Avalon Direct English Book 3

AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH
BOOK 3
Teacher Handbook
UPPER-INTERMEDIATE
Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999
Unit 1
5 Unit 1
v. to behave n. behaviour
Your behaviour is the way you say and do things.
Q. Would you behave politely at a job interview ?
Q. How does peoples behaviour change when they get drunk ?
Q. What kind of behaviour annoys you the most in other people ?
Q. How do people behave when they are angry ?
Q. How do people behave when they are sad ?
Q. How do people behave when they are nervous ?
NB. to behave yourself = behave well

Q. Did you always behave yourself when you were a child ?
Q. Do people always behave themselves at a party ?
adj. arrogant
adj. big-headed (informal)
If you are arrogant/big-headed, you are too confident and your

behaviour annoys people. Arrogant people often think they are better
than other people.
Q. Do you know any arrogant people ?

A. Yes, I know some arrogant people.
Q. Are very successful people often quite arrogant ?
A. Yes, very successful people are often quite arrogant.
Q. Would I be bigheaded if I said I was the best teacher in the

school ?
v. to boast
adj. modest
When you boast

, you talk about how good you are at something in an
arrogant way.
To be modest is the opposite of to boast.
Q. What kind of things do children often boast about ?
Q. How good is your English ?
Q. Are you being modest or bigheaded?
Q. Do you think it is arrogant for people to boast about how much

money they have ?
Q. If you can do something very well, do you think it is better to

boast or to be modest about it ?
6 Unit 1
v. to share
adj. generous
adj. selfish
If something is shared it is used by more than one person.
If someone is generous they are happy to share something.

If someone is selfish, they dont want to share what they have.
eg. Children from large families usually share a bedroom.
Q. Have you ever shared a room with anyone ?
Q. Are children often quite selfish ?
Q. Would you be generous or selfish if you didnt share your

birthday cake with your friends ?
Q. Would you be happy to share your book with another student ?
Q. Are you generous when you buy presents for your family ?
Q. Would you be more generous if you had more money ?
Q. Give me an example of selfish behaviour.
adj. greedy
n. greed
Q. Do greedy people like sharing things ?
Q. What animals are famous for being greedy ?
Q. Do you think greed is always a bad thing ?
Q. What is the difference between greedy and selfish ?
n. mood
n. temper
Your mood is how you feel emotionally.

e.g. People usually smile and laugh a lot when they are in a good mood.
If you have a bad temper you become angry very easily.
If you lose your temper you get angry.
eg. People shout and scream when they lose their temper.
Q. Are you in a good mood today ?
Q. How do people behave when they lose their temper ?
Q. Do you know anyone who has a really bad temper ?
Q. Have you ever lost your temper when driving ?
Q. What kind of things put you in a good mood ?
Q. What kind of things put you in a bad mood ?
adj. stubborn
adj. pigheaded
Stubborn people think they are right about something and wont change
their mind.
Pigheaded is an informal way of saying stubborn.
Q. Are you ever stubborn in an argument ?
Q. What animal is famous for being stubborn ?
Q. What is the difference between pigheaded and bigheaded?
7 Unit 1
v. to encourage
n. encouragement
If you encourage someone you help them and try to give them
confidence.
eg. My parents encouraged me to study hard at school.
Shy children often need a lot of encouragement.
Q. Do your teachers encourage you to speak good English ?
Q. Do parents usually encourage their children to smoke and drink?
Q. Did you get enough encouragement from your teachers when

you were at school ?
Q. What kind of things did your parents encourage you to do while

you were growing up ?
Q. Would you feel encouraged if I told you that your English was
improving ?
v. to cause
= to make something happen

= to be the reason why something happens
n. cause
eg. Bad weather often causes road accidents.
Q. Do you think unemployment causes crime?
Q. What kind of problems can be caused by bad weather ?
Q. What kind of health problems are often caused by smoking ?
Q. What are some of the causes of pollution in your country?
v. to make someone do something

If you make someone do something
you want them to do it, and so you
cause them to do it.

eg. My mother always made me wash my hands before eating dinner.
Q. Did your parents make you eat healthy vegetables when you
were a child ?
Q. Do I make you repeat the sentence if you make a lot of mistakes?
Q. Have you ever made someone do something that they didnt
want to do ?
Q. What kind of behaviour can make you lose your temper ?
v. to force someone to do something

n. force
To force
has a similar meaning to to make someone do something but

it is stronger.
If you are forced to do something, you dont want to do it but you have no
choice.
eg. The bank robber forced the frightened man to give him the money.
The police sometimes have to use force when arresting criminals.
Q. Have you ever been forced to eat food that you didnt like ?
Q. Are young men forced to join the army in your country ?
Q. Are you being forced to study English ?
8 Unit 1
Q. Is it better to use force or encouragement when teaching
children ?
Q. What are the armed forces ?
Q. What kind of people use force to get what they want ?
Q. Is it easy to make a stubborn person change their mind ?
Q. I f you became very rich and successful, would you be more

arrogant ?
v. to order
n. order
To order has two meanings.

1. to order someone to do something.
v expr. to give orders
v expr. to follow orders
To order means to tell someone to do something but it is much stronger.
If you are ordered to do something you must do it.
eg. The soldiers were ordered to swim across the river
NB. We always use the imperative to give an order.
eg. Clean your gun!
Dont touch that!
Q. What kind of people give orders ?
A. Soldiers give orders.
Q. If you are ordered to do something, do you have to do it ?
Q. Have you ever given an order ?
Q. Has your boss ever ordered you to do something ?
2. to order something from someone n. course

You order food in a restaurant from a waiter or waitress.
A meal may have three courses : a starter, main course and a
dessert.
You can also study a course at university or college.
Q. Who takes your order in a restaurant ?
Q. Do you usually order more than one course in a restaurant ?
Q. What is your favourite starter/dessert ?
Q. What kind of course are you studying here ?
Q. Have you been to university ?
Q. What course did you study ?
v. to punish
n. punishment
Q. Were you ever punished at school ?

Q. What for ?
Q. What was your punishment ?
8 Unit 1
Q. What is a common punishment for criminals ?
Q. Do you think teachers should be allowed to physically punish

school children ?
Q. What kind of things do teachers/parents force children to do as a

punishment ?
n. judge
n. trial
n. court
A trial is when a court decides if a person is guilty or innocent
Q. Who is the most important person in a court ?
Q. What does a judge have to decide at the end of a trial ?
Q. Have there been any famous trials recently ?
v. to kill
v./n. to murder
n. murderer
To murder means to kill someone illegally
Q. Which animals are killed for food ?
Q. Have you ever killed an animal ?
Q. What is the punishment for murder in your country?
10
Q. Can you think of any famous murderers ?
n. blood
n. fingerprint
Q. What colour is blood ?
Q. What does blood carry around the body ?*
Q. Do the police take your fingerprints if you are arrested ?
Q. Why do criminals often wear gloves ?
v. to prove
n. evidence (uncountable)
The facts that show if something is true or not are called evidence
.
The verb to prove means to show that something is true by using
evidence.
Q. What is your name ?
Q. How can you prove it ?
Q. What do you have to carry when you travel abroad to prove your
nationality ?
Q. Is there any evidence to prove that aliens have landed on earth ?
Q. What kind of evidence do the police look for when there is a

murder ?
11
Q. What do we call the people who try to prove that someone is

innocent or guilty in court ?
10 Unit 1
v. to identify n. identity / I.D.
n. identity card
Q. What does an identity card prove ?
Q. Do you have to carry your identity card at all times ?
Q. How do the police identify criminals ?*
Q. Can you identify the mistakes in these sentences ?

a. My friend behaved very bad at the party.
b. He has arrived three days ago.
c. I found the word by look it up in my dictionary.
v. to predict
n. prediction n. weather forecast
To predict means to say what you think will happen in the future.
eg. When people gamble, they try to predict the result of a sporting
event.
Q. Is it easy to predict the result of a horse race ?
Q. What different ways are there of trying to predict the future ?*
12
Q. Make a prediction about your future.
Q. What do they predict on the weather forecast ?
Q. Can you think of anyone who was famous for making

predictions?
predictions using to be going to / will

We can use both will and to be going to when we predict the future,
but there is an important difference between the two kinds of prediction.
1. Predictions using to be going to.
When we make a prediction about the future because of evidence we
know or see in the present, we usually use to be going to.
eg Look at those dark clouds in the sky, its going to rain soon.
Q. Make predictions using to be going to from this evidence:
a. Your friend always drives too fast.*
b. Your team is playing very well in a football match.*
c. You have drunk too much wine.*
2. Predictions using will.
When we make a prediction about the future that expresses our opinions
but we are not sure because we dont have much evidence, we usually
use will.
Because we are not sure we often say I think (that) something will
happen or something will probably happen.
eg. I think an African country will win the World Cup in the next ten
years.
I think theyll probably get here at about 5 oclock.
13
Q. What time do you think youll get home this evening ?
11 Unit 1
Q. Do you think every home will have a computer soon ?
Q. What kind of changes will happen in your life in the next ten
years ?
Exercise
Choose wil l or to be going to for these sentences.
1. That woman is really angry. I think she is going to hit (to hit) that man.
2. I think it will be (to be) a really good party tonight.
3. Too many people are dancing on the table, it is going to break (to
break).
4. I think people will go (to go) on holiday to the Moon next century.
v. to slap
v. to smack
Q. Have you ever slapped someone because you were angry ?
Q. Would it hurt if you were smacked in the face by the ball in a

game of football ?
Q. Do you think its right for parents to punish their children by

smacking if they are badly behaved ?
v. to punch
n. fist
Q. In what sport do people punch each other ?
Q. What do boxers wear on their fists ?
14
Q. Apart from punching something, why might you make your hand
into a fist ?
v. to bully
n. bully
Q. Do older children often bully younger ones ?
Q. Do you think bullying is a common problem in schools ?
Q. Do people ever get bullied at work ?
Q. How do you think school bullies ought to be punished ?
v. to forgive
forgave
forgiven
If you forgive someone who has done something wrong, you stop being
angry with them and you dont want to punish them any more.
eg. My friend was very angry because I broke her toy, but she forgave
me when I bought her a new one.
Q. Is it always easy to forgive people who have done bad things to
us ?
12 Unit 1
Q. Do you think its better to punish criminals or to forgive them ?
Q. Would you forgive me if I laughed at your mistakes in the

lesson?
15
Q. Would you forgive someone if they broke an important promise ?

phr v. to make (something) up
phr v. to tell (someone) off
n. excuse
Q. Do children make things up when they dont want to tell the

truth?
Q. What kind of excuses do people often give for being late ?
Q. My mother was the first woman in space. Do you believe me or
do you think I am making it up ?
Q. Do you always tell the truth when you are late or do you
sometimes make up excuses ?
Q. Do parents tell their children off for making a mess ?
Q. Did your teachers ever tell you off at school for not doing your
homework ?
Q. I f your child got their clothes dirty would you smack them or tell
them off ?
Q. Who could order you to open your suitcase ?
Q. Who could order you to get out of your car ?
Q. Why might someone slap your face in an emergency ?
16
Unit 2
13 Unit 2
adj. valuable
adj. worthless
If something costs a lot or is very important, it is valuable.

Worthless is the opposite.
Q. Are you wearing anything valuable ?
Q. Do you think a good education is valuable ?
Q. Are old stamps always worthless ?
Q. Are your friends valuable to you ?
adj. precious n. jewellery (uncountable)
n. stone
Q. Give me an example of a precious stone.
Q. Give me an example of a precious metal.
Q. What kind of jewellery is it traditional to give your husband/wife

at a wedding ?
Q. What kind of jewellery often has precious stones ?
Q. What kind of things are made out of stone ?
17
v. to be worth
If something is worth 10, you would get 10 if you sold it.
eg. My watch cost 100 when I bought it but it is only worth about 50
now.
Q. How much did you pay for your watch?
Q. When did you buy it ?
Q. How much do you think it is worth now?
Q. How much do you think my ring is worth?
Q. What kind of things are worth more the longer you keep them ?
Q. Are holidays always worth the money ?
expr. to be worth + gerund

If something is worth doing its a good idea and there are good reasons
to do it.
If something isnt worth doing its probably a waste of time.
eg. It is worth looking up new words in a dictionary.
It is not worth washing your car while its raining.
Q. Is it worth learning English ?
Q. Do you think its worth spending a lot of money on good food ?
Q. Do you think its worth spending a lot of money on an expensive

car ?
18
Q. Do you think it is worth having a smoke alarm at home?
14 Unit 2
Q. Is it worth learning a foreign language if you are going to work in
that country ?
Q. Is it worth learning a foreign language if you are going on a short

holiday ?
Q. How much do you think it is worth spending on a haircut ?

linking words and clauses
1. And, but, because, when, while and if are all examples of linking
words.
We use linking words to join two sentences together.
When sentences are joined together by a linking word we call them
clauses.
I went home. I was ill. = two sentences
I went home because I was ill. = one sentence
This sentence has two clauses joined by the linking word because.
Remember that a clause always has a verb in it.
2. A linking word can go between the two clauses or at the
beginning.
eg. If the fax is not working, you should post the information.
OR You should post the information if the fax is not working.
When the linking word is at the beginning, there should be a comma (,)
between the clauses.
Not all linking words can go in both places. And can only go in the
middle.
eg. My brother is called Bruce and my sister is called Sheila.
19
The linking word and cannot be moved to the beginning.

exercise
Put the following l inking words into these sentences.
after before so while because but if
1. Ill wait here in the car while you go and buy some cigarettes.
2. Because you are my friend I will lend you the money that you need.
3. Before she met me, she was married to a film star.
4. You have finished all your work so you can go home.
5. I have to take a shower after playing tennis.
6. If anyone wants me, you can find me in the office.
v. to treat
n. treatment
1. the way people treat you is the way they behave towards you
eg. I left my job because my boss treated me badly.
Q. If you kicked a dog, would you be treating it well or badly ?
Q. Do you always treat strangers politely ?
Q. Would you leave a good job if you were treated badly?

Q. Do we always treat our friends and family well ?
15 Unit 2
2. to treat someone like + noun
eg. My grandparents still treated me like a child when I was 25.
Q. Do they sometimes treat you like a criminal at customs ?
Q. Have you ever had a job where your boss treated you like a
child?
20
3. to try to cure an illness or an ill person

eg. Doctors treat patients in hospital.
Paracetamol is a good treatment for a headache.
Q. Who treats patients in a hospital?
Q. Have you ever been treated in hospital?
Q. What is the best treatment for a hangover ?
Q. What do we call people who treat sick animals?
adj. gentle
adj. rough
Q. Would you treat a baby roughly or gently?
Q. Have you ever been treated roughly by anyone?
Q. What kind of sports are very rough?
Q. What kind of people have to have a gentle touch?*
n. situation
We use the word situation to talk about what is happening in a particular
place at a particular time.
eg. It was an embarrassing situation when I didnt have enough money
to pay for dinner.
Q. Have you ever been in a really embarrassing situation?
Q. Have you ever been in a dangerous situation ?

21
Q. If you were unhappy with your situation at work, what would you
do ?
Q. In what kind of situation would you give an order ?
Q. In what kind of situation would you behave very politely ?
adj. temporary
adj. permanent
If something is temporary, we know it will not continue for a long time.

The opposite of temporary is permanent.
Q. Is a summer job temporary or permanent?
Q. Do you have a permanent job?
Q. Are you living in this city temporarily?
Q. What is your permanent address?
16 Unit 2
Q. What can cause permanent damage to your health?
Q. Give me some examples of temporary accommodation.
22
continuous tenses for temporary situations

We often use continuous tenses for temporary situations.
eg. I live in London.
I am living with my brother (while I look for some accommodation).
eg. I worked for the government for five years.
I was working on a farm last summer.
Q. Where are you living at the moment?
Q. Is that where you usually live?
Q. Are you working at the moment ?
Q. Is that your permanent job?
Q. What were you doing at this time last year?
Q. Were you living in the same place last year as you are now?
Q. Is it worth recycling things or do you think it is a waste of time?
Q. Tell the class about a dangerous situation you have been in.
v. to affect
n. effect
To affect means to cause a change in something.

eg. Pollution affects the environment.
What you eat has an effect on your health.
Q. Does the weather affect your mood?
Q. How does alcohol affect your mood?
23
Q. What kind of things have a bad effect on the environment?
Q. Do smoking and drinking have good or bad effects on peoples

health?
Q. How do they affect our health ?
the present perfect continuous

The construction of the present perfect continuous is :
subject + have been + present participle

eg. We have been working hard.
1. We use this tense for an action that started in the past and is still
happening in the present.
eg. I have been waiting here for half an hour.
(I started waiting half an hour ago and Im still waiting now.)
Q. How long have you been learning English at this school?
Q. How long have you been living in this city?
17 Unit 2
2. There are three kinds of situation when we use the present
perfect continuous.
i. To talk about how long something has been happening, particularly
with temporary situations.
eg. He has been working on a farm all summer.
Q. How long have you been sitting in this classroom ?
24
Q. How long have I been teaching English?
Q. How long have you been studying book 3?
Q. How long have you been wearing that shirt?
ii. Recent actions that cause present effects.

eg. My clothes are dirty. I have been working in the garden.
Q. Use the present perfect continuous to give reasons for these
situations.
eg. His hands are dirty. He has been repairing his bicycle.
a. The streets are wet. What has been happening ?
b. He is very tired. What has he been doing ?
c. Her English is much better than it used to be. . What has she been
doing ?
d. He doesnt understand what the teacher is talking about. What
hasnt he been doing ?
e. Her eyes are red. What has she been doing ?
iii. We use the present perfect continuous for recent habits or repeated
activities.
eg. My wife has been getting home very late from work recently.
Q. Have you been sleeping well recently?
Q. Have you been studying hard recently?
25
Q. Have you been eating healthy food recently?
Q. Have you been drinking a lot recently?
n. sense of humour
n. sarcasm adj
sarcastic
Your sense of humour is the kind of things that you think are funny.
If you have a good sense of humour you often laugh at things and
make other people laugh.
If you say the opposite of what you think in order to be funny, you are
being sarcastic.
eg. I think English people are always so happy because they have such
nice
weather.
Q. Do you like people with no sense of humour?
Q. Do you think someones sense of humour depends on their

nationality?
Q. Do you have a sarcastic sense of humour?
18 Unit 2
Q. Do you like my clothes/haircut ?
Q. Do you really like them or are you being sarcastic?*
adj. intelligent
n. intelligence
n. genius
Q. Do you think mice are intelligent animals?
Q. Give me an example of a very intelligent animal ?

