Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Union of Sets)
A B A B
A
B
:
:
AB
AB
A B
A
A B
.1
.3
.4
A
.4
.6
.8
.1
AB
(c)
.4 .1
.6
.8
(d)
.7
.9
BA
= {1,3,4,6,8}{1,2,3,4,5}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,8}
C
.3
AC
BC
= {1,3,4,6,8}{2,3,5,7,9}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
B
.2
.3
.5
.2 .5
.9
.7
BC
A
.2
.5
.1
.3
.4
B
.6
.8
BA
AB = BA
AA
= {1,2,3,4,5}{1,2,3,4,5}
= {1,2,3,4,5}
=A
A
.3
.2
.5
(g)
BB
= {1,3,4,6,8}{1,3,4,6,8}
= {1,3,4,6,8}
=B
B
.1
.6
.4
.3
.8
AA
.1
.4
BB
AA = A
BB = B
: , AB, :
(a) A = {a,b,c,d}
B = {b,d,e,f,g}
(b) A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {3,1,2,5,4}
AB
= {a,b,c,d}{b,d,e,f,g}
= {a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
A
.a
.c
.b
.d
AB
.f
.e
.g
AB
= {1,2,3,4,5}{3,1,2,5,4}
= {1,2,3,4,5}
=A
A B
.3 .2 .1
=B
.4
.5
AB
A = B AB= A = B
: , AB, :
(c) A = {1,3,5,7}
B = {2,4,6}
(d) A = {2,3,5}
B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
AB
= {1,3,5,7}{2,4,6}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
A
.1
.3
.5
.7
AB
= {2,3,5}{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
=B
B
.4
.4
.2
.1
.6
.6
A
.2
.7
.3
.5
AB
AB
AB A=
BB
:
A(BC)
A
.1
.4
.3
.5.2
.6
.8
.7
.9
ABC
(Intersection of Sets)
A B A B
A B
:
:
AB
AB
A B
A
AB
.a
.c
.d
A
.b
.f
.i
.e
AB
B
.f
.i
AB
(c)
BA
= {a, c, d, f, i}{a, b, c, d, e}
= {a, c, d}
AB = BA
A
.b
.a
.c
.d
.e
.a
.c
.d
BA
B
.f
.i
: , AB, :
(a) A = {a,b,c,d}
B = {b,d,e,f,g}
(b) A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {3,1,2,5,4}
AB
= {a,b,c,d}{b,d,e,f,g}
= {b,d}
A
.a
.c
.b
.d
AB
.f
.e
.g
AB
= {1,2,3,4,5}{3,1,2,5,4}
= {1,2,3,4,5}
=A
A B
.3 .2 .1
=B
.4
.5
AB
A = B AB= A = B
: , AB, :
(c) A = {1,3,5,7}
B = {2,4,6}
(d) A = {2,3,5}
B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
AB
= {1,3,5,7}{2,4,6}
={}
A
.1
.3
.5
.7
AB
= {2,3,5}{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
= {2,3,5}
=A
B
.4
.4
.2
.1
.6
.6
A
.2
.7
.3
.5
AB
AB
AB AB= A
:
:
:
A
.3
.1
.2 .4
A= ?
B=?
AB = ?
AB = ?
