Review Problems (b) states 2 and 02 are the actual and stagnation states of the fluid leaving the diffuser. (4) The velocity coefficient C, is defined: Actual velocity at nozzle exit Velocity at nozzle exit with isentropic flow and same exit pressure REVIEW PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 Determine the final equilibrium state in English units when 2 Ibm of saturated liquid mercury at 1 psia is mixed with 4 Ibm of mercury vapor at 1 psia and 1,400°F. During the process the pressure in the cylinder is kept constant and no energy is lost between the cylinder and mercury. ag, Maule Tiga! vapor Line Figure 34, (a) The control mass (©) The process representation SOLUTION Since the amount of liquid might change during the process, the liquid or only the vapor cannot be taken as the control mass. Instead, take the entire 6 Ibm of mercury. By assumption, no energy transfer as heat Occurs, but the volume is expected to change, resulting in an energy trans- fer as work. The only energy stored within the control amass is the internal energy of the mercury; the energy balance, made over the time for the process to take place, is therefore (Figures 34 and 35) Wwo= Au energy increase in input energy storage where AU =U; -U,Thermodynamics The work calculation is made easy by the fact that the pressure is constant. When the piston moves an amount dx, the energy transfer as work from the environment to the control mass is dW = PAdx = -PaV. Integrating, 2 W = f-Pav = P(Y-%s)- 1 Combining with the energy balance obtain Uz + PV, =U; + PV; @ TABLE 3 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED MERCURY Enthalpy, Btu/bm P, psia TE Sat.lig. __ Evap. Sat. vap. 0.010 233.57 6.668 127.732 134.400 0.020 259.88 1.532 127.614 135.146 0.030 216.22 8.068 127.540 135.608 0.050 297.97 8.778 127.442 136.220 0.100 329.73 9.814 127.300 137.114 0.200 364.25 10.936 127.144 138.080 0.300 385.92 11.639 127.047 138.086 0.400 401.98 12.159 126.975 139.134 0.500 415.00 12.568 126.916 139.484 0.600 425.82 12.929 126.868 139.797 443.50 13.500 126.788 140.288 457.72 13,959 126.724 140.683, 504.93, 15.476 126.512 141.988 535725 16.439 126.377 142.816 575.70 17.741 126.193 143.934Enthalpy, Btu 165) 160] ass 150] us 40 135 130] ns 129] us 10 10s 95 %0 Review Problems == a f fe 7 5 a eZ i LV ye ETP Nai i ee vA ij LA Thermodynamic properties of mercury. 090 1001012013014 150.160 170 180 190 200 210 Entropy, Btulby, °F Figure 35. Thermodynamic properties of mercury To evaluate the initial terms assume that the liquid is in an equilib- rium state and the vapor is in an equilibrium state, even though they are not in equilibrium with one another. The graphical and tabular equationsThermodynamics of state, Figure 35 and Table 3 for the thermodynamic properties of satu- rated mercury, may then be employed for each phase. Since the available equation-of-state information is in terms of the enthalpy property, express the right-hand side of equation (1) as U, + PY, = My, +My, + Pl = Mi hy, + My hy, Now, from the tables, the initial liquid enthalpy is (saturated liquid at 1 psia) hy, = 13.96 Btu/bm T, = 457.7°F The initial vapor