26
Q. Give me an example of a famous genius?
Q. Do you have to be a genius to understand English grammar?
Q. Do you think intelligence is something you can learn or

something you are born with ?
Q. Do you think dogs are more or less intelligent than cats?
n. theory
in theory
n. practice (uncountable)
in practice
A theory is the idea that something is possible or true.

Practice is doing something in real life.
eg. Einsteins theories changed the way we understand the world.
In theory there is enough food in the world for everyone, but in practice
many people dont have enough food.
Q. Which scientist became famous for his General Theory of
Relativity?
Q. Do you believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys ?
Q. In theory can you teach yourself a foreign language from a

book?
Q. Do you think this really works in practice ?
Q. In theory computers make our lives easier, but in practice what

kind of problems can they cause ?
27
Q. In theory anyone can become rich if they work hard, but do you
think this is true in practice ?
Q. Do your plans usually work in practice ?
Q. Are there any funny people in your country who are famous for
being
sarcastic ?
Q. I f someone drinks too much, can it have an effect on their work?

Q. Have you been taking exercise recently?
Q. Have you ever tried to do something that was easy in theory but
really difficult in practice?
adj. stupid
adj. silly/daft
n. idiot
eg. I failed my exam because I made too many silly mistakes.
English people sometimes say, Dont be stupid/silly/an idiot! when

they think something is a bad idea or they dont agree with someone.
These expressions are impolite.
Q. Do you think people who get drunk and violent are silly or stupid ? A. I
think people who get drunk and violent are stupid.
19 Unit 2
Q. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus,
would you be silly or stupid?
28
Q. How would you feel if someone called you an idiot?
Q. Have you ever felt stupid because you couldnt understand

something?
Q. Give me an example of silly behaviour.
Q. Give me an example of stupid behaviour.
adj. serious
expr. to take something seriously
1. A serious person is someone who usually thinks carefully about

things and
doesnt like silly behaviour.
If you take something seriously, you think it is important and worth
doing well.
Q. Do news readers usually look serious on television ?
Q. Do you take studying English seriously ?
Q. Did you take your education seriously at school ?
conj. However
However is a linking word. It has the same meaning as but.
There are three differences between however and but.
1. However is more formal than but and we usually use it in written
English. We do not use it a lot when speaking.
29
2. However does not link clauses together in one sentence.

eg. I didnt like him when I first met him but we are very good friends
now.
I didnt like him when I first met him. However, we are very good friends
now.
3. However can go in different places in a sentence.
Usually we put it at the beginning of a sentence.
eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. However, the manager did not
believe us.
It can also go at the end of a sentence, after a comma.
eg. We were sure we had paid the bill. The manager didnt believe us,
however.
Or it can go in the middle of a sentence, between two commas.
eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. The manager, however, didnt
believe us.
Q. Which linking word has the same meaning as however?
Q. Is however more common in written or spoken English?
Q. Does however join clauses in the same sentence?
Q. Make a sentence with however.
20 Unit 2
adj. practical
adj. impractical
If someone is practical, they find the easiest and best way to do

something.
eg. Trains were the first practical way for people to travel very long
distances.
Q. Is it practical to live a long way from where you work?
30
Q. Does experience teach you to be practical?
Q. In what kind of jobs do you need to be practical?
Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up

late?
Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a
famous foreign city?
Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very

cold in the winter?
Q. What would be the practical thing to do if you couldnt repair

something yourself ?
Q. What kind of things do you think are worth taking seriously ?
Q. Have you ever been treated like an idiot in a foreign country

because you couldnt speak a foreign language ?
Q. What is one of the most stupid things you have ever done ?
v. to hang (up)
n. hanger
v. to fold
hung
hung
Q. What kind of things hang from the ceiling?
31
Q. Where would you hang a picture?
Q. Where would you hang a wet towel?
Q. What kind of clothes do you hang on a hanger?
Q. Do you fold jumpers or hang them up ?
n. advertising
v. to advertise
n. advertisement (advert/ad)
n. product
Q. Would you like to work in advertising?
Q. Have you ever advertised anything in a newspaper or magazine?
Q. What products are made by Honda?
Q. What products are made by Pepsi Co. ?
Q. Have you ever bought a particular product because you liked the
advertisement ?
v. to replace v / n. guarantee
adj. guaranteed
If you replace an old light bulb, you put a new one in.
If a product is sold with a guarantee it means the company promises to
repair or replace it if it stops working.
Q. What kind of things do you often have to replace ?*
32
21 Unit 2
Q. Do all products have a guarantee?
Q. Which parts of the body can be replaced?
Q. Is your watch guaranteed?
Q. How long does the guarantee last?
Q. If you buy something that is guaranteed, does the shop have to

replace it if it doesnt work ?
Q. Do you fold your clothes carefully after washing them ?
Q. Where is a practical place to hang winter coats in summer?
Q. Are very intelligent people sometimes not very practical ?
Q. What kind of products are advertised on television ?
Q. When you go on holiday are you always guaranteed to have a

good time ?
v. to exaggerate
n. exaggeration
We exaggerate when we say that something is bigger, better, worse etc.

than it really is.
33
Q. Do children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other

stories ?
Q. Why do you think journalists sometimes exaggerate news

stories?
Q. Have you ever exaggerated an illness so you could have a day

off school or work?
Q. Are companies allowed to exaggerate about their products in
advertisements ?
v. to avoid + gerund / noun

If you avoid doing something, you find a way not to do it.
eg. Children often try to avoid doing their homework.
Lazy people avoid hard work.
Q. Did you use to avoid tidying your room ?
Q. Have you ever tried to avoid playing sport at school?
Q. Do you try to avoid traveling during the rush hour?
Q. How can you avoid falling asleep when driving long distances ?
n. trouble to be / get in trouble (with someone)

If you are in trouble other people are angry, because you have done
something badly.
Q. What parts of the body often give people trouble?
34
Q. Have you ever had back trouble ?
Q. Did you ever get in trouble with your teachers at school?
Q. What do you think car/engine trouble is?
Q. What would I mean if I said something was no trouble?
Q. Who would you call if you were in trouble with the Police ?
22 Unit 2
to have trouble + gerund

If you have trouble doing something, you find it difficult to do
Q. Do you have trouble understanding English people when they

speak very quickly?
Q. Have you ever had trouble finding accommodation?
Q. Have you ever had trouble finding someone's house?
Q. What kind of people have trouble getting clothes that are the
right size?
NB. Trouble is usually a singular, uncountable noun.

We dont describe one particular situation as a trouble.
Instead, we use the word problem.
eg. I am having some trouble with my computer. (uncountable)
35
There are two problems, the memory and the keyboard. (countable)
v. to own
adj. own
If you own something it belongs to you.

eg. My sister owns a local pub.
We use the adjective own to show that something is used or belongs to

one particular person.
There is always a possessive adjective (my, her etc.) before own, and
never an article.
eg. I didnt have my own room when I was a child but I shared with my
sister.
Q. Do you own your home or do you rent it?
Q. Do you have your own car?
Q. What do students do if they dont have their own book?
Q. Do you know anyone who owns two houses?
36
Unit 3
23 Unit 2
n. population v. to increase v. to decrease

The population of a country is the number of people in it.
If something increases, it gets bigger or goes up.
If something decreases, it gets smaller or goes down.
Q. What is the population of your country ?*
Q. Is the population of the world increasing or decreasing ?
Q. Is unemployment increasing or decreasing in your country ?
Q. In theory, is there enough food for the whole population of the

world ?
Q. What do children do if they want to avoid going to school ?
Q. If you kept on being late for work, would you get into trouble ?
Q. What else could you get into trouble for ?
Q. Have you ever tried to avoid someone because you were in

trouble with them ?
Q. What would you do if you needed to use a computer and you

didnt have your own ?
37
v. to rise = to go up v. to fall (2) = to go down

rose
risen
n. the cost of living = how much it costs for rent, food, clothes etc.
Q. Does smoke usually rise or fall ?
Q. Are prices rising or falling at the moment ?
Q. Is the cost of living higher in the USA or your country ?
Q. Is the cost of living rising or falling in your country ?
Q. What is the verb form of :

a. to rise ?
b. to fall ?
Q. What is the verb form of to rise ?
Q. What is the verb form of to fall ?
v. to set n. sunrise n. sunset

set
set
eg. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Q. About what time did the sun rise this morning ?
Q. Does the sun set earlier in winter than in summer ?
Q. What kind of people often get up at sunrise ?
38
Q. Do you get beautiful sunsets in your country ?
24 Unit 3
transitive and intransitive verbs
adj. transitive adj. intransitive

When a verb can have an object it is called a transitive verb.
When a verb cannot have an object it is called an intransitive verb.
To take is a transitive verb.
eg. Jane took her dog to the vet.
subject transitive verb object
To rise is an intransitive verb.
eg. Unemployment is rising.
subject intransitive verb NO object
There are some transitive verbs which have a similar meaning to
intransitive verbs.
Transitive:
v. to raise
v. to drop
Intransitive:
to rise
to fall
eg. The glass fell (on the floor).

subject intransitive verb NO object.
I dropped the glass (on the floor).
subject transitive verb object.
The student raised his hand to ask a question.
subject transitive verb object
The sun rose (at six oclock this morning).
subject intransitive verb NO object.
Q. What is the difference between to raise and to rise ?
Q. Why do students raise their hands in a class ?
Q. What usually happens when a glass falls on the floor ?
39
Q. Does an intransitive verb have an object ?
Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to :

a. raise ?
b. drop ?
Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to raise?
Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to drop?
NB. Because intransitive verbs do not take an object, it is not possible to

make the
passive voice with them.
Active: Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.
subject verb object
Passive: Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare
subject to be + verb object (agent)
Active: I fell off my bicycle.
subject verb no object
Passive: not possible
25 Unit 3
phr v. to pick something up
If you pick something up, you take it from the floor.
Q. If you dropped a penny on a dirty street, would you pick it up ?
Q. What about a 1 coin ?
Q. In what sports can you pick up the ball and run with it ?
phr v. to pick someone up phr v. to drop someone off

If you pick someone up, you go and collect them to take them
somewhere.
40
If you drop someone off, you take them to a place and leave them
there.
Q. Did your parents use to drop you off at school or did you go on
your own ?
Q. If you are at your home-town station or airport, who usually picks

you up ?
phr v. to pick (out)

If you pick something (out), you choose one thing from many.
Q. Pick a number from one to ten ?
Q. Do you take a long time to pick out new clothes when you go
shopping ?
v. to exist n./adj. human n. human being

If something exists it is a real or true thing in the world.
eg. Religious people believe that God exists.
Q. Did human beings exist 10 million years ago ?
Q. Did this building exist 50 years ago ?
Q. Do you think that aliens really exist ?
Q. Is there any evidence to prove that aliens really exist ?
adj. extinct n. dinosaur

41
Dinosaurs dont exist any more because they are extinct.

Q. Do dinosaurs still exist ?
Q. Why not ?
Q. Are human beings extinct ?
Q. About how many years ago did dinosaurs exist ?
Q. Which famous bird became extinct in the 19th Century ?
Q. Do you believe that human beings will become extinct in the

future ?
Q. What evidence is there to prove that dinosaurs really existed ?
n. danger expr. in danger of + gerund

Q. What kind of people put their lives in danger when they work ?
Q. If you smoke cigarettes, what illness are you in danger of getting

?
26 Unit 3
Q. Which animals are in danger of becoming extinct ?
Q. What colour is usually used to warn people about possible

danger ?
42
n. thief (pl. thieves) n. burglar phr.v. to break into

n. break-in
A thief is anyone who steals things.
A burglar is a thief who steals from houses.
A burglar breaks into a house.
Q. What do we call people who steal things ?
Q. What kind of thief breaks into houses and steals things ?
Q. Has your house ever been broken into by a burglar ?
Q. What do you think should be the proper punishment for

burglars?
Q. Why would someone break into:

a. a bank ?
b. an art gallery ?
Q. Why would someone break into a bank ?
Q. Why would someone break into an art gallery ?
v. to protect (from) n. protection

n. alarm n. alarm clock phr v. to go off
We use alarms to protect our houses from burglars.
When an alarm starts, we say it goes off.
Q. How do people protect their homes from burglars ?
Q. Who try to protect us from criminals ?
43
Q. What is the best protection against insect bites ?
Q. Do you think that we should try to protect animals which are in

danger of becoming extinct ?
Q. Are there any protected animals in your country ?
Q. What time did your alarm clock go off this morning ?
Q. Why do people have smoke alarms in their homes ?
Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we :

a. drive a car ?
b. ride a motorbike ?
Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we drive a car ?
Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we ride a motorbike ?
v. to burn* n. fire
adj. burnt
People burn wood, coal and gas to keep warm.
Q. What do we burn on a fire ?
Q. Do you have a fire at home ?
Q. What kind is it ?
Q. Have you ever

a. burnt yourself ?
44
b. your dinner ?
Q. Have you ever burnt yourself ?
Q. Have you ever burnt your dinner ?
27 Unit 3
v. to sunbathe n. sunbathing n. suntan

n. sunburn
Q. Do you like sunbathing ?
Q. Do you get a suntan easily ?
Q. If you spend too long in the sun, what are you in danger of
getting ?
Q. Have you ever had sunburn ?
v. to peel adj. raw

We need to peel a banana before eating it.
If something is raw, it is uncooked.
Q. Which vegetables need peeling before we eat them ?
Q. Which vegetables can be eaten raw ?
Q. Have you ever eaten raw :

a. fish ?
b. meat ?
Q. Have you ever eaten raw fish ?

45
Q. Have you ever eaten raw meat ?
Q. Why might your skin peel ?
Q. What kind of birds wake people up by singing at sunrise ?
Q. Are some big shops protected by video cameras ?
Q. What would you do if the fire alarm went off in this school ?
Q. What do we use to protect our skin from being damaged by the

sun ?
adj. delicious adj. disgusting

n./adj. fat adj. greasy
Q. Give me an example of food you think is delicious.
Q. Give an example of food you think is disgusting.
Q. What kind of habits do you think are disgusting ?
Q. Is the food from your country greasy ?
Q. What kind of food has a lot of fat ?
Q. What kind of animals are often very fat ?
46
n. diet to be/go on a diet n./adj. vegetarian

n. vitamin n. calorie*
A diet can be special food you eat to lose weight or it can be the kind of
food
you eat generally
Q. Do you have a healthy diet ?
Q. Have you ever been on a diet ?
28 Unit 3
Q. What vitamins do we get from fruit ?
Q. What does a vegetarian avoid eating ?
Q. What kind of food is very high in calories ?
Q. Why might someone go on :

a. a low-calorie diet ?
b. a high-calorie diet ?
Q. Why might someone go on a low-calorie diet ?
Q. Why might someone go on a high-calorie diet ?
v. to make sense
If something makes sense we understand it or believe that it is right or
practical.
eg. If you dont have much money it makes sense to buy food at a
market.
(because its cheaper.)
47
If a sentence doesnt make sense we cant understand it because it is

wrong.
eg. The sentence Coffee me good milk. doesnt make sense.
The sentence I like white coffee. makes sense.
The sentence I was so tired that I stayed up all night. doesnt make
sense.
The sentence I was so tired that I went to bed very early. makes sense.
Q. Can you understand something if it doesnt make sense ?
Q. Do you think it makes sense to study English at home ?
Q. Does it make sense to come to school if you dont want to learn?
Q. Do you think it makes sense to get insurance when you travel

abroad ?
Q. Do these sentences make sense ?

a. I am go there.
b. I hate running out of milk.
c. I had a really nice holiday because the weather was too hot.
v. to communicate n. communication n./adj. satellite

To communicate means to share information with or give information to
someone.
There are many forms of communication.
eg. speaking, phone, fax, e mail, letters etc.
Q. Tell me some ways humans communicate with each other ?
Q. What is the most common form of communication ?
48
Q. How do people communicate with each other without using

words ?
Q. Is satellite television common in your country ?
Q. When are satellite communications needed ?
adj. clear adv. clearly

If something is clear, it is easy to see or understand.
If you speak clearly, it is easy for someone to understand you.
Q. When would you try to speak slowly and clearly to someone ?
Q. What kind of people have to have very clear voices ?
Q. Can you see clearly what is written on the board ?
Q. Do you think that the grammar in this book is explained clearly ?
29 Unit 3
unless
Unless is a linking word. We use it to make conditional sentences, so it
is similar
to if. Look at these two sentences:
I will call the police if you do not stop shouting.
I will call the police unless you stop shouting.
Both sentences have the same meaning. (Unless you stop = if you do
not stop).
NB. In the first sentence the verb is positive, while in the second
sentence it is negative.
49
exercise
A. Change these sentences using if into sentences using unless.
1. You will have to leave the hotel if you dont pay tomorrow.
You will have to leave the hotel unless you pay tomorrow.
2. I will hate him forever if he doesnt apologise.
I will hate him forever unless he apologises.
3. They will never win if Paul Gasket doesnt play.
They will never win unless Paul Gasket plays.
B. Now finish these example sentences with a clause that makes sense.
1. I wont go to the party unless I feel better.
2. My dog wont bite you unless you provoke it.
3. You cant come in unless you leave your shoes outside.
Q. Would you have trouble communicating in a foreign country
unless you spoke the language ?
Q. Make a sentence with the word unless.
Q. What does someone on a fat-free diet avoid eating ?
Q. Does it make sense to eat in restaurants if you havent got much

money ?
Q. Can you speak English well enough to communicate all your

feelings clearly ?
adj. proper adv. properly

If something is proper it is the right thing to do or use in a particular
situation.
If something is done properly, it is done well and in the right way.
eg. A proper wedding ring is made of gold.
You should wash your hands properly before you start cooking.
50
Q. What is a proper wedding ring made of ?
Q. Why is it important to cook pork properly ?
Q. How long does it take to clean your teeth properly ?
Q. Can you wash your hair properly without shampoo ?
Q. What is the proper tense to use when:

a. an action happened in the past but is important in the present ?*
b. we imagine a situation that we dont think will really happen ?*
Q. What is the proper tense to use when an action happened in the
past but is important in the present ?*
Q. What is the proper tense to use when we imagine a situation that

we dont think will really happen ?
30 Unit 3
A proper noun is the name of a person, a place or an organization.
We must use a CAPITAL LETTER for all proper nouns.
eg. London, France, Pepsi Co. and Charles are all proper nouns.
Q. Give me some examples of proper nouns.
prep. over
the preposition over has three meanings:
1. above and not touching
eg. There is a mirror over the basin in my bathroom.
51
2. over + period of time usually describes a slow change.

eg. Her English improved over the year.
3. more than
eg. He was over a hundred when he died.
NB. the opposite is under
eg. People under 16 cannot get married in the UK.
Q. In what sports do we hit a ball over a net ?
Q. How has your life changed over the last five years ?
Q. Is it illegal for people under 16 to drive in your country ?
Q. Do you know anyone who is over a hundred ?
phrv. to run over = hit an animal or person in your car

phrv. to get over = feel better/normal after a bad experience
phrv. to go over = look at or study something again.
Q. What kind of animals are often run over on the roads ?
Q. How long does it take to get over a bad cold ?
Q. Is it a good idea to go over irregular verbs before an exam ?
adv. suddenly adj. sudden

adv. gradually adj. gradual
If something happens gradually, it happens slowly over a period of time.
If something happens suddenly, it happens quickly and we are
surprised.
52
Q. Do people grow up suddenly or gradually ?
Q. Can the weather sometimes change suddenly in your country ?
Q. Has their been a gradual rise in unemployment over the last ten
years ?
Q. Have you ever had to stop suddenly to avoid running over an

animal ?
Q. Do your moods change suddenly ?
53
Unit 4
31 unit 4
n. natural resource
n. oil
n. coal
n. gas
A natural resource is anything we take from the environment and use.

