Ce6302 Notes Rejinpaul - 2 PDF

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1
UNIT I
STRESS STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS, STATES OF

STRESS
Rigid bodies and deformable solids stability, strength, stiffness tension,
compression and shear stresses strain, elasticity, Hookes law, limit of
proportionately, modulus of elasticity, stress- strain curve, lateral strain
temperature stressres deformation of simple and compound bars shear
modulus, bulk modulus, relationship between elastic constants biaxial state of
stress stress at a point stress on inclined plane principal stresses and
principal planes Mohrs circle of stresses.
S.NO
2 MARKS
PAGE NO
Define stress and its types
Define strain.
Define tensile stress and tensile strain.
Define the three Elastic moduli. (April/May 2005)
Define shear strain and Volumetric strain
A square steel rod 20 mm x 20 mm in section is to

carry an axial load (compressive) of 100 KN. Calculate
the shortening in a length of 50 mm. E =
2..14 10 8 KN / M 2
Define Poissons ratio. (Nov / Dec 04)
Find the force Pacting on the bar given in fig.(Apr/May04)
Find the force Pacting on the bar given in fig.(Apr/ May 04)
10
Define principal plane and principal stress.
11
12
13
14
Write down the relation between modulus of elasticity and

modulus of rigidity and that between modulus of elasticity and
bulk modulus. (Nov/Dec 02)
When a rod of diameter 20mm is subjected to a tensile force of
40 kN, thje extension is measured as 250 divisions in 200mm
extension meter. Find the modulus of elasticity if each division is
equal to 0.001mm. (Nov/Dec 02
What do you understand by the assumption, plane section remain
plane even after the application of load?
A metal bar 50 mm x 50 mm section, is subjected to

anaxial compressive load of 500 KN.The contraction of
a 200 mm gauge length is found to be 0.5 mm and the
increase in thickness 0.04 mm. find E and .
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2
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16
Brass bar, having C.S.A of 10 cm is subjected to axial

forces as shown in fig. Find the total elongation of
the bar Take E 0.8 10 3 t / cm 2
Steel bar is 900 mm long its two ends are 40 mm and
30 mm in diameter and the length of each rod is 200
mm.The middle portion of the bar is 15 mm in diameter
and 500 mm long. If the bar is subjected to an axial
tensile load of 15 KN, find the total extension.
E 200 GN / m 2
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18
19
20
G giga and
1G 10 9
1
volume of the bar, if and E 2.0 10 6 kg / cm 2
4
A bronze specimen has a E 1.2 10 6 kg / cm 2 and
C 0.47 10 6 kg / cm 2 . Determine
Two parallel walls 6 m apart, are stayed together by a

steel rod 20 mm passing through metal plates and
nuts at each end. The nuts are tightened home, when
the rod is at a temp of 1000 C. Determine the stress in
the rod, when the temperature falls down 200C if.
A bar is subjected to a tensile stress of 1000 kg / cm2.
Determine the normal and Tangential stresses on a
plane making an angle of 600 with the axis of tensile
stress.
16 MARKS
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Bar of 2 m length, 2 cm breadth and 1.5 cm thickness is

subjected to a tensile load of 3000 kg. Find the final
S.NO
10
12
13
13
14
PAGENO
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A hollow cast iron cylinder 4m long, 300 mm

outer diameter and thickness of metal 50 mm is
subjected to a central load on the top when standing
straight. The stress produced is 75000 KN / m2.
Assume Youngs Modulus for cast iron as
1.5 10 8 KN / m 2 and find (i)Magnitude of the
load(ii)Longitudinal strain produced and (iii)Total
decrease in length.
The following observations were made during a
tensile test on a mild steel specimen 40 mm in
diameter and 200 mm long.Elongation with 40 KN
load (within limit of proportionality) l 0.0304
mm, yield load = 161 KN. Maximum load = 242
KN, Length of specimen at fracture = 249 mm.
Determine:
i.
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
ii.
Yield point stress
iii. Ultimate stress
iv.
Percentage elongation.
A steel 2m long and 3 mm in diameter is extended
by 0.75 mm when a weight W is suspended from
the wire. If the same weight is suspended from a
brass wire, 2.5 m long and 2 mm in diameter, it is
elongated by 4.64 mm. Determine the modulus of
elasticity of brass if that of steel be 2.0 10 5 kN / m 2
A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an
aluminium bar as shown in fig. Assuming that the
bars are prevented form buckling sidewise; calculate
the magnitude of force p1 that will cause the total
length of the member to decrease 0.25 mm. The
values of elastic modulus of steel and aluminum are
2101 KN / mm2 and 70 KN / mm2 (April/May 04)
A steel tie rod 50 mm in and 2.5m long is
subjected to a pull of 100 KN. To what length the
rod should be bored centrally so that the total
extension will increase by 15 % under the same
pull, the bore being 25 mm ?
A steel flat plate AB of 1 cm thickness tapers
uniformly from 10 cm to 5 cm width in a length of
40 cm. From first principles, determine the
elongation of the plate, if an axial tensile force of
5000 kg acts on it. Take E 2.0 10 6 kg / cm 2
A steel cube block of 50 mm side is subjected to a
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19
20
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23
24
26
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force of 6 KN (Tension), 8 KN (compressive) and 4

KN (tension) along x, y and z directions. Determine
the change in the volume of the block.
e 200 KN / mm 2 and m
10
10
3
A bar of 30 mm is subjected to a pull of 60 KN.

