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SOLVED
(I2)FL =
50 1000
=
= 217.39 A
230
TRANSFORMER
Hence,
(1 50 0 .8 )
(1 50 0 .8 ) (0 .412 ) (1)2 1 .89
SOLVED
100
= 94.56
(ii) Efficiency at half-full load 0.8 pf :
% =
=
(0 .5 50 0 .8 )
(0 .5 50 0 .8 ) 0 .412 (0 .5) 1 .89
2
100
100
= 95.76
Example 2: In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer, the iron and full
load copper losses are 350 W 400 W respectively. Calculate the
efficiency at full load 0.8 pf lagging. Determine the load in kVA at
which the maximum efficiency occurs. Also determine the
maximum efficiency.
Solution:
Given : Wi = 350 W, [Wcu]FL = 400 W
(i) Efficiency of full load 0.8 pf lagging :
% =
=
(1 25 0 .8 )
(1 25 0 .8 ) 0 .35 (1)2 0 .4
100
100
= 96.39
(ii) Load in kVA at which maximum efficiency occurs :
(kVA) at max = (full-load kVA)
Wi
[Wcu ]FL
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
350
= 25 400
= 23.385
(iii) Maximum efficiency :
max can be calculated as follows :
%max =
where Wi
=
= iron loss in kW
(23.385 0.8)
100
(23.385 0.8) 2(0.35)
= 96.39
(iv) Alternating method for calculation of max :
Let at x time full load, the efficiency is maximum.
The value of x can be calculated as follows :
W
x = [W i]
cu FL
=
350
400
= 0.9354
Now, max can be calculated as follows :
%max =
100,
[ Wi =Wcu]
TRANSFORMER
where Wi
SOLVED
= iron in kW
=
(0.9354 25 0.8)
100
(0.9354 25 0.8) 2(0.35)
= 96.39
Example 3: A 40 kVa transformer has a core loss of 450 W, fullload copper loss of 850 W. If the power factor of the load is 0.8,
calculate (i) the full-load efficiency, (ii) the maximum efficiency,
and (ii) the load in kVA at which the maximum efficiency occurs.
Solution :
Given : Wi = 450 W, [Wcu]FL = 850 W, pf = 0.8
(i) Efficiency at full-load 0.8 pf :
(x full - load kVA p f)
(1 40 0.8)
(1 40 0.8) 0.45 (1)2 0.85
100
= 96.1
(ii) Maximum efficiency :
Let at x times full load, the efficiency is maximum.
The value of x can be calculated as
x=
Wi
[Wcu]FL
450
= 0.7276
850
Wi
100
= iron loss in kW
4
( Wi = Wcu)
TRANSFORMER
So, %max =
(0.7276 40 0.8)
(0.7276 40 0.8) 2(0.45)
SOLVED
100
= 96.28
(iii) The load in kVA at maximum efficiency :
kVa of max = full-load kVA
Wi
[Wcu ]FL
= 40 x 0 . 45
0 . 85
= 29.1
=
=
20 1000
= 10A
200
20 1000
= 100A
200
200
E2
K= E =
= 0.1
2000
1
5
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
0 .025
R2
= R1 + R = R1 + 2 = 2.3 +
= 4.8
(0 .1)2
K
X01 = X1 + X = X1 +
Equivalent
secondary :
X2
K2
= 4.2 +
resistance
and
0 .04
= 8. 2
(0 . 1) 2
reactance
referred
to
100
= 4.38
Full-load efficiency at 0.8 pf lagging :
% =
100
where x = 1, Wi = 0.2 kW
[Wcu]FL = (I1)2FL R01 = (10)2 4.8 = 480 W = 0.48 kW
TRANSFORMER
So, %max
1 20 0 .8
(1 20 0 .8 ) 0 .2 0 .48
SOLVED
100
= 95.92
Example 5: A 20 kVA transformer has iron loss of 450 W and fullload copper loss of 900W. If the pf of the load is 0.8 lagging,
calculate (i) the full-load efficiency, (ii) the load at which maximum
efficiency occurs, and (iii) the maximum efficiency.
Solution :
Given : Wi = 450 W, [Wcu]FL = 900 W, pf = 0.8 lagging
(i)
Full-load efficiency :
(1 20 0 .8 )
(1 20 0 .8 ) 0 .45 (1)2 0 .9
100
= 92.22
(ii) The load at which maximum efficiency occurs :
Let at x times full load, the efficiency is maximum
Then the value of x can be calculated as
Wi
x = [W ] =
cu FL
450
= 0.707
900
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
(0 .707 20 0 .8 )
(0 .707 20 0 .8 ) 2 0 .45
100
100
= 92.63
100
100
(i)
100
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
= 0.5527 kW
and[Wcu]FL = 0.2636 kW
(ii) Load at which maximum efficiency occurs :
Let at x times full load, the efficiency is maximum.
