RAPHY ©For Teachers and Parents - We all know that the subject Geography is introduced separately from Standard Three in our State, Therefore, some special efforts are necessary to awaken the students’ curiosity andl interest in Geography at this-stage- For this purpose; kindly follow the suggestions given below. ® Before you begin, take into account the concepts introduced in each lesson. Before you take up any lesson in the classroom, develop the educational aids and other miaterials necessary for teaching it. © Avoid a mere reading aloud of the textbook when youteach. *® Make use of activities and the project ~ method and also of concept-based teaching. * + It is more-effective to teach Geography through actual experientes given with the help of excursions, field-visits, ete. District-specific content has been give coloured boxes in the text. Before teaching the lessons on Directions and Maps, itis very necessary for the teacher himself to understand the technical aspects clearly. Although ‘Environmental Observation’ is a separate topic, it is inctuded in the lessen on, maps because it is a part of Practical Geography. Practical Geography is the core of the subject of Geography, Therefore, it should be ensured that students learn the related concepts properly and well, ‘The meaning of some difficult words used in the lessons has been provided at the end of each lesson. Identify the water bodies and landforms shown in each photograph and write al their names in the proper boxes.snt's Sanction Number YManjuri/$05(22)1303 Dated 25/02/2008 me Be rie Be 886 : : ; i } LAiIIee LAR Lane Ca India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect, and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their well- being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. oe oe pee ee ne i =CONTENTS Lesson No. Lesson Astronomy LL Let us Observe the Sky 1 2. This is how the Earth Moves! 3 Physical Geography 1 6. Getting to Know the Landforms 13 1 Woter Features 17 8 Climate and Seasons 20 Note to the Maps : (1) © Goverment of India, Copyright 2008 2) The esponsibility for the comectness of internal detcils rests with the publisher. 3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sec to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the ‘appropriate bose line (4) ‘The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India, (S)__The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. Acknowledgements = Various photographs used in the textbook - Shri Nandkumar Yevle, Shri Tukaram Vazre,| I Shri Ashok Mave, Shri Mano} Kamble and Shri Ramesh Paranjape.Look at. the picture. above. children here are, observing. the night. You too can observe such a vie’ ‘On a dark night, several shining bodies are seen in the sky. Some of them are large and bright, while some are small and faint. If we observe these shining we find that some of them. twinkle but) others’ do not. Theshining bodies which twinkle are called stars, Stars have their own light. The sun that we see in the sky is also one such star. Compared to other stars, it is very close to us and so it appears much larger and brighter. Its light is so bright that we cannot see other shining bodies by day. Those shining bodies in the sky which do not twinkle are called planets. Planets do not have their own light. They get light from the stars. Planets revolve around stars. Our earth is also a planet, It gets light from the sun. The earth revolves around the sun. Small heavenly bodies revolving around the planets are called satellites. Like the planets, they too receive light from the stars. At night, we see the moon in the sky. The moon revolves around the earth and so it is known as the earth’s satellite. Of all the heavenly bodies, the moon is closest to the earth. That is why it appears very large. EE ) 42% 1. Fill in the blanks. (1) Several . are seen in the sky during a dark night. (2) The moon is closest: to the (3) The shining bodies which twinkle are called .. 2. Complete the table Maing: the Swords given below : the sun, the moon, the carth Both the earth and the moon get light from the sun. CExercises) eee ae Nog 3. Answer in one sentence. (1) Name the satellite of the earth. -(Q) Why do we not see the shining bodies by day ? (3) What do planéts revolve around ? (4) What do planets and satellites receive light from? Aetivity Observe the picture that shows the sun, the earth and the moon together and ‘note the difference in their size. Es oOo=~ The teacher came into the class and told the children, “Today, we will play an interesting game.” Then he made Bhaskar stand in the centre and some other children around him, as shown in the above picture, The teacher told the _ children standing around Bhaskar to — spin around themselves. Accordingly, the children started spinning. He asked them to stop after 2-3 spins. Then he explained that our earth also. spins around itself in the same way. Next, the teacher asked them to keep spinning around themselves and at the same time, to go around Bhaskar. After. they had completed one such round, he explained to them that our earth too revolves around the sun while spinning (rotating) around itself at the same time. The earth rotates around itself.The time that the earth takes to rotate around itself is called a day. It means that the earth completes one rotation around itself in a day. This is called the daily motion of the earth. From sunrise to sunset, we get sunlight. ‘This period is called daytime. It is dark after sunset up to the next sunrise, This period is called night. The period of daytime and night together make one day. There are 24 hours in one day. The earth takes about 365 days to complete one round or revolution around the sun. This is what we call a year. This motion of the earth around the sun is known as the annual motion. We have divided the year into twelve months. You have learnt the months of the Gregorian and Indian Solar years in Std II. Revise the same. 1. Fill in the blanks. (1) The period which the earth takes to rotate around itself is called (2) period which the earth takes to revolve around the sun is called (3) The period of daytime and night make one 2. Answer in one sentence. (1) How many months is divided into? a year (2) How long does it take for the earth to complete one revolution around the sun? (3) Which period of time is called night ? (4) How many hours are there in a day ? Activity Try to understand the concepts of daytime and night using a torch and a ball