The measured extension on gauge length of 200 mm
is 0.09 mm and the change in diameter is 0.0039
mm. Calculate and the values of the three
module. (Nov/Dec 04)
At a point within a body subjected to two mutually
perpendicular directions, the stresses are 80 N/mm2
tensile and 40 N/mm2 tensile. Each of the above
stresses is accompanied by a shear stress of 60
N/mm2. Determine the normal stress. Shear stress
and resultant stress on an oblique plane inclined at
an angle of 450 with the axis of minor tensile stress.
A point in strained material is subjected to the
stresses as shown in figure. Locate the principal
planes and evaluate the principal tresses. (Apr/May
02)
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29
UNIT I
TWO MARKS:
1. Define stress and its types
When a body is acted upon by some load (or) external force, it undergoes
deformation (i.e. change in shape or dimensions)
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Stress is defined as the internal resistance offered by the material to the
extremely applied force, expressed per unit area.
stress
P applied load
A Area of sec tion
Types of stresses:
1.
Axial stress
2.
Bearing stress
3.
Bending stress
4.
Shear stress
Types of axial stress:
1.
Tensile stress
2.
Compressive stress.
2. Define strain.
Strain is defined as the ratio of change in length to the original length of the
member
Change in length (dl)
Strain =
Original length (l)
3. Define tensile stress and tensile strain.

When the resistance offered by a section of a member is against an increase in
length, the section is said to offer tensile stress.
Internal resis tan ce p
Tensile stress t
C.S . A
A
Tensile strain:
The strain corresponding to tensile stress is tensile strain.
Tensile strain e
l
l
Increase length
Original length
4. Define the three Elastic moduli. (April/May 2005)

Youngs Modulus:
It is the ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain (or) compressive stress
and compressive strain.
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t
e et
or
ec
Modulus of Rigidity:
It is defined as the ratio of shear stress ( ) to shear strain and is denoted by C,
N or G It is also called shear stress modulus of elasticity.
Bulk (or) Volume Modulus of Rigidity
It is defined as the ratio of normal stress (on each face of a solid cube) to
volumetric strain and is denoted by the letter K.
n
V
5. Define shear strain and Volumetric strain

Shear strain is defined as the ratio of transverse displacement to the distance
from the lower force.
Transverse displacement
Shear strain
=
Distance from lower face
Volumetric strain:
It is defined as the ratio between change in volume and original volume of the
body
change in volume v
Original volume V
6. A square steel rod 20 mm x 20 mm in section is to carry an axial

load (compressive) of 100 KN. Calculate the shortening in a length of
50 mm. E = 2..14 10 8 KN / M 2
Solution:
Area A =
Length
0.02 0.02 0.0004
m2
l 50 mm (or) 0.05 m
P 100
KN
E 2.14 10 8 KN / m2
Shortening of the rod l :
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Stress 1
E
100
P
250000 KN / m 2
A 0.0004
Stress
Strain
Strain
Stress
E
E
250000
2.14 10 8
l
250000
l
2.14 10 8
250000
0.05
2.14 10 8
= 0.0000584 m (or) 0.0584 mm

Hence the shortening of the rod = 0.0584 mm.
7. Define Poissons ratio. (Nov / Dec 04)
The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is a constant for a given
material, when the material is stressed within the elastic limit. This ratio is
called Poissons ratio and it is generally denoted by 1/m (or) .
Lateral strain
Longitudinal strain
8. Find the force P acting on the bar given in fig. (April / May 04)
Sum of all left direction force = Sum of all right direction force
50 + P = 45 + 15
P = 60 50 = 10 kN
9. What type of stress will be induced in a bar when the ends are restrained and
subjected to i) rise in temperature and ii) a fall in temperature? (April / May 04)
Thermal stresses: These are the stresses induced in a body due to
change in temperature. Thermal stresses are set up in a body, when the
temperature of the body is not allowed to expand or contract freely. i) Rise in
temperature compressive stress ii) a fall in temperature -tensile stress.
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10. Define principal plane and principal stress.
The plane, which have no shear stress, are known as principal planes. Hence
principal planes are the planes of zero shear stress. These planes carry only
normal stresses.
The normal stresses, acting on a principal plane, are known as principal
stresses.
11. Write down the relation between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity
and that between modulus of elasticity and bulk modulus. (Nov/Dec 02)
The relation between modulus of elasticity and bulk modulus is given by
E = 3K (1-2/m)
The relation between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity
E = 2G (1+(1/m))
12. When a rod of diameter 20mm is subjected to a tensile force of 40 kN, thje
extension is measured as 250 divisions in 200mm extension meter. Find the
modulus of elasticity if each division is equal to 0.001mm. (Nov/Dec 02)
Solution:
Diameter = 20mm ; P = 40 kN = 40 x 103 N ; Extension = 250 divisions
1 division = 0.001 mm; L = 200 mm
l = 250 x 0.001 = 0.25 mm
P / A 40 x10 3 / 314.16
E = /e =
0.25 / 200
l / l
Modulus of Elasticity = 101.85 x 103 N/mm2
13. What do you understand by the assumption, plane section remain plane even
after the application of load?
When some external load acts on the beam, the shear force and bending
moments are set up at aii sections of the beam. Due to the shear force and bending
moment, the beam undergoes certain deformation. After removal of the load the beam
will come to its original position based on that assumption.
14. A metal bar 50 mm x 50 mm section, is subjected to an axial
compressive load of 500 KN. The contraction of a 200 mm gauge

length is found to be 0.5 mm and the increase in thickness 0.04 mm.
find E and .
Solution:
b = 50 mm,
t = 50 mm
Area = 50 50 2500 mm 2
P = 500 KN
Length, l = 200 mm, l 0.5mm.
Increase in thickness, t 0.04mm
Youngs Modulus:
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pl
AE
500 10 3 200
0.5
E 80 KN / mm 2
2500 E
Poissions Ratio:
Lateral strain
Linear strain
Linear strain = 0.0025
t Lateral strain thickness

0.04
1
0.0025 50
m
1
0.32
m
15. brass bar, having C.S.A of 10 cm2 is subjected to axial forces as

shown in fig.
Find the total elongation of the bar Take E 0.8 10 3 t / cm 2

Given,
Area A = 10 cm2
E 0.8 10 3 t / cm 2
l Total elongation of the bar.