enthalpy is found from Figure 35 as 4, = 164 Btu/lbm. Substituting the numbers, U, + PV, =2x13.96 +4 x164 = 684 Bin. The final state is a state of equilibrium, for which Uz + PV, = M(u+ Pv)y = Mhy. The enthalpy in the final state is therefore 684 Bu 6lbm| =114 Btu/Ibm hy The final pressure and enthalpy may be used to fix the final state. Upon inspection of Figure 35, the final state is a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor at 1 psia and the “moisture” (1 - x) is about 21 percent (0.79 quality). Alternatively, the information in Table 1, could have been used. 114 = (I= x,) x 13.96 + x, x 140.7 X= 0.79 PROBLEM 2 The gauge pressure in an automobile tire when measured during win- ter at 32°F was 30 N/m?, The same tire was used during the summer, andQ = 0.5(2,804.8 -1, 444.6) + 91.0 = 771.1kI PROBLEM 4 Steam at 3 MPa, 300°C leaves the boiler and enters the high-pressure turbine (in a reheat cycle) and is expanded to 300 kPa. The steam is then reheated to 300°C and expanded in the second stage turbine to 10 kPA. What is the efficiency of the cycle if it is assumed to be internally revers- ‘ible? oy "a2 Figure 36. Schematic of heating cycle Figure 37. T-s diagram for heating cycleReview Problems SOLUTION The efficiency 7 can be obtained from the following equation: oe oO 2-9, To calculate W,, assume that the turbine is adiabatic and neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. Applying the first law to the turbine, W, = milly ~fa). From the steam tables, hy, = 2,993.5 kI/kg 5, = 6.5390 kifkg —K To find A for the internally reversible adiabatic process 2 — 3: 5, = 8, = 6.5390 kI/kg -K At state 3, 54, = 1.6718 ki/kg -K hy, = 561.47 Ki/kg, Sjgy = 5.3201 kI/kg —K hig, = 2,163.8 kI/kg 5,, = 6.9919 ki/kg—K Ig, = 2,725.3 keg 53 = 5p, +238 6.5390 = 1.6718 + x,(5.3201) = 0.915 hy= hy, + x5hp, = 561.47 + 0.915(2,163.8) = 2,542 Kkg =hy-hy = 2,993.5 — 2542 52 k/kgThermodynamics Similarly, to find W,, From the steam tables, h, = 3,069.3 ki/kg 5, = 7.1022 kIikg —K To find As, note that Se At state 5, 5, = 0.6493 ki/kg — K hg, = 191.83 Ki/kg Sigg = 7.5009 kI/kg — K gg, = 2,392.8 kI/kg, ig, = 81502 ike - K tes = 2,584.7 kI/kg. 54785 = 54, + 58h, xs = 0.949 his = hy, + Xsltq, hs = 191.83 + 0.949(2,392.8) hs = 2,463 k/kg =p W, ot ehya hs m = 3,069.3 ~ 2,463 = 606 ki/kg To obtain W, , assume that W,, = mvg(p, ~ po): From the steam tables, Y= Vy, = 1.0102 x 10 mikgReview Problems Me = 1.0102(30 - 0.1)10° x 10% m = 3.0 kikg, To obtain Q,, use Q, = lth) hyo Me m = 191.8+3.0 = 194.8 ki/kg a = 2,993.5 -194.8 m = 2,799 kI/kg To find O,, 3,069.3 — 2,542 = 527 k/kg From equation (1) then _ 452.4 606-3 "2,799 +527 = 0317Review Problems PROBLEM 3 A container which has a volume of 0.1m? is fitted with a plunger enclosing 0.5 kg of steam at 0.4 MPa. Calculate the amount of heat trans- ferred and the work done when the steam is heated to 300°C at constant pressure. SOLUTION For this system changes in kinetic and potential energy are not sig- nificant. Therefore, Q= mw, —u,)+W 2 2 W = [Pav = Pfav = P(V,—\) = m(Py, — Ry) 1 / Therefore, Q = mu, —u,) + m(Pyv, — By) = mh hy) y= 4h 02 o0oi084+ x,(0.4614) m 05 