under the guidance of your teacher, eeePes = You have already learnt about the directions in Std If in Environment Study, In this lesson, we will lear more about the directions. Look at the picture above. Rohan and Aditi are standing on an open ground, Rohan is facing the rising sun while Aditi has her back towards the sun, There is a garden behind Rohan, a hospital to his left, and a bank on his right hand. For Aditi, the garden is in the front, the bank is to her left and the hospital is on her right hand. If we ask them which side the hospital and the bank are — on their right hand or the left, their answers will be exactly the opposite. This will create confusion. The directions are used to avoid such confusion and to know exactly where an object lies. The events that occur on the earth daily without fail are used to fix the The Sunrise Side East North-east South-east North <>» South North-west ‘South-west West Directionsdirections. Sunrise and sunset are two such events which occur daily, and without fail. The east is where the sun rises and the west is where it sets. If we stand facing the east, the direction to our left is called the north, and the one to our right is called the south. Thus, the east, the west, the north and the south are the four major directions. In addition to these four major directions, there are four sub- directions. They are south-east, south- west, north-west and north-east. A sub-direction refers to the portion exactly between two major adjacent directions, For example, the south-east lies exactly between the south and the east. Leam the rest of the sub-directions with the help of the diagram of the directions given in the lesson. 1. Fill im the blanks. (1) The .. is where the sun rises. (2) The sub-direction lies between the two major directions, the south and the west. 2, Answer in one sentence each, (1) On what basis are the directions fixed ? (2) Write the names of the major directions. ‘Activities (1) The east is shown in the following diagram of the directions. Identify other directions on the basis of the cast and write their names in the given boxes. (2) The following places are shown in the picture given at the beginning of the lesson. Find out the sub-directions in which they lie, and write them in the boxes given below. Sub-direction [The Post Office [The ‘Water Tank East [For [Pie Bridge oOoYou draw several pictures in your drawing-book — a river, trees, a house, etc. Look atthe picture above. It shows a hill, a fort, a post office, a road, a house and a_ tree. Now look at Picture 2. It also shows the same things, but with the help of signs and symbols. The second picture is a sketch for the first picture, It is necessary to do certain things so that this sketch can be understood Picture 3 us Read the Map properly. For example, giving it a name, indicating the directions and fixing a scale. Now look at Picture 3. This sketch includes the title, an arrow indicating the directions, the scale-strip and the index of signs and symbols. When we include all such elements in a sketch, it Arrow indicating directions Scale-strip Elements of a map 7becomes a map. The map is a small picture of the earth or a part of the earth, drawn to scale. It is used in the study of geography to show a lot of information in a limited space. We understand “a map properly when we study its title, the arrow indicating directions, the scale-strip and the index of signs and symbols. All these are known as the elements of a map. In this book, we are going to see various maps that give us some information about crops, _ rivers, landforms, modes of __ transport, industries, and so on. a visit a park or a farm in your area, (A) Collect information about the kind of work the gardener does in a park. Find out which trees and plants are grown there. Observe how they are cared for. Make a list of all the playground equipment you see there, for example, swings, slides. (B) On the farm, collect information about the farming activities — the different crops grown on the farm, when the seeds are sown, when the crop is ready for harvesting, etc. 2. Answer the following questions. (1) In what way is a map useful ? (2) What are the different elements of a map? Activity Using the elements of a map, prepare a sketch-map of your classroom or the school. Take the help of your teacher. eeeLet us listen to what the teacher and the children said when they discussed the above picture. Teacher : Children, look at Ahmad’s house in this picture. What do you see near his house? Suman : Sir, Ahmad’s house. Teacher Nitin, tell me. Which is farther from Ahmad’s house — Om’s house or the school? Nitin : The school. It is far away from Ahmad’s house. Teacher : That's right. When we talk of @ particular place being near some other place or away from it, we are talking about the distance between them. Distance is measured in units such as centimetre, metre, kilometre, etc. Yashwant, the distance between which two places along there’s a well near the road is the maximum ? Yashwant : The distance between Mrinal’s house and the school is the maximum. Teacher : That's right. When two places are close to each other, the distance between them is less. When two places are far from each other, it is more. Now tell me, which distance is more — that between the school gate and the flag-pole, or the distance between the school gate and the park? Children : Sir, the distance between the school and the park is more. Teacher : Exactly. Now give me one more example. Yashwant : The distance between me and Prajakta sitting on the next bench is less. But the distance between me and Pratik on the last bench is more. Teacher Excellent! Perfect ! compare the distances at Now whichMrinal’s house, Om’s house and the park lie from the school. “Where do you stay?” ‘What is your address?” Such questions are very common. Many times you tell your address to guests, friends or others. What do we exactly do when we tell the address? We tell where exactly our house is, with the help of some important things around the house. In other words, we use the mame of the road or the lane and other important landmarks to tell where our house lies. “Mrinal, tell me your address.” “My address is :; House number 2, Kala Vasant Society, behind Lokmanya Library, Subhash Road, Pune 411063.” Pune is a big city. So Mrinal had to mention many things while giving her address. In a village, the houses are few and even a short address is enough. When we tell our