For the sake of simplification, the force of 8 tonnes acting at B, may be split
up into three forces of 5 tones, 2 tonnes and 1 tone. Now it will be seen that the part
AB of the bar is subjected to a tension of 5 tonnes part BC is subjected to a
compression of 2 tonnes and the part BD is subjected to a compression of 1 tonne as
shown in fig.
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Using the relation,
1
p1l1 p 2 l 2 p3 l 3
AE
1
5 60 2 100 1 220
10 0.8 10 3
12
0.015cm 0.15mm
800
16. Steel bar is 900 mm long its two ends are 40 mm and 30 mm in
diameter and the length of each rod is 200 mm. the middle portion of
the bar is 15 mm in diameter and 500 mm long. If the bar is
subjected to an axial tensile load of 15 KN, find the total extension.
E 200 GN / m 2
G giga and
1G 10 9
P = 15 kN
A1 = 1256 mm2
A2 = 176.625 mm2
A3 = 706.50 mm2
l1 = 200 mm
l 2 = 500 mm
l 3 = 200 mm
Total extension of the bar:
l1 , l 2
l1
and l 3
pl1
A1 E
l2
pl2
A2 E
l3
pl3
A3 E
l l1 l 2 l 3
pl
pl1
pl
2 3
A1 E A2 E A3 E
P
E
l1
l
l2
3

A1 A2 A3
= 0.2454 mm.
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17. bar of 2 m length, 2 cm breadth and 1.5 cm thickness is subjected

to a tensile load of 3000 kg. Find the final volume of the bar, if
1
4
and E 2.0 10 6 kg / cm 2
L = 2 m = 200 cm, b = 2 cm, t = 1.5 cm.
Vol
V 200 2 1.5 600cm 3

P = 3000 kg.
1 1
m4
3 4
E 2 10 6 kg / cm 2
2
stress
e1
e
;
v
E
m
P 3000

1000 kg / cm 2
A bt
1000
1
6
2000
2 10
v
v
18.
1 2
1
2000 4
1
4000
1
600 0.15cm 3
4000
bronze
specimen has
6
2
C 0.47 10 kg / cm . Determine
E 1.2 10 6 kg / cm 2
and
Solution:
m 1.2 10 6
0.47 10
2m 1
6
mE
2m 1
0.94m 1 1.2m
0.94m 0.94 1.2m
0.94 1.2m 0..94m
0.94 m = 0.26 m
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1 0.26
1
0.277
m 0.94
m
19. Two parallel walls 6 m apart, are stayed together by a steel rod 20
mm passing through metal plates and nuts at each end. The nuts
are tightened home, when the rod is at a temp of 1000 C. Determine
the stress in the rod, when the temperature falls down 200C if.
a.
b.
The ends do not yield and

The ends yield by 1mm.
E 2 10 6 kg / cm 2
and
12 10 / c
6
Solution:
Length of rod = l = 6m = 600 cm
of rod = d = 20 mm = 2 cm.
Temperature t = 1000 - 200 = 800 c
E 2 10 6 kg / cm 2 ; 12 10 6 / 0 C
when the ends do not yield.
1 stress in the rod
tE
1 12 10 6 80 2 10 6 1920 kg / cm 2
when the ends yield by 1mm
2 stress in the rod
2 12 10 6 8
0.1
6
2
2 10 158 kg / cm
600
20. A bar is subjected to a tensile stress of 1000 kg / cm2.

Determine the normal and Tangential stresses on a plane making an
angle of 600 with the axis of tensile stress.
30 0
n cos2 750kg / cm 2
t sin cos 433kg / cm 2
866 kg / cm 2
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21.
A point in a stained material is subjected to two mutually

perpendicular stresses of 2000 kg/cm2 and 1000 kg/cm2.
Determine the intensities of normal and resultant stresses on a
plane inclined at 300 to the axis of the minor stress.
Major stress = 1 2000 kg / cm 2
Minor stress = 2 1000 kg / cm 2
Angle of plane, which it makes with the axis of minor, principle

stress 30 0
Normal stress
1 2
2
1 2
2
cos 2
= 1750 kg/ cm2

Tangential stress
1 2
2
Resultant stress
sin 2 433kg / cm 2
r n 2 t 2 1802 .8kg / cm 2
22. At a point in a strained material the principal stresses are 100

N/mm2 (tensile) and 60 N/mm2 (comp). Determine normal stress,
shear stress, resultant stress on a plane inclined at an 500 to the axis of
major principal stress. Also determine the maxi shear stress at the
point.
1 100 N / mm 2 ,
2 60 N / mm 2 ,
90 0 50 0 40
t 78.8N / mm 2
n 33.9 N / mm 2 ,
R 85.8 N / mm 2
Maximum shear stress;
t max
1 2
2
80 N / mm 2
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23. A point in a strained material is subjected to a compressive

stress of 800 kg/cm2 and a shear stress of 560 kg/cm2. Determine
graphically or otherwise, the maximum and minimum intensity of
stress.
560 kg / cm 2
800 kg / cm 2 ,
Maximum intensity of stress:
2
tan 2
2 560
800
= 1.4
2 54 0 28'
27 014'

n1 2
2
2
2
= 288.2 kg/cm2 (Tensile)
n2
Minimum intensity of direct stress.

n 2 2 1088 .2kg / cm 2
2
2
2
24. A steel bolt 2.5 cm diameter is subjected to a direct tension of

