citing David Fisher & Terry Hanstock Throughout your essay you have constructed a chain of logic, designed to persuade the reader to agree wit your findings. As part of your research, you have come across a number of articles that wll strengthen your argument if referred to correcty. They represent important inks in your carefully buit chain, but the way in which you present thom willbe crucial to thor effectiveness. This handy pocket guide gives clear, concise advice on the use of references, t shows how to use the references you give tothe best effect, and how to refer to articles presented through diferent ‘media (in books, journal articles, electronic publications, etc.) BLACKWELLS BOOKSHOPS [ABERDEEN - BIRMINGHAM - BOLTON - BRIGHTON BRISTOL - CANTERBURY - CARDIFF - DUNDEE ETON + EXETER - EXMOUTH - GLASGOW LEEDS - LIVERPOOL LONDON - LOUGHBOROUGH [MANCHESTER - NEWCASTLE NOTTINGHAM + OXFORD PONTYPRIDD - PORTSMOUTH - PRESTON READING » SALFORD » SHEFFIELD - SOUTHAMPTON SUNDERLAND - TORQUAY + YORK Blackwell's has your reading list Biackwol's work closely with universities and collogos throughout the UK to ensure thet your local Blackwelfs Bookshop stocks allthe books you need for your course. ISBN 1-85377-992-X 1853177992 | | 99p 9!781 3H) BLACKWELLS BOOKSHOPS David Fisher & Terry Hanstockciting references David Fisher & Terry Hanstock Contents Introduction Methods of Citation - Harvard & Numeric Quotations Book references (Harvard) Journal article references (Harvard) Electronic publications (Harvard) Examples of other materials that ‘can cause problems (Harvard) Is 8. Official publications 6 9. Legal references 21 10. References using the Numeric system 23, 11. Citing references for items you have not actually read 25 12, Problems with dates 26 13. References 27CHAPTER | Introduction This guide is based on the British Standards BS 1629 and BS ‘5605 (see British Standards Institution 1989 & 1990), However, the Standards do not cover all materials equally thoroughly and so, where necessary, we have developed our ‘own guidelines based on what we consider to be best practice. This is particularly true in the case of the Internet land other electronic publications, as there is currenty tte consensus regarding how they should be referenced, Why bother to cite references? * To acknowledge debts to other writers + To demonstrate the body of knowledge upon which your research is bated + To enable all those who read your work to locate your sources easly “The process of citing references consists of two interrelated pares: a) Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used (.e. the references) ) Referencing - the process of creating a bibliographic, escription of each source. Put simply, this means the provision of a consistent description of the elements needed +o identify a source: author, date, ttle, publisher, etc ‘There are two main ctation/reference systems - the Harvard {also known as the Name & Date) and the Numeric. ‘You will see that this guide gives more space to the Harvard than the Numeric system. However, if you need to use the Numeric system, the guide will also be of help because many ‘of the Harvard referencing examples can be adapted to ‘comply with the Numeric system by meraly altering the place lof the date in the reference. Don't worry about this now, It should all become clear when you start using the guide. Don't panie! Reference citing is not that diffcult.The main ‘thing Is to be consistent and don't mix the Harvard and ‘Numeric approaches. f you work through the examples in this booklet you should be able to tackle most types of publication. Please note that for the sake of clarity, we have enclosed our examples in boxes. Good luck! David Fisher Terry HanstockCHAPTER 2 Methods of Citation Let us look fist at how you refer from your text to the description of the documents you are using You need a way of identiyng each source you Use in your text. ‘You will see thatthe Harvard and Numeric styles of ctation are very diferent from one another Harvard System ‘This is by far the most straightforward way of citing references, because all you need to do is mention the author and date of publication: ‘The work of Dow (1964), Musgrave (1968) and Hansen (1969) concluded.. Ic has been argued (Foster 1972) that the essential. the results ofthe survey were inconclusive (cee Kramer 1988). The person reading your work can then locate the full escription of the item you have cited by going to the alphabetical ist of references you have provided at the end of your report, essay or dissertation. You may need to cite more than one work by the same author published in the same year:You can do so by adding lecters after the dates: Dow (964a) and Dow (19646). Ifyou are giving exact quotations from other works you should Identify the page numbers, Dow (1964, p.28). Insertion of extra citations is no problem as the references, are listed in one alphabetical sequence. Numeric System [Numbers are inserted into the text which refer to a numerical sequence of references at the end of your document: Dow’ and Jenkins’ or Dow (7) and Jenkins (9) You can also use numbers on their own: it can be argued' or it can be argued (10). 