address, we tell the location of our house. In the same. way, we can tell the location of our town, taluka, district and even our country. As shown in the picture, the teacher told the children to place the book, scale, eraser and the box on the paper and to draw their shapes with a pencil. Let us listen to their discussion, Teacher : Have you finished tracing the : ao nye | Find out the location of Rahul’s house “% in the given picture, with the help of the following address : House No. 2, Airport Road, opposite | Sundar Co-operative Sugar Factory. shapes? Now, tell me Suresh, which object occupied less space on the paper ? Suresh : Sir, the eraser occupied very little space. Teacher : And Govind, which object occupied more space ? Govind : Sir, the book occupied a lot of space. Teacher : Correct! Each of these objects occupies a certain space on the paper. The surface space occupied by a particular object or region is its area. Remember that the area occupied by an object may be small or large; it depends upon the size of that particular object. The area of a village is larger than that of a hamlet. The area of a taluka is larger than that of a village. The area of a district is larger than that of a taluka, A State occupies a much larger area than a district, Now we shall leam about distance, location and area with reference to our district. iaN Pune District Distance : The map of Pune district given on page 12 shows taluka headquarters. Find Junnar, Rajgurunagar and from: among them. The distance between Vadgaon and Rajgurunagar is less than the distance between Vadgaon and Junnar, This means Rajgurunagar is near Vadgaon, while Junnar is away from it. Now find Baramati, Indapur Location: Now let us look at the location of our Pune district. The above map of Maharashtra State shows all the districts in it, Our Pune district is shown with a different colour in this map. It is in the western part ofPUNE DISTRICT TALUKAS Index x © District Headquarters ¢ © Taluka Headquarters = -= District Boundary eS Taluka Boundary s SATARA DISTRICT ? SOLAPUR DISTRICT 1. Fill in the blanks, 2. Answer in one sentence each. (1) The district that lies to the west (1) Write the name of any one taluka of Pune district is . ; which is next to your taluka. (2) The area of Velhe taluka is (2) Look at the map of Maharashtra, J than that of Junnar Which of Nashik and Dhule taluka. districts is the larger in area? (3) The surface space occupied by a (3) Write the name of the ° taluka region is its : headquarters that is farthest from (4) The distance between Vadgaon your taluka, using the map. ‘and Rajgurunagar is .... than that between Vadgaon and Junnar. Activity Look at the map of Maharashtra State and write the names of the six coastal districts according to the descending order of their area. eeeLook at the above picture. You can see several features in it such as rivers, a dam, a bridge. It also shows some villages, a temple, a fort, etc. Among these villages, Deoghar and Velase are situated on a river bank. Dajipur and Khamgaon are away from the river. The land around these villages is flat, with a very gentle slope. But look at the fort and the temple. They are situated at a height. The temple is located higher than the fort, The land around the fort and the temple has a steep slope. Thus, you can see that the land is not plain and level everywhere, and also, its slope varies from place to place. The differences in the height an the slope of the land gives rise to different land shapes. They are called landforms. Let us study the different landforms shown in the above picture. They are numbered from 1 to 11. (1) Plain : A low and level stretch of land is called a plain. (2)Hillock : A part of land higher than the level land surrounding it is a hillock. (3) Hill : A hill is higher than the hillock and has a steeper slope. (4) Hill range : A stretch of hills that spread over a very long distance is called*a hill range. (5) Plateau : It is a landformwhich is higher than the land around it, but has a level top. A plateau has slopes on all the sides. (©) Mountain’: A mountain is higher than a hill and has a steeper slope. (7) Peak : The tapering top portion of a hill or a mountain is called its peak. (8) Pass : A narrow gap between two hills or two mountains is called a pass. A pass is useful for crossing that hill or mountain range. (9) Ghat : A portion of a hill or mountain that is difficult to cross, is called a ghat. A ghat is also the winding road that goes across this portion. (10) Valley : A deep area stretching over a long distance between two hills or mountains is known as a valley. (11) Island : An island is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides. These pictures show a plain, a hill, a hill range, an island, a plateau, a pass, a hat and a valley. Identify them and write their names in the proper boxes below.PUNE DISTRICT RELIEF MAP Pune District The Sahyadri mountains spread in We have learnt about the different the western part of the district. In this landforms with the help of the pictures part of the district, we see the Shingi, given in this lesson. Let us see which of | Tasubai, Mandvi, Tamhini, Ambala and them are there in our district. Look at other hills. The Harishchandra hills lie the relief map of Pune district. Let us on the northern boundary of the district. study the various landforms in it. The major ghats in the district are Sohyadri mountains 151. Fill in the blanks. (1). A:parow ap betreen fh called a ... (2) A piece “of land surrounded by water on all sides is an we (3) The tapering top portion f a mountain iS KNOWN G5. sessesiswsie © (4) The Horishchandra hills are located in the «2... part of the Sa (5) The .. are in the . mountains westem part of Pune district. 2. Answer in brief. (1) What are landforms? (2) What is a valley? (3) What is a hill? (4) What is a hill range ? (5) Name the ghats in Pune district. Activity Study the relief map given in the lesson carefully and write the names of the landforms on the block given below. 