1500 kg and a shearing forces of 1000 kg. Determine the intensities of
normal and shear stress across a plane inclined at an angle of 60 0 to
the longitudinal axis of the bolt. Also determine the resultant stress.
Solution:
2.5cm.
Area = 4.91 cm2
Direct tension = 1500 kg.
Direct stress on the bolt =
1500
305.5kg / cm 2
4.91
Shearing force = 1000 kg.
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1000
203.7kg / cm 2
4.91
Shear stress =
Angle which the plane makes with the longitudinal axis of the bolt = 60 0
Angle, which the plane makes with the normal to the longitudinal axis of the
bolt
90 0 60 0 30 0
Normal stress:
1 cos 2 sin 2
= 405.5 kg/ cm2
1
2
t sin 2 e cos 2
Shear stress:
= 30.5 kg/cme+
Resultant stress:
n 2 t 2
405.52 30.52
= 406.6 kg/cm.2
25. A point is subjected to a tensile stress of 60 N/mm2 and a

compressive stress of 40 N/mm2, acting on two mutually
perpendicular planes and a shear stress of 10 N/mm2 on these planes.
Determine the principal stresses as well as maxi shear stress. Also
find out the value of maxi shear stress.
1 60 N / mm 2 and 2 40 N / mm 2
10 N / mm 2
Principal stresses:
n1
n2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
1
61N / mm
2
2
2
2
2
1
41N / mm
2
2
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Maximum shear stress
n1 n 2
2
61 41
51N / mm 2
2
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SIXTEEN MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWERS:

1.A hollow cast iron cylinder 4m long, 300 mm outer diameter and
thickness of metal 50 mm is subjected to a central load on the top
when standing straight. The stress produced is 75000 KN / m2.
Assume Youngs Modulus for cast iron as 1.5 10 8 KN / m 2 and find
i.
ii.
iii.
Magnitude of the load

Longitudinal strain produced and
Total decrease in length.
Solution:
Outer diameter, D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Thickness ,
t = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Length,
l=4m
Stress produced 75,000 KN / m2
E 1.5 10 8
KN / m2
d D 2t
Inner diameter of the cylinder
0.3 2 0.05
= 0.2 m
i.
Magnitude of the load P:

Using the relation,
(or)
P
A
P A 75000
75000
ii.
0.3
4
D
4
d2
0.2
P = 2945.2 KN.
Longitudinal strain produced e:
Using the relation,
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strain, e
iii.
Stress
75,000
0.0005
E
1.5 10 8
Total decrease in length , l :

using the relation,
strain
change in length
Original length
0.0005
l
4
l 0.0005 4
0.002 m = 2 mm
Hence decrease in length = 2 mm.
2. The following observations were made during a tensile test on a

mild steel specimen 40 mm in diameter and 200 mm long. Elongation
with 40 KN load (within limit of proportionality)
l 0.0304 mm, yield load = 161 KN
Maximum load = 242 KN
Length of specimen at fracture = 249 mm.
Determine:
v.
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
vi.
Yield point stress
vii. Ultimate stress
viii. Percentage elongation.
Solution:
i.
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (E) :
P
40
3.18 10 4 KN / m 2
A
0.042
4
Stress,
Strain, e
l
l
0.0304
0.000152
200
Stress 3.18 10 4
Strain 0.000152
2.09 10 8 KN / m2
E
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(ii)
Yield point stress:

Yield point stress
Yield po int load

area
161
(iii)
0.042
12.8 10 4 KN / m 2
Ultimate stress:
Maximum load
Ultimate stress =
Area
242
(iv).
0.042
19.2 10 4 KN / m 2
Percentage elongation:
Length of specimen at fracture original length
Percentage elongation =
Original length
249 200
0.245
200
= 24.5 %
3. A steel 2m long and 3 mm in diameter are extended by 0.75 mm

when a weight W is suspended from the wire. If the same weight is
suspended from a brass wire, 2.5 m long and 2 mm in diameter, it is
elongated by 4.64 mm. Determine the modulus of elasticity of brass if
that of steel be 2.0 10 5 N / n
Solution:
Given:
l s 2m,
d s 3mm, l s 0.75mm
Es 2.0 10 5 N / mm 2 ,
l b 2.5m,
d b 2mm
l b 4.64m
Modulus of Elasticity of brass, Eb :
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From Hookes law,
Wl
AE
where l Extension, l = length, A = Cross sectional area

E = Modulus of Elasticity.
Case 1:
For steel wire
l3
Wl3
As E s
0.75 W 2 1000
2
3 10 5
4
32
W 0.75
4
1
2 10 5
2000
(1)
Case 2:
For brass wire
lb
4.64
W lb
Ab E b
W 2.5 1000
2 E b
2
22
W 4.64
4
1
Eb
2500
(2)
Equating equation (i) and (ii), we get
0.75
32
4
2
1
1
2 10
4.64
Eb
4
2500
2000
2
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Eb 0.909 10 5 N / mm 2
4. A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminium bar as
shown in fig. Assuming that the bars are prevented form buckling
sidewise; calculate the magnitude of force p1 that will cause the total
length of the member to decrease 0.25 mm. The values of elastic
modulus of steel and aluminum are 2101 KN / mm2 and 70 KN / mm2
Solution:
Given:
As 50 50 2500 mm 2
AA 100 100 10,000 mm 2
Length of steel bar = l3 = 300 mm.
= l 3 = 380 mm
l 0.25mm
E A 70 10 3 N / mm 2
Es 210 10 3 N / nn 2 :
P = Magnitude of the required force.
l1
l
2
A1 E1 A2 E 2
l P
P = 224.36 KN
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Area at the reduced section
0.05
4
0.025 2 0.001472 m 2
1
Stress in the reduced section,
100 1000
0.001472
67.93 10 6 N / m 2
Elongation of the rod
2.5 x .x
E
0.731 10 3
50.92 10 6 2.5 x 67.9 10 6 x
0.731 10 3
9
9
200 10
200 10
50.92 10 6 2.5 x 67.9 10 6 x 200 10 9 0.731 10 3
50.92 10 6
2.5 x 1.33x 2.87

x = 1.12 m.
5. A steel tie rod 50 mm in and 2.5m long is subjected to a pull of 100