Oil, coal and gas are common natural resources.
Q. Give me some examples of natural resources ?
A.
Q. Does your country have any natural resources ?
A.
Q. What kind of natural resources are burnt in order to make
electricity?
A.
Q. What do you think is the most precious natural resource ?
A.
Q. What products do we get from oil?
A.
n. energy
adj. energetic
Q. Do children have a lot of energy ?

A.
Q. What kind of food gives you a lot of energy ?
A.
Q. Where do plants get energy from ?
A.
Q. What about humans and animals ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of a very energetic exercise.
A.
54
Q. Do you feel energetic when you first get out of bed ?

A.
n. power adj. powerful

n. nuclear power n. solar power
Q. What is the most powerful country in the world ?
A.
Q. Who is the most powerful person in your country ?
A.
Q. How does your country make electricity ?
A.
Q. Do you think nuclear power is safe ?
A.
expr. good for you = healthy expr. bad for you = unhealthy
Q. Why are holidays good for you ?
A.
Q. Do you enjoy doing things that are bad for you ?
A.
Q. Is sunbathing good for you ?
A.
32 Unit 4
adj. cruel adj. kind adj. unkind

Q. Do you think it is cruel to keep animals in zoos ?
A.
Q. Are people usually kind to their pets ?
A.
Q. Have you ever been treated unkindly at work ?
A.
Q. Is it cruel to punish children physically ?
55
A.
Q. Give me an example of :
a. kind behaviour.
b. cruel behaviour.
Q. Give me an example of kind behaviour ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of cruel behaviour ?
A.
v. to shoot v. to hunt n. hunting

Q. What kind of animals hunt and kill other animals ?
A.
Q. Do you think hunting is cruel ?
A.
Q. Are animals shot if they become dangerous ?
A.
Q. What kind of people are taught to shoot ?
A.
v. to ban n. ban
Q. In what kind of buildings is smoking banned ?
A.
Q. Do you think hunting should be banned ?
A.
Q. What kind of things are banned on flights ?
A.
Q. Why do some football clubs ban alcohol at matches ?
A.
56
n. pressure expr. to be/feel under pressure

We feel under pressure when we have a lot of work to do, but we dont
have
much time to do it.
eg. Journalists have to work under pressure.
Q. Do you feel under pressure when you get a difficult question in
the lesson ?
A.
Q. What kind of people are always under pressure at work ?
A.
Q. Do you work well under pressure ?
A.
Q. In what kind of situations are people under a lot of pressure ?
A.
expr. to put someone under pressure (to do something)
If you put someone under pressure to do something, you make them
feel that they have to do it.
eg. I wanted to get a job after finishing school, but my parents put me
under pressure to go to university.
Q. Do people sometimes put you under pressure to buy things in a
shop ?
A.
Q. Have your parents ever put you under pressure to do

something?
A.
33 Unit 4
Q. If you were unemployed would you feel under pressure to get a
job ?
A.
57
Q. Are professional athletes under a lot of pressure to win ?

A.
Q. Which natural resources are we in danger of running out of
soon?
A.
Q. Where does solar energy come from ?
A.
Q. Do you think we should use more solar power instead of burning
natural resources ?
A.
Q. What do these expressions mean ?

a. flat hunting
A.
b. job hunting
A.
Q. Do you think an international ban on nuclear weapons would
make the world a safer place ?
A.
n. stress adj. stressed (out) adj. tense

adj. stressful
Stress is caused when people are very worried about their problems and
when
they feel under too much pressure. Our bodies often feel tense in this
kind of situation.
Q. Is stress good for you ?
A.
Q. What kind of problems can cause a lot of stress ?
A.
Q. How does your behaviour change when you feel stressed out ?
A.
Q. Is traveling during the rush hour stressful ?
58
A.
Q. Have you ever been in a stressful situation at work ?
A.
Q. How do you try to relax when you are feeling tense ?
A.
v. to cope with + noun/gerund

To cope with expresses your abilty to make the right decisions and
behave well in a difficult or stressful situation.
eg. My grandmother couldnt cope with looking after my grandfather on
her own, so they came to live with my parents.
Q. What kind of people have to cope with a lot of pressure at work ?
A.
Q. Are you good at coping with pressure ?
A.
Q. Have you ever had to cope with a friend who was too drunk to
walk home ?
A.
Q. Do you think smoking helps people to cope with stress ?

A.
Q. Do you think you would be able to cope in a Book-4 class ?
A.
Q. How do people help each other to cope with their problems ?
A.
Q. Would you be able to cope with looking after a large group of

children ?
A.
59
34 Unit 4
phr.v. to bring up children = to look after a child until they are grownup.
Q. Who brought you up ?
A.
Q. Did your parents bring you up to be polite to strangers ?
A.
Q. How do parents cope with bringing up their children if they both
work ?
A.
n. personality
When we describe someone as lazy, confident or kind, we are describing
their personality.
A television personality is a famous person who is often on television.
Q. How would you describe your personality ?
A.
Q. Has your personality changed since you were a child ?
A.
Q. Describe your best friends personality.
A.
Q. What kind of things can change a persons personality ?
A.
Q. Who is one of the most famous television personalities in your
country ?
A.
adj. optimistic adj. pessimistic

n. optimist n. pessimist
60
Q. Would you describe yourself as an optimist or a pessimist ?

A.
Q. Are you optimistic about the future of the world ?
A.
Q. How optimistic are you that you will find a good job ?
A.
Q. If I said that I didnt think I would ever be successful would I be
an optimist or a pessimist ?
A.
n. synonym n. antonym
A synonym is a word with the same meaning as another word.
An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning of another word.
Q. What is a synonym ?
A.
Q. What is an antonym ?
A.
Q. What is a synonym of:
a. arrogant
A.
b. shut
A.
c. stubborn
A.
Q. What is a synonym of arrogant?
A.
Q. What is a synonym of shut?
A.
Q. What is a synonym of stubborn?
A.
Q. What is the antonym of :
61
a. love
A.
b. generous
A.
c. innocent
A.
Q. What is the antonym of love ?
A.
Q. What is the antonym of generous ?
A.
Q. What is the antonym of innocent ?
A.
Some common synonyms of words you have studied are:
adj. afraid = frightened adj. clever = intelligent
adj. glad = happy v./n. rush = hurry
Q. What kind of things were you afraid of when you were a child ?
A.
Q. Who do you think is one of the cleverest people in the history of
your country ?
A.
35 Unit 4
Q. How can you tell that someone is really glad to see you ?
A.
Q. Why would you have to rush to school in the morning ?

A.
Q. Is it good for you to eat your dinner in a rush ?
A.
62
adj. true adj. false

False is an antonym of true.
It can also be an antonym of the word real.
Q. Say true or false after these sentences.
a. America is the biggest country in the world.
A.
b. A diamond is a precious stone.
A.
c. Vegetarians only eat meat.
A.
d. The verb to fall is transitive.
A.
Q. What kind of people need a false identity ?
A.
Q. Why might someone need false teeth ?
A.
Q. What do we mean by:

a. a false friend ?
b. false modesty ?
Q. What do we mean by a false friend ?
A.
Q. What do we mean by a false modesty ?
A.
expr. to take your time over + noun expr. to take it easy

(informal) + gerund
If you take your time over something, you do it without hurrying.
It is the antonym of to rush.
eg. The exercise is very difficult, so take your time over it.
To take it easy is an informal way of expressing the verb to relax.
eg. After a long day at work, I take it easy at home.
63
Q. Do people take their time doing something difficult ?

A.
Q. Do you usually take your time over dinner ?
A.
Q. What kind of work do you need to take your time over ?
A.
Q. What kind of things do you do when you are taking it easy ?
A.
Q. Do you have the kind of job where you can sometimes take it
easy ?
A.
n. suffix
A suffix is a group of letters that we add to the end of a word to change
its form.
We use the suffix -ly to make adverbs from common adjectives.
eg. quick quickly
slow slowly
nervous nervously
Q. What letters do we add to some adjectives to make the adverb ?
A.
Q. Give me some examples.
A.
36 Unit 4
suffix - ness
We add the suffix -ness to some adjectives to form nouns.
adjective
happy
sad
rude
kind
selfish
noun
happiness
sadness
rudeness
kindness
selfishness
64
lazy
laziness
n. character n. characteristic
Character is a synonym of personality.
Your characteristics are the different parts of your character.
We often use nouns with the suffix -ness to describe peoples
characteristics.
eg. He is a nice man but his laziness causes problems at work.
Q. Do you like people with a friendly and honest character ?
A.
Q. What characteristics do you look for in a friend ?
A.
A character can also be the name of a person in a book or film.
eg. James Bond is a famous film character.
Q. Which two lovers are Shakespeares most famous characters ?
A.
Q. Which actors have played the character of James Bond ?
A.
n. literature = novels, plays and poetry.
n. article n. title n. lyrics n. composition
Q. Have you ever studied foreign literature ?
A.
Q. What is the title of this book ?
A.
Q. What are the titles of these films in your language ?
a. Jaws
A.
b. Gone with the Wind
A.
c. Titanic
A.
65
Q. What is the title of a famous Shakespeare play ?

A.
Q. What are lyrics ?
A.
Q. Did you have to write compositions at school ?
A.
Q. Where do we read articles ?
A.
Q. Do they often make films from novels ?
A.
Q. Can you think of any famous examples ?
A.
n. fiction n. non-fiction n. biography n. autobiography
If a book or film is described as fiction it is not a true story.
Some examples of non-fiction are biography and autobiography.
Q. Do you prefer reading fiction or non-fiction ?
A.
Q. Give me some examples of non-fiction books.
A.
Q. Have you ever read someones biography or autobiography ?

A.
37 Unit 4
adj. fair adj. unfair

If something is fair it is right and proper.
It isnt fair to cheat at sport so we have referees and umpires to make
people play fairly.
Q. Is it fair to cheat in an exam ?
A.
66
Q. Are bosses always fair at work ?

A.
Q. Who makes sure that both teams play fairly in a football match ?
A.
Q. Would it be fair if I asked the same student all the questions ?
A.
Q. Do women do more housework than men in your country ?
A.
Q. Do you think that is fair ?
A.
n. appearance = the way you look n. plastic surgery
Q. How do people check their appearance ?
A.
Q. What kind of things can affect your appearance ?*
A.
Q. In what situations do people worry a lot about their appearance ?
A.
Q. If someone isnt happy with their appearance what can they do to

change it ?
A.
adj. vain n. vanity

Q. Is it vain to always worry about your appearance ?
A.
Q. Do you think men are more vain than women ?
A.
Q. Are all good-looking people vain ?
A.
67
Q. Do you think vanity is a good characteristic ?

A.
Q. Do you think it is vain to have pictures of youself on your wall ?
A.
adj. curly adj. straight adj. bald

v. to dye
Q. What can you do if you want to change your hair colour ?
A.
Q. If you were going to dye your hair, what colour would you
choose ?*
A.
Q. What else can you dye apart from your hair ?
A.
Q. Do people in your country usually have curly or straight hair ?
A.
Q. Is it common for men to go bald as they get older ?*
A.
38 Unit 4
suffix able
The suffix -able is added to nouns to make an adjective.
These adjectives often describe what something is.
eg. n. fashion adj. fashionable
n. comfort adj. comfortable
n. change adj. changeable
Q. Are your clothes fashionable ?
A.
Q. Is your seat comfortable ?
A.
Q. Is the weather changeable at this time of year ?
A.
68
The suffix -able can also be added to verbs to make an adjective.

These adjectives mean can be done.
eg. v. to drink adj. drinkable
Q. Is the tap-water drinkable here ?
A.
adj. avoidable adj. enjoyable adj. washable

adj. loveable adj. likeable
Q. Are accidents usually avoidable if people are careful ?
A.
Q. What kind of materials arent usually washable in very hot water?
A.
Q. What kind of things do you find enjoyable when you're taking it
easy ?
A.
Q. Are pets and babies usually loveable ?
A.
Q. Do you think you are a likeable person ?
A.
Q. Are people usually more likeable when they are drunk ?
A.
v. to influence n. influence
If something or someone influences you, they affect the way you think
or behave.
Q. Does alcohol influence the way people behave ?
A.
Q. Who are the people who have the strongest influence on you
while you are growing up ?
A.
69
Q. Do you think that someones appearance can influence what we

think about them ?
A.
Q. Have you ever been influenced by a book or a film ?

A.
v. to persuade someone to do something n. persuasion

If you persuade someone to do something you make them do it by
giving them good reasons.
Q. How do companies try to persuade us to buy their products ?
A.
Q. Have you ever been persuaded to buy something by an advert?
A.
Q. What do we call people who are very difficult to persuade ?*
A.
Q. If you wanted to persuade someone to go on holiday in your
country, what would you tell them ?
A. .
39 Unit 4
n. advantage (of) + noun/gerund n. disadvantage

An advantage is a reason why one thing is better than another.
eg. An advantage of studying English in Britain is that you can practise
every day.
A disadvantage of studying English in Britain is that you are away from
your family and friends.
Q. Tell me one advantage of living in the countryside ?
A.
70
Q. Tell me one disadvantage ?

A.
Q. What are the advantages of:

a. plastic furniture ?
b. riding a bicycle to work ?
Q. What are the advantages of plastic furniture?
A.
Q. What are the advantages of riding a bicycle to work?
A.
Q. What are the disadvantages of:

a. owning a car ?
b. car alarms ?
c. camping ?
Q. What are the disadvantages of owning a car ?
A. T
Q. What are the disadvantages of car alarms ?

A.
Q. What are the disadvantages of camping ?

A.
Q. Tell me one advantage of being able to speak English.
A.
although even though

Although and even though are linking words. They have the same
meaning.
They are similar to but. Look at these sentences.
eg. I studied hard but I didnt pass the exam.
Although I studied hard, I didnt pass the exam.
71
She used to love John, but now she wants to marry Peter.
Although she used to love John, she wants to marry Peter now.
Q. Do you ever have to keep working although you are tired ?
A.
Q. Why would someone avoid eating chocolate even though they
liked it a lot ?
A.
Q. Do you sometimes buy new clothes although you cant really

afford them ?
A.
Q. Have you ever taken a day off work/school even though you
werent really ill ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of something that exists even though you
cant see it ?*
A.
prep. despite
Despite has exactly the same meaning as although. However, they use
different constructions.
Although is followed by a clause (with a verb).
Despite is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (not a verb).
eg. Despite his money problems, he is happy.
(his money problems - no verb)
Although he has money problems, he is happy.
(he has money problems - verb)
NB. We always use although with a clause, and despite with a noun or
pronoun.
Q. Are some people unhappy despite having lots of money ?
A.
Q. Which professional sportsmen/women sometimes have to play
despite bad weather ?
A.
72
Q. When might you have to smile despite being in a bad mood ?

A.
40 Unit 4
NB. In spite of can be used instead of despite.
eg. I got the job in spite of my scruffy appearance.
Q. Can you give me an example of someone who became rich and
famous in spite of being poor as a child ?
A.
Q. Which famous African man became president of his country
despite being in prison for 27 years ?
A.
Q. What kind of serious health problems can be caused by too

much stress ?
A.
Q. Do you think it is vain to have plastic surgery ?
A.
Q. When persuasion doesnt work, what can you do to make people
change their minds ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of things that people do even though they

know it is bad for their health.
A.
Q. Give me an example of vain behaviour.
A.
Q. What kind of animals do you think are the most loveable ?
A.
73
Unit 5
41 Unit 5
n. region n. area n. city centre n. suburbs

A region is a particular part of a country.
An area is a particular part of a town or city.
Q. What region of your country do you come from ?
A.
Q. Are we in the centre or the suburbs of this city ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of a mountainous region.
A.
Q. Do you live in the suburbs of your city ?
A.
Q. What is the most expensive area of your city ?
A.
Q. What kind of buildings do we find in city centres ?
A.
Q. Are there any museums/art galleries/good restaurants in this
area ?
A.
n. industry n. agriculture
adj. industrial adj. agricultural
Q. Does a farmer work in industry or agriculture ?
A.
Q. What about a factory worker ?
A.
Q. Do you live in an industrial city ?
74
A.
Q. Give me an example of an industrial region in your country.
A.
Q. Give me an example of an agricultural region in your country ?
A.
Q. Is there a lot of pollution in industrial areas ?
A.
n. society adj. social
Society means everyone who lives in particular country, area or city.
Society can also mean people in general.
eg. Drugs are a danger to society.
We use the adjective social when we talk about relationships between
people or groups of people.
Q. What are some of the biggest dangers to society ?
A.
Q. Do you think society has changed a lot in the last 20 years ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of a social problem in your country ?
A.
Q. What social problems are common in big cities but rare in the
countryside ?
A.
Q. Which is more important to you, your work or your social life ?
A.
42 Unit 5
Making nouns from adjectives by using the definite article
adj. homeless
75
We can change some adjectives to nouns by using the definite article.

adjective
rich
poor
unemployed
homeless
noun
the rich = rich people generally
the poor = poor people general
the unemployed = unemployed people generally
the homeless = homeless people in general
NB. These nouns are always plural.

eg. The unemployed are often helped by the government.
Q. Do you think the rich should pay more tax than the poor ?
A.
Q. Do you ever give money to the homeless ?
A.
Q. Do you think the unemployed are given enough help by society ?
A.
adj. huge = really big adj. tiny = really small

adj. awful = really bad adj. fantastic = really good
Q. What is the antonym of huge ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of a tiny animal ?
A.
Q. Would you take a day off if you felt awful ?
A.
Q. Have you ever had a fantastic holiday ?
A.
Q. Where did you go ?
A.
such a + adj. + noun + that

eg. It was such an easy exam that everyone passed.
London is such a huge city that I keep getting lost.
exercise
76
Change so to such in the following sentences.

eg. The exam was so difficult that everyone failed.
It was such a difficult exam that everyone failed.
1. The film was so boring that I fell asleep.
It was such a boring film that I felt asleep.
2. The exam was so easy that everyone passed.
It was such an easy exam that everyone passed.
3. He is so lazy that he never gets up before midday.
He is such a lazy person that he never gets up before midday.
43 Unit 5
expr. such as expr. like

such as and like have the same meaning as for example.
eg. There are many different kinds of birds, such as pigeons, swans and
ducks.
Q. What kinds of birds are common in cities ?
A.
Q. Have you ever collected things such as stamps or postcards ?
A.
Q. Have you ever been to a very cold country like Iceland or Norway
?
A.
adj. steep n. valley n. hill adj. hilly

Q. Are there any steep hills in this city ?
A.
Q. Is a hill bigger or smaller than a mountain ?
A.
Q. Are there any hilly areas in your country ?
A.
Q. Are there any beautiful valleys in your country ?
A.
77
Q. What are the advantages of computers ?