16You must have drenched yourselves in the rain several times singing “Rain, rain, come again.” And you must have put your paper boats to sail in the streams of rainwater. Where does this rainwater go, and how? What happens to it later on? We are going to find this out in this lesson. When it rains, much of the rain- water flows on the land. Some of the rainwater gets evaporated, Some gets absorbed in the soil and collects deep below the ground. Later, it becomes available to us in the form of springs or wells, Water always flows from higher ground to lower ground. In other words, it flows from hills to the plains. In the hilly regions, the slopes are steep. Here, the water flows very fast. In the plains, the slopes are gentle so the water flows slowly. When it rains, the rainwater begins to collect and run down the slopes to form streams. Small streams running down hill slopes are called rills, When a number of rills join and run together, we call it @ brook or rivulet. Many such rivulets join and flow together to form a river. Many rivers come together to form a main river. The smaller rivers flowing into such a main river are called its tributaries.PUNE DISTRICT | MAJOR RIVERS ea so _RESERVOIRLAKE| ae 5a aay BaramatiO The place where two or more rivers meet is called a confluence. The area from which water flows into a river is called the basin of that river. A river finally flows into a sea, The place where a river meets a sea is called a mouth. At the time of high tide, sea water enters the river through the mouth. The area up to which sea water enters into the river is called a creek. The two sides of a river-bed are called the banks of the river. When. water from higher ground flows down the slopes from all. sides and gets collected in a low-lying area, it forms a lake. Now look at the picture given at the end of this lesson. It shows the following uses of water, Write the proper number on each use in the picture ; (1) domestic use (2) drinking water (3) farming (4) industries (5) hydro- electricity (6) for wild life. Pune District The map above shows the rivers in our district. The arrows show the direction in which they flow. The Bhima is a major river of our district. It originates at Bhimashankar, Its major tributaries are the Ghod, Mula, Mutha, Indrayani and Nira. Pune city is on the confluence of Mula-Mutha. The Shirsufal lake is in Baramati taluka and the Shetfal lake, in Indapur taluka, Bhatghar, Veer, Khadakwasla, Panshet, Dimbhe, Chaskaman, Pavna, Pimpalgaon, etc are the major dams in the. district.Answer the following questions with the help of the map on page 18. (1) Name the tributaries of the Ghod, (2) Of which river is the Karha a tributary? 1. Fill in the blanks. (1) Many rivulets come together to form a ... : (2) The place where two or more rivers come together is called their (3) The Pune district. (4) Pune city is situated om the banks OF ThE svresreereee and rivers, 2. Amswer im one sentence each. (1) What is a rill? (2) What is a creek? (3) How are lakes formed? Activities (A) Make a list of all the lakes and other water features seen in your area. Then visit one of these places and observe: the surroundings. (B) With the help of your teacher, collect information about water, based on the is a major river of Supply of water for agriculture through irrigation, (3) On the banks of which river are the towns Dehu and Alandi situated ? (4) Name the rivers on which the Dimbhe and the Chaskaman dams are built. following points. (1) Where does your water supply from? (2) What all do we use water for? (3) List some of the ways in which water gets wasted. town get its Soe Uses_of water High tide : The level of sea water rises for a short time due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, This rise is called high tide,Children, look at the pictures above. They show different periods of the year. The changes that you see here take place according to the weather changes that occur in a year. The year is accordingly divided into three main seasons — summer, the rainy season and winter. Summer : For some period in the year, the sun is very strong. It is very hot and the temperature is high. Usually, the temperature starts rising from February onwards. It is very high during April and May. The period from February to May is called summer, During summer, people usually use loose cotton clothes and wear a cap. We feel like having cold items such as Sherbet, sugarcane juice and ice-cream. The Rainy Season : The rainy season starts after summer. The rains 20 start with thunder and lightning accompanied by fast-blowing winds. The rains start in June and continue up to September. Therefore, the period from June to September is called the rainy season. In this season, we use raincoats and umbrellas. We feel like eating hot steaming food. Winter : After the rainy season, the weather is cool and pleasant for some time. The temperature is low, the weather is dry and the skies are clear. This weather continues till January. The period from October to January is called winter. During this season, we wear woollen or other warm clothes ‘and enjoy hot, steaming food. The three seasons described above follow one after the other. We observe this year after year, Our clothing and food keep changing according to theseasons. The changes that occur in the weather during different periods of the year mark the different seasons. Changes in the weather of a region are studied over several years to decide the climate of that region. The climate of a region does not change suddenly and often, as does the weather. Words like hot, cold, humid, dry, moderate and extreme are used to, describe the climate. The climate of a region influences the agriculture, industries and other occupations in that region. Human life and the life of other living things too, is influenced by the climate. 1. Fill in the blanks. (Opies teneromee e Hateg Se (2) The mets al fa pleasant in the season. (3) Raincoats umbrellas are used (4) It rains more in the westem vw Tegion of Pune district, 2. at the pairs. B a) Past October to January @) Rainy February to, May somo (3) Winter June to. September Answer in one sentence each, (1), What type of clothes are used in winter ? (2) How iis the climate of a region decided ? (3) What is the climate of Pune district like ? 