KN. To what length the rod should be bored centrally so that the
total extension will increase by 15 % under the same pull, the bore
being 25 mm ?
Solution:
Dia of steel tie rod = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Length of steel tie rod l = 2.5 m
P = 100 KN.
Dia of bore = 25 mm = 0.025 m
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e 200 10 9 N / m 2
Length of the bore x:
Stress in the solid rod,
P 100 1000
50.92 10 6 N / m 2
A
0.052
4
50.92 10 6 2.5
Elongation of the solid rod l

E
200 10 9
= 0.000636 m (or) 0.636 mm.
Elongation after the rod is bored 1.15 0.636
= 0.731 mm.
6. A steel flat plate AB of 1 cm thickness tapers uniformly from 10 cm

to 5 cm width in a length of 40 cm. From first principles, determine
the elongation of the plate, if an axial tensile force of 5000 kg acts on
it. Take E 2.0 10 6 kg / cm 2
Given:
Width of the plate at a distance x from A
10 10 5
x
x
10
40
8
C.S.A of the bar
x
x
Ax 110 10 cm 2
8
8
Stress,
P
5000
kg / cm 2
x
Ax
10
8
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5000
1
x
x
6
40010
10 2 10
8
8
x
Strain, x E
Elongation of the elementary length
ex.dx
dx
x
40010
8
cm
The total extension of the bar may be found out by integrating the above
equation between the limits 0 and 40.
(ie.)
400
40
dx
10
x
8
40
1
x
log
10
8 0
1
400
8
1
log e 5 log e 10
50
1
log e 10 log e 5
50
1
10
log
e
50
5
1
log e 2cm
50
1
2.3 log10 2cm
50
2.3 0.3010
50
log e
2.3 log 10
= 0.014 cm = 0.14 mm.
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25
7. A steel cube block of 50 mm side is subjected to a force of 6 KN

(Tension), 8 KN (compressive) and 4 KN (tension) along x, y and z
directions. Determine the change in the volume of the block.
e 200 KN / mm 2 and m
10
3
Side of steel cube = 50 mm
A 50 50 2500 mm 2
and v 50 50 50 125000 mm 3
PX 6KN; PY 8KN; Pz 4KN
v
V
e X eY e Z
eX
x
E
Y
mE
Z
mE
P 6 10 3

2.4 N / mm 2
A 2500
P 8 10 3
Y
3.2 N / mm2
A
2500
PZ 4000
1.6 N / mm2
A 2500
eX
2.4 3.2 3 1.6 3 2.88
10 E
10 E
E
E
eY
3.2 2.4 3 1.6 3 4.4
E
10 E
10 E
E
eZ
1.6 2.4 3 3.2 3 1.84
10 E
10 E
E
E
v
v
e X eY e Z
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26
v
125 10 3
2.88 4.4 1.84
E
E
E
v 125 10 3
0.32
3
0
.
2
mm
200 10 3
8. A bar of 30 mm is subjected to a pull of 60 KN. The measured

extension on gauge length of 200 mm is 0.09 mm and the change in
diameter is 0.0039 mm. Calculate and the values of the three
module.
Solution:
i.
Youngs Modulus:
P 60 10 3

84.9 N / mm 2
A
302
4
l
l
0.09
0.00045
200
E 188.67 KN / mm 2
ii.
Poissons ratio:
Lateral strain d / d
Linear strain
e
d / d
iii.
0.00039
0.00013
3
0.00013 13
45
m
0.00045 45
13
Modulus of rigidity:
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27
45
188.67 10 3
mE
C
13
73.19 KN / mm 2
2m 1
45
2 1
13
iv.
Bulk Modulus:
45
188 .67 10 3
mE
K
13
148 .95 KN / mm 2
3m 2
45
3 2
13
9.
At a point within a body subjected to two mutually
perpendicular directions, the stresses are 80 N/mm2 tensile and 40
N/mm2 tensile. Each of the above stresses is accompanied by a shear
stress of 60 N/mm2. Determine the normal stress. Shear stress and
resultant stress on an oblique plane inclined at an angle of 450 with
the axis of minor tensile stress.
Solution:
Given,
Major tensile stress, 1 80 N / mm 2
Minor tensile stress, 2 40 N / mm 2
Shear stress, q = 60 N/mm2
Angle of oblique plane, with the axis of minor tensile stress.
Normal stress ( n )
i.
1 2
2
1 2
2
cos 2 sin 2
80 40 80 40
cos 2 45 0 sin 2 60 sin 2 45

2
2
n 120 N / mm 2
ii.
Shear (or tangential) stress
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t
1 2
2
28
sin 2 cos 2
80 40
sin 2 45 60 cos2 45
2
t 20 N / mm2
iii..
Resultant stress
n 2 t 2
= 121.665 N / mm2
10. A point in strained material is subjected to the stresses as shown

in figure. Locate the principal planes and evaluate the principal
tresses.
Solution:
Given,
Stress on the face BC and AD = 600 kg / cm2
Inclination of the stress = 600
Stress normal on the face BC or BD
1 600 cos 30 0
600 sin 30 0
2 400
Location:
lan2
2R
0 39 0 21'
1 2
Principal stress
n1
1 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
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29
= 766 kg/cm2
n2
1 2
2
2
2
1

2
2
= 154 kg/cm2
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1
UNIT II
ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSS, THIN CYLINDERS / SHELLS
Stability and equilibrium of plane frames types of trusses analysis of forces in
truss members method of joints, method of sections, method of tension
coefficients thin cylinders and shells under internal pressure deformation of
thin cylinders and shells.
S.NO
2 MARKS
PAGE NO
A steel penstock of 1m dia and 1 cm thick is subjected

1
to 100 m head of water. Calculate the hoop stress and
longitudinal stress at the bottom of the penstock.