4 Page numbers can either be given in your lst of references, or after the numbers in your text: Dow’ or Dow (7 p.27).CHAPTER 3 Quotations A indicated in the earlier examples, when using either the Harvard or Numeric system, you should provide page ‘numbers if quoting from another document. There are certain other generally accepted conventions that you might like to observe, these are described below. Hf you are only quoting a few words, usual practice is as follows: Jones (1989, p. | 14) has challenged, what he call, the ‘peculiar assertion’ by Howard that the moon is populated by librarians. ‘Smith (1986, p. 4) has argued’... is simply not possible to know everything.[but] it can be stated that some knowledge is attainable? ‘The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by ‘enclosing it thus" or *".The . indicate omissions, Square brackets [] tell your reader you have added your own words to the quotation. It you are quoting a longer passage. itis common practice for the whole quotation to be indented: Heresy requires the presence of at least a semblance of ‘orthodoxy, a remaining vestige of an established paradigm, 1 doctrine or truth open to contradiction or challenge. Likewise transgression needs a limit, indeed each term evokes the other..(Smart 1993, . 121). ‘The above conventions are not prescribed by national or international standards, but have been included because they are usually adhered to by the academic community. CHAPTER 4 Book References (Harvard System) ‘A reference is the description of the source you have used. In addition to the conventions for referencing a book by a single author, we include a variety of more complex examples of works that you might need to reference. ‘You should use the title-page rather than the cover of the book as the source of your reference. The order of the ‘elements (including upper and lower case and punctuation) of the reference is AUTHOR, Date. Tie. Edition, Place: Publisher. Numeration ‘within ieem (if only a partis cited.) 1 Single Authors DOW, D, 1964. A history of the world 3rd ed. London: Greenfield, neither place of publication nor publishers name appears anywhere on the document then use (GA) t0 indicate place unknown (sine loco) (61): Greenfield and (6, to indicate name unknown (sine nomine) I you do not know the publisher you are not going to know the place either, so you will have to do the following (st) (sn) But try to find publisher fat all possible! 2. Multiple Authors 1 Bor less ‘CUTLER, T, WILLIAMS, K. and WILLIAMS, , 1986. Keynes, Beveridge ond beyond. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (NB.The order in which authors are given is that ofthe title page)Wi 4or more PEARCE, LF, al, 1976. A model of output, employment, wages ‘ond prices inthe UK. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Editors CHESTER, DIN. ed, 1951. Lessons ofthe Bish war economy. Westport: Greenwood Press. StyleTips ‘You must highlight titles of books using: bold type, underlining, italics etc.You may enclose date in brackets if you wish DOW, D., ed. (1964) ced. isan acceptable abbreviation for editor. “Authors’ forenames may also be writen out in fll. DOW, Donald, ed. (1964) 4 Corporate authors ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF SOCIAL SERVICES & COMMISSION FOR RACIAL EQUALITY, 1978, Multi-racial Britain: the social services response. London: Commission for Racial Equality 5 Conferences The first element of the reference should be the individual(s) ‘or organisation responsible for editing the proceedings. If ‘these cannot be traced, begin your reference with the name (of the conference. I possible, you should include the place and date of the conference, PAEPCKE.A. ed, 1992. OOPSLA 92 conférence on object. oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, 18-22 October, 1992. New Yorke The Association