A.
Q. Have they got any disadvantages ?
A.
Q. What word do we use to describe someone who is always

negative about the future despite there being no reason for it ?
A.
Q. Is industry more important than agriculture in your country ?

A.
v. to climb n. ladder n. step

Q. Have you ever climbed :
a. a mountain ?
b. a ladder ?
Q. Have you ever climbed a mountain ?
A.
Q. Have you ever climbed a ladder ?
A.
Q. Who were the first people to climb Mt. Everest ?*
A.
Q. What kind of animals are good at climbing trees ?

A.
Q. What is the difference between steps and stairs ?
A.
Q. What kind of people use a ladder in their work ?

A.
Q. Have you ever fallen off a ladder ?
A.
78
v. to be used to + noun/ gerund

If you are used to (doing) something it is normal, usual or easy because
you have done it many times before.
eg. My father has been a farmer all his life, so he is used to getting up
very early in the morning.
We often say I am (not) used to (doing) something when we want to
show that it might be difficult or strange for us to do something new or
different.
eg. People sometimes feel ill when they go abroad because they arent
used to (eating) foreign food.
44 Unit 5
Q. Are penguins used to very cold weather ?
A.
Q. What kind of people are used to getting up very early in the
morning ?
A.
Q. What kind of people are used to driving long distances without
getting tired ?
A.
Q. Did you find this way of studying English a bit strange when you
first came to this school ?
A.
Q. Are you used to it now ?

A.
Q. Why is it difficult for many foreign people to drive a car in
England ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of:
a. something you are used to doing.
b. something you are not used to doing.
Q. Give me an example of something you are used to doing.
79
A.
Q. Give me an example of something you are not used to doing.
A.
v. to get used to + noun/gerund

To get used to something means that we are doing something that
was difficult when we started but is becoming easier.
eg. It is sometimes quite difficult to get used to foreign currency when
you go abroad.
We often use to get used to in the present continuous when we are
doing something new in the present.
eg. My new job was really difficult when I started, but Im getting used
to it.
(It is still quite difficult, but it is becoming easier.)
Q. Are you getting used to speaking English ?
A.
Q. What kind of things do people have to get used to when they
start a new job ?
A.
Q. Is it difficult to get used to working with computers if you have

never used one before ?
A.
Q. Do you think it is difficult to get used to living in a foreign

country ?
A.
Q. How long does it take your eyes to get used to the dark if the
lights suddenly go out ?
A.
v. to float v. to sink
sank
sunk
80
Q. Does wood float ?

A.
Q. Does stone float ?
A.
Q. Which unsinkable ship is famous for sinking on its first
journey?
A.
Q. What caused it to sink ?
A.
Q. Have you ever found a fly floating in your drink ?
A.
Q. What is the verb form of to sink ?
A.
v. to cancel v. to delay adv. on time

adj. cancelled adj. delayed
If something is arranged and then cancelled, it doesnt happen.
If something is delayed it happens later than arranged.
Q. Why are flights sometimes cancelled ?
A.
Q. Why might you have to cancel a holiday ?
A.
45 Unit 5
Q. If a train is delayed, does it arrive on time ?
A.
Q. What can cause trains and buses to be delayed ?
A.
Q. Were you on time for the lesson today ?

A.
81
Q. Are trains and buses always on time ?

A.
n. service adj. efficient

adj. inefficient
A service is something the public needs such as transport, hospitals and
schools.
If someone or something is efficient they are able to do things
successfully without wasting time, money or energy.
eg. If a service is efficient, it is well-run, quick and cheap.
Q. Do you have a free health service in your country ?
A.
Q. What public services do you pay for with your taxes ?
A.
Q. Is the postal service efficient in your country ?

A.
Q. If trains are often delayed or cancelled, is the service efficient or
inefficient ?
A.
suffix hood
Some nouns can be made by adding the suffix -hood to a noun.
These adjectives often come from words describing family situations.
n. childhood n. motherhood
n. fatherhood n. neighbourhood
Q. Who was the most important person in your childhood ?
A.
Q. Are you ready for fatherhood/motherhood ?
A.
Q. Do you think that some people never get used to motherhood or
fatherhood ?
82
A.
Q. Does your neighbourhood have any social problems ?

A.
n. storm = strong wind with rain or snow

n. thunder n. lightning
Q. At what time of year are there a lot of storms in your country ?
A.
Q. Do we see or hear :
a. thunder ?
b. lightning ?
Q. Do we see or hear thunder ?
A.
Q. Do we see or hear lighting ?
A.
Q. In what season do you get thunder storms in your country ?
A.
Q. Do ships ever sink in storms at sea ?
A. .
adj. severe adj. mild

Severe weather is very bad weather.
A severe problem is a very serious problem.
Mild Something which is mild does not usually give us problems.
Q. Do you get severe winters in your country ?
A.
46 Unit 5
Q. What happens to flights when the weather is very severe ?
A.
Q. At what time of year is the weather quite mild in your country ?
83
A.
Q. What kind of things can cause severe health problems ?
A.
n. disaster n. flood
n. hurricane
n. earthquake
A disaster is something very bad that happens and usually affects many
people.
Floods, hurricanes and earthquakes are examples of natural disasters.
Q. Give me some examples of natural disasters.
A.
Q. Is your country ever affected by severe earthquakes ?
A.
Q. Have there been any natural disasters in the news recently ?
A.
v. to strike
n. strike
struck
struck
If workers strike (or go on strike), they stop working temporarily because
they are not happy with their situation at work ?
eg. The nurses are striking because they want better pay.
Q. Have there ever been any strikes in your country ?
A.
Q. What are some of the most common reasons for going on strike
in your country ?
A.
Q. What kind of strikes cause the most problems for the public ?
A.
84
The verb to strike can also mean to affect something in a negative way.
We often use it when talking about natural disasters and illnesses.
eg. The North of Scotland has been struck by severe storms and floods.
Q. Has your country ever been struck by a natural disaster ?
A.
Q. Which part of the USA is often struck by earthquakes ?
A.
Q. Which countries are often struck by severe floods ?
A.
prep. due to (+ noun) = because of

eg. The flight was cancelled due to severe weather.
Q. Has your journey ever been delayed due to bad weather ?
A.
Q. Do you think most of the pollution in cities is due to cars ?
A.
Q. What else is it due to ?
A.
Q. Do you think that people should get paid for days off due to
illness ?
A.
47 Unit 5
n. submarine n. subway
Q. What does a subway go under ?
A.
Q. Where does a submarine travel ?
A.
Q. What is the similarity between these words ?*
A.
85
n. headline adj. dubbed

n. sub-heading adj. subtitled
Q. Are foreign films usually dubbed or subtitled in your country ?
A.
Q. Which do you prefer ?
A.
Q. Why are headlines so large ?*
A.
Q. Are sub-headings above or below the headline ?
A.
n. prefix
A prefix is a number of letters we add to the beginning of a word to
change its meaning.
e.g. subtitle
im + possible - impossible
negative prefixes
un + kind - unkind
exercise
Make the antonyms for these words using the correct prefixes.
impatient illegal unavoidable
uncommon inefficient unlikely
impractical unfriendly unusual
adj. regular adv. regularly
If something happens regularly, it happens often and at similar times.
Q. Do you take/do regular exercise ?
A.
Q. Is there a regular train service from your station ?
A.
Q. How regularly do you eat in restaurants ?
86
A.
Q. How many national daily newspapers are there in your country ?
A.
Q. Do you read one regularly ?
A.
Q. Which one ?
A. .
n. routine adj. daily
then
after that later (on)
A routine is the things we do at the same time every day.

We use the present simple when we describe our routine.
eg. I get up at about 7 oclock, then I have a shower and have breakfast.
After that I go to work and later on I have a drink with friends.
Q. Do you have a daily routine ?
A.
Q. Describe it. I get up at about 7 o'clock. Then I have a shower and
have breakfast. After that I go to work and later on I have a drink
with friends.
48 Unit 5
Q. Do you like having a routine ?
A.
Q. Why would someones daily routine change ?
A.
Q. Do you think having a routine makes people more efficient ?

A.
Q. Describe what you did yesterday.
A.
v. to suffer (from) n. hayfever n. migraine

87
Q. What is a migraine ?
A.
Q. If you drink too much, do you suffer a lot the next day ?
A.
Q. Have you ever suffered from :
a. a migraine ?
b. hay fever ?
Q. Have you ever suffered from a migraine ?
A.
Q. Have you ever suffered from hayfever ?
A.
Q. Do people sneeze a lot when they suffer from hayfever ?
A.
v. to irritate = to annoy adj. irritating = annoying

adj. irritated = annoyed
Q. Do you feel irritated when trains or buses are delayed ?
A.
Q. What kind of things do you find really irritating ?
A.
Q. What kind of things can irritate you on a train journey ?
A.
Q. What kind of materials can irritate peoples skin ?

A.
v. to trust adj. trustworthy

If you trust someone, you believe that they are honest and they will keep
their promises.
eg. I can trust my best friend with my secrets.
Most people trust their bank to look after their money.
88
Q. Who can you trust with your secrets ?

A.
Q. Do you trust your bank to look after your money ?
A.
Q. Can you trust people who sell things in the street ?
A.
Q. Are children always trustworthy ?
A.
v. to rely (on) adj. reliable

If you rely on something, you often need it in order to do something.
eg. People rely on public transport to get to work.
If you can rely on someone you trust them to to do what they promise to
do.
eg. I can rely on my friend to keep my secrets.
Q. Do you rely on public transport to get to work ?
A.
Q. What machines do people who work in offices rely on ?
A.
Q. Can you always rely on people to keep their promises ?
A.
Q. Who can you rely on to keep a secret ?
A.
49 Unit 5
Q. Are you a reliable person ?
A.
Q. If a machine often breaks down, is it reliable or unreliable ?
A.
Q. What kind of people are used to coping with looking after noisy
children ?
89
A.
Q. How would you feel if you were in a small boat during a storm ?
A.
Q. If you suffer from hay fever, what parts of your body get irritated
?
A.
v. to believe in
n. religion adj. religious
If you believe in something you are sure that it exists or you think it is
right and good.
Q. What would your religion be if you believed in :
a. Allah ?
b. Christ ?
c. Buddha ?
Q. What would your religion be if you believed in Allah ?
A.
Q. What would your religion be if you believed in Christ ?
A.
Q. What would your religion be if you believed in Buddha ?
A.
Q. Do you believe in :
a. aliens ?
b. God ?
c. life after death ?
Q. Do you believe in aliens ?
A.
Q. Do you believe in God ?
A.
Q. Do you believe in life after death ?
A.
90
Q. Give me an example of a very religious country ?

A.
v. to pray n. temple n. mosque n. synagogue

Q. What religion are you if you pray in :
a. a mosque ?
b. a church ?
c. a synagogue ?
Q. What religion are you if you pray in a mosque ?
A.
Q. What religion are you if you pray in a church ?
A.
Q. What religion are you if you pray in a synagogue ?
A.
Q. What kind of things do people pray for ?
A.
Q. Do you think that praying can help people cope with their
problems ?
A.
v. to provide
(someone with something)
(something for someone)
If you provide someone with something, you give them the things they
need.
Q. What should a good hotel provide you with ?
A. A good hotel should provide you with a clean room and good service.
Q. What should parents provide for their children ?
A. Parents should provide food and the good home for their children.
Q. Do some hospitals provide their patients with free treatment ?
A. Yes, some hospitals provide their patients with free treatment.
Q. What kind of food provides you with vitamin C ?
91
A.
n. system
Q. Do you have an underground system in your city ?
A.
Q. Do you think the public transport system is efficient in your city
?
A.
Q. Does your home have an alarm system ?
A.
Q. Do all countries have the same education system ?
A.
50 Unit 5
n. the state = government adj. state

The adjective state is used to describe anything run by the government.
Q. Does the state own any industries in your country ?
A.
Q. What should the state provide for the population ?
A.
Q. Did you have a state education ?

A.
Q. Who is the head of state in this country ?
A.
NB. The opposite of a state industry is private industry.
Q. Which is usually more efficient, state industry or private
industry?
A.
92
v. to judge n. judgement
If you judge something, you give your opinion about it.
Q. Is it better to judge someone by their words or their actions ?
A.
Q. Do you think you can judge someones character from their
appearance ?
A.
Q. Do you think we can judge someones intelligence from their

qualifications ?
A.
Q. Do you think it is fair to make judgements about people because

of their nationality ?
A. .
n. race n. prejudice adj. prejudiced

If you are prejudiced against someone, you judge them negatively
without knowing them or having any evidence for your judgement.
Q. What races of people lived in America before the Europeans
arrived ?
A.
Q. Have you ever suffered from prejudice ?

A.
Q. Do you think the police are sometimes prejudiced ?
A.
n. racism n. racist adj. multi-cultural

n. sexism n. sexist
93
Sexism is a prejudice against someones sex.

Racism is prejudice against someones race or colour.
Q. Do you think that society in your country is sexist ?
A.
Q. Do you think that most men are still sexist ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of sexist behaviour.
A.
Q. What is the best way to fight racism ?*

A.
Q. What do we mean by multi-cultural society ?
A.
Q. Give me an example of a city where society is multi-cultural.

A.
94
Unit 6
51 Unit 6
n. term adj. long-term adj. short-term
In Britain, the school and university year is divided into three terms.
Long-term means for a long period of time, and short-term is for a short
period of time.
Q. How long is a university term in your country ?
Q. Do you have any long-term plans ?
Q. If you have problems with money, what is the short-term answer

?
adj. certain + that + clause n. certainty

+ about + noun
If you are certain about something, you are 100% sure about it.
eg. I am certain that Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
I am certain that he is here, I saw him five minutes ago.
Q. What is the capital of your country ?
Q. Are you certain ?
Q. Is there anyone in your house at the moment ?
Q. Are you certain ?
95
Q. Can we ever be certain what the weather will be like ?
Q. If you practice a lot, is your English certain to improve ?
Q. Is it a certainty that:
a. the sun will rise tomorrow ?
b. I will teach you tomorrow ?
Q. Is it a certainty that the sun will rise tomorrow ?
Q. Is it a certainty that I will teach you tomorrow ?
Q. Do you have any habits that irritate other people ?
Q. Have you ever suffered from a severe hangover ?
Q. What positive effects does regular exercise have on your body ?
Q. Do you work better when you have a routine ?
modal verbs (3)

Using must and can to express certainty.
We use must and can to say we are certain about something because
we have evidence.
i. We use must to say that something is true.
eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He must be quite ill.
(ie. I am certain he is quite ill.)
ii. We use cannot or cant to say that something isnt true.
eg. Peter cant be ill because I saw him playing football this morning.
96
52 Unit 6
Q. Say something about these sentences using must or cant.
eg. I havent eaten since yesterday evening.
You must be really hungry.
i. I stayed up all night last night.
ii. My brother owns a large successful company.
iii. There is smoke coming from the kitchen.
iv. My father is younger than me.
modal verbs in the past - must / cant

We can use must and cant to express certainty about the past.
construction: must + have + past participle
cant + have + past participle
eg. I havent got my wallet. I must have left it at home.
You cant have left your wallet at home because you had it in the
restaurant.
Q. Use must have or cant have to explain these situations.
eg. I ate three pizzas last night.
You must have been very hungry.
i. He slept for twelve hours last night.
ii. I left my bike outside the school but it has gone.
iii. This chicken is raw on the inside.
modal verbs in the past might
Might + have + past participle expresses possibility instead of
certainty.
eg. He is very late. He must have got lost. = I am certain.
He is very late. His car might have broken down. = I am not certain
but it is a possibility.
97
Q. Say what you think might have caused these situations.

eg. She is crying. She might have hurt herself.
i. He is sneezing. ii. He is late. iii. I cant find my wallet.
Q. He is sneezing.
A. He might have caught a cold.
Q. He is late.
A. His train might have been delayed.
Q. I cant find my wallet.
A. You might have left it at home.
modal verbs in the past should
When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we
use
should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to
do it.
eg. I didnt understand how to do that exercise.
You should have asked your teacher.
I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe.
You shouldnt have tried to move it on your own.
53 Unit 6
Q. Tell me what I should or shouldnt have done in the following
stuations.
eg. I am sunburnt. You should have used suntan lotion.
i. I lost 300 at a casino last night.
ii. All my plants have died.
iii. I have to have two bad teeth taken out. You shouldn't have eaten so
many sweets.
v. to emphasise n. emphasis
If a word or phrase is important we often emphasise it so that the reader
or the listener will pay attention to it.
The easiest way to emphasise something is to say it louder.
eg. I told you to meet me at FOUR oclock.
98
(I am angry because you came at five)