A gas cylinder of internal diameter 1.5 m is 3 cm thick.
Find the allowable pressure of the gas inside the
2
cylinder, if the tensile stress in the material is not to

exceed 1000 kg/cm2
A cylinder of thickness 1.5cm , has to withstand
maximum internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm2. If the
3
ultimate tensile stress in the material of the cylinder is
300 N/mm2, f.o.s - 3.0 and joint efficiency 80%.

Determine the of the cylinder.
4
What are the assumptions made in finding the forces in a truss?

(Apr/May 05)
Explain determinate and stable frame. (Apr/May 05)
When is a cylinder called as thin cylinder? What is t6he effect of

this on stress distribution? (Apr/May 05)
Write the expression for the determination of circumferential
stress or hoop stress in thin cylinder.
Boiler steel is to be made of 15mm thick plate having a

limiting tensile stress of 120 N/mm2. If the efficiencies
of the longitudinal and circumferential joint are 70%
and 30%. Find the maximum per of the shell for an
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2
internal pressure of 2 N/mm2

limiting tensile stress of 120 N/mm2. If the efficiencies
of the longitudinal and circumferential joint are 70%
and 30%. The Permissible intensity of internal pressure

when the shell - 1.5m
Write the expression for the determination of Longitudinal
10
stress in thin cylinder.
S.NO
16 MARKS
1
Analyze the given truss using method of joints.
4
5
6
7
8
A boiler is subjected to an internal steam pressure of

2 N/mm2. The thickness of boiler plate is 2.0 cm
and permissible tensile stress is 120 N/mm2. Find
out the maximum diameter , when efficiency of
longitudinal joint is 90% and circumference joint is
40%.
A cylinder shell 3m long, 1m in diameter and 10
mm thick is subjected to an internal pressure of 2
Mpa. Calculate the change in dimensions of the
shell
and
the
maximum
shear
stress
5
induced E 210 Mpa . 0.3 (Nov/ Dec 04)
Fig shows a warren grider consisting of seven members each
of 6m lengths freely supported at its end points. The grider is
loaded at B & C as shown in fig. Find the forces in all the
members of the grider.
Analyze the given truss by method of joints. (Apr/ May 04)
A truss of span 9m is loaded as shown in fig. Find the
reaction of forces in the members 1,2 and 3.
Analyze given the trusses using Tension coefficient method.
Analyse given the trusses using Tension coefficient method:
PAGENO
8
11
12
13
15
17
18
20
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3
UNIT II
TWO MARKS:
1.
A steel penstock of 1m dia and 1 cm thick is subjected to 100 m

head of water. Calculate the hoop stress and longitudinal stress
at the bottom of the penstock.
Solution:
Given,
d = 1 m = 100 cm
t = 1 cm
Head of water, h = 100 m = 10,000 cm
Water pressure = P = wh = 1 x 10,000 gm/cm2
= 10 kg/cm2
w = 1 gm/cm2
Hoop stress:
f1
pd 10 100
500 kg / cm 2
2t
2 1
Longitudinal stress:
f2
2.
pd 10 100
250 kg / cm 2
4t
4 1
A gas cylinder of internal diameter 1.5 m is 3 cm thick. Find

the allowable pressure of the gas inside the cylinder, if the
tensile stress in the material is not to exceed 1000 kg/cm2
d = 1.5 m = 150 cm, t = 3 cm, f1 = 1000 kg/cm2
f1
pd
p 40kg / cm 2
2t
since the circumferential stress (ie) f1 is double the longitudinal stress (ie) f2.
There maximum stress is taken as the circumferential stress.
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4
f1
pd
p 40kg / cm 2
2t
f2
pd
p 80kg / cm 2
4t
Now the allowable pressure, in the gas cylinder is to be taken the lesser of the
two . Therefore allowable pressure P = 40 Kg/cm2
3.
A cylinder of thickness 1.5cm , has to withstand maximum

internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm2. If the ultimate tensile stress in
the material of the cylinder is 300 N/mm2, f.o.s - 3.0 and joint
efficiency 80%. Determine the of the cylinder.
p = 1.5 N/mm2, Ultimate tensile stress = 300 N/ mm2
t = 1.5cm ,
f.o.s 3.0, 1
f1
0.80
pd
2 1 t
100
15 d
2 0.80 1.5
working stress f 1
ul tensile stress
f .o.s
300
3
= 100 N/mm2
d = 160 cm = 1.6 cm
4.
What are the assumptions made in finding the forces in a truss?

(Apr/May 05)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5.
All the members are pin jointed

The frame is loaded only at the joints
The frame is a perfect frame
The self weight of the members is neglected
Explain determinate and stable frame. (Apr/May 05)

The structure, for which the reactions at the supports and the
internal forces in the members can be found out by the condition of
static equilibrium, is called a determinate frame.
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5
To find out the reaction components at the supports and internal
forces in the frame, so far we have used three static equilibrium
equations. If the static equations are satisfied then it is called stable
frame.
6.
When is a cylinder called as thin cylinder? What is t6he effect of this

on stress distribution? (Apr/May 05)
If the thickness of the wall of the cylindrical vessel is less than
1/15 to 1/20 of its internal diameter the cylindrical vessel is known as
thin cylinder. In case of thin cylinders, the stress distribution is assumed
uniform over the thickness of the wall.
7.
Write the expression for the determination of circumferential stress or

hoop stress in thin cylinder.
f1
Pd
2t
f1 = Circumferential stress
P = internal pressure
d = diameter of thin cylinder
t = thickness of the cylinder
8.

limiting tensile stress of 120 N/mm2. If the efficiencies of the
longitudinal and circumferential joint are 70% and 30%.
(i)
The maximum per of the shell for an internal pressure

of 2 N/mm2
t = 15 mm, Limiting tensile stress 120 N/ mm2
l 0.70,
f1
(i)
Pd
2t
c 0.30
f2
Pd
2t
f1 = 120 N/mm2
f2 = 120 N / mm2
d = 1260 mm
d = 1080 mm
Maximum = 1080 mm
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6
9.

limiting tensile stress of 120 N/mm2. If the efficiencies of the
longitudinal and circumferential joint are 70% and 30%.
(i)
Permissible intensity of internal pressure when the
shell - 1.5m
f1
Pd
2t
f1
Pd
2t
d = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
f2 = 120 N/mm2
p = 1.68 N / mm2
p = 1.44 N / mm2
Maximum P = 1.44 N / mm2
10.
Write the expression for the determination of Longitudinal stress in

thin cylinder.
f2
Pd
4t
f1 = Longitudinal stress
P = internal pressure
d = diameter of thin cylinder
t = thickness of the cylinder
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7
SIXTEEN MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1.
Analyze the given truss using method of joints.
The truss is supported on rollers at B and hence RB Will be vertical.