2 _ Pune District of Pune district is the various things in the picture that go/don't go with the season. oooDF SS _ We eat food and drink water. We use clothes to protect ourselves from the cold and winds. We call all these necessary things our needs. To fulfil these needs, we use several things from nature. So we say that Nature is our friend. The cotton that we need for making clothes is grown on farms, We get the wool we need for making sweaters from sheep. We get the water we need from springs, lakes and rivers. Metals such as aluminium and copper are needed for making pots and pans. We get them from the minerals found in the earth. The wood required for making wooden articles is obtained from trees, Thus, we use many things to fulfil our needs. These things are useful for major part of these resources comes from. nature. Therefore, we call them natural resources. ‘We must always remember that the life of man as well as of other living things depends on these natural resources. So we should never waste them. We should use them carefully, and only as much as we need. In this lesson, let us get some information about natural resources like water, land, oceans, forests and animals. Water : Water is of utmost importance for all living things. Apart from drinking it, we use it for agriculture, industries, cleaning and other purposes, That is why, it is called a resource. We should use water veryed carefully. We should take care that it does not get polluted or wasted. Land : Plants grow in the soil formed on land. Land supports the roots of plants that grow in the soil. The roots of plants obtain nutrients from the soil. Land is the home of many insects and small animals. We grow crops on farm land. We use earth or clay to make bricks, pots, etc and to build houses. Various minerals are dug, out from the land, Metals such as gold, silver, copper and iron are obtained from minerals. Many articles of daily use such as chalk sticks and pencils are made from some other minerals. Oceans : A major part of our earth is covered by salty water, This salty water body comprises oceans and seas, We obtain salt from sea water. Various aquatic animals such as fish and crabs live in oceans. Several plants grow in sea water. We use these marine resources in our food and also for preparing medicines and fertilizers. 23 Oceans.are used. as pf | waterways, for transport. We also obtain several minerals, from the bottom of the ocean. Forests : A piece of land where many trees, bushes, climbers, creepers and grass grow together is called a forest, Several f if) us fruits, flowers, lacquer, wlll gum, etc. We use the honey that honey bees collect from flowers. We get wood and yarious medicinal plants from forests. In this way, forests are useful to us. So we say that forests are resources. Forests keep the air cool. The roots of plants hold the soil, and prevent soil erosion. It is our duty to nurture, grow and protect forests. For this, unnecessary felling of trees should be stopped. It is equally important to plant new trees and grow them. Animals ; We see various kinds of cnimals in our surroundings. We domesticate some animals such as cows, bullocks, buffaloes, hens and dogs. They are called domestic animals. Some animals such as rabbits, hares, deer and. tigers live in forests. They are called wild animals. Similarly, peacocks, partridges, eagles, falcons, etc are the birds who live in forests. It is our duty to protect these birds and animals, and also their shelters. Milk, meat, eggs, wool, leather, etc are some useful things we get fromdomestic animals. We use bullocks and a few other animals for farm work. Horses, donkeys and mules carry our heavy loads. In this way, animals are very useful to us. That is why, we consider them to be our resources. Stone is quarried in the district, especially near the cities. It is used for construction work. Sand is obtained from. ‘the river-beds. forests have trees such as teak, ain, khair, 1. Fill in the blanks. (1) The sanctuaries are situated at . in Pune district. 2) We obtain ......+ from. sea water. (3) Wild animals and birds live in Pp Answer the following questions. (1) What are natural resources ? (2) Why do we call water a resource ? (3) What comprises oceans and seas? 3. Mateh the pairs. A B (1) Minerals fish, crabs. (2) Forest. produce deer, tiger (3) Marine resources iron, copper (4) Wild animals gum, honey Activity Make a list of ten things in your house. Then find out which natural resource each is made from. eae 24(Agriculture, mining, fishery and animal husbandry) — The various activities that man does crops cultivated during this season are to fulfil his needs are called called rabi crops. Wheat, gram, occupations. Agriculture, animal safflower are the main rabi crops. husbandry, fishery, mining, industry, The farming carried out with the trade, transport and entertainment are help of rainwater alone is called rain- some of these occupations. In this fed or jirayati farming. Sometimes, lesson, we shall get acquainted with farming is carried out with the help of four of them — agriculture, mining, water supplied through irrigation. It is fishery and animal husbandry. called irrigated or bagayati farming. Agriculture : Cultivating soil and growing crops in it, is called ‘agriculture. Man has been engaged in this occupation for a long, long time. The farmer works very hard in his field to grow grains, fruits, flowers, vegetables, oil-seeds, etc for all of us, Agricultural production depends on factors such as soil, water, climate and the sun. ‘Farming Mining : Mining is an occupation Depending upon the climate, there in which certain types of rocks, soil or are two agricultural seasons. They are mineral oil are dug out from the earth, kharif and rabi. The rainy season is We dig out minerals such as iron the kharif season. The crops cultivated ore, limestone, manganese and copper during the kharif season are called from the mines. After purifying them, kharif crops. Rice, jowar, bajra, we get metals and chemicals. From the moong and cotton are the main kharif crude oil obtained from oil wells, we crops. The rabi season is in winter. The get kerosene, petrol and other products. 