for Computing Machinery CUNNINGHAM, S, ed, 1993. Computer grophics: SIGGRAPH 93 conference proceedings, Anaheim, Calforni, |-6 August, 1993. New York-The Association for Computing Machinery. If you need to cite an individual paper within published conference proceedings, the author of the paper becomes the firse element of your reference. You should also include the page numbers of the contributed paper. (COOK,W.R., 1992. Interfaces and specifications for the smalltalk-80 collection classes, In:A. PAEPCKE, ed. OOPSLA °92 conference on object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, 18-22 October, 1992. "New Yorke The Association for Computing Machinery. pp. I-15. 6 “In” references “These are used when citing, for example, a chapter from an edited work.The format is similar to the conference paper reference above. ROBINSON, EA, 1951.The overall allocation of resources. In: D.N. CHESTER, ed. Lessons of the British wor ‘economy. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1951, pp. 34-57. 7 Theses and dissertations McCARTHY, DF, 1981. Goup representation inthe phil society: the case ofthe poverty lobby. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge Universi 8 Anonymous works the book does not appear to have an author use ‘Anon’ ANON, 1964. A history of radio. London: Beacon Press. 9 Collaborative Works Encyclopedias, dictionaries and other similar publications can be referenced by the tile: The Europa World Yearbook, 1996, London: Europa Publications LedCHAPTER 5 Journal Article References (Harvard) The order of the elements ( including upper and lower case and punctuation) of the reference is: AUTHOR, Date. Article title. Journal le, volume (part), pages. ‘GREENFIELD, J, 1990. The Sevso Treasure: the legal case ‘Apollo, 132(241), 14-16 GOTT, R, 1989. Crumbs and the capitalists. The Guardian, 20th Jan, 21-22. Multiple Authors - same rules apply as in Book References (Harvard) Ino author is mentioned in the source of your reference, use cme ‘ANON, 1989, Obscenity or censorship. The Economist, 312(6 August), 33-34, Points to note ‘You should always indicate both volume number and issue or part number. In the above examples the numbers before the brackets refer to the volume and those inside the brackets to the issue or part number. Apolo, 132 (341) tex volume part Style Tips ‘You should highlight the journal tele, but not the title of the article. Months can be abbreviated as in the above example, 6g Jan for January, ‘You can add pp. before page numbers in journal references if you wish, but itis not necessary to do so. Apollo, 132(341), pp.l4-15. CHAPTER 6 Electronic Publications (Harvard) ‘An increasing amount of information is becoming available in a variety of electronic formats. Ar the time of writing there is litle agreement as to how such works should be referenced. This section is very much our own interpretation ‘of what we consider to be best practice, Our ideas are based ‘upon elements drawn from a variety of sources including the International Organization for Standardization (1998), Cross and Towle (1996) and Li and Crane (1996). ‘Our own view i that electronic refercnees are not so very “flere from the hardcopy formats discussed elsewhere inthis booklet.The tim, as usual if £0 provide sufcent information to ‘enable others to trace the works you have consulted. As with all referencing, consistency isthe key The examples below, ‘which flow the Harvard style, are merely suggestions and are ‘ot intended to be prescriptive. Internet Sources i Individual Works “The order of the elements (including upper and lower case and punctuation) of the reference is: AUTHOR or EDITOR, year Tite [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at: [Accessed Date], “The term publisher may seem a little odd when talking of Incernet resources. It seems usual to regard the organisation responsible for hosting the pages as the publisher. However, ‘we view the place of publication/publisher sections as ‘optional. As long as you supply the URL then the site can be traced.The ‘accessed date’ means the date you visited the site, I is important to give this as pages and their locations change with great frequency, and you are informing your readers that the information was accurate at the date stated.LIBRARY & INFORMATION SERVICES, 1998, Electronic brary resources: subject guide to selected resources on the Intemet [online]. Nottingham: The "Nottingham Trent University. Available a: - [Accessed 16 june 1998} DEFOE, D, 1995. The fortunes and the