The value of x can be calculated as
x=
Wi
=
[Wcu ]FL
0 .5527
= 1.448
0 .2636
%max
=
100
= 98.496
TRANSFORMER
% max =
SOLVED
100
(0 .5 200 1)
[Wcu]HL = 1.0230408 kW
or 1.020408
(1 200 1)
(1 200 1) 1 .020408 (1)2 4 .08163
100
= 97.51
(iii) Efficiency at a load 75% :
% =
=
100
(0 .75 200 1)
(0 .75 200 1) 1 .020408 (0 .75 )2 4 .08163
= 97.84
10
100
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
15
kW
=
= 18.75
cos
0 .8
load kVA
full - load kVA
18 .75
25
= 0.75
kW
cos
20
= 22.222
0 .9
11
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
22 .222
500
=
25
2
= 359.053 W
(iii) When load is 10 kW, load kVa will be :
load kVA =
kW
cos
10
= 11.111
0 .9
11 .111
load kVA
=
25
full - load kVA
2
11 .11
500
=
25
= 98. 765 W
(iv) When transformer is at no-load condition, copper loss
will be practically zero :
Total energy spent because of copper loss in a day
= 281.25 6 + 395.053 10 + 98.765 4 + 0
= 6.03309 kWh
Total energy spent because of iron loss in a day= 400 24
= 9.6 kWh
Energy output in a day = 15 6 + 20 10 + 10 4
= 330 kWh
Hence, all-day efficiency
all day =
Energy outp ut
Energy sp ent Energy sp ent 100
Energy oup ut
in iron loss in cop p er loss
330
100
330 9 .6 6 .03309
12
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
= 95.48%
Example 9 : Find the all-day efficiency of a kVA distribution
transformer, whose copper loss and iron loss at full load are 4.5
kW and 3.5 kW respectively. During a day of 24 hours, it is
loaded as under :
Loading in
kW
No. of hours
Power Factor
400
0.8
10
300
0.75
100
0.8
0.8
Solution
Copper loss at different load condition can be calculated as
follows :
When load is 400 kW, the load kVA will be
kW
400
kVA = pf =
= 500
0 .8
300
kVA = pf =
= 400
0 . 75
400
So, copper loss = 500 4.5 = 2.88 kW
13
TRANSFORMER
kVa =
SOLVED
100
kW
=
= 125
pf
0 .8
2
125
4.5 = 0.281 kW
So, copper loss =
100
= (4006)+(30010)+(100 4)+(0 4)
= 5800 kWh
Hence,all day
Output energy
Energy spent Energy spent
Output energy
in iron loss in cop p er loss
100
(for a day)
=
5800
100
5800 84 56 .924
= 97.63%
Example 10: A transformer has its maximum efficiency of 0.98 at
15 kVA at unity power factor. During the day, it is loaded as
under :
(i) 2 kW at 0.5 for 12 hours,
(ii) 12 kW at 0.8 pf for 6 hours,
(iii) 18 kW at 0.9 pf for 6 hours,
14
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
kVA at max pf
(kVA at max pf) 2Wi
or 0.98 =
15 1
15 1 2Wi
(. . At max Wi = Wcu)
So, Wi = 0.153 W
andWcu = 0.153 W (. . Wi = Wcu)
i.e., the copper loss at 15 kVA is 0.153 kW.
The copper loss at different load conditions can be calculated as
follows :
(i) When load is 2 kW, load kVA will be :
kVA =
kW
pf
2
0 .5
=4
4
= 0.153 = 0.01088 kW
15
kW
kVA = pf =
= 15 kVA
0 .8
So, copper loss = 0.153 kVA
(iii) When load is 18 kW, load kVA will be :
kW
18
kVA = pf =
= 20
0 .9
15
TRANSFORMER
20
15
SOLVED
0.153 = 0.272 kW
204
100
204 3 .672 2 .68056
= 96.98
Example 11: A 100 k VA lighting transformer has a full-load loss
of 3 kW, the loss being equally divided between iron and copper.
During a day, the transformer operates on full load for 3 hours,
one-half load for 4 hours, the output being negligible for the
remainder of the day. Calculate the all-day efficiency.
Solution :
The lighting transformer always operates at unity pf.
Copper loss = 1.5 kW
iron (or core) loss
= 1.5 kW
1
2
1.5 = 0.375 kW
= 0kW
TRANSFORMER
SOLVED
= (1 100 1) = 100 kW
Output power for 4 hours on half load=( x 5 full-load kVA pf)
= (0.5 100 1)
= 20 kW
So, total output energy
= (100 3) + (50 4) + 0
= 500 kWh
500
100
500 36 6
= 92.25
17