0.1989 = = 0.4311 1” 0.4614 Then hy = hy +H hg 604,74 + 0.4311 x 2133.8 = 1,524.6 I, = 3,066.8 Q = 0.5(3,066.8 ~ 1,524.6) = 71.1 KI W = mP(v, —%,) = 0.5 x 400(0.6548 — 0.2) = 9100 Therefore, Uy -U, = Q-W = 771.1-91.0 = 680.1 kJ. The heat transfer can be calculated from w, and uz by using Q = mu, -u,)+ 0 My = Uy + Xl fy = 604.31 + 0.4311 x 1,949.3 = 1,444.6 uy = 2,804.8Thermodynamics PROBLEM 5 Steam leaves the boiler in a steam turbine plant at 2 MPa, 300°C and is expanded to 3.5 kPa before entering the condenser. Compare the follow- ing four cycles: (1) A superheated Rankine cycle. (2) A reheat cycle, with steam reheated to 300°C at the pressure when it becomes saturated vapor. (3) A regenerative cycle, with an open feedwater heater operating at the pressure where steam becomes saturated vapor. (4) A regenerative cycle, with a closed feedwater heater operating at the pressure where steam becomes saturated vapor. Figure 38. Rankine cycle SOLUTION (1) Referring to Figure 38, the steam tables show that 025 kI/kg 6.768 kI/kg — K At P =3.5 kPa, 5,= 8.521 ki/kg—K 5,= 0.391 ki/kg -KReview Problems Since ss = s,, steam at 5 is a mixture of liquid and vapor. The quality is found as. 6.768 - 0.391 8.130 = 0.785 Therefore, hy =hyt xh = 112 + 0.785(2,438) = 2,023 ki/kg hence Wes= he hs = 3,025 - 2,023 = 1,002 ki/kg, Wi = hy = hy »fP,~P2) .0010(0.0035 — 2) x 10° kI/kg =-2 Ki/kg Therefore, the net work output is W = W4s + Wp = 1,000 kI/kg Heat input is 92. = hy hy But fig = hy Wy = 112 42 = 114 KS/kg, therefore, so = 3,025 ~ 114 = 2,911 ki/kg Thus, = 100 Lo,Thermodynamics Also =3.6 kg/kWh Specific Steam Consumption = 2600 _ 3,600 w “L000 Figure 39. Reheat yess, (2) Refer to Figure 39, and note that since 55 = Sq = 54 = 6.768 Ki/kg~K the pressure at reheat point 5 can be found using the steam tables. Interpo- lating between 0.55 MPa and 0.6 MPa gives Ps = 0.588 MPa. Then (2, 757-2, 753) 0.588 - 0.55 big = 2,753 + Ome = 2,756 ki/kg, As 6 and 5 are on the same isobar, by interpolationReview Problems 0.588 0.5 — —— (3, 062 — 3, Or 060-05 34065) 088 = 3,065 + > (-3) = 3,062.4 ki/kg, 56 = 7.460 + 0.88(7.373 - 7.460) = 7.460 + 0.88(-0.087) = 7.384 K/kg - K hg = 3,065 + At P =3.5 kPa, 5, = 8.521 ki/kg-K 5, = 0.391 Kifkg ~K Since s; = 5, the quality at 7 is found as x= 12 + 0.86(2,438) 12 + 2,095 = 2,207 ki/kg given by WO Was + Wey + Wy, = (3,025 ~ 2,765) + (3,062.4 ~ 2,207) -2 = 1,122.4 The heat input is I It Us 911 + (h,—h,) =2,911 + (3,062.4 - 2,756) =3,217.4 Therefore, 4122.4 32174 = 0.349_ 3,600 w S.8.c. 5 Goyikg vig dans Figure 40. (a) Equipment schematic for regenerative cycle Figure 40. (b) Regenerative cycle (3) Refer to Figures 40 (a) and 40 (b). The work is as in (b) Was = 269 kI/kg, Next determine the amount of steam bled off at 5. Consider an energy balance for the open feedwater heater with ha = yh,—(1—yyhy which givesReview Problems yooh Is — hy To find the value for hz, enter the steam tables. AL 5 the pressure is known (P = 0.588 MP2) and the state of the steam is given ak saturarea vapor. Therefore, by interpolating between the values of 0.5 MPa and 0.6 MPa, obtain 0.55 (670 - 656) Then 666.6 —114 ”2756~114 $52.6 "2,642 = 0.209 y Hence, Ws = (L-y\(h,~h,) = 0.791(2,756 ~ 2,023) = 580 ki/kg also Way = ¥{Py—P,,) 0.0011(0.588~ 2) x 10° 1.1 1.412 -1.55 ki/kg 0 Therefore, 15 + Weg + Wy + Wye 69 + 580 -0.791 x 2- 1.55 = 845.87 ki/kg ‘The heat input isGa = 3,025 — (666.6 + 1.55) = 2,356.8 kI/kg The efficiency of this cycle is 845.87 w = = 0.3595 1 le 23568 and 3,600 _ 3,600 Cc, = 2 = 2 = 4.25 kg/k Wh.. eae yp AS, ek Figure 41. (b) A regenerative cycte with closed heaterReview Problems (4) Refer to Figures 41 (a) and 41 (b). The work is as in part (b). W45 = 269 kd /kg Heat balance for the heater as a closed system gives hing = yhs— (1 —y)hz giving chick hs — Ny Now in finding the enthalpies in the feed line, it is usual to make the following assumptions: # Neglect the feed pump term. ii, Assume the enthalpy of the compressed liquid to be the same as that of the saturated liquid at the same temperature. iii, Assume the states of the condensate extracted from the turbine, before and after throttling, to be the same as that of the saturated liquid at the lower pressure of the throttled liquid. Using these assumptions heh, h y= whence Jaa hy hs — hy 666.6 112 = SGN? 0.209 ks 2,756 112 is Also, v5 = 580 kI/kg. Therefore, ‘a5 + Ws5 + Wig 169 + 580 — 2 = 847 kI/kgThermodynamics Heat input q411 = 2,358.4 ki/kg, Then ewe Oia ga 2,358.4 and 3,600 _ 3,600 8.0, = 2 = 2 = 4.25 kok Wh. qualia 7) wk PROBLEM 6 (1) One kilogram of air at 101.35 kPa, 21°C is compressed in an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 7 to 1. During the com- bustion process, 953.66 kJ of heat is added to the air. Compute (a) the specific volume, pressure, and temperature at the four points in the cycle, (b) the air standard efficiency, and (c) the mep (mean effective pressure) and hp of the engine, if it uses 1 kg/min of air. (2) Calculate the efficiency for a Carnot cycle operating between the maximum and minimum temperatures of the Otto cycle (Fig- ure 42). Figure 42. Otto cycle SOLUTION (1) @) Atstate 1, | P,= 101.35 kPa | 1, = 294KFe 2187 Een #2, Probl #S Vedi a § TK ee | a Qeo = + $0 lke i tp = TAR Ag! reversible acielbeh o Be | teeckaric Cpt tuerible , aduabahe Ye: SocharioAdkiabah c Cpe xz Sina Se + Z a Siaise 7 AS (Py) = & = Cpa de pay | Va z 4 a Bhp, = (=) Voy ~6. = ° (7% -1) (24 (3) Te = 662Ki (Ue the) 4 ei 6) wm T= g§ +Ta MCy &, [ovo 7 Fo KN Oa kay wo. bee k Gh Garay ry) To ore P Ve _ Pa Ve TT Te al lis clic } ele Te ee,Skee «| an S iy ne "4 aduathc comp dun S before x ye whe” (ss c=) Y te i “(sh 7 is > Uariseee (7 Pp = Lot.b kPa_ \\(%-U) 924 (3) Tp = FPSHK Qoralh Rhaner & o ‘ Ee Sg + Q + ob ug = By Oe Ned Qat Rylance arswrd lagh isockume Step Lb. senilla + Cut 8” n(a, in QautQe C(t, i) Cae S (Baton) Fe ( e-7954) % B__<'&% 24 alesl Qob = — 34.2 fg — Wye = You — BER2 — binok = SLE kgProcess Thermodynamics First Law Example 1 A gas is confined in a cylinder by a piston, It is taken from state A to state B along the path ACB as shown on the PV diagram below. The process from A to C is constant pressure, and the system receives 50 J of work and gives up 25 J of heat to the surroundings. The process from C to B is constant volume