misfortunes ofthe famous Mall Flanders [online]. Champaign, Ilinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at: URL tp:/archive-org/publgutenberg/ etext95/molifi.xt> [Accessed 16 june 1998]. I aWeb page does not appear to have an author, we would recommend referencing it by tile. fi Electronic Journal Articles AUTHOR, year. Title. journal Tie [online], volume (sue). Available at: [Accessed Date] | you cannot discern volumelissue details simply omit them. Indicating pages can be a problem as they are often not given In electronic journals, so we suggest omitting them. CCOYLE,M, 1996. Atacking the cult-historicists. Renaissance Forum [online], 1(1). Available at: [Accessed 16 June 1998] HAMMERSLEY, M, and GOMM, R. 1997. Bias in soci research, Soelogical Research Online online] 2(). Avaliable at [Accessed 16 June 1998) you are quoting from an article in an electronic journal, you should provide as exact a location as possible. For instance, you could give the paragraph number (if available). Electronic Mail 1 Discussion lists ‘AUTHOR, year Title of message. Discussion ist fonline), day and ‘month, Available at: email address or [Accessed Date, SMITH, D,, 197. UK unemployment definition/figures.. Europear-Socologist online], 13 June. Available 3t: rmailbase@mailbaseac uk [Accessed 16 June 1997] SMITH, D,, 1997. UK unemployment definitionsfgures. European Sociologist [online], 13 June. Available at: “ [Accessed 16 June 1997} i Personal email AUTHOR, (email address) year. Tite of emai day and month. Email co: recipient’ name (email address) Referencing personal emai ke any personal correspondence, 's probably not something you are likely to need to do very often. But, as most sources we have consulted cover them, we thought ie would be remiss of us not to include them. HIGGINS }. Jot Higgns@univacuk) 1996. Emi fun. 20 June. Email co: Peter Smith (Pete Smith@amb.acuk) CD-ROM and Online Databases These formats cover a range of resources from bibliographic databases to fulltext books and articles. i Bibliographic databases DATABASE [type of medium, eg online or CD-ROM], (Inclusive dates). Place: Publisher: ABIIINFORM [CD-ROM], (1986 - April 1997). Louisville: UMI. ECONUIT [CD-ROM]. (1969 - March 1997). (8): Siverplatter ECONUT [CD-ROM]. (1969 - March 1997), [London] Siverplater. Both ECONLIT examples are correct The first indicates that 1 place of publication is listed on the CD ROM.The second Indicates thatthe place of publication Is known but not listed fon the CD rom, fi Electronic Journal Articles ‘Our recommendations are similar to those given for citing Journal articles from the Internet. However: forsake of clarity, we thought ic useful to create this separate section.AUTHOR, year-Title. journal tile [type of medium, volume(issue), pages if given. Available from: database tile [Accessed Date] Inthe following examples the same article is cited from two diferent databases to illustrate minor changes in referencing: EZARD, 1995. Lottery comes up to serach in an instant. ‘The Guardian [CD-ROM],29 December, 4. Available from: The Guardon andThe Observer on CD-ROM [Accessed 19 June 1997). EZARD.}. 1995. Lottery comes up to scratch in an instant. The Guardion {online}, 29 December. Available from: Reuter Textine [Accessed 19 June 1997). {As you can see, the main differences are changes in [type of ‘medium field and no page numbers on the second reference (because Reuter Textline does not provide them). Individual works ‘These could comprise works by individual authors, conference proceedings, encyclopedias, dictionaries and ‘myriad other types of publications. Our general advice would bee to follow the examples given for printed materials and add a [type of medium] field after the title. ‘ALBERS, J. 1994. Interaction of color [CD-ROM]. New Haven: Yale University Press. ANDERSON, L, 1995. Puppet motel [CD-ROM]. New Yorke ‘Canal Street Communications, Inc. COOK, RL ed, 1995. Computer grophics: SIGGRAPH 95 conference proceedings, Los Angeles, Calforio, 6-1 August, 1995 [CD-ROM], New York: The Association for ‘Computing Machinery. We have omitted [accessed date] as the content of such Individual works is unlikely to change. However, f you think there is any possibilty thatthe content of the electronic ‘work you are citing may be subject to change, then it would bbe as well to include the accessed date CHAPTER 7 Examples of Other Materials that can cause Problems! | British standard publications BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 1981. BS 5930: 1981. Code