The truss is hinged at A, hence the support reactions at A will consists of a
horizontal reaction HA and a vertical reaction RA.
Taking moment about A, we get
RB 12 8 1.5 3 4 6 8 = 72
R B 6 KN
and RA = Total vertical loads - RB
3 6 RB
= 3KN
AC
AC
2.5.
AC 2 cd 2
22 1.52
and HA = sum of all horizontal loads
8KN
cos
2
0.8
2.5
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8
sin
1.5
0.6
2.5
Joint A:
Resolving the forces vertically,
FCA Sin 3KN
FCA
3
5KN (comp)
sin
Horizontally
FFA FCA cos H A

12KN Tensile
Joint C:
Resolving vertically
FCA
sin FCF
sin
FCA FCF
FCF 5KN Tensile
Horizontally,
FCD FCA cos FCF cos
FCD 8KN comp
Joint F:
Resolving vertically,
5 sin FDF sin 3
FDF 0
Resolving Horizontally,
12 5 cos FGF FDF cos
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9
FGF 16 KN Tensile
Joint D
f DG sin f Df sin
f DG 0
Resolving Horizontically,
f DE f CD 8KN
f DE 8KN comp
Joint G
f GE sin f DG sin 6
f GE 10 KN Tensile
Resolving Horizontally,
f GB 16 f GE Cos
16 10 0.8
= 8 KN (Tensile)
Joint E
f GE sin f BE sin
f BE FGE 10
f BE 10 KN (comp)
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10
2.
A boiler is subjected to an internal steam pressure of 2

N/mm2. The thickness of boiler plate is 2.0 cm and
permissible tensile stress is 120 N/mm2. Find out the
maximum diameter , when efficiency of longitudinal joint is
90% and circumference joint is 40%.
P = 2 N/mm2
f1
pd
2 l t
t = 2 cm
l 0.90
120 2 0.9 2
216.0cm
2
f2
pd
4 c t
f1 = 120 N/mm2
(i)
120 4 0.4 2.0

192cm
2
Maximum diameter of the boiler is equal to the minimum value of diameter

given by the equation (i) and (ii)
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11
d = 192 cm
If d is taken as equal to 216.0 cm , the longitudinal stress (f2) will be more than the
given permissible value
f2
3.
pd
135 N / mm 2
4 C t
A cylinder shell 3m long, 1m in diameter and 10 mm thick is

subjected to an internal pressure of 2 Mpa. Calculate the
change in dimensions of the shell and the maximum shear
stress induced E 210 5 Mpa . 0.3
Solution:
d = 1 m, L = 3 m, t = 10 mm, p = 2 Mpa = 2 N/ mm2
E 2 10 5 Mpa 2 10 5 N / mm 2 ;
i.
1
0.3
m
Change in diameter
pd 2
1
d
1
2tE 2m
2 1000
2 10 2 10 5
2
2m
= 0.425 mm
ii.
Chang e in length
pdL 1 1

2tE 2 m
2 1000 3000 1
0.3
5
2 10 2 10 2
= 1.5
0.2
= 0.3 mm
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12
iii.
Change in volume
v
V
d
d
L
L
0.425 0.3
2
1000 3000
1000 2 3000
= 2238384. 766 mm3

Maximum shear stress induced:
pd
8t
= 25 N/mm2
4.
Fig shows a warren grider consisting of seven members each of 6m

lengths freely supported at its end points. The grider is loaded at B &
C as shown in fig. Find the forces in all the members of the grider.
Taking moment about A and equating the same,

(VD*6)-(2*1.5)-(4*4.5) = 0
VD=21/6
=3.5t.
VA+VD=8.
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13
And
VA=(2+4) 3.5
=2.5t.
Methods of joints:
Consider the joint A. Let the directions of FAB and FAE be assumed as
shown in fig.
Resolving the forces vertically and equating the same,
FAB sin 60 =2.5
FAB= 2.5 / sin 60
=2.9t (Comp)
Resolving the forces horizontally and equating the same.
FAE FAB cos 60 =0
FAE = FAB cos 60
=2.9*0.5
=1.45t
Now consider joint D. Let the directions of FCD and FDE be assumed as shown.
Resolving the forces vertically and equating the same.
FCD sin 60 =3.5
FCD=3.5/sin60
=4.04t (Comp)
Now resolving the forces horizontally and equating the same.
FDE = FCD cos 60
=4.04*0.5
=2.02t (Tension)
Now consider joint B. Let the directions of FBC and FBE be assumed as shown.
FBE sin60= FAB sin60 -2
=2.9*0.866 2
=0.5t.
FBE= 0.5 / sin60
=0.58t (Tension)
Resolving the forces horizontally and equating the same.
FBC=2.9 cos60 +(0.58cos 60
FBC=1.74t ( Comp)
Now resolving joint C. Let the direction of FCE is assumed as shown in fig.
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14
FCE sin60+ 4= FCD sin60