Dont sit THERE.
(Thats the teachers chair.)
In written English, we can emphasise words by putting them in :
bold italics CAPITALS or by underlining
Q. Tell me what word or phrase is being emphasised in these
sentences.
i. I cant read Japanese. (But I can speak it.)
ii. You need to buy a ticket before Friday. ( Friday is too late)
There are some particular words that we use for emphasis.
i. still - When we add still to a sentence or clause, it does not change
the meaning but it emphasises that a situation has not changed.
eg. The photocopier is still broken. (It has not been repaired yet.)
ii. only
eg. Ive only got 10, its not enough.
iii. yet
eg. Havent you finished yet?
iv. so/such
eg. Thank you for such a lovely present. I like it so much.
adv. just adv. already
v. just - We use just to emphasise that an action happened very
recently.
eg. I havent read the letter yet because I have just received it.
vi. already - We use already to emphasise that something has
happened before now.
eg. I cant show you the letter because I have already sent it.
We can also use already to show that something has happened
suprisingly quickly.
eg. She only started her business two years ago and she is already a
millionaire.
Q. Which words have you just studied ?
99
Q. What have I just done ?*
Q. Has anyone just:

a. come into the classroom ?
b. had breakfast/lunch ?
Q. Has anyone just come into the classroom ?
Q. Has anyone just had lunch ?
54 Unit 6
Q. Who has just answered a question ?
Q. Can you think of anyone who is already famous even though

they are very young ?
Q. Why would someone take an exam again even though they had
already passed it ?
Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say :
a. Ive just done it.
b. Ive done it already.
Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say 'Ive just done it' ?
Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say 'Ive done it already' ?
v. to compare conj. whereas conj. while
100
If you compare two things, you think about how they are similar or
different and their advantages or disadvantages.
eg. After comparing the two shirts, I bought the red one because I
preferred the colour.
We often use whereas/while when we compare two things.
eg. When I compare coffee to wine, I think that coffee is better in the
morning because it helps me to wake up, whereas wine is nicer in the
evening because it makes me feel relaxed.
Q. Compare my shoes with your shoes.
Q. Compare your country with England.
Q. If you compare smart shoes to trainers what are their advantages

and disadvantages.
Q. If you compare English with your language, what is the biggest

difference ?
Q. Compared to the past, do you think people treat each other

better or worse ?
v. to control n. control
Q. Can we control the weather ?
Q. Who controls your country ?
Q. In what situations is it hard to control your feelings ?
Q. What is a remote control ?
101
expressions with control
to be in control to be out of control

to take control to lose control
Q. Who is in control of a trial ?
Q. Do you think that crime is out of control in some cities ?
Q. When did China take control of Hong Kong ?
Q. What might happen if you lost control of a car ?
adj. main adv. mainly

Main means the most important or the biggest.
Q. What is your main reason for learning English ?
Unit 6 55
Q. What is the main meal of the day in your country ?
Q. Do you live on a main road ?
Q. What is the name of the main street in your city ?
Q. Do you think examinations are mainly a test of memory ?
Q. When gambling, do you think winning depends mainly on luck or

ability ?
102
v. to complete adj. complete adv. completely

Q. Have you completed your education yet ?
Q. Were you a complete beginner in English when you came to this

school ?
Q. Would it be a complete waste of time if you tried to learn English

from a dictionary ?
Q. Have you ever met a foreigner who was completely fluent in your
language ?
Q. When will you complete your course at this school ?
adv. partly
Q. Are parents completely or partly responsible for what their
children do ?
Q. Do you think teachers are partly to blame if a student doesnt

make any progress ?
v. to lead n. leader v. to follow

led
led
If you lead someone you go before them.
If you follow someone you go after them.
103
Q. Who leads the team onto the field in sport ?
Q. Which day follows Monday ?
Q. Give me the names of three world leaders.
Q. Why would the police follow someone ?
Q. What kind of people have to follow orders ?
Q. Have you ever had to follow an order ?
v. to lead to = cause
Q. What can very heavy rain lead to ?
Q. Do you believe that hard work leads to success ?
Q. What kind of habits often lead to illness ?
56 Unit 6
v. to guide n. guide
n. guide book
If you guide someone, you show them where to go or the best way to do
something.
Q. When you visit a foreign country do you buy a guide book ?
Q. If I visited your city, would you be able to guide me around ?

104
v. to pass adj. ahead

If something is ahead of you, it is in front of you.
If you pass a car moving slower than you, you move ahead of it.
Q. Why is it dangerous to pass another car on a corner ?
Q. Is your country ahead of or behind London time ?
Q. Is your English moving ahead fast enough ?
Q. Do you think that you have a wonderful future ahead of you ?
Q. What is the opposite of ahead ?
When you are walking in the street you pass shops and people.
Q. Do you pass a supermarket on your way home ?
Q. Have you ever passed someone you knew in the street without
saying hello ?
Q. When passing a shop, what kind of things make you stop to take
a look ?
Q. Do you always look at yourself when you pass a mirror ?
The verb to pass also means to give something to someone.
Q. Did you ever pass notes to your friends at school ?

105
Q. What do football players pass to each other ?
Q. How is information passed around the world ?
by
The preposition by has many different meanings. You already know
some of them.
1. ways of traveling
eg. You can go to America by plane from England but you cant go by
train.
2. how to do something
eg. He lost weight by going swimming every day.
You can practise your English by watching TV.
3. passive voice - to introduce the agent
eg. This letter was written by my lawyer.
57 Unit 6
Here are some other uses of the preposition by.
4. next to / near
eg. When they retired they went to live by the sea.
Q. Would you like to live by the sea ?
Q. What about by a main road ?
Q. What kind of things are often sold by the side of the road ?
Q. What kind of things do people keep by the telephone ?
106
5. We often use by with verbs of movement with a similar meaning

to pass.
eg. I walked by that old Church yesterday.
Q. Do you walk by any interesting buildings on your way home ?
Q. Do you like sitting in cafes and watching people rush by ?
6. Talking about the difference in numbers.

eg. Last year my salary went up by 20%.
Q. Would you be happy if your salary went up by 10% ?
Q. Are you younger than me ?
Q. By about how many years ?
Q. What is the difference between these two sentences ?

a. Unemployment went up to 10%.
b. Unemployment went up by 10%.
the past perfect (1)

construction: subject + had + past participle
We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened further in
the past than another action.
NB. We always use the past perfect with another tense (usually the
past simple).
We often use the past perfect with time expressions such as before and
already.
eg. When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
second action first action
I knew her name because I had met her before.
107
Q. Had you ever spoken English to an English person before you

came to this school ?
Q. Give me an example of some grammar you had never studied

before you came to this school.
Q. Had you ever heard of this book before you started studying
here?
Q. Do you know anyone who had driven a car before they were
sixteen ?
58 Unit 6
exercise
Put the verbs in brackets ( ) into the right tenses.
1. When we went (to get to) the pub, our friends had left (to leave)
already.
2. I was (to be) half an hour late so when I went (to get) to the
cinema, the film had started (to start) already .
3. I didn't want (not to want) to go to the cinema because I had seen (to
see) the film twice before.
4. He knew (to know) the city very well because he had visited (to visit)
many times before.
n. result v. to result in/from = to cause

A result is the effect of an action.
eg. The accident was the result of bad driving.
Q. What kind of natural disasters are the result of bad weather ?
Q. What would the result be if my country played your country at

football ?
108
Q. Have you taken any exams recently ?
Q. Have you had the results yet ?
Q. Do you think that hard work always results in success ?
adv. finally
We use finally to show that an action happened after a long period of
time, usually later than we wanted it to happen.
eg. I finally passed my driving test after failing it twice.
The train was delayed, but it finally arrived an hour late.
We can also use finally to show that an action is the last thing to
happen.
eg. First, boil the vegetables and then add pepper and finally put in the
meat.
Q. Who finally became the president of South Africa after being in
prison for over twenty years ?
Q. Have you ever taken a really long time to choose a present for
someone ?
Q. What did you finally decide to buy ?
Q. Have you ever had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a
restaurant ?
Q. When did it finally arrive ?
109
adv. beforehand adv. afterwards

Beforehand and afterwards are similar to the prepositions before and
after.
However, beforehand and afterwards are not followed by a clause and
usually come at the end of a sentence.
compare: I telephoned him before he went on holiday.
He was going on holiday so I telephoned him beforehand.
I found out about his mistake only after he sent the fax.
He sent the fax and I only found out about his mistake afterwards.
Q. When you go on holiday do you always book your hotel
beforehand ?
59 Unit 6
Q. When you eat a big meal do you feel sleepy afterwards ?
Q. When doing the shopping, is it a good idea to make a list

beforehand ?
Q. When you take exercise do you feel relaxed afterwards ?
shall
n. suggestion to make a suggestion
When you make a suggestion, you express an idea or a plan you have.
We often use shall I/we...? when we make a suggestion.
e.g Q. Its cold. Shall I close the window ?
A. Yes, thats a good idea.
Q. It is very hot in here. Make a suggestion.
Q. We all want to go out for dinner this evening but we dont know
what kind of restaurant to go to. Make a suggestion.
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Q. We dont know where to meet before dinner. Ask him/her to make

a suggestion.
Q. We dont know what time to meet. Ask him/her to make a

suggestion.
will and shall

We use shall I/we to make suggestions when we can influence the
situation.
eg. What time shall we meet this evening ?

(Im asking you to make a suggestion, however, I can agree or disagree
with you.)
We can only use will I/we when another person is in control and we cant
influence the situation.
eg. A passenger on a plane might ask: What time will we land in
London?
(The situation is already decided and the passenger has no influence.)
compare these two sentences:
Shall I bring some wine to the party ? - Making a suggestion.
Will I get paid weekly or monthly ? - Asking for information.
phr v. to look forward to + noun/gerund

When we know something will happen in the future and we are happy or
excited
about, we can say Im looking forward to it.
eg. Im looking forward to the party next weekend.
Q. Do people usually look forward to the weekend ?
Q. Do you still look forward to your birthday every year ?
Q. Are you looking forward to going back to your country ?
111
Q. Are you looking forward to finishing Book 3 and starting Book 4?
Q. What kind of things do children look forward to every year ?
Q. Give me an example of something you are:

a. looking forward to.
b. not looking forward to.
Q. Give me an example of something you are looking forward to.
Q. Give me an example of something you're not looking forward to.
112
Unit 7
60 Unit 7
adj. fantastic ! adj. wonderful ! adj. amazed/amazing

NB. We never use the word very with these adjectives.
Q. Have you ever had a fantastic holiday ?
Q. Where did you go ?
Q Would you be amazed if your country won the World Cup ?
Q. Who is the most wonderful person in your life ?
Q. What is the most amazing place you have ever been to ?
3rd Conditional
construction = if + past perfect + would have + past participle
1. We use the 3rd conditional when we imagine past actions and their
results.
eg. I would have forgotten her birthday, if you hadnt reminded me.
In this sentence we imagine that the past was different (if you hadnt
reminded me), and also imagine the result (I would have forgotten).
However, the truth is that I didnt forget her birthday because you
reminded me.
2. We can use the 3rd conditional to express regret.

eg. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
(But I didnt study hard and I failed the exam.)
113
3. We can also use it to show that we chose to do one thing instead of

another.
eg. If I hadnt bought the green dress, I would have bought the red
one.
(I bought the green dress instead of the red dress.)
Q. If you had felt ill this morning, would you have come to school ?
Q. If you hadnt studied English, which language would you have

studied instead ?
Q. Would your parents have been pleased, if you had failed all your
exams at school ?
Q. If you hadnt come to this school to study English, would you

have met me / him / her ?
Q. If you had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, how would you
have felt this morning ?
Q. How did you come to school this morning ?
Q. If there had been a train / bus strike this morning, how would you
have come to school ?
61 Unit 7
exercise
Use the information to make a third conditional sentence.
eg. I was late this morning because my car broke down.
I wouldnt have been late if my car hadnt broken down.
1. She hit me because I was so rude.
114
She wouldn't have hit me if I hadn't beeen so rude.

2. We didnt go on the walk because the weather was awful.
We would have gone on the walk if the weather hadn't been awful.
3. The weather was so bad that the plane was delayed.
The plane would have been delayed if the weather hadn't been so
bad.
4. Although I thought about studying Art, I decided to study Geography
instead.
I would have studied Art if I hadn't decided to study/studied
Geography.
5. There was a break in because we left the window open.
There wouldn't have been a break in if we hadn't left the window
open.
Q. What happens to soldiers who dont follow orders ?
Q. If you were on holiday would you look forward to going back to

work ?
Q. Do you think it would be wonderful if we never grew old or do

you think it might become boring ?
Q. If you had to make one prediction about the world in 20 years

time, what would it be ?
Q. Do you think he/she is optimistic or pessimistic ?
v. to invent* n. invention n. inventor

Q. Can you think of a famous invention ?
Q. Who invented it ?
Q. Do you think the computer is the most important invention of the

Twentieth Century ?
115
Q. How did people use to communicate with each other before the
telephone was invented ?
Q. How would you have traveled very long distances if the

aeroplane had never been invented ?
v. to type n. keyboard
Q. What kind of people use a word processor in their job?
Q. Is the keyboard in your country the same as the English one ?
Q. What did people use to type with before computers were

invented ?
Q. Can you type ?
Q. How many words per minute can you type ?
62 Unit 7
v. to store n. hardware / software

Q. What is the difference between hardware and software ?
Q. Which is the most famous computer software company in the

world ?
116
Q. Where does a computer store information ?
Q. What kind of animals store food for the winter ?
Q. What kind of things do we store in:

a. a bottle ?
b. a cupboard ?
c. a carboard box ?
Q. What kind of things do we store in a bottle ?
Q. What kind of things do we store in a cupboard ?
Q. What kind of things do we store in a cardboard box ?
adv. eventually
Eventually has a similar meaning to finally : we use it to say that an
action happens after a period of time.
eg. After looking for my keys for over 2 hours, I eventually found them
under the sofa.
However, we also use eventually to talk about something that we think

will happen in the future but we arent sure when it will happen.
eg. We will have to use different kinds of energy when the world
eventually runs out of oil.
If he keeps coming to work late, hell eventually get in trouble with the
boss.
NB. We cant use eventually in negative sentences.
In the negative we can saywill never/not ever.
eg. I do not think doctors will ever find a cure for cancer.
Computers will never be more intelligent than humans.
Q. Will we eventually finish book 3 and start book 4 ?
117
Q. Do you think your English will eventually be good enough for

you to become an English teacher ?
Q. What kind of things do you hope you will eventually do in your

life ?
Q. Do you think doctors will eventually be able to cure all health

problems ?
Q. Do you think humans will eventually become extinct ?
Q. Will you eventually be rich enough to buy your own private

plane?
phr v. to keep up with n. technology (uncountable)

If you keep up with a particular subject you know all the most recent
information about it.
eg. I keep up with new fashions by reading all the popular magazines,
such as Vogue and Cosmopolitan.
Q. Give me some examples of modern technology.
Q. Do you think changes in technology have made our lives better

or worse ?
Q. Is it easy for old people to keep up with the changes in

technology ?
Q. What kind of things do you try to keep up with ?
118
63 Unit 7
Q. Will you keep up with the lesson if you dont pay attention ?
Q. How do people keep up with :

a. the news ?
b. changes in computer technology ?
Q. How do people keep up with the news ?
Q. How do people keeep up with changes in computer technology ?
the future continuous

construction = will + to be + present participle
We use the future continuous for an action that will be happening at a
particular time in the future.
eg. Shall I ring you at 7 oclock ?
No, I will be having dinner then, ring me at 9 oclock instead.
I will be lying on the beach this time next month.
Q. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow ?
Q. Do you know what youll you be doing at this time next year ?
Q. What will you be doing at 10 o clock tonight ?
Q. Will you still be studying English in two years time ?
v. to send v. to receive n. message

sent
sent
119
To receive means the same as to get but it is more formal.

Q. What do people send to their friends and family when they are on
holiday ?
Q. What are some of the different ways we can send messages ?

Q. What do we call messages that are sent through the internet ?
Q. What do people receive on their birthday ?
Q. Have you ever received a card on Valentines Day ?
comparatives using as
1. as + adjective + as
If something is as heavy as something else, they are both the same
weight.
eg. An elephant can be as heavy as a car.
2. as + adverb + as
eg. You should answer questions in an exam as carefully as possible.
Q. Can you think of an animal which is as common as pigeons in
big cities ?
Q. Do you think that adults sometimes behave as badly as children?

3. However, it is more common to use these constructions in the
negative to show how two things are different.
eg. A Ford is not as fast as a Ferrari.
Lions arent as rare as tigers.
120
64 Unit 7
Q. Is your country as big as China ?
Q. Are you as tall as a basketball player ?
Q. Is a car as heavy as a lorry ?
Q. Can you speak English as well as you speak your own language?
Q. Give me an example of an animal that is not as common as it

used to be.
v. to disappoint n. disappointment
If something disappoints you, it is not as good as you had hoped.
If you are disappointed by someone, you are not happy with their
behaviour.
Q. Are children sometimes disappointed by their birthday presents?
Q. Have you ever really looked forward to something and then been
disappointed by it ?
Q. Would it be disappointing if you studied really hard for an exam

and then failed ?
Q. Have you ever spent a lot of money on a holiday which was a

disappointment ?
121
adj. suitable adj. unsuitable

If something is suitable, it means it is the right thing to use.
If someone is suitable for a job, it means they have the necessary
qualifications and experience.
Q. What kind of clothes are suitable for a winter holiday in the

mountains ?
Q. What about a summer holiday on the beach ?
Q. What kind of films are unsuitable for children ?
Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for :

a. old people ?
b. children ?
Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for old people ?
Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for old children ?
Q. What kind of job would be suitable for you ?
Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for:

a. men ?
b. women ?
Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for men ?
Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for women ?
122
v. to satisfy n. satisfaction n. customer

If you are satisfied with something, you are happy with it because it is
good enough.
Q. Are jobs in factories usually satisfying ?
Q. Are you usually satisfied with just a snack for lunch ?
Q. Which do you find more satisfying, a good book or a good film ?
Q. Do you think customer satisfaction is important for all

businesses ?
Q. If a customer is not satisfied with something they have bought,

what do they do ?
65 Unit 7
adj. un/satisfactory adj. excellent adj. perfect

If something is satisfactory, it is good enough.
If something is excellent it is very good.
If something is perfect it is as good as it could possibly be.
Q. Is your English perfect ?
Q. Will your English eventually be perfect if you practice enough ?
Q. Can you tell the name of a really excellent film ?
Q. If your exam results were excellent, would you boast about

them?
123
A. Yes, if my exam results were excellent, I would boast about them.

Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at:
a. a hotel ?
b. a government office ?
Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at a hotel ?
A. No, I've never had unsatisfactory service at a hotel.
Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at a government
office?
A. Yes, I had unsatisfactory service at a government office last week.
n. work (uncountable) n. career

expr. look for work expr. out of work
The difference between a job and work is that a job is the particular
thing you do to earn money, whereas work is the general idea of doing
something to earn money.
Your career is the kind of work you plan to do in your working life.
eg. A career in law or a career in medicine.
Q. Have you planned your career ?
Q. What kind of work do you plan to do ?
Q. What kind of things can you do if you are looking for work ?
Q. Do you have a job ?
Q. Is it hard work ?
Q. Do you enjoy the work ?
Q. Are a lot of people out of work in your country ?