of practice for sit investigations 2 Patents ‘AZIZ,A, 1997. Method and opporatus fora key management scheme for Imermet protocols. United States Patent Application 68-438, 27 May. 3. Published music STRAVINSKY, Chester, Led. 1920. Three pieces for clarinet solo. London: 4 Sound recor ELY,J, 1990. Drivin’ to the poorhouse in a limousine. In Live at Liberty Lunch. Stereo sound disk. New York: MCA, MCG 6113, side B, track 2 5 Mlustration ‘SANDBY, P, 746. Bondit with o holbert.Pen and ink. At London: Britith Museum Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number 1880-9-1 1-173 6 Films, Videos and Broadcasts ‘As a general rule, these should be cited by tite, as they are usually collaborative ventures with no one person being the ‘author’ as such Father Ted, 1995. Episode |, Good Luck Father Ted. TV, Channel 4. Apr2. ‘Now Voyager, 1942. Film. Directed by Irving RAPPER. USA: Warner, (Crimewatch UK, 1993.TV, BBCI. Jan 21 1sCHAPTER 8 Official Publications UK Official Publications | Government Publications These can be treated in the same way as corporate authors, but should be prefixed with GREAT BRITAIN. GREAT BRITAIN. School Curriculum and Assessment ‘Authority, 1997. The Parents guide to national tests... London: ‘The Stationery Office. GREAT BRITAIN. Department for Education and Employment, 1996, Setting targets to raise standards: o survey of good practice. London: Department for Education and Employment 2. Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) References to Hansard should include the following: + abbreviation of House of Commons or House of Lords: HC or HL + the abbreviation Deb! + Parliamentary Session in round brackets + volume number + the abbreviation ‘cl? + column number HC Deb (1990-91) 195 col 311 HC Deb (1990-91) 195, written answers col. 41 HL Deb (1990-91) 529 col. 11 3. Official reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing Committees References to Standing Committee proceedings should Include the following + the abbreviation ‘Stg Co Deb’ + Parliamentary Session in round brackets + Standing Committee identifying letter + tide of legislation under discussion + the abbreviation ‘col! + column number ‘Seg Co Deb (1980-81) Co E Finance Bill col. 46 4. Parliamentary Papers Parliamentary Papers cover a variety of subjects and include Select Committee proceedings. Ech House of Commons Paper has a serial number printed at the bottom left of the title page. House of Lords Papers are identified by a serial number in the same place but enclosed within round brackets. References should include the following: + abbreviation of House of Commons or House of Lords: HC or HL. + Paper num + Parliamentary Session Repair and Maintenance of Schoo! Buildings HC 648 (1990-91) Ist Report of the Select Committee of The House of Lords ‘on Televisng the Proceedings of the House HL (213) (1984-85), References to reports issued by Joint Committees of the House of Lords and the House of Commons should include both serial numbers followed by the Parliamentary Session Joint Commietee on Statutory Instruments - Minutes of Evidence...H1L 32, HC 15-vi (1981-82) 5. Command Papers ‘Command Papers are presented to Parliament ‘by command of Her Majesty: Each one is given a unique number, prefixed by our abbreviation of Command. This prefix has changed over the years and care should be taken in citing the abbreviation correctly. The running number and prefix can be found at the 7bottom left-hand comer of the cover and title-page. ‘he series of Command Papers published so far have been numbered as follows: lseseries —[1]-4222] 1833-1869 2nd series [C. 1] - [C. 9850] 1870-1899 3rd series [Cd, I] - (Ce. 9239] 1900-1918 \ Ach series [Cmd, 1] -Cmd. 9889 1919-1956 Sth series Cmnd.1-Cmnd.9927 1956-1986 6thseries © Cm 1986 ? References to Command Papers should include the following: + tile + Command Paper number + year of publication Royal Commission on Local Government, 1966-1969 (Cm. 4040, 1969) European Union Publications 1 COM documents ‘COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European Union.The final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties - earlier drafts are not generally publicly available. References to COM documents should include the following: + the tite + the last two digs of the year in round brackets + the serial number + the word tna’ to indicate that Ici, in fact, he fra version and not one of the earlier drafts. Proposal for a Council directive establishing a European Guarantee Fund to promote cinema and