25he Fishery : Catching fish on a large scale is called fishery. This occupation is common near seas, lakes and rivers. Fishing is done on a very large scale along sea coasts. Fish is perishable. So, it is necessary to have a cold storage facility mear the coast. Also, vehicles are needed for the quick transport of fish. We use marine wealth in our food and for preparing fertilizers as well as medicines. Now-a-days, various kinds of fish are bred in lakes and ponds. It is a source of income. This occupation is known as fish farming or pisciculture. ‘We buffaloes, Animal Husbandry animals such as cows, bullocks, horses, donkeys, goats sheep. Keeping animals is called animal husbandry. It also includes poultry and rearing of animals like pigs keep and oremus. Milk, meat, eggs,’ wool, manure and leather are obtained through animal husbandry, Some animals are used for farm work and to carry loads, Sheep rearing 26Rice crop Pune District Agriculture : The climate of our district is hot and dry, The western region of the district receives more rainfall, Rice is the major crop in this region. Varieties of rice grown here such Ploughing as Ambemohor and Kamod are well- known. Jowar and bajra are grown in all parts of the district. Wheat is an important crop in the eastern part, Crops like groundnut, ragi, safflower (kardai), cotton and gram are also grown, PUNE DISTRICT MAJOR CROPS Index ff te @ wes Q dower Baja wn | vevebies FE Flowers @ Fruits sugarcanePapaya There are orange and sweet lime orchards in Daund and Shirur talukas. There are fig and custard apple orchards in Purandar taluka. Mangoes, Pomegranates, banana, grapes, guavas, papayas and other fruits are also grown, Flowers are cultivated in Junnar, Haveli, Daund, and other talukas. In the areas near cities, vegetables and flowers are cultivated, Other occupations : Stone for construction work is obtained from quarries in the district. The noise of the machines and the dust in the surroundings of the quarries lead to pollution. Sand is obtained from river- beds for construction work, Fresh water fishing is seen in the reservoirs on the dams across the Bhima and its tributaries. Fish farming is also carried on in the district. Animal husbandry isa supplementary occupation for farmers in the district. Some use animal husbandry for livelihood or for carrying goods. Some are also engaged in occupations like poultry, emu-keeping and bee- keeping. There is a bee-keeping centre and a hatchery at Pune, 1, Fill in the blanks. (1) The various activities that man does to fulfil his needs are called are two agricultural seasons kharif and (3) In winter, it is the . Season of farming. (4) Catching fish on a large scale is CALLED ene « Answer in one or two sentences. (1) What factors does agricultural production depend upon ? (2) What is mining? (3) What is fish farming ? (4) Why is rice grown on a large scale in the western part of our district ? (5) Where do we see fishing in our district ? Activity Visit a nearby orchard along with your teachers. Learn more about the farming activities through observation. eee 28You are familiar with the things you see in the above picture. We buy several such articles from the market and use them. But they are not available in nature. They have to be made or manufactured. We use various things from nature to make them. For example, we make a wooden bat or top from wood that is available The material from which an article is made is called raw material. After Processing the raw material, we get finished products, While making a bat from wood, we have to make several changes in the wood. Here, wood is the raw material, and the bat is a finished product, We make several changes in the raw material when we make other articles, too. Making finished products 29 from raw material is called an industry. The place where this process is carried out is called a factory. For starting an industry, we need capital, raw material, labour, energy, water, land, transport facilities and a market. Some industries can be set up in a small place. They can be run with less capital and a few workers. Such industries are called ~—_ small-scale industries. The goods produced in these industries are sold in local markets, Example : a bakery. Some industries can be run at home. This is known as household or cottage industry. For example, making papad, pickles, candles, etc. Some goods are produced on a large scale. Such industries need raw material, capital, labour and machinery on a large scale. These industries are called large-scale industries. Usually, they are set up and run in large areas, away from the towns. Production of textiles, metals, motor-cars, sugar and medicines are some of the examples of large-scale industries. Goods produced in these industries are sold within our country, as also in other countries. Because of industries, local people get jobs, When raw material is tumed into finished products, as for example, cotton into cloth, its value increases. Some of the manufacturing processes in industries lead to water, air and noise pollution. It can be reduced through measures such as planting trees and purifying the polluted water.Pune District The mojor industries in our district and the places where they are run are shown in the map above. There are ammunition factories at Khadki and Dehu Road. There are automobile industries manufacturing trucks, scooters and autorickshaws at ~— Chinchwad. Glassware and _thermos-flasks are manufactured at Talegaon Dabhade. Radio sets are manufactured at Pimpri and Loni Kalbhor. There is a penicillin factory at Pimpri. There are sugar factories in the eastern and northern parts of the district. With the help of the map, find the talukas in which they are situated. There are oil mills in the Khed and Junnar areas towards the north. There ore industrial estates at various places in the district. Computers,Write the proper word from the 3, Read the map given in the lesson. bracket in the following sentences. (1) What are the major industries in (1) The articles prepared from raw Purandar taluka? material are called ...... products. i) spay SF more ania (finished / better) district located ? (2) Glassware is made at (3) Where is the penicillin factory (Falegaon Dabhade /- Khadki) located ? (4) Where are the ~— ammunition factories located ? Answer in one sentence. ActiY (1) What is raw material ? With the help of the map in the lesson, (2) What ate the industries at Bhor ? make a chart of different industries (3) Where are oil mills in the disict Gnd their places. A sample is given located ? a (4) What are the cottage industries in Industry Place our district ? Sugar Factory Pargaon ooo 31Various means of transport are shown in the picture above. In order to go from one place to another, we use a variety of vehicles such as bullock- carts, buses, motor cars. In the bottom left corner of the same picture, we can see some men loading a truck. Like people, goods also have to be carried from one place to another, Transport means carrying people or goods from one place to another. The means which we use for carrying people or goods are called the means of transport. Examples : buses, ‘trains, ships, aeroplanes, etc. The way transport is carried out is called the mode of transport. The transport on land is by road and railway; that is to say by cars, trucks, trains, etc. Boats and ships are used for transport