124
v. to employ adj. self-employed

n. employer n. employee
Q. If you work for a company, are you an employer or an employee?
Q. Who do you work for if you are self-employed ?
Q. Have you ever been employed in a factory ?
Q. What kind of companies employ a lot of people ?
v. to sack (someone) v. to resign (from a job)

If you are sacked, you are forced to leave your job.
If you resign from a job, you choose to leave.
Q. Have you ever resigned from a job ?
Q. For what reasons are people sacked ?
Q. Is it illegal to sack someone without having a good reason ?
Q. If you were the owner of a company and you caught an employee

stealing, would you sack them ?
66 Unit 7
v. to retire n. retirement n. pension
125
People retire from work when they get to a particular age, usually about
60 or 65.
A pension is the money you receive from the government or a private
company when you retire.
Q. What is the retirement age for men and women in your country ?
Q. What do you think early retirement means ?
Q. Do you have a government pension ?
Q. Is a government pension enough to live on ?
n. voice n. accent
v. to pronounce n. pronunciation
Q. Give me an example of a singer who has a wonderful voice.
Q. At about what age does a boys voice change ?
Q. What accent do you speak English with ?
Q. Do people from your region have a particular accent ?
Q. Give me an example of an English word you find difficult to

pronounce.
Q. Has your pronunciation improved since you came to this

school?
126
v. to intend (to do something) n. intention

If you intend to do something, you plan to do it.
eg. When I finish university, I intend to travel around the world.
Q. How long have you been studying English ?
Q. How long do you intend to continue ?
Q. Do you intend to learn English perfectly ?
Q. What kind of career do you intend to have ?
Q. What construction do we use to express a future intention ?
Q. What is the one thing that eventually happens to everyone ?
Q. Is modern technology changing so fast that you cant keep up

with it ?
Q. Are some people never satisfied ?
Q. Why do you think some people decide to change their careers

after many years in the same job ?
67 Unit 7
expr. by accident adv. accidentally

If you do something by accident or accidentally, you dont intend to do
it.
eg. I took the wrong train by accident.
127
He accidentally took someone elses suitcase from the airport.

Q. Have you ever thrown something useful away by accident ?
Q. Have you ever hurt someones feelings by accident ?
Q. Have you ever accidentally taken the wrong train ?
Q. Where were you trying to go ?
Q. Did you get there eventually ?
Q. Have you ever accidentally drunk someone elses drink at a

party?
v. to do something on purpose
To do something on purpose is the opposite of to do something by
accident.
eg. I got to work late on purpose in order to miss the meeting.
Q. Have you ever missed a meeting on purpose ?
Q. Have you ever made someone angry on purpose ?
Q. Have you ever done something on purpose and then pretended it

was by accident ?
adj. clumsy
If you are clumsy, you often drop or break things accidentally.
Q. Are you a clumsy person ?
128
Q. Do clumsy people usually break things on purpose ?
Q. Would you trust a clumsy person to carry a very valuable vase ?
Q. Do you know anyone who has always been clumsy ?
adj. sensible n. common sense (uncountable)

If you are a sensible person it means you make the right decisions and
you can be trusted with important things.
Your common sense is your natural ability to make practical decisions.
Q. Are children always sensible ?
Q. Are you more sensible now than when you were a teenager ?
Q. What is it sensible to do before:

a. crossing a busy street ?
b. going abroad on holiday ?
c. sunbathing?
Q. What is it sensible to do before crossing a busy street ?
Q. What is it sensible to do before going abroad on holiday ?
Q. What is it sensible to do before sunbathing ?
Q. Could you use your common sense to choose a suitable present

for a very young child ?
Q. What would you buy ?

129
Q. Do you think some people have no common sense ?
68 Unit 7
We can also use sensible to describe clothes that are suitable for a
particular situation.
Q. What are the most sensible shoes for:
a. playing tennis ?
b. walking long distances ?
Q. What are the most sensible shoes for playing tennis ?
Q. What are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances?
Q. What are the most sensible clothes to wear in very cold weather?
adj. responsible adj. irresponsible n. responsibility

If you are a responsible person, you are sensible and you can be
trusted with important things.
Q. Are adults more responsible than children ?
Q. Are you responsible enough to be trusted with a lot of money ?
Q. What kind of people have a lot of responsibility ?
Q. Could you cope with the responsibility of looking after a very

young child ?
130
Q. Would it be irresponsible to let a young child play with a knife ?

v. to be responsible for (someone / something)
(gerund)
If you are responsible for something you are in charge of it.
Q. Who is responsible for running your country ?
Q. Who is responsible for keeping law and order ?
Q. Do you think the government should be responsible for helping

the unemployed ?
Q. Who do you think is more responsible for a childs education,

their parents or their teachers ?
past perfect (2) cause and effect

When we want to show the effects of an action in the past we can usually
use past simple + past simple if the effect happened very quickly after
the cause.
eg. She hit me because I was rude to her.
I cried because the film was very sad.
We often use the past perfect when an action causes or influences
another action but the effect does not happen very quickly and there is a
time gap between the actions.
eg. I broke into my house because I had lost my keys.
In the example above, the first action (losing the keys) causes the
second action (breaking into the house) but there is a time gap between
the two actions, so we use past simple + past perfect and not past simple
+ past simple.
compare:
1. My teacher shouted at me because I dropped my coffee.
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2. My teacher shouted at me because I hadnt done my homework

properly.
69 Unit 7
exercise
Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets.
Remember, each sentence has one verb in the past simple and one in
the past perfect.
1. I wasn't ( not to be) hungry when I got to school because I had eaten
(to eat)
breakfast.
2. I was (to be) very tired after work yesterday because I had slept (to
sleep)
badly the night before.
3. My teacher punished (to punish) me because I hadn't done (to not
do) my homework.
Q. Have you ever had to break into your house because you had
lost your keys ?
Q. Have you ever bought anything because you had seen it

advertised on television ?
NB. We dont use the past perfect when actions happen one after
another without influencing each other. Instead, we use the past simple.
eg. Yesterday I finished work at 5 oclock and then I met my friend at a
restaurant.
After dinner we went for a drink and after that we saw a play at the
theatre,
and later on we went to a nightclub and danced until sunrise.
Compare these sentences :
I ate breakfast before I came to school.
I had eaten breakfast so I wasnt hungry when I got to school.
We went to the cinema and saw a good film
I didnt go to the cinema because I had already seen the film.
Q. Would you resign from a well-paid job if you were treated badly
by your employer ?
132
Q. Do you think it is worth having a private pension ?
Q. Why ? / Why not ?
Q. What is the opposite of doing something on purpose ?
Q. What do you intend to do when you finish studying English ?
Q. Have you ever opened someone elses letter by accident ?
Q. Did you read it ?
133
Unit 8
70 Unit 7
v. to amuse v. to amuse yourself
If something amuses you it makes you want to laugh or smile.
If you amuse yourself, you do something to stop yourself getting bored.
eg. On a long flight I amuse myself by reading.
Q. What kind of films amuse you ?
Q. If you were looking after a young child what could you do to

amuse them ?
Q. What kind of things do people do to amuse themselves on long

journeys ?
Q. Would you be amused if I fell off my chair ?

A. Yes, I would be amused if you fell off your chair.
adj. amusing adj. hilarious n. comedian

If something is amusing it is quite funny.
If something is hilarious it is very funny.
Q. Give me an example of an amusing film ?
A. Bean The Movie is an example of an amusing film.
Q. Are comedians always amusing ?
A. No, comedians are not always amusing.
Q. Who is one of the most famous comedians in your country ?
A. Benny Hill is one of the most famous comedians in my country.
Q. Do you think he/she is funny ?
A. Yes, I think he's very funny.
134
Q. Do they sometimes have an amusing story at the end of the news

?
A. Yes, they sometimes have an amusing story at the end of the news.
Q. Have you ever seen a hilarious film ?
A. Yes, I've seen a hilarious film.
Q. What would you do if someone told you a hilarious joke ?
A. I would laugh if someone told me a hilarious joke.
n. programme n. documentary n. reality TV
n. current affairs n. sit-com
n. soap opera
Q. What kind of television programmes do you like watching ?
A. I like watching soap operas.
Q. Does television in your country show a lot of foreign
programmes ?
A. Yes, television in my country shows a lot of foreign programmes.
Q. What is the main subject of current affairs programmes ?
A. The main subject of current affairs programmes is recent news.
Q. What kind of documentaries are shown on television ?
A. Documentaries about wildlife are often shown on television.
n. channel
Q. How many channels are there in your country ?
A. There are 5 channels in my country.
Q. Which is your favourite ?
A. BBC1 is my favourite.
Q. Are there any channels which only show cartoons ?
A. No, there aren't any channels which only show cartoons.
Q. What do we use to change channel ?
A. We use a remote control to change channel.
Unit 8 71
135
n. sight n. sound
A sight is something you see.
A sound is something you hear.
Q. Do you think the sun rising over the mountains is a beautiful
sight ?
A. Yes, I think the sun rising over the mountains is a beautiful sight.
Q. Do all birds make a nice sound ?
A. No, not all birds make a nice sound.
Q. Do you like the sound of your alarm clock in the morning ?
A. No, I don't like the sound of my alarm clock in the morning.
Q. What sound does a dog make ?
A. A dog goes woof.
adj. blind adj. deaf
A blind person cannot see.
A deaf person cannot hear.
Q. What cant a blind person do ?
A. A blind person can't see.
Q. What cant a deaf person do ?
A. A deaf person can't hear.
Q. How do deaf people communicate ?
A. Deaf people communicate by using sign language.
Q. What kind of animals are often used to guide blind people ?
A. Dogs are often used to guide blind people.
v. to rhyme n. rhyme
When two words rhyme, they end with the same sound.
life - wife cough - off
law - bore chair - wear
paid - made through - shoe
136
Q. Do lyrics usually rhyme ?

A. Yes, lyrics ususally rhyme.
Q. What about poems ?
A. No, poems don't always rhyme.
Q. Do these words rhyme ?
a. her hair
A. No.
b. said paid
A. No.
c. beer here
A. Yes.
d. food stood
A. No.
e. angry hungry
A. No.
f. feet fit
A. No.
g. zoo through
A. Yes.
h. eyes size
A. Yes.
exercise
Write words which rhyme with :
1. fill bill 2. book shook
3. sheep steep 4. law bore
5. walk fork 6. word bird
7. cough off 8. through zoo
n. rhythm
Q. What kind of music usually has a fast rhythm ?
A. Dance music usually has a fast rhythm.
Q. Do you have to have rhythm to be a good dancer ?
A. Yes, you have to have rhythm to be a good dancer.
Q. Does the rhythm of a train make you sleepy ?
A. Yes, the rhythm of a train makes me sleepy.
137
72 Unit 8
v. to beat n. score
beat
beaten
The verb to beat has three meanings.
1. to win
eg. England usually beat Scotland at football.
Q. Which was the last country to beat yours in football ?
A. Brazil was the last country to beat mine in football.
Q. What was the score ?
A. 3:0 (three: nil) to Brazil.
2. to hit someone / something very hard
Q. Is it legal for teachers to beat children at school in your country
?
A. No, it's illegal for teachers to beat children at school in my country.
Q. Which musical instruments are beaten ?
A. The drums are beaten.
n. heart n. lungs
3. the action of the heart
Q. What parts of the body get damaged by smoking ?*
A. The lungs get damaged by smoking.
Q. What kind of things make your heart beat faster ?
A. Running makes your heart beat faster.
Q. How many times does the heart beat in a minute ?*
A. The heart beats about 60 times in a minute.
phr v. to beat up
If someone beats you up they hit and punch you a lot.
Q. What kind of children beat up smaller children ?
138
A. Bullies beat up smaller children.

Q. In what kind of sports are people paid to beat each other up ?
A. People are paid to beat each other up in boxing.
n./adj. paranormal n. ghost/spirit
n. monster n. U.F.O.
If we talk about the paranormal or describe something as paranormal
we mean
ideas or things that might exist but which cant be explained or proved by
science.
Q. Do you believe in the paranormal ?
A. Yes, I believe in the paranormal.
Q. Do you think people are more interested in the paranormal than
they used to be ?
A. Yes, I think people are more interested in the paranormal than they
used to be.
Q. Are children afraid of monsters ?
A. Yes, most children are afraid of monsters.
Q. Give me an example of a famous monster ?
A. King Kong is an example of a famous monster.
Q. Do you believe that it really exists ?
A. No, I don't believe that it really exists.
Q. Have you ever seen a ghost ?
A. No, I've never seen a ghost.
Q. Would you like to see one ?
A. Yes, I would like to see one.
Q. What is a UFO ?
A. A UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object.
Q. Do you think people who say they have seen a UFO are telling
the truth ?
A. No, I don't think people who say they've seen a UFO are telling the
truth.
139

Unit 8 73
n. the media (uncountable)
Q. What are the different areas of the media ?
A. The different areas of the media are newspapers, television and radio.
Q. Would you like to work in the media ?
A. Yes, I would like to work in the media.
Q. In what area ?
A. In television.
Q. Are any parts of the media controlled by the government in your
country ?
A. Yes, newspapers are controlled by the government in my country.
Q. Which part of the media do you think has the most influence ?
A. I think newspapers and television have the most influence.
v. to criticise n. criticism
If you criticise someone, you make a negative judgement about them.
A criticism is usually a negative judgement.
Q. Do you think criticism is good for children ?
A. No, I don't think criticism is good for children.
Q. Who is often criticised in the newspapers ?
A. Politicians are often criticised in the newspapers.
Q. Why is it worth listening to criticism ?
A. It's worth listening to criticism because you might learn something.
Q. Can criticism sometimes be really useful ?
A. Yes, criticism can sometimes be really useful.
v. to review n. critic / reviewer
To review means to give a professional judgement about a book film or
play.
140
A critic writes reviews.

Q. Do you read film reviews ?
A. Yes, I sometimes read film reviews.
Q. Do they influence your choice of films ?
A. Yes, they influence my choice of films.
Q. If you could be a critic, what kind of things would you review ?
A. If I could be a critic, I would review new films.
Q. Do you know any films which have been successful despite bad
reviews ?
A. Yes, Titanic has been successful despite bad reviews.
Q. Do you prefer sensible or fashionable clothes ?
A. I prefer sensible clothes.
Q. What are the basic responsibilities of parents ?
A. The basic responsibilities of parents are to look after their children.
Q. Which kind of television programmes amuse you the most ?
A. Sit-coms amuse me the most.
Q. Can your radio receive foreign language programmes ?
A. Yes, my radio can receive foreign language programmes.
adv. even + subject / object

+ verb
We use even for emphasis. It often expresses the fact that something is
unusual or a surprise.
eg. Even English teachers sometimes make spelling mistakes.
All the children got a prize in the spelling competition, even Mark who
didnt get any right.
Nobody likes my cooking, not even my dog.
He is so rude. He didnt even say thank you when I gave him his
present.
Q. Which games are so simple that even children can play them ?
A. Board games are so simple that even children can play them.
Q. Do even rich people want to win the lottery ?
141
A. Yes, even rich people want to win the lottery.

74 Unit 8
Q. Do you think that even computers sometimes make mistakes ?
A. Yes, I think that even computers sometimes make mistakes.
even + comparative
London is a very big city, but some Asian and South American cities are
even bigger.
Q. Can you think of anyone who is even richer than the Queen of
England ?
A. Yes, Bill Gates is even richer than the Queen of England.
Q. What is the hottest country you have ever been to ?
A. Brazil is the hottest country I've ever been to.
Q. Can you think of a country that is even hotter ?
A. Yes, Egypt is even hotter than Brazil.
Q. Are you worried that there will be even more unemployment and
crime in the future ?
A. Yes, I'm worried that there will be even more unemployment and
crime in the future.
even if
We use even with conditional constructions to show that we will do
something despite having a reason not to do it.
eg. We will go on a picnic even if it is cold and wet.
I would always help my friends even if they were in trouble with the
police.
We usually use even if with negative conditions to show that we wont do
something despite having a reason to do it.
We can use even if with all the conditional constructions you have
studied.
eg. 0 conditional: I never drink alcohol even if its my birthday.
142
1st conditional: I wont pass the exam even if I study all night.
2nd conditional: I wouldnt buy a Rolls-Royce even if I could afford one.
3rd conditional: I wouldnt have hit him even if he had hit me.
Q. Do you think it is better not to criticise your friends taste in
clothes even if it is really bad ?
A. Yes, I think it is better not to criticise your friends taste in clothes even
if it's really bad.
Q. Can you have a good time at a party even if you dont know
anyone ?
A. Yes, you can have a good time at a party even if you dont know
anyone.
Q. Would you go to your best friends wedding even if you felt really
ill ?
A. Yes, I would go to your best friends wedding even if I felt really ill.
Q. Do you try to keep up with the news from your country even if
you are living abroad ?
A. Yes, even if I'm living abroad, I try to keep up with the news from your
country.
If you answer negatively to these questions, use even if in your answer.
Q. Would you pay more for your lessons if the furniture were more
comfortable ?
A. No, I wouldn't pay more for my lessons even if the furniture were more
comfortable.
Q. Would you clean my shoes if I paid you ?
A. Even if you paid me, I wouldn't clean your shoes.
Q. Would you dye your hair if you started going grey ?
A. Yes, I would dye my hair if I started going grey.
adj. ordinary adj. special

If something is special it is different, more important or better than usual.
If something is ordinary, it is normal and no different from usual.
eg. English people eat special food at Christmas.
An ordinary English house has two floors and a small garden.
143
Q. Which days of the year are special ?