{1,2,3,4}
{3,4,5,6}
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
{3,4}
{1,2,3,4,5}
{1,2,3}
{1,2,3,4,5}
{1,2,3}
B
.5
.6
A .5
B
.1
.2
.3
.4
AB
.1 .2 .3
.4 .5
.1
A
.2
.3
.4
B
.5
{1,2,3}
{4,5}
{1,2,3,4,5}
{}
.e
.b
.c
.f
.h
.g
.i
A(BC)
(AB)(AC)
= ({a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i}) ({a, b, c, d, e}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, c, d}{b, c}
A .a
B
.d
.i
.e
= {a, b, c, d}
.c
.f
.b
.h
.g
(e)
A(BC)
= {a, b, c, d, e}({a, c, d, f, i}){b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i}
= {a, b, c, d}
(AB)(AC)
A
.e
.b
(AB)(AC) = A(BC)
:
.a
.d
.c
.i
.f
.h
.g
A(BC)
(AB)(AC)
= ({a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i})({a, b, c, d, e}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, i}{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
A .a
.d
.e
= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
.c
B
.i
.f
.b
.h
.g
(g)
A(BC)
= {a, b, c, d, e}({a, c, d, f, i}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}{c, f}
= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
(AB)(AC)
A
.e
.b
(AB)(AC) = A(BC)
:
.a
.d
.c
.i
.f
.h
.g
A(BC)
AB
= {2, 4, 6}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
= {2, 4, 6}
= A ( )
AB, AB B
=
AB, AB A
=
.1 B .3
.7
A
.2
.4
.5
.6
AB
(Difference of Sets)
A B A
B A
B
:
:
A\B
AB
A B
A
A\B
A B A (
B
A B
A
A\B
A B
A\B
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 4}
A
.1
.4
.2
.3
.7
.5
.9
A\B
(c)
(b)
B\A
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {7, 9}
A\B B\A
A
.1
A\C
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{2, 4}
= {1, 3, 5}
(d)
.2
.7
.9
C\A
= {2, 4}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
={ }
A .3
.1
C .5
.4
.4
A\C
.5
B\A
A .3
.1
C .5
.2
.4
.3
.2
C\A
CA,
C\A=
B\C
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{2, 4}
= {3, 5, 7, 9}
= B
B
.5
.3
.7
.2
.9
.4
B\C
(c)
(b)
B
C
B
B\C =
A\A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
={ }
A
.1
.2
.3
.5
.4
A\A
B
.5
.3
.7
.9
B
C
C
C\B =
C
.2
.4
C\B
(b)
C\B
= {2, 4}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
= {2, 4}
= C
B\B
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
={ }
B
.7
.3
.5
.9
B\B
(e)
A\
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{ }
= {1,2, 3, 4, 5}
= A
A
.1
.2
.3
.5
.4
A\
(f)
B\
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{ }
= {3, 5, 7, 9}
= B
B
.7
.3
.5
.9
B\
.g
(f)
A\(B\C)
= {a, b, c, d, e}\({a, c, d, f, i}\{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}\{a, d, i}
= {b, c, e}
(A\B)\C
A
.e
.b
(A\B)\C A\(B\C)
.a
.d
.c
.i
.f
.h
.g
A\(B\C)
:
(Universal Sets)
:
:
A, B, C, D E
:
.7
.9 .1 A
E
.3
.11
.5
.12
D .10
.2 B.4
.6
.8
(Complement of Sets)
A
A
A
:
:
:
A
A
A
A A
:
A
A A
A = \ A
: B = \ B
C = \ C
D = \ D
M = \ M
..
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(a)
A
= \ A
.1
.5
.3
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
.9
= {6, 7, 8, 9}
(b)
B
= \ B
.6
.4
.7
.8 C
.1
.5
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}
A .2
.9
A .2
.3
.7
.4
.8 C
.6
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(c)
(AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}{3, 5, 7, 9})
.5
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
= {6, 8}
(d)
(AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}{3, 5, 7, 9})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {3, 5}
= {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
.1
.3
.7
.4
.8 C
(AB)
.1
.5
.9
A .2
.9
A .2
.3
.7
.4
.8 C
(A B)
.6
.6
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(e)
(A\C)
= \ (A\C)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{3, 4, 7, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 5}
= {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
.1
.5
.3
.7
.6
.4
.8 C
(A\C)
.1
.5
(f)
.9
A .2
.9
A .2
.3
.7
.6
.4
.8 C
(A B C)
(A B C)
= \ (A B C)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 5, 7, 9}) {3, 4, 7, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
= {6}
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(g)
A .2
.1
.5
.3
.9
.7
.6
.4
.8 C
(ABC)
(ABC)
= \ (ABC)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}{3, 5, 7, 9}){3, 4, 7, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {3}
= {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
.1
A .2
.5
.3
(h)
= \
.9
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
={}
=
.7
.4
.8 C
.6
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(i)
= \
.1
.5
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { }
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
=
=
=
.9
A .2
.3
.4
.7
.8 C
.6
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(j) A
= \ A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {6, 7, 8, 9}
(k) (A)
= \ (A)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { 6, 7, 8, 9}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
=A
(l)
[(A)]
= \ [(A)]
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {6, 7, 8, 9}
= A
(A) = A
[(A)] = A
{ [(A)]} = A
..
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}, :
(a) (AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 4, 5}{1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8}
= {3, 7}
(b)
(AB)
AB
= (\ A) (\ B)
= ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 5})
({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {3, 6, 7, 8} {3, 5, 7}
= {3, 7}
= AB
: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}, :
(c) (AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 4, 5}{1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4}
= {3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(d)
(A B)
AB
= (\ A) (\ B)
= ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 5})
({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {3, 6, 7, 8} {3, 5, 7}
= {3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
= A B