along waterways, while aeroplanes are used for transport by air, Railway station 32Goods and passengers can be moved quickly in regions where various modes of transport are available. Transport facilitates industries, trade and tourism. The development in transport services brings about the development of the region also. Roads and railways have to be constructed but it is not necessary to build waterways and air routes. All means of transport have to take halts along the way for filling up the Bus transport in a city Port 33 fuel, for the passengers to get in and get off, for loading and unloading of goods and for repairs. Such places of halts are called stops. Such a stop for buses and trains is called a “station’,the one for aeroplanes is called an ‘airport’ and the stop for ships is known as a ‘port’. The place where two or more roads or railways come together is called a junction. Communication Sending and receiving messages is called communication. In today’s world, communication is very important for ‘obtaining information. Newspapers, postal services, radio, television, telephone, mobile phone, internet are some important means of communication. ‘Transport by bullock-cartThe transport in our district is mainly by roads and railways and also by air. There are three national highways and an expressway in the district. There are railway lines from Mumbai to Solapur, from Pune to Miraj and from Daund to Baramati. Lonavala, Pune and Dound are the 1. Write in one or two sentences. (1) What are the means of transport ? (2) Which modes of transport are used ‘on land ? 3) Which transport routes do not need to be constructed ? 2. Match the (1) Airway station: (2) Waterway airport (3) Railway portWeekly market You must have gone to a market with your parents many times. When we buy any article, we give money in exchange for the article, and the shopkeeper sells it to us. Buying and selling of objects for a price is called trade. In ies, there are markets specialising in different articles such as 35 a cloth market, a grocery market, or a vegetable market. Now-a-days, in some of the big cities, we see many shops located in one building. They keep a variety of goods. Such a building is called a commercial complex or mall. Towns in rural areas also have permanent shops. But in some villages, the market is held once a week. It is called a weekly market, Sellers and buyers from the surrounding areas come to this market for sale and purchase of goods. All the things we need are not produced in our area. They have to be ‘brought from neighbouring districts and States. Similarly, the things produced in ‘our area are also sent to other districts and States.Pune District Vegetables, fruits, flowers, two- treded on @ large scale hes ia ba Ae ee renee city. ; 1. Fill in the blanks. 2. Answer im one or two sentences. (1) Buying and selling of objects for a (1) Where do the farmers bring their price is called ........ agricultural produce for sale? (2) There is a sees Market in (2) What goods. are traded on a large Pune city. scale in Pune district ? (3) In some villages, a market is held (3) Which modes of transport are used ‘once a week. It is called a ..... market. for trade in Pune district ? toe Agricultural Produce Market 36The pictures given above show three different environments. The people in these pictures seem to live different kinds of life. That is why these pictures appear different. When we study the life of people in an area, we consider their occupations, clothing, food habits, festivals, houses, language, folk arts and so on. All these factors change according to the conditions in their natural surroundings. That is why there is a variety in the way people live. Human life can be broadly classified into three categories. Life in the urban area ; People in cities live a modem life. Trade and service are the main occupations. As there is a shortage of space in cities, 37 ~A aity people live in. multi-storeyed. buildings. Many people travel cither on two- wheelers or by four-wheeler vehicles. City life is hectic, Men wear a shirt and trousers. Women usually wear a sari or salwar- Kameez. Their diet mainly consists of chapati, vegetables, rice, dal, chutney, and so on. People from several regions come to cities for jobs or business and the food habits of their regions influence the food habits of people in cities. There are many hotels. and restaurants in cities where dishes like dosa, idli, pizza, burger are available, People in cities do their shopping in big shops, malls, etc. For entertainment, they watch movies, plays or circusshows. On holidays, they visit amusement parks and other tourist centres. People from different regions live together in cities. Therefore, we find a variety in the languages, festivals and customs in cities, Life in the rural area : The majority of the people in rural areas are engaged in agriculture. Therefore, their life is greatly influenced by agriculture. Houses in rural areas are usually single storeyed with a flat or a sloping tiled roof. These houses are built with wood, stone, bricks, etc. Most of the houses here have a yard. Men wear pyjamas, shirt-trousers, dhoti, _ ete. Women wear __nine-yard or five-yard saris. ‘The houses, clothing and customs of people in rural areas are also changing due to modernization and urbanization. Their diet consists mainly of = bhakari or chapati, vegetables, dal, onion, chutney, pithale, etc, Typical sweet dishes like 38 gulpoli, puranpoli, modak and kheer ‘are prepared for festivals. Rural life is closely linked with agriculture. Hence, many fairs and festivals are celebrated at harvest time. Once the people get some relief from their agricultural tasks, they get engrossed in folk arts, plays, folk music, bhajans and kirtans, Life of the adivasis : In some areas, certain communities have been living for ages. Their life depends entirely on nature. For their needs, they use things available in nature. They have their own dialect. These people are known as adivasis. Adivasi settlements are generally seen in forests and remote areas. Their houses are made of grass, branches of trees, leaves, bamboo mats, etc, Their meals consist of fruits, roots and bulbs, jowar or bajra bhakari and dal. On festival days, men and women dance and. sing songs, wearing their traditional dress and omaments. Bhil, Koraku, Gond, Katkari, Warli and adivasi Kolam, are some of. major communities in our State. A game of wrestlingPune District Pune, Lonavala, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Bhor, Daund and Baramati are important cities in our district. Urban settlement is increasing in the district. A large number of people also live in the rural area of the district. People in cities celebrate various festivals. Various means of entertainment such as cinema, television, entertainment centres are available to them. People in the rural area celebrate festivals like | Nagpanchami, Ganeshotsava, Dasara, Diwali, etc. Farmers celebrate the Bail Pola with great enthusiasm. Folk arts such as lejhim and tamasha are largely used for entertainment in the rural area. The Bhil, Thakar, Katkari and Mahadeo Koli adivasis live in Junnar and Ambegaon talukas in the western hilly area of the district. They celebrate the festival of Holi. They have wadis or small settlements in the hilly regions. Their means of entertainment is traditional folk dance. 