A. Christmas Day and my birthday are special days of the year.
Q. What kind of people need special care and attention ?
A. Young children need special care and attention.
Unit 8 75
Q. Are you doing anything special this weekend ?
A. No, I'm not doing anything special this weekend.
Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to :
a. a party ?
b. school ?
c. a job interview ?
Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to a party ?
A. No, I don't wear ordinary clothes to a party.
Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to school ?
A. Yes, I wear ordinary clothes to a school.
Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to a job interview ?
A. No, I don't wear ordinary clothes to a job interview.
Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have:
a. a garage ?
b. an attic ?
c. more than one bathroom ?
Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have a garage ?
A. Yes, ordinary houses in my country have a garage.
Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have an attic ?
A. Yes, ordinary houses in my country have an attic.
Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have more than one
bathroom ?
A. No, ordinary houses in my country don't have more than one
bathroom.
adj. complicated adj. simple

144
If something is simple it is easy to understand or do.

Complicated is the opposite.
Q. Are computers complicated machines ?
A. Yes, computers are complicated machines.
Q. Do you think they are simple to use ?
A. Yes, I think they're quite simple to use.
a. a game with complicated rules
b. a complicated construction in English
Q. Give me an example of a game with complicated rules.
A. Chess is an example of a game with complicated rules.
Q. Give me an example of a complicated construction in English.
A. The Tird Conditional is an example of a complicated construction in
English.
Q. Give me an example of a simple meal.
A. Cheese on toast an example of a simple meal.
Q. Do you agree that the best ideas are often the most simple ?
A. Yes, I agree that the best ideas are often the most simple.
Q. Is running a business more complicated in practice than in
theory ?
A. Yes, running a business is more complicated in practice than in
theory.
Q. Can you think of a game that is so simple that even young
children can play it ?
A. Yes, noughts and crosses is a game that's so simple that even young
children can play it.
n. film industry n. director

n. plot n. special effects
Q. Which place in the USA is famous for its film industry ?
A. Hollywood is famous for its film industry.
145
a. a famous film director.

b. a film director from your country
Q. Give me an example of a famous film director.
A. Steven Spielberg is an example of a famous film director.
Q. Give me an example of a film director from your country.
A. Luc Besson is an example of a film director from my coutry.
Q. What kind of films have a lot of special effects ?
A. Action ans sceince-fiction films have a lot of special effects.
Q. Do action films usually have a complicated plot ?
A. No, action films don't usually have a complicated plot.
Q. Give me an example of a film with :
a. a complicated plot.
b. a simple plot.
Q. Give me an example of a film with a complicated plot.
A. The Usual Suspects is an example of a film with a complicated plot.
Q. Give me an example of a film with a simple plot.
A. Rocky is an example of a film with a simple plot.
Q. If they made a film of your life, would it have a simple or a
complicated plot ?
A. If they made a film of my life, it would have a complicated plot.
v./n. plant n. crop n. lawn n. pitch

Q. What sports are played on a pitch ?
A. Football and cricket are played on a pitch.
Q. Do most gardens have lawns in your country ?
A. Yes, most gardens have lawns in my country.
Q. Have you ever planted any trees or flowers ?
A. Yes, I've planted some flowers.
Q. In what season do farmers plant their crops ?
A. Farmers plant their crops in spring.
146
Q. What are some common crops in your country ?

A. Carrots and onions are common crops in my country.
76 Unit 8
n. floor n. ground n. ground floor

Q. Where do potatoes grow ?
A. Potatoes grow in the ground.
Q. Which animals live under the ground ?
A. Moles live under the ground.
Q. What is the difference between the floor and the ground ?
A. The difference between the floor and the ground is that the floor is
inside and the ground is outside.
Q. How many floors does this building have ?
A. This building has 3 floors.
Q. Which one are we on ?
A. We are on the second floor.
Q. What can usually be found on the ground floor of a hotel ?
A. The reception can usually be found on the ground floor of a hotel.
v. to lift n. lift n. escalator

Q. Are you strong enough to lift this table ?
A. Yes, I'm strong enough to lift that table.
Q. What kind of animal is strong enough to lift a tree ?
A. An elephant is strong enough to lift a tree.
Q. Is it worth using a lift to go up one floor ?
A. No, it isn't worth using a lift to go up one floor.
Q. Do you wish this building had a lift ?
A. Yes, I wish this building had a lift.
Q. What kind of buildings have escalators ?
A. Department stores often have escalators.
147
Q. If I asked you for a lift, what would I want ?

A. If you asked me for a lift, you would want me to take you somewhere
in my car.
n. barbecue n. picnic = outdoor meal

upstairs downstairs
indoor(s) outdoor(s)
Q. Are we upstairs or downstairs ?
A. We're upstairs.
Q. What do we call a meal we eat outdoors ?
A. We call a meal we eat outdoors a picnic.
Q. What do we call a meal we cook outdoors ?
A. We call a meal we eat outdoors a barbecue.
Q. What kind of rooms are usually found upstairs in a house ?
A. Bedrooms are usually found upstairs in a house.
Q. Do you know a good place for a picnic near here ?
A. No, I don't know a good place for a picnic near here.
v. to slip* adj. slippery v. to slide n. slide

Q. What is the difference between slip and slide ?
A. The difference between slip and slide is that slip is by accident and
slide is on purpose.
Q. Have you ever slipped over in the street ?
A. No, I've never slipped over in the street.
Q. What kind of animals feel slippery ?
A. Frogs feel slippery.
Q. When is the ground slippery ?
A. The ground is slippery when it's very icy.
Q. What kind of animals slide along the ground ?
A. Snakes slide along the ground.
Q. Where would you find a childrens slide ?
148
A. You would find a childrens slide in the playground.

77 Unit 8
n. position v. to position
A position is the place where someone or something is.
If you position something, you put it in a particular place.
Q. Why might someone be in a kneeling position ?
A. Someone might be in a kneeling position if they were praying.
Q. If you won a silver medal in a race, what position would you have
finished in ?
A. If you won a silver medal in a race, you would've finished in the
second position.
Q. In what sport do you position the ball carefully before hitting it
with a club ?
A. You position the ball carefully before hitting it with a club in golf.
Q. When you have a dinner party, do you position your guests
carefully ?
A. Yes, when I have a dinner party, I position my guests carefully.
n. level
We use the word level to describe the measurement of something.
eg. You are studying intermediate level English.
The police can check the level of alcohol in your blood.
Q. What level of English are you studying ?
A. I'm studying intermediate level English.
Q. Has your level of English improved since you started studying at
this school ?
A. Yes, my level of English has improved since I started studying at this
school.
Q. Are there any cities in your country that have dangerous levels
of air pollution ?
A. Yes, Rome has dangerous levels of air pollution.
149
adj. level
As an adjective, level means at the same height or position.
Q. Who wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match ?
A. Noone wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match.
Q. Are pavements usually level with the road ?
A. No, pavements aren't usually level with the road.
Q. What do these expressions mean ?
a. sea level
A. Sea level means the average level of the sea.
b. eye-level
A. Eye-level means the level of the eyes.
c. level-headed
A. Level-headed means sensible or calm.
by (2)
When we say that an action happened by a particular time, it will happen
no later
than that time.
eg. If you send the letter today, it will get there by Monday. (It might get
there
before Monday, but not later.)
By the age of ten, Mozart was a famous musician. (When he was ten he
was
already famous.)
Q. Are you usually in bed by midnight ?
A. Yes, I'm usually in bed by midnight.
Q. Are you usually awake by 8 oclock ?
A. Yes, I'm usually awake by 8 o'clock.
Q. Have most people stopped growing by the age of twenty ?
A. Yes, most people have stopped growing by the age of twenty.
Q. Can you think of anyone who was already rich by the age of
twenty ?
A. Yes, Michael Jackson was already rich by the age of twenty.
150
by the time + clause

eg. By the time you finish your homework, dinner will be ready.
(Your dinner will be ready at about the same time you finish your
homework.)
We were late so by the time we got to the cinema, the film had already
started.
Q. Will it be dark by the time you get home ?
A. Yes, it'll be dark by the time I get home.
Q. Are most people married by the time they are forty ?
A. Yes, most people are married by the time they are forty.
78 Unit 8
Q. Have most babies learnt to talk by the time they are two ?
A. Yes, most babies have learnt to talk by the time they are two.
Q. Do you think that by the time they retire, most people are too old
to enjoy their freedom ?
A. Yes, I think that by the time they retire, most people are too old to
enjoy their freedom.
the future perfect

construction : subject + will + have + past participle
We use the the future perfect to say an action will finish or happen
before a particular time in the future.
We normally use by or by the time with this tense.
eg. If you dont hurry up the film will have started by the time we get to
the cinema.
I havent finished that letter yet but I will have posted it by this evening
so they will have received it by this time next week.
Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by
the time they are :
a. 18
b. 30
151
c. 70.
the time they are 18.
A. Most people will have tried alcohol by the time they are 18.
A. Most people will have had a job by the time they are 30.
A. Most people will have retired by the time they are 70.
Q. Will we have finished this book by the end of the week ?
A. No, we won't have finished this book by the end of the week.
Q. What about by the end of next month ?
A. Yes, I think we will have finished this book by the end of next month.
Q. Will you have completed your course by the end of the year ?
A. I will have completed my course by the end of the year.
exercise
Fill in the gaps using the future perfect.
1. We are planning a big party in July because Paul will have finished
(to finish)
his exams by then.
2. The company is doing very well. We will have made (to make) a large
profit
by the end of the year.
3. Im sending the information tonight, so they will have received (to
receive) it by
early next week.
4. If we dont leave now, the film will have started (to start) by the time
we get there.
phr v. to be made out of n. iron n. brick

n. concrete n. steel
Q. What kind of things are made out of:
a. bricks ?
b. concrete ?
152
c. steel ?
Q. What kind of things are made out of bricks ?
A. Houses are made out of bricks.
Q. What kind of things are made out of concrete ?
A. Roads are made out of concrete.
Q. What kind of things are made out of steel ?
A. Bridges are made out of steel.
Q. Do you find that most concrete buildings are ugly ?
A. I find that most concrete buildings are ugly.
Q. What are traditional houses in your country made out of ?
A. Traditional houses in my country are made out of bricks.
Q. What is this building made out of ?
A. This building is made out of bricks.
n. fence n. gate n. lock n. bar

Q. How many locks do you have on your front door ?
A. I have two locks on my front door.
Q. What is the difference between a wall and a fence ?
A. The difference between a wall and a fence is that a wall is usually
made of bricks or concrete and a fence is usually made of wood or
metal.
79 Unit 8
Q. What kind of buildings are protected by a high fence ?
A. Prisons are usually protected by a high fence.
Q. What is the difference between a door and a gate ?
A. The difference between a door and a gate is that a door is usually in a
wall and a gate is usually in a fence.
Q. What kind of buildings have bars across their windows ?
A. Prisons have bars across their windows.
153
v. to chase phr v. to run away v. to jump

Q. What kind of animals chase cats ?
A. Dogs chase cats.
Q. What kind of animals are chased by cats ?
A. Mice are chased by cats.
Q. Would you run away from :
a. a cat ?
b. a tiger ?
Q. Would you run away from a cat ?
A. No, I wouldn't run away from a cat.
Q. Would you run away from a tiger ?
A. Yes, I would run away from a tiger.
Q. In which sports is the ability to jump an advantage ?
A. The ability to jump is an advantage in basketball.
Q. In what kind of films are there often car chases ?
A. There are often car chases in action films.
Q. If I said that a loud noise made me jump, what would I mean ?
A. If you said that a loud noise made you jump, you would mean it
frightened you.
v. to block n. block n. hole

If you block a hole up, you put something in it to close it.
eg. They blocked up the hole in the wall with concrete.
Q. In which sport do you hit a ball into a hole in the ground ?
A. You hit a ball into a hole in the ground in golf.
Q. What kind of food has holes in it ?
A. Ring doughnuts and cheese have holes in them.
Q. What can cause:
a. a blocked up sink ?
b. a blocked up nose ?
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Q. What can cause a blocked up sink ?

A. Hair and pieces of food can cause a blocked up sink.
Q. What can cause a blocked up nose ?
A. The flu can cause a blocked up nose.
Q. Why would someone block out a bad experience or memory ?
A. Someone would want to block out a bad experience or memory
because they don't want to remember it.
Q. What are the following:
a. an office block ?
A. An office block is a building full of offices.
b. a block of flats ?
A. A block of flats is a building full of flats.
c. a mental block ?
A. A mental block is when you can't remember something for a short
time.
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Unit 9
80 Unit 9
n. agreement n. contract
An agreement is a decision made between two people, companies or
countries.
A contract is a written agreement which has to be signed.
Q. Has your country made any agreements with other countries ?
A. No, my country hasn't made any agreements with other countries.
Q. Have you ever made an agreement that you regretted
afterwards?
A. No, I've never made an agreement that I regretted afterwards.
Q. Do people usually sign a contract when they start a new job ?
A. Yes, people usually sign a contract when they start a new job.
Q. Do you always read a contract carefully before you sign it ?
A. Yes, I always read a contract carefully before I sign it.
v. to deal in n. dealer
dealt
dealt
If you deal in something, you buy and sell it.
Some people deal drugs or arms illegally.
Q. Which famous computer company deals in software ?
A. Microsoft deals in software.
Q. What would be a good thing to deal in if you wanted to make
money fast ?
A. If you wanted to make money fast, stocks and shares would be a
good thing to deal in.
Q. Do you think drug dealing is a serious crime ?
A. Yes, I think drug dealing is a serious crime.
Q. What is suitable punishment for drug dealers ?
A. I think imprisonment is a suitable punishment for drug dealers.
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Q. What do people deal in at a stock exchange ?

A. People deal in stocks and shares at a stock exchange.
n. deal v. to make a deal

v. to do a deal
Q. Do you think all business deals are honest ?
A. No, I don't think all business deals are honest.
Q. What do business people sign after doing a deal ?
A. Business people sign a contract after doing a deal.
Q. If you paid 10,000 for an old computer, would it be a good deal
or a bad deal ?
A. If you paid 10,000 for an old computer, it would be a bad deal.
phr v. to deal with

If a situation needs attention and you give it your attention, you deal with
it.
eg. A lawyer deals with legal problems.
Q. Who would deal with your legal problems ?
A. A lawyer would deal with your legal problems.
Q. Would you enjoy a job where you had to deal with the public all
day ?
A. No, I wouldn't enjoy a job where I had to deal with the public all day.
Q. How would you deal with:
a. a baby that wouldnt stop crying ?
A. I would deal with a baby that wouldnt stop crying by singing to it.
b. a friend who was depressed ?
A. I would deal with a friend who was depressed by buying them a drink.
c. a person who suddenly felt ill ?
A. I would deal with a person who suddenly felt ill by phoning for an
ambulance.
81 Unit 9
Q. Are you good at dealing with problems when you are in a bad
mood ?
157
A. No, I'm not good at dealing with problems when I'm in a bad mood.
Q. Is it better to deal with bad experiences instead of blocking them
out ?
A. Yes, it's better to deal with bad experiences instead of blocking them
out.
n. speech n. lecture
Q. Have you ever made a speech ?
A. Yes, I have made a speech.
Q. What was it about ?
A. American history.
Q. How many people were listening ?
A. About 50 people were listening.
Q. Who traditionally makes a wedding speech in your country ?
A. The best man and the father of the bride traditionally make a wedding
speech in my country.
Q. Where would you go to hear a lecture ?
A. I would go to university to hear a lecture.
Q. Have you ever fallen asleep during a boring lecture ?
A. Yes, I have fallen asleep during a boring lecture.
n. subject
The subject of a conversation or an article is the thing we are talking or
writing about.
Q. What kind of subjects are popular in womens magazines ?
A. Fashion and relationships are popular in womens magazines.
Q. Have you ever written an article ?
A. Yes, I've written an article.
Q. On what subject ?
A. On the problem of homeless people in London.
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Q. Do you prefer amusing articles or ones that deal with serious

subjects ?
A. I prefer amusing articles.
Q. Why might someone change the subject of a conversation ?
A. Someone might change the subject of a conversation because they
are very bored.
v. to discuss n. discussion
n. debate
A discussion is talking or writing about a particular subject.
A debate is like a formal argument about a particular subject, often
ending in a vote or a decision.
Q. What kind of subjects are discussed in teenage magazines ?
A. Fashion and relationships are discussed in teenage magazines.
Q. Who do you discuss your most private problems with ?
A. I discuss my most private problems with my best friend.
Q. Do they have political discussions on television ?
A. Yes, they have political discussions on television.
Q. Did you ever have debates at school ?
A. Yes, we often had debates at school.
Q. Do you think political debates are boring ?
A. No, I don't think political debates are boring.
adj. enthusiastic n. enthusiasm

If someone is enthusiastic about something, they show that they find it
very interesting and enjoyable.
Q. Do you think that students learn faster if they have enthusiasm
for the subject ?
A. Yes, I think that students learn faster if they have enthusiasm for the
subject.
Q. Are you as enthusiastic now as you used to be about your
birthday ?
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A. No, I'm not as enthusiastic now as I used to be about my birthday.

Q. What do we call someone who follows a particular team or sport
with enthusiasm ?
A. We call someone who follows a particular team or sport with
enthusiasm a fan.
82 Unit 9
adj. keen expr. to be keen on something

expr. to be keen to do something
If you are keen on something, you really enjoy doing it.
If you are keen to do something, you want to do it as quickly as
possible.
Q. What kind of books are you keen on reading ?
A. I'm keen on reading biographies.
Q. What kind of television programmes are children keen on ?
A. Childen are keen on cartoons.
Q. What places in your country are tourists usually keen to visit ?
A. Tourists are usually keen to visit the Eiffel Tower.
Q. Which country are you most keen to visit ?
A. I'm most keen to visit Australia.
Q. Are you keen to finish this book ?
A. Yes, I'm keen to finish this book.
n. addiction n. addict adj. addicted (to)

eg. If you are addicted to smoking you cant give it up even if you really
try.
Q. Which drugs and medicines can people become addicted to ?
A. People can become addicted to alcohol and nicotine.
Q. What is an alcoholic addicted to ?
A. An alcoholic is addicted to alcohol.
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Q. Do you think drug addiction causes serious social problems ?

A. Yes, I think drug addiction causes serious social problems.
Q. If you found out that someone you knew was a drug addict,
would you try to help them ?
A. Yes, if I found out that someone I knew was a drug addict, I would try
to help them.
If someone is very enthusiastic and keen on something we can say they
are addicted.
Q. Do you know anyone who is addicted to :
a. chocolate
A. Yes, my young sister is addicted to chocolate.
b. television
A. Yes, my brother is addicted to television.
c. computer games
A. Yes, I'm addicted to computer games.
n. obsession adj. obsessed (with)

If you are obsessed with something, you cant stop thinking about it.
Q. What kind of things are teenagers obsessed with ?
A. Teenagers obsessed with relationships and fashion.
Q. What idea is a very jealous person obsessed with in a
relationship?
A. A very jealous person is obsessed with an idea that their girlfriend or
boyfriend is having an affair.
Q. Do you know anyone who is obsessed with money ?
A. No, I don't know anyone who is obsessed with money.
Q. What do we call someone who is obsessed with their
appearance?
A. We call someone who is obsessed with their appearance vain.
v. to wish (2)
Remember, we use wish + subject + past tense to express a regret
about a present situation.
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eg. I wish I had enough time to go on holiday.