television production, COM (95)546, fina 2. Secondary legislation All references to secondary legislation should include the following: + its institutional origin - Commission or Council + Its form - Regulation, Directive, Decision + es unique number + ies year of enacement ‘the institutional treaty under which ie was made ~ EECIEC, ECSC. or Euratom. + the date it was passed Optional information can include the ttle of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the Official Journal of the European Communities in which it was published. Regulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of ‘Council Regulation (EC) No. 2078/92 of 30 June 1992 on agricultural production methods compatible with the requirements of the protection of the environment and the maintenance of the countryside. A shorter version would be cited as follows: ‘Council Regulation 2078/92EC. Directives and Decisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation number and then the institutional treaty Council Directive 92/83/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the harmonization of the structures of excise duties on alcohol and alcoholic beverages. ‘Commission Decision 89/288 of 2 March 1989 ‘establishing an intial list of declining industrial areas. Shorter versions would be cited as follows: Council Directive 92/83EEC Commission Decision 89/288/EEC ‘An example of a comprehensive citation for an EEC regulation follows:‘Count Regulation (EEC) 216/84 of 18 January 1964 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2616/80 instituting aspect ‘community regional development measure contnbuting t0 ‘overcoming constraints on the development of new economic actives n certain zones adversely affected by restructuring ‘ofthe ste! industry (OJ No LO27, 311.1984, p9) 3. Official Journal references References to the Oficial Journal should include the following: + Ojseries: L_ (Legislation) __(Communicatons and Information) S (Supplement) + issue number + date of sue + page number (©) No. C311, 17.11.93, p6 CHAPTER 9 Legal References 1 Acts of Parliament ‘Within the legal profession the generally accepted method of citing an Act of Parliament is by its short tite: Education Reform Act 1988 ‘This should be sufficient when the Act is simply being ‘mentioned in the text ofan article or essay. However, featured in a bibliography or lst of references, che Act's chapter number should be added for completeness. Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (c.13) ‘Acts are numbered in sequence throughout the calendar year, Public General Acts are given arabic numerals. Local and Personal Acts are given lower-case roman numerals, NB. Before I January 1963 a more complex system was in ‘operation based on regnal years. Education Act 1944 (788 Geo 6 €.31) 2. Parliamentary Bills Each Parliamentary Bill has a serial number in the lower left - hand corner of the title page. Formerly the number was ‘enclosed in square brackets for Bills originating in the House ‘of Commons and in round brackets for Bills originating in the House of Lords. House of Commons Bills are still numbered in this manner, but a House of Lords Bills is now referred to as HL Bill followed by a number without brackets, References to Parliamentary Bills should include the following + shore side + Parliamentary Session in round brackets ‘+ ies serial number. Note that Bill is renumbered ‘whenever ic is reprinted during its passage through Parliament Education (Student Loans) Bil HC Bill (1989 - 90) [66] 2Further and Higher Education Bill HL Bill (1991 - 92) 27 3. Statutory Instruments References to Statutory Instruments should include the following: + shore tide + the abbreviation SI" + year of publication + number [National Assistance ( Assessment of Resources) Regulations 1992 SI 1992/2977 4 Law Reports Every law report series has its own mode of citation. Citations for specific cases usually contain: + the abbreviation of the law report series + the year the case was reported + the volume number (where appropriate) + the number of the page where the report starts [1989] | WLR 675 “This refers to the case Rayware Led v Transport & General ‘Workers Union which can be found in volume | of the ‘Weekly Law Reports for 1989 starting at p 675. 2 CHAPTER 10 References Using the Numeric System ‘This is an alternative method of creating references. ‘The only major difference between Numeric and Harvard references is the position of the date. In the numeric system the date goes at the end of the ‘monograph reference. ‘The order of the elements (including upper and lower case and punctuation) ofthe reference is: AUTHOR Tite. Edition. Place: Publisher, Date. Numeration ‘within item (if only a part is cited) 7.LAYDER, D. Understanding socal theory. London: Sage, 1994, Entries are numbered and run in numeric order. For the ‘creation of particular types of reference (efor official publications, conferences, journals etc) follow the examples given for the Harvard system but alter the place of the date, Journal article references are sometimes confusing so here is an example of a numeric one: 12, GREENFIELD, J-The Sevso Treasure: the legal case. ‘Apollo, 1990, 132(341), 14-16. Points to note All references are numbered (e.g.7 and 12 above) and are ‘matched with the numbers used in the text. Sometimes the author's name is not inverted because the order is numerical and not alphabetical You will often see the terms ibid. and op. cit. used in the references. Ibid. means in the same book or passage and is used when references are consecutive.|. Dawson, J. How to ce references. London: Fictional Publications, 1922. 2 Ibid p24 ‘Op. cit means in the work previously referred to and is used when other references intervene. | Dawson): How to ate references. London: Fitional Publications, 1922. 2. Jones, K. All your questions answered. London: Fisher Publications, 1972. 3. DAWSON, op. cit, p. 26. ‘The page references above refer to the books cited. 4 CHAPTER II Citing References for Items you have not Actually Read Lets suppose you mention an article by Colin Smith which has been referred to by Gibbs and Carrol in their book ‘One hundred interesting things to do with a cited reference’, written in 1978.You have not read the actual article by Smith, ‘only what Gibbs and Carroll have written about it Using the Harvard System, you could do the following within your text ‘The work of Colin Smith (see Gibbs ond Carroll 1978, p.28) Is very interesting. Inthe references at the end of your work, you would give the {ull detalls of Gibbs and Carroll (see main guide for examples) but nat Colin Smith because you have not read the article and your readers can find reference to it in Gibbs and Carroll, Using the Numeric System you could do the following within your text ‘The work of Colin Smith (see Gibbs and Carroll) is very incerestng.. In the numbered references at the end of your work give full details of Gibbs and Carroll. See main guide for examples. 2sCHAPTER 12 Problems with Dates When looking ina book for a date to cite, chances are you will ind more than one! You will always find a copyright date, but you may also have printing and different edition dates. Which one do you choose? ‘One of the reasons for giving references is so that others can locate works you have referred to, 50 you need to supply the date that most accurately reflects the particular version of the book you are using. Editions - if you are using a 2nd or later edion of a book, always give the date ofthat edition, not the orignal publication date. The reason is quite simple - a new edition of 2 book indicates the text has been substantially revised (often with touly diferent page numbers from previous editions) and so you need to make i clear which edition you are referring to. Reprints - 2s the name suggests, do not usually involve any change tothe tex, s0 its normal practice to give the copyright (or originally published) dave. However f you believe that page numbers have changed during reprints and you have quoted pages in your work, then give printing dave of version you are using to avoid any confusion. you cannot trace a date of publication you will have to put {no date] within your reference 2% CHAPTER 13 References BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 1989. BS 1629: 1989. Recommendations for references to published material. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 1990. BS 5605: 1990. Recommendations for cng and referencing published materia, (CROSS, P, and TOWLE, K,, 1996. A guide to ctng internet sources [online]. Bournemouth: University of Bournemouth. Available at: [Accessed 16 June 1998}. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR, STANDARDIZATION, 1998, Excerpts from Intemational Standard 1SO 690-2 (online). Ottawa, Canada: National Library fof Canada. Available at: [Accessed 16 June 1998) LUX, and CRANE, NB, 1996, Electronic style: a guide to cing ‘electronic information, 2nd ed. Medford, New Jersey: Information Today. SMART, B., 1993. Postmoderniy. London: Routledge. u