and the system receives 75 J ofheat. The retum path from B to A is adiabatic. How much work is exchanged with the surroundings forthe adiabatic path? Assume all processes are reversible, Kier Vv Be gee dr Mh png daw Me O40 2 Allg, = Oe Waa [iz 2 = Bulge + Ugg + Mga, ~bilge= Men = ~ Myo — dtheg linea th is © stole feadine ~ int Know hak We cue poi ARE it gee Gh seme BUC ba Jaile iyMee = ac + Wre = -267 + S07 = UT 2 by, - \, Meg Gea + ne ae 4 al 2 ST Me ~AAR =o Allg, = Atle — Mules = (23 Fos 7 “hey Mga = Wan = sees ae \ Waa = — loo T worl done \ SystemProcess Thermodynamics First Law Example 2 Water at 200 °F is pumped from a storage tank at the rate of 50 gal min’. The motor for the pump supplies work at the rate of 2 hp. The water goes through a heat exchanger, giving up heat at the rate of 40 000 Btu min", and is delivered to a second storage tank at an elevation $0 ft above the first tank. What is the temperature of the water delivered to the second tank? The density of water at 200 °F is 60.1 Iby ff? cae’ Known) T, = 20°F ay i> g/m a Wrap = 2 bp { 9 — 4o oD Boe Eacaaueaea one Ke> 50 f¢ fork | 9 CF SOt be fF Asean WO) fiches + D effek i danke negigu ble BO BSD “Kean of water je es o a ot spree m= Me (wit) TD taser ace lrg (oe fh if Crt hy =a Ay i: aie So das # Kennet Gres wi) + g- 9 (wart) +» igse 5 y Snore WA, = UeAr ay = Uy a i? _ fe | ujrne ee. WDE = uy De if AO, Hen UnoEnecyy Batre taered terse) Mi + gee tg Ge ade Ot Mis &-&, > Gres 7 ght = ht ees — a™ A \y ’ Use shan tables be gt 7 ma ent sf Tiguid ho0(@ 2e0°F = (68.09 B4/ Ib ese Sey. = 7-48 ge Hy = (66.05 Bh | + + (Ho wa fs ice aD ae) +h 2 a" i Teg Hao 9) sure 4 cB Bt tbe” FAB IL A: hy lop s* A, = es FY Bte/Ibn. From Shean ables we Se Hot Th is bebreen 100 4 (62°F \nferpe late b at The (00 34°F Bike stint ws £ KE, ND Le coperwer fo S # conle have beer ralectedpore conteets Ae @ 28 ogg Clesee 0 Clos rey 6. 0/49 x10" Process Thermodynamics” “f e- 8.8 x10° = First Law dh ~ 1.4650 Example 3 fp ok Air at 1 bar and 298.15 K is compressed to 5 bar and 298.15 K by two different frictionless (reversible) processes: (@) Cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant volume @) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure Calculate the heat and work requirements and the change in internal energy and enthalpy of the air for each path, Assume that air is an ideal gas, regardless of the changes it undergoes and that Cp = Cy + R. At 298.15 K and | bar the molar volume of air is 0.02479 m* mol" c D Knot Ae Paz) bee P Med RS bes Polk A Tre Te =29RIS KR v V(Ta,P) = 0.02444 har Wag to Cnet) Assume’ (ruck (vat bee be, =0 clsted syster changing V () Est Sty (A>B) const, process Rhee ME PLL (otate tno) aneg " Te § atb7 petadt? Ta. ~ (ToT) « LEB tg) + £8 -TH) + 4 (T6'-7H")fall ‘s ov \sr ra | e ® ThA | —, . [Se \ (2aersk) lee 264.63 fee Bae do + B(PY) Kibye = S4a8 - Sodas uw ble ~Pa(Ve~ Va) 7 Voz te = & & = bHap ~ Pa (Pe um - Va) eee eaScemh sep loved yn ems VOB Oe) Due RE TS OT mv) Bae Qe esc ee Be Be cv dt = Dp Oe F Cpr R Te. = Seem = teen) ek Ogme) SCOT \e ne process Gr = Sana + Pec SU, = Aaa + Mac AH, = AHpee Heo > bu + Keo) eles Va Pee