1. Fill in the blanks. (1) In rural areas, most of the people are engaged in (2) The life of adivasis entirely on . ©) As the is. aap of space cities, people live in ......... depends 2, Answer in one or two sentences. (1) Which material is used for houses in rural areas ? (2) In which programmes do farmers get engrossed ? (3) Name the adivasis in Pune district. (4) Which factors are considered while studying people’s way of life ? ooo 39In the picture above, Mom, Dad, Mihir and Meena are going to see a fort. In the next picture, they all are enjoying the beauty of nature on a beach. They are on a tour, away from their homes. In our daily routine, we keep doing the same things every day. We often get tired of it. To refresh ourselves, we sometimes visit other places. We stay there for some days, go around to see the surroundings. This is called tourism, People who go on a tour are called tourists. Going on a tour is enjoyable. It reduces our tensions. We learn about new things. Our knowledge increases. We get to know new lands and different people from different regions. Tourist place We can observe their life and culture. We obtain historical and geographical information about the places we visit. On a tour, we mainly visit hill stations, forts, waterfalls, caves, gardens, historic places, sanctuaries, religious places, etc. All such places are called tourist places. When we visit a tourist place, we should keep these things in mind; 1, We should not litter the place with garbage. 2. We should not spoil the things we observe. 3. We should not write anything on the monuments, buildings, rocks, trees, etc. 4. We should not pluck leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, ete. 5. We should maintain peace at the places we visit,Tor FA > tial” a gt Bd ‘Sagwad, Mey aps yay Tat (et tal Mime, Siri wah, Ranjainjga “Tx + PUNK de a Sinton Dauind>. ake Poms ny Sayuri ip) Morgaon Baramati ® District Headquarters Taluka Headquarters © TowniCity Religious Places 4Pune District Tourists visit warious places in Pune district. The hill stations Lonavala and Khandala are very popular. The forts of Shivneri, Sinhagad, Toma, Rajgad, Purandar, Lohgad, Visapur, etc are also well- known tourist centres. The Shankar mandir at Bhimashankar is famous. This place is the source of the Bhima. There is a sanctuary here. The cave sculptures at Karle-Bhaje are worth seeing. Tourists visit Kelkar Museum, Agakhan Palace, Pune University, ete in the city of Pune. ‘There: is an international sports complex at Mahalunge-Balewadi near Pune city, The Ganesh festival in Pune is especially well-known. During this period, tourists come to Pune city in huge numbers. There is a fort at Chakan. The Samadhi of Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj is at Alandi. Dehu is the birth place of Sant Tukeram Maharaj. This is where his great work was done. The Appughar at Nigdi is well- known. The Kamarali Darvesh dargah is at Khed-Shivapur. The Bhatghar Dam at Bhor as also Baneshwar are famous tourist spots. The forts of Rajgad and Torna are located near Yelhe. There is a satellite earth station at Arvi in Junnar taluka. At Khodad, a huge telescope has been set up for Astronomical study. Five of the Ashtavinayaka temples are located in our district. They are at Morgaon, Ranjangaon, Ozar, Theur and Lenyadri respectively. The Mayureshwar Sanctuary is at Supe near Morgaon. There is a snake park at Katraj. There is a grand Khandoba temple on a hill at Jejuri. It is a place of pilgrimage. 1. Fill in the blanks, (1) The person who goes on a tour is a. (3) Fort Shivneri is in (4) The cave sculptures at worth seeing. 2. Answer in one or two sentences. (1) Write the benefits of tourism. (2) Write the names of four tourist places in the district. (3) What is the place Bhimashankar famous for ? a poster showing the information, pictures and photographs of the tourist places in the district. tee16. Environment and Us There are many’ things in our environment. surroundings. They include hills, All living things make use of this valleys, rivers, streams and also plants, natural environment. We also live in animals and birds. All these are natural the same environment and use many of things. They constitute our natural these things. Air pollution Water pollution 4BPeople take up several activities in order to obtain the things they need. These cover agriculture, animal such activities. Due to some of these activities, undesirable elements enter our natural environment. Many of these elements are even harmful to the environment. Because of them, the air wwe breathe, the water we drink, and the land we use for farming get spoilt. This is what we call pollution. Industries cause air, noise and water pollution. Pollution has harmful effects on our health, as also that of plants and animals. It is harmful to all living ‘things. Because of it, some species of plants and animals are dying out, 1. Answer the following. (1) What constitutes natural environment ? (2) What changes. take place in the environment due to human activities ? (3) What. are. the ill effects.of pollution ? Answer the following questions in one or two sentences. (1) Wherein the district has the problem of air, water and noise pollution become serious ? (2) What can. be done to retain. the fertility of soil 2 toeIdentify the occupation or industry you see in each of the photographs and write its name in the box. Make two separate lists. for-oceupations and industries, from among the above. Occupation IndustryRs. 22.00 of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune,