ,
.
, 1, .

. . (2005) , . ,
,
1

. . (1981), , , , . . (. 194).

422

16.

(, , , ).

, , , (, , , ). 1314
( 10, , ).
, 1213 .

1214 . ,
.

1112 , 14
15 .
( ,
, ), 15
17 . , ,
, , .
. , , (, ).
,
, .
( , ,
, . .), ( , , , , ,
.

16.2.
. (1959) , :
( ), , ,
, .
, .
, . ,
, .
10 , , - .
, . . . (1946) ,
34-
, 56-

16.2.

423

, , ,
, , ,
.
. . . . (1949) ,
. ()

.
, , -, (Emde et al., 1976). , ,
(Fraiberg, 1971). 2,5 , .
. ,
- . , .
. , .
.
,
.
, ,
(-, 1966). , , 59 (Church, 1966; Maior, 1906; Wolff, 1966). , , .
1012 , . . (Sroufe, Wunsch, 1972), ,
79 . , .
6,5 , 7 ,
( ) 8 , 10,5 .
3- , ,
. ,
, , , . ,
. ,
(Tronic et al., 1978).
4 - (, , , ) (Montague, Walker-Andrews, 2001).
, , , . . (Stern, 1984) ,

424

16.

. , (Basch, 1976; Call, 1984).

-
( ,
. .). , ; : ,
.
,
(Mahler et al., 1975), ,
, . (Emde, Sorce,
1983).
-
, ( , ,
. .). , , .

( ). ,
, .
. . . (Bronson, 1978), 9- ,
, , . 2 .
. (Ainsworth, 1967), . .
(Maccoby, Feldman, 1972), , , , ,
. . (Jacobson, Wille, 1984). , , ,
.
. (Hoffman, 1974). , ; , (. ). ,
, , , . ,
(. , . : Haith, Campos, 1977). . (Spitz, 1965),
, .

16.2.

425

. (Kaltenbach et al., 1980) , ,

, ,
.
.
, .
. . (1974), . . (Morgan,
Ricciuti, 1969) , , , , , . .
, ,
. . . , . ,
. , ,
.
- - , , .
. . (Spitz, 1962, 1963),
, ,
. ,
.

(. , 2000).
. (Young, 1961) . (Bridges,
1932), 2 (. 16.2).
, .
, , , , , , . , ,
- . , ,
, . , , , ,
5 .

( , ), . . . (Jersild, Holms, 1935) , ,

426

16.

1 6 (, , ) , , , ( , , ).
16.2

12

18

24

(Feinman, Lewis, 1983; Walden, 1991)

, , .
, ,
, ,
.

16.3.

, . . (1966)
. . (1971),
, (,
1975), ()
(. . , 1961).
, , . , .
. - (Radtke-Yarrow, Zahn-Waxler,
Chapman, 1983) , .
21 .
.
. - (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992) (Kagan,
Lamb, 1987) ,
18- 24- . , , .

16.4.

427

,
(Bretherton et al., 1986), , . , (Saarni, 1999),
.
23 .
, .
. 35 , ,
, .
. . (1976), 23 , , ,
, , , . , ,
, , ,
(Harris, 1989).
24 , (Wellman et al., 1995).
3-
, (Wellman, Wooley, 1990).
3 (. . , 1980).
. ,
. , , .
. . . . (1987) , 23 , .

(. . , 1980). ,
, , . 2 . .
, .

16.4.
,
. () ,
,
. . . . . (1974). , , ,
, (, 1976, . 124).

428

16.

. . .
(1984) 45 67 .
, .
. , (, , ).
- . , , (, , ). .
- . , , ( ).
. . ,
.
. , , ( , ).
- . ( , ).
(. 16.3).
16.3

, %

45

67

20

50

27

03

27

33

40

. . ,
, . 45
. 45- -
67 . 45 - , 67 .
, 45
, .
() 45 , 67
, .

16.4.

429

45 .
, : , , . . ?
: , .
(Carrol,
Steward, 1984).
, - , , . ., (Wellman, Banerjee, 1991).
56
(, 1993).
,
(, ). , ,
, .
.
( . (Niebrzydowski,
1983), 67 ) ,
;
.
-, 45- , . , ,
,
(Gottman, 1983).
. . .
(1990) :
1) ( , );
2) (
, );
3) ( , (
) ).
. . (1959), . . (1995)
- ,
. ,
, .
. . (1997)
. . , , . .
, , . -

430

16.

, .
, , , , , ,
.
, . ( 4,5 67 ) ,
, , .
. .
:
1) ,
: , , ,
;
2)
: , , , , ;
3) : ( ).
,
.

16.5.

. , , . ,
(,
1968; . . , 1966).
, : , , .
. . (1988) , 1011 : 34% 26%
. 70% , . , .
, ooaa cepa ax oo xapaepyec:
1) ooc a pocxoe co opaeoc ocp, oopae, yceo eco ee ;
2) eocpeceoc opoeoc pae cox epea
paoc, ea, cpaxa, yooc eyooc;

16.5.

431

3) ; , , , ; , ;
4) oo ooao eycooc, aco ceo acpoe (a
epaococ, opoc, eceoc, eaooc),
cooc paopee yp aea;
5) ooe aopa ax oo c e oo
cepca, o ycex yee x yee ooacca;
6) o yca ca ocoac oac; a
pyrx ocpaec ac eepo, a e a cooae yc opya, o po eaea oe ax oo;
, , ,
, (, 1985, 1986).
, . . (1998), , , . , . .
.
, , (, 1968).
. . , , , (
). , . , .
. K accy y oo poec ocopeoe epo, ac copcea. B opace aa oppoac o Poe, yco aoao opoc, oppyec oap.
. (Selman, 1981),
, 712 , . ( 7 ) : , , , .
.
( 7 9 ) .
.

432

16.

( 9 12 ) . .
, , , , .
(1112 ), , ,
, , ,
.
. , .
. (Rizzo, Corsaro, 1988) ,
, . . (Berndt, 1983)
, . ,
, , .
: . , , . - , ,
(Rubin, 1980).
.
. , .

16.6.
. - , . , . . (1973),
()
, , ,
.
.

.

. , , 67 (. . ).
, (. , . . , . . ).
ooao cep opoco xapaep:
1) , , , :
, r, ;
2) ; , ;

16.7. ()

433

3) ,
(. . (1972) , );
- , ,
;
4) : , , ; , , , ;
5) , ,
;
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434

16.

; - (Hrtu,
1989);
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. , . . (. . , . . , 2001)
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13 , . . .
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16.9.

435

. , (. 16.3).

. 16.3.
13 , 12 , 1415 .
,
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. . (1987)
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436

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16.10.

437

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, .

16.10.

. , (
, ). (, ) (, , , , ) (Fischer, 1993; Siegel, Alloy, 1990). ,
, , (Vingerhoets, Scheirs, 2000).
, , (Ferguson, Eyre, 2000). , :
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. ,
, (Rosen et al., 1992).
(Hall, 1984; Fujita et al.,
1991; Gross, John, 1995; Fisher, Manstead, 2000). , ,
( ) (Hall et al., 2000)1. (Thomas, 1996),
(Fivush, Buckner, 2000).
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1

, (, , . .),
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438

16.

, (Dindia, Allen, 1992). ,

. (Levant, 1995)
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1990). . (2001), .
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, , .

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.
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B . ,
1

. . , 1979. . 329.

16.10.

439

(, , ) (Block, 1984), (Malatesta et al., 1989), (Radke-Yarrow et al., 1988).

, , , , ,
, ,
(Brody, 1999).
,
, (Custrini, Feldman, 1989).
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[Madden et al., 2000]), . , . . (1996), , : ,
. , . ( ). 79 , 10
. , , , , , , , , , , . 7
,
89- . 9 .

, , .
. . (2000) , 12- .
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17 .
. . (1975)
14% , 21% . (, 26 43%).
(39 35%).
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440

16.

, . . , ,
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. 16.5.
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. . , 2001) .
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: 89,
1213 1617 ,
1011 1415 .
. . (2001),
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(100 60%).
(80% 30%). (60% 40%). , .

16.10.

441

. 16.6.

. 16.7. :
,
.
, (Rubin, 1983).
,
(Sharabany, Gershony, Hoffman, 1981).

442

16.

.
. . .
,
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), , (. 16.8).

. 16.8.
. . , . , 1012 (Eisenberg, 1989;
Eisenberg et al., 1987), , , , .
. . (1996),
( ).
, , , . . (2007),
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16.10.

443

. . , , , .
, ,
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(, 1996, .).

. (1980), , ,
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444

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(Kanter, 1977) .

(, 1998).
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 17

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1997). , ,
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( , , ).
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:
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: . ., 1998.

446

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17.2.

447

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54

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60

82

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44

48

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448

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17.3.

449

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450

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17.3.

451

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452

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17.4.

453

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454

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. . (1904) , , , , . , , ,
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17.4.

455

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456

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17.4.

457

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458

17.

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17.6.

459

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460

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40% . ,
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17.6.

461

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462

17.

, (Bowers et al., 1985; ., 1984).

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17.6.

463

, .
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(Wechsler, 1973).

. 17.5. ,
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464

17.

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, . . . . . (1979).
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17.7. ...

465

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466

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(1970, . 72).

 18

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) (, 1959; , 1972), (
),
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468

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: (m. zygomaticus) (m. corrugator), , .
: m. zygomaticus (Z), m. corrugator (C) m. masseter ( ) . : (Z , C
); (Z , , ); (Z
, ); (Z , ,
). , , . .

.
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18.1.

469

. 18.1. : 1 Ground; 2 Lateral Frontalis; 3 Medial Frontalis; 4 Corrugator Supercilii; 5

Depressor Supercilii / Procesus; 6 Orbicularis Oculi (Pars orbital); 7 Levator Labii Superioris;
8 Orbicularis Oris Inferior; 9 Depressor Anguli Oris; 10 Mentalis; 11 Zygomaticus Major;
12 Masseter
. (Fridlund et al., 1984)
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470

18.

. . . : , , ,
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10.2.
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18.1.

471

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472

18.

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1961) (, 1967). (, 1968;
, 1969; Mrtns d Wilmrs, 1965) ,
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1972, 1974), , , .
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18.1.

473

, . . , ,
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474

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85

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18.2.

475

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476

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18.2.

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478

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18.2.

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480

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18.2.

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482

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484

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