Tr a or Palla = Pee Overall Bolince ae C= Q+W w=-@ Redhat ewe f(x +8Gt Te) Et ealencive Paperties wre addifive DHae = Qag = — 6920 Tet ~Y8se tT Sec Qae = YSSPRT AUy6 = Qr = - 1453 5 AUy = 0 Ay = 0 w= (FET foe IeC2) tn Sumber Gaskin, fir pe (ie) AD %Va _ Py Yo we Ye 5 Pye Pe ae tietaes R he mA 2 INGOTS Ts Qyy = bdad =f dT TA = Ga) (e-T) ECT) +S (TET) +& (yf mai) Doe Soa 7 ’ Gre = bie = | par = a(Te—te) +S (ew) + & (TE“TS) +4 (- 7) Moe = Mae — &CPY)pe iat v > Bae — PeCve Ve) Yo7ta "ue “tx = Te } ic h Va = Ase - Fe (% eva = va) = bine = Pave (Mg -1)@Qr = Gar # Pre Buy = WUgy + Use Ady = SHapt Atire Dverell Bolence Aus O+wW w= ~ Woke thet the pa Fikak Volwes AY ye = Que = > 38,4365 T Aine = Bear — 25,55 Pay = Wag = 28,5205 Q, > — KISS dur * Au; = O we ass changes AU £ AH en the some (oo eeProcess Thermodynamics A well-insulated storage tank of 60 Poni 200 L of liquid water at 78°C, The 4 of the tank contains steam in equilibrium with the water. Spent process steam at 2 bar and 90% quality enters the storage tank until the pressure in the tank reaches 2 bar. ogg! Assuming that the heat losses from the system to the tank and the environment are negligible, calculate the total amount of steam that enters the tank during the filling process and the fraction of liquid water present at the end of the process. old Eine Stree mw ee ee V= 66 wv Ps 2 ba Pt Qbear aes Gro VE 2aol. . X)=0.4 e ‘ “0 Jos 8 feito Eee o! 3S can te Sea ah Lai a [Vibe (o2ex15? a4 VPP (oct 2H crated Sssume SE—> AERO Vid pe i hy a _eetsy | ‘She que See ee Oe Vie 413 oh WV RS eg ot uP = 313.4 Ths ut = SOH.YG KTf Gy’ = 2495.5 hg GF = 25296 es) Hues Sahay, - Kyu Tay, Mini =m) knee metmye= mi mes Mo 2eoe eee ~ % Vert i (=) V4 | wee Gb my eos [LY kyBahlairee tale. BER Erte BE ig hin) oe 28 (1) iwbespake form wihrel tr finl emdehors SF du = [oi tinde in ) i i ut ae = (mt - a’) Hey (2) een fs mba (806 wh Od) mb te? — mi > > (afm) en (3) Use lwer rule, Se for L~ place wistwre a> Port em mai = mh (Sub is (23) a = (mfut + mi ug )— (mi rs +m ma) ose Nah fin (4) Anoly se 4 Get variables Fins on heya 60.4 a oer wife ant - We foie om eg 4 ter vorinbhs —— can we sel? “Do we enews septs deca fe Fink ones * Ve mf We + mii (5) Now solve (4) # (S) Simonton S04 mF 2524.5 mF — G70302 = (mf tnnyf a) oes (4) 9652.9 = Mbt ant ~ mf (4) wt i CF + Mownf sof (5) ve mS = 215.4 zy jeasnte ce - (AES BG | fone marly | far SE > cae |Process Thermodynamics Engine Efficiency Example 1 A central power plant, rated at 800,000 kW, generates steam at 585 K and discards heat to ariver at 295 K. If the thermal efficiency of the plant is 70% of the maximum possible value, how much heat is discarded to the river at rated power? raw ofRcreney geen by ict ag (-% x mane \— Te = 0446 qe OF Amex = ©3474 3 Energy Bok Out Ge FW s0 poe | : 7 to A ra wovece (7 = 1) Lsesxitked | [en Engine Efficiency Example 2 ‘The following heat engines produce power of 95,000 kW. Determine in each case the rates at which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and discarded to the cold reservoir. 