=-4+(4.04*0.866)
=-0.5
FCE=-0.5 / sin 60
=-0.58 (Comp)
5.
Analyze the given truss by method of joints. (Apr/ May 04)
The truss is hinged at A and hence the support reactions at A will consists of a
horizontal reactions HA and a vertical reaction RA.
AC=4 cos = 4*0.866 = 3.464 m.
AB=2*AC = 2*3.464 = 6.928m.
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15
Taking moments about A,
RB * 12 = (2*AC) +(1*AD) +(1*AE)
RB=1.77kN
Total vertical components of inclined loads,
=(1+2+1) sin 60 + 1
=4.464 kN
RA= Vertical component of inclined loads
= 4.464-1.77
=2.69 kN
HA= Sum of all horizontal components
=2kN
FAC sin30 + (1*sin 60) = 2.974
FAC=4.216 kN(Comp)
Resolving horizontally,
FAE = 2+(FAC cos 30 ) (1*cos 60)
= 5.15 kN (Tensile)
Joint C:
FCE=2 kN (Comp)
FCD=FAC=4.216 kN (Comp)
Joint E:
1+(2*sin60) = FED sin60
FED=3.155 (Tensile)
Resolving horizontally,
5.15-(2*cos60) FED cos 60 - FEF=0
FEF=8 kN (Tensile)
At the joint G, two forces FBG and FDG are in the same straight line and hence the third
force FGF should zero.
Joint F:
In vertical,
FDF sin 60=0
FDF=0
In horizontal,
FFB=FEF=2.58 kN (Tensile)
Joint B:
In vertical,
FBG sin 30 = 1.49
FBG=2.98 kN(Comp)
Joint G:
FGD=FBG=2.98 kN
FGD=2.98 kN(Comp)
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16
6.
A truss of span 9m is loaded as shown in fig. Find the reaction of forces

in the members 1,2 and 3.
Taking moment about A,

RB*9 = (9*3) +(12*6)
RB=11 kN
RA=(9+12)-11
=10kN
Now draw a section line (1,-1) cutting the members 1,2 and 3 in which
forces are to be determined.
Taking moments of all the forces acting on the left part about point D.
(10*3) = F3*4
F3=7.5kN(Tensile)
Taking moments of all the forces acting on the left part about point G.
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17
(10*3) + (F1*4) =0
F1=-7kN (Comp)
Now taking moments about point C,
(F2*3) (9*3) +(F3*4) = 0
Substituting the value of F3,
F2=-1.0 kN (Comp)
F1=FCD=7kN(Comp)
F2=FDG=1 kN (Comp)
F3=FGH=7.5 kN(Comp)
7.
Analyze given the trusses using Tension coefficient method.
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18
(RC*8) + (50*3) = (100*4)
RC=31.25 kN
RA + RC=100
RA=68.7 kN
HC=50kN
Coefficients:
A=(0,0)
B=(4,3)
C=(8,0)
D=(4,0)
Joint A:
tAB(XB-XA) + tAD(XD-XA)=0
tAB(YB-YA) + tAD(YD-YA)=0
tAB(4) + tAD(4) =0
tAB(3) + tAD(0) =0
Equating this equation,
tAB=0 and tAD=0;
FAB=tAB*LAB=0
FAD=tAD*LAD=0
Joint B:
tBA(XA-XB) + tBD(XD-XB)+tBC(XC-XB)-50=0
tBA(YA-YB) + tBD(YD-YB)+tBC(YC-YB)=0
tBA(-4) + tBD(4-4)+tBC(8-4)-50=0
tBA(-3) + tBD(-3)+tBC(-3)=0
tBC = 12.5 kN
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19
8.
Analyse given the trusses using Tension coefficient method:
=sin-(4/5)
=53.13
Taking moment A,
(RC*6) = (8*3) +(6*4)
=8kN
RA=Total Load - RC
=0.
HA=6kN
Coefficients:
A=(0,0)
B=(3,0)
C=(6,0)
D=(6,4)
E=(3,4)
Joint A:
tAB(XB-XA) + tAE(XE-XA)=0
tAB(YB-YA) + tAE(YE-YA)=0
tAB(3) + tAE(3)=0
tAB(0) + tAE(4)=0
tAE=0 and tAB=0.
FAB=tAB*LAB=0
FAE=tAD*LAE=0
Joint B:
tBA(XA-XB) + tBC(XC-XB)+tBE(XE-XB)=0
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20
tBA(YA-YB) + tBC(YC-YB)+tBE(YE-YB)-8=0
-3tBA+ (3tBC) = 0
tBA and tBC are zero.
4tBE=8
tBE=2
FBA=tBA*LBA=0
FBC=tBC*LBC=0
FBE=tBE*LBE=2*4
=8 kN (Tension)
Joint C:
tCB(XB-XC) + tCE(XE-XC)+tCD(XD-XC)-6=0
tCB(YB-YC) + tCE(YE-YC)+tCD(YD-YC)+8=0
-3tCB 3tCE-6 = 0
4tCE+4tCD+8=0
tBC=0;
tCE=-2;
tCD=0;
FCD=0; FCB=0; FCE=(tCE x LCE) = -2 x 5 = -10 kN (Comp)
Joint D:
tDE (XE XD) + tDC (XC XD) +6 =0
tDE (YE YD) + tDC (YC YD) + 0 =0
-3tDE + 6 = 0 . This implies tDE = 2.0
-4tDC = 0 Therefore tDC = 0
FDC = 0:
FDC = tDE x LDE = 2*3 = 6.0 kN (Tension)
Result:
FAB = FAE = 0
FBE = 8 kN (T)
FBC = 0
FCE = 10 kN (c)
FCD = 0
FCE = 6 kN (T)

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when the ends do not yield.

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= 1750 kg/ cm2

22. At a point in a strained material the principal stresses are 100

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23. A point in a strained material is subjected to a compressive

= 288.2 kg/cm2 (Tensile)

Minimum intensity of direct stress.

24. A steel bolt 2.5 cm diameter is subjected to a direct tension of

Area = 4.91 cm2

Direct tension = 1500 kg.

Direct stress on the bolt =