1. A Carnot engine operates between heat reservoirs at 750 K and 300 K. 2. A practical engine operates between the same heat reservoirs but with a thermal efficiency 1 = 0.35, iF eR OS 2s. 4 20-6 2 95 WPLW ; ee Qt 9%, TW =O | On = (583x085 LO [ Ge + WSPBxRF — GSS =o | Ge = — 6.33 woXttews |2. 20.35 | Qa 1 = 4Sa inetipes Qy= 2H x lo KO ( zeae ise ee Qe + TAKS —F@Sdo =O Qe = A Fee RT KWh. Process Thermodynamics Power Cycles Example | Steam generated in a power plant at a pressure of 8000 kPa and a temperature of 500 °C is fed to a turbine. Exhaust from the turbine enters a condenser at 10 kPa, where it is condensed to saturated liquid, which is then pumped to the boiler. a) What is the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle operating at these conditions? b) What is the thermal efficiency of a practical cycle operating at these conditions if the turbine efficiency and pump efficiency are both 0.75? c) If the rating of the power cycle of part (b) is 80,000 kW, what is the steam rate and what are the heat-transfer rates in the boiler and condenser? °} © Feet " @ ae a Foo ere foe (ORR We cau ge “ £5, fee Shear bus (aes intebu) Entropy Ba toed Prbice 2 Renkite O85 urnes eas ie reversible Ee 2: a EZFrow efeam falls of 10 KPA iF is seen that sof wpe too tage af s = aS Must be woekre So = 0.6ya3 BS, = G-a)St4% Sv SY > BSD o) «we, % SY + Sta x (S,e-S4) solve for ~ = O% AY = 284.7% B= (CrRE te we = 14083 P= 2130-1 (Pak thy ie tebe) Read T from feb (Pt Ths 4S ge fatle) Coleulphe vere of buona fae ine ae. Zi gle + Be Cs, wz > m(~f,) Oy — -1269.2 ey a We know cmdenger isobaric ( Py = [oleP.) ‘ Sr Agere Ts = ASSO ( Pak Te, Ps in fobte) Beconee tris ski liqud Re = EO a yay. he & Energy Bel aurd Lmelen ber, a (Pak by m Sask) a Pee Siew tle + 9458Q: ne - 6) &s &-& 1938.3 “Sey Pine “s Getmpe S52 84) ° © Sita ee pat Ay ~ Hs a 7LE- We reek te got Hy — Reread tank Sypsleatty we amuls BSelve =) ce Os is wsemprpee “PN Boe ferme Pressure huts vi Nake That we cane gob thy form Steam Tehler ean \eids subcooled teegy eB RA We ems V re TAS @B pdV ke w+PU “We wed to velale SH te eke sa. Pdy wie dust pdve Vdp ete ie ce vp Be for eee eam ay ~ VR, Gu Vv fame Steam tubes ves 1-01 &10°? ls vechon“t : (ees* ha (Fee to KA = $04 Sug Hy - Hs oy Wy = We 4 &y m sft. Hy = 1984 (Pak hy ie teble) Prec Belorce arannd bor ler a: am Me lye & Qt 3S" = a -4y = 398-4 She th, (Rankine) = Nigh wok = Wr, We wn eo 2°21 = — 1263.2 + §.07 bh, 6 = — 1260.1 FS, Note We =~(On * Be) *-(898.4 - wis wax. | oe — 2 ~ (260.1 lk et ms we Se cegieose se +2001 Theo ‘ On “ane eh Seq 7 i O343. (y) i = Ws .: df fr Ws (1sadyec) All 4H = Yr (ahs 2 6.35 (- 12682 ) > ~A5|,( “hs ifs Gand = 3399.3 -497,) = 2uY4.2 (Pat) +S le We see from Stem fablet traf stele 2 ie ces cet = Ber + x (Ye) 2404.2 = 14Lgsex ( 2884.9 - = 0.44 19 3S Siz St ee (Ge Se) FF (Rabe bu) 2h ¥ a’ a by = Hy Ht ™M . — 451. tlyoT rs = (4-33 - Wwy72 os 2155.4 ten” Hh An > CRS 09 * 10.36 “Teg WAGE Wo > 10.96 hs Ws (Wein) = —9S}i, + 10-46 = ~ 440.3 hs tly = Ay + aH (4.53 110.76 = 202.54 is Ox + i, hy > 334.8% — 20289 = 3195.31 heasters tino Ee 0.244 / Pa 3145. Fy as Povo kw © Ww, Os = Mus ms Ws Ws Por KS/c 40.3 “fag me BS. ls a ig OD, > B51) (s/asaj) 2 2 xo eh Qe = a = 5.1) -2258,4) = J.Fxpo* 3/5