I will miss you when I move to America. I wish you were coming with
me.
To talk about situations in the past that you regret, we use :
wish + had + past participle
eg. I wish I hadnt bought this watch, it is always stopping.
I wish I had studied French instead of German at school.
Q. What does someone who has failed an exam wish ?
A. Someone who has failed an exam wishes that they had studied
harder.
Q. Which team do you wish had won the last world cup ?
A. I wish Brazil had won the last world cup.
83 Unit 9
Q. Is there anyone you wish you had never met ?
A. No, there isn't anyone I wish I had never met.
Q. Is there anything you wish you had done when you were
younger?
A. Yes, I wish I had studied harder at school when I was younger.
wish + subject + would
We use this construction when we want something to change but we
know it probably wont soon.
eg. I wish you would clean the bath after you use it.
I wish it would stop raining.
Q. Do you wish your teachers would speak more slowly ?
A. Yes, I wish my teachers would speak more slowly.
Q. Do you wish your friends would call you more often ?
A. Yes, I wish my friends would call me more often.
Q. Tell us about someones annoying habit using the construction
wish + would.
A. I wish my father would stop smoking.
Q. What is the difference between these two sentences :
a. I hope my boss will give me a pay rise.
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b. I wish my boss would give me a pay rise.

A. 'I hope my boss will give me a pay rise' means that there is a chance
that he will but 'I wish my boss would give me a pay rise' means it
probably won't happen.
adj. aware to be aware of something

to be aware that + clause
If you are aware of something, you know that it is happening.
eg. He was aware that driving without a seat belt was illegal.
The government is aware of the problem of unemployment.
Q. Are you aware of the rules of this school ?
A. Yes, I'm aware of the rules of this school.
Q. Are young people aware of your countrys traditions ?
A. Yes, young people are aware of my countrys traditions.
Q. Why do people smoke even though they are aware of the
dangers ?
A. People smoke even though they are aware of the dangers because
they are addicted.
Q. Do you think that English people are aware of how difficult
English is for foreigners ?
A. No, I don't think English people are aware of how difficult English is for
foreigners.
Q. Should a computer screen be positioned above the level of your
eyes ?
A. No, a computer screen should be positioned at eye-level.
Q. What kind of buildings have large gates outside ?
A. Famous people's houses have large gates outside.
Q. What kind of animals run away when people go near them ?
A. Foxes and rabbits run away when people go near them.
Q. What kind of people have to get used to making regular
speeches ?
A. Politicians have to get used to making regular speeches.
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v. to represent n. ambassador
eg. An ambassador represents his/her country abroad.
Our company was represented by Andrew Forbes at the meeting.
NB. to represent is often used in the passive voice.
Q. Who represents your country abroad ?
A. An ambassador represents my country abroad.
Q. Have you ever represented your school or university in a
competition ?
A. Yes, I represented my school at cricket.
Q. Who would represent your country at a very high-level
international meeting ?
A. The President would represent my country at a very high-level
international meeting.
84 Unit 9
n. symbol n. sign
A symbol is a simple picture which represents a word, an idea, an
organization or a religion.
eg. The Olympic symbol is five colored circles linked together.
A sign can be found in the street or on a wall in a building. It gives us
information.
eg. A no-smoking sign is usually a cigarette in a red circle with a line
through it.
A sign can also be anything that shows us something is going to
happen.
eg. Dark clouds are usually a sign of rain.
New leaves on trees is usually the first sign of spring.
Q. Can you describe the road sign which tells you that you must
stop at a main road ?
A. Yes, it's a red hexagon with STOP written in white letters.
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Q. What are the first signs of :

a. flu ?
A. The first signs of flu are a sore throat and a blocked nose.
b. spring ?
A. The first signs of spring are blossom on the trees and the weather
getting warmer.
c. someone getting angry ?
A. The first signs of someone getting angry are a read face and a loud
voice.
Q. What is the symbol of:
a. the Christian religion ?
A. A cross is the symbol of the Christian religion.
b. peace ?
A. A dove is the symbol of peace.
c. love ?
A. A heart is the symbol of love.
Q. What is the chemical symbol for water ?
A. The chemical symbol for water H2 O.
Q. What kind of people communicate using sign language ?
A. Deaf people communicate using sign language.
n. trademark n. brand name

A trademark is a symbol or words that represent a company.
A brand name is a particular company name such as Levis, Ford or
Coca-Cola.
Q. Which companies have famous trademarks ?
A. MacDonald's and Mercedes Benz have famous trademarks.
Q. Do you prefer any particular brand name when buying:
a. clothes
A. Yes, I prefer Levis when buying clothes.
b. perfume
A. Yes, I prefer Calvin Klein when buying perfume.
c. beer
A. Yes, I prefer Budweiser when buying beer.
Q. Do you think it is worth paying more for famous brand names ?
A. Yes, I think it's worth paying more for famous brand names.
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Q. Does this school have a trade mark ?

A. Yes, this school has a trade mark. It's a big letter A.
adv. hardly
Hardly is a negative adverb. We use it to mean almost not or almost
nothing.
eg. The film was so boring that I hardly remember anything. (almost
nothing)
We hardly ever eat in restaurants. (almost never)
Hardly anyone bought a ticket for the party. (almost no one)
NB. Hardly is not the adverb of the adjective hard.
compare: He works hard. (He works a lot.)
He hardly works. (He almost never works.)
Q. Do some people try to lose weight by hardly eating anything ?
A. Yes, some people try to lose weight by hardly eating anything.
Q. Is that the best way ?
A. No, it isn't the best way.
Q. Have you got any clothes you hardly ever wear ?
A. No, I haven't got any clothes that I hardly ever wear.
Q. Have you got any CDs you hardly ever play ?
A. Yes, I hardly ever play my Celine Dion CD.
Q. If you went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, would
you stay ?
A. No, if I went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, I wouldn't
stay.
85 Unit 9
Q. Would you lend money to someone you hardly knew ?
A. No, I wouldn't lend money to someone I hardly knew.
Q. Give me an example of a place where it hardly ever rains.
A. It hardly ever rains in Africa.
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adj. absolute adj. total

adv. absolutely adv. totally
These words are synonyms of complete and completely.
Q. Do you know anyone whose kitchen is an absolute mess ?
A. Yes, my best friend's kitchen is an absolute mess.
Q. Do you think that it is absolutely necessary to know how to use a
computer in an office job ?
A. Yes, I think it's absolutely necessary to know how to use a computer
in an office job.
Q. If a total stranger smiled at you on a bus, would you smile back ?
A. Yes, if a total stranger smiled at me on a bus, I would smile back.
Q. Have you ever promised to do something and then totally
forgotten about it ?
A. No, I've never promised to do something and then totally forgotten
about it.
perfect continuous tenses

1. You have already studied the present perfect continuous
construction : have + been + present participle
We use this tense to talk about a continuous action that starts sometime
in the past and continues to the present.
eg. They have been waiting for ten minutes.
Im really tired because I have been playing football all afternoon.
2. the past perfect continuous
construction : had + been + present participle
This tense is used in the past in the same way as the present perfect
continuous is used for the present.
eg. They had been waiting ten minutes when the bus finally arrived.
I had been looking for a job for 6 months when I finally found that job
at MacDonalds.
NB. Remember, we always use past perfect tenses with another action
in the past.
167
exercise
Finish these sentences using the past perfect continuous.
1. The streets were wet because it had been raining.
2. I was very late and my friend had been waiting for an hour when I
arrived.
3. He was sacked because he had been stealing money from his
company.
4. They had been going out/had been living together for a month when
they got married.
86 Unit 9
Answer these questions using the past perfect continuous.
Q. How long had you been studying English before you came to this
school ?
A. I had been studying English for about 2 years before I came to this
school.
Q. How did you come to school today ?
A. I came to school by bus today.
Q. How long had you been waiting when your bus/train arrived ?
A. I had been waiting for about 10 minutes when my bus arrived.
Q. How long had you been looking for a school when you found this
one ?
A. I had been looking for a school for 2 weeks when I found this one.
3. the future perfect continuous
Construction : will + have + been + verb + ing
We use this tense for an action that continues until a time in the future.
We use the future perfect continuous with time expressions such as
when or by the time + clause.
eg. Ive been here since 9 oclock so I will have been working for 8
hours by the time I leave tonight.
exercise
Give some information using the future perfect continuous.
1. My son is getting a lot of good experience at the factory, he will have
been working there for a year by the end of September.
168
2. My grandmother will have been waiting for her operation for two years
when she finally goes into hospital next week.
3. I hope he is not tired, he will have been working for ten hours by the
time he arrives.
Q. How long will you have been studying at this school when your
course finally finishes ?
A. I will have been studying at this school for 2 years when my course
finally finishes.
Q. My sister has been working in Japan for 11 months, so how long
will she have been working there by this time next month ?
A. She will have been working there for 1 year by this time next month.
v. to spoil adj. spoilt n. appetite

spoilt
spoilt
If you spoil something you make it unsatisfying or unsuccessful.
eg. The argument between Glen and Paul spoilt the party.
Spoilt children are selfish and impatient because their parents give them
everything they want.
Q. Have you ever spoilt a meal by putting too much salt on it ?
A. Yes, I have spoilt a meal by putting too much salt on it.
Q. What kind of things can spoil a :
a. picnic ?
A. Bad weather can spoil a picnic.
b. holiday ?
A. Bad service at a hotel can spoil a holiday.
c. party ?
A. A fight can spoil a party.
Q. Do you think rich children are more likely to be spoilt than
ordinary ones ?
A. Yes, I think rich children are more likely to be spoilt than ordinary
ones.
Q. Do you usually have a big appetite or a small one ?
A. I usually have a big appetite.
169
Q. What kind of things can you eat between meals without spoiling
your appetite ?
A. I think you can eat fruit between meals without spoiling your appetite.
87 Unit 9
adj. mature n./adj. grown-up v. to sulk

adj. immature adj. childish
A mature or grown-up person always behaves like an adult.
An immature or childish person behaves like a child sometimes.
To sulk means to behave like an angry child because you cant get what
you want.
Q. Give me a synonym for adult.
A. Grown-up is a synonym for adult.
Q. What kind of things do children ask grown-ups to help them
with?
A. Children ask grown-ups to help them with their homework.
Q. Do you think sulking is immature ?
A. Yes, I think sulking is immature.
Q. Do grown-ups ever sulk ?
A. Yes, grown-ups sometimes sulk.
Q. Do you ever sulk when you lose an argument ?
A. No, I never sulk when I lose an argument.
Q. Do you think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage
boys ?
A. Yes, I think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage boys.
phr v. to fall out with someone phr v. to make up with

someone
Q. Have you ever fallen out with a good friend ?
A. No, I've never fallen out with a good friend.
Q. Do children often fall out with each other and then make up
again?
170
A. Yes, children often fall out with each other and then make up again.
Q. Have you ever helped two friends make up after they had had an
argument ?
A. Yes, I've helped two friends make up after they'd had an argument.
Q. Have any famous couples fallen out recently ?
A. Yes, Mick Jagger and Jerry Hall have fallen out recently.
Q. Have they made up yet ?
A. No, I don't think they've made up yet.
v. to serve n. service
Q. Who serves food in a restaurant ?
A. Waiters and waitresses serve food in a restaurant.
Q. What kind of food is often served with hamburgers ?
A. Chips are often served with hamburgers.
Q. If you were unsatisfied with the service in a restaurant who
would you complain to ?
A. If I were unsatisfied with the service in a restaurant, I would complain
to the manager.
Q. What do we mean by:
a. room service ?
A. Room service means food and drinks brought to your hotel room.
b. motorway services ?
A. Motorway services mean places on a motorway where you stop, have
a rest and also get something to eat.
v. to include adj. included adj. including

eg. The price of your hotel room includes breakfast.
When I went to the USA, I visited a lot of famous places including
Disneyland
and the Grand Canyon.
Q. Do prices in supermarkets include tax ?
A. Yes, prices in supermarkets include tax.
Q. What is usually included in the price of a package holiday ?
171
A. Accommodation and travel are usually included in the price of a

package holiday.
Q. Are batteries usually included when you buy childrens toys ?
A. No, batteries aren't usually included when you buy childrens toys.
adv. immediately
If you do something immediately, you do it without delay.
Q. When you go to bed, do you always fall asleep immediately ?
A. No, when I go to bed, I don't always fall asleep immediately.
Q. When you wake up in the morning do you get out of bed
immediately ?
A. No, when I wake up in the morning, I don't get out of bed
immediately.
Q. Have you ever done something then immediately wished you
hadnt ?
A. Yes, I kissed my best friend's girlfriend last week.
88 Unit 9
expr. as soon as
As soon as is an expression we use to link two clauses together.
It means immediately after or without delay.
Q. Do you always pay bills as soon as you get them ?
A. No, I don't always pay bills as soon as I get them.
Q. Tell me something you would like to do as soon as possible ?
A. I'd like to go on holiday as soon as possible.
Q. What should you do as soon as you hear a fire alarm ?
A. As soon as you hear a fire alarm, you should look for the nearest exit.
phrasal verbs and expressions with leave
phr v. to leave behind
If you leave something behind, you forget to take it.
172
Q. What kind of things are often left behind on buses and trains ?
A. Umbrellas and wallets are often left behind on buses and trains.
Q. What would you do if you left your wallet behind in a restaurant ?
A. If I left my wallet behind in a restaurant, I would phone them and ask
them if anyone has found it.
to be left behind sometimes means to be slower or less able than
someone else.
Q. Were there any classes at school where you were left behind by
the other students ?
A. No, there weren't classes at school where I was left behind by the
other students.
Q. What should a student do at this school if they are being left
behind by the rest of the class ?
A. If a student is being left behind by the rest of the class, they should
change their level.
phr v. to leave out expr. to feel left out

When someone or something is left out, it is not included.
Q. If you were planning a trip around the world, which countries
would you include and which would you leave out ?
A. If I were planning a trip around the world, I would include Brazil, China
and Italy and leave out France, Australia and Argentina.
Q. If all your friends had a party and didnt invite you, would you
feel left out ?
A. If all your friends had a party and didnt invite me, I would feel left out.
expr. to leave (something/someone) alone n. company

If someone is in a bad mood it is better to leave them alone.
Q. What do people want when they are feeling lonely ?
A. People want company when they're feeling lonely.
Q. If you were feeling depressed, would you prefer to have some
company or to be left alone ?
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A. If I were feeling depressed, I would prefer to have some company.

Q. What about if you were in a bad mood ?
A. If I were in a bad mood, I would prefer to be left alone.
Q. In what kind of situation do people like to have company ?
A. People like to have company when they go to the pub.
adj. left expr. to be left (over) n. leftovers

If something is left, it is not used.
If you make too much food for dinner, the extra food is left over.
Q. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, how many are left ?
A. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, 3 are left.
Q. If you go on holiday abroad, do you usually have some foreign
currency left over afterwards ?
A. Yes, if I go on holiday abroad, I usually have some foreign currency
left over afterwards.
Q. Is there usually food left over from a dinner party ?
A. Yes, there is usually food left over from a dinner party.
Q. Do you usually throw away leftover food ?
A. Yes, I usually throw away leftover food.
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Unit 10
89 Unit 10
other another, (the) other and the others

We can use these words before a noun or instead of a noun (ie. as a
pronoun).
1. another is usually used with singular nouns
a. before a noun eg. Q. Would you like another piece of cake ?
b. pronoun A. No thank you, I dont think I could eat another.
Q. Can you speak another foreign language ?
A. Yes, I can speak Japanese.
Q. Have you ever studied at another English school ?
A. No, I've never studies at another English school.
Q. If you lost your book, would you buy another ?
A. Yes, if I lost my book, I would buy another.
2. the other is used when there is only one more choice or
possibility.
a. before a noun (after the or a possessive adjective)
eg. There are ten English players in the team, the other player is
Swedish.
b. pronoun (after the or a possessive adjective )
eg. Use this phone, the other isnt working.
Q. Which countries are on the other side of the world from your
country ?
A. Australia and New Zeland are on the other side of the world from my
country.
Q. Are you left-handed or right-handed ?
A. I'm left-handed.
Q. Can you write with the other hand ?
A. No, I can't write with the other hand.
175
Q. Is one of your feet bigger than the other ?

A. No, myfeet are the same size.
3. others
plural pronoun only (after the or possessive adjective)
eg. I only answered three questions in the exam, the others were too
difficult.
Q. I am one of your teachers, who are the others ?
A. The others are Helen and Martin.
Q. England is a European country, tell me some of the others.
A. Some of the others are Italy, France, Belgium and Germany.
NB. We can say the others when we are a talking about the other
people in a group.
eg. I have met Michael and Angela but I dont know the others.
n. mortgage n. interest n. deposit

A loan for a house is called a mortgage.
Q. Do you own your own house ?
A. No, I don't own my own house.
Q. Can you buy a house with a mortgage in your country ?
A. Yes, you buy a house with a mortgage in my country.
Q. Do you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank
?
A. Yes, you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank.
Q. In what other situations do you have to pay interest ?
A. You also have to pay interest when you have a credit card.
90 Unit 10
Q. Do you have to pay a deposit before you rent a flat ?
A. Yes, you have to pay a deposit before you rent a flat.
Q. Is it cheaper in the long term to rent or buy a house with a
mortgage ?
A. It's cheaper in the long term to buy a house with a mortgage.
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n. superstition adj. superstitious

If you are superstitious, you believe that certain things happen that
cannot be explained by science or that certain things are lucky or
unlucky.
eg. The number 13 is unlucky.
If you break a mirror it will bring you seven years bad luck.
Q. Are you superstitious ?
A. Yes, I'm very superstitious.
Q. What animals or numbers are people superstitious about in your
country ?
A. People are superstitious about the number 13 and black cats in my
country.
Q. Give me an example of a popular superstition from your
country?
A. An example of a popular superstition from my country is that it's
unlucky to walk under a ladder.
adj. conscious n. consciousness

adj. unconscious
Conscious means awake.
Unconscious means asleep or unaware of what is happening around
you.
If you are conscious of something, you are aware of it.
Q. Are you conscious or unconscious ?
A. I'm conscious.
Q. Have you ever hit your head so hard that you lost
consciousness?
A. No, I've never hit my head so hard that I lost consciousness.
Q. Are you conscious of the danger every time you fly ?
A. Yes, I'm conscious of the danger every time I fly.
Q. Are people usaully conscious or unconscious when they have an
operation ?
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A. People are usaully unconscious when they have an operation.
adj. self-conscious
If someone feels self-conscious they feel embarrassed or nervous in
front of other people.
Q. What kind of things make you feel self-conscious ?
A. A spot on my nose makes me self-conscious.
Q. Do you feel self-conscious when you have just had your hair cut
?
A. Yes, I feel self-conscious when I've just had my hair cut.
Q. Would you feel self-conscious if you had to make a speech ?
A. Yes, I would feel self-conscious if I had to make a speech.
n. brain n. the mind adj. mental

The brain is a physical part of your body.
The mind is the conscious part of your brain.
Q. Do you think that the brain is the most complicated part of the
body ?
A. Yes, I think the brain is the most complicated part of the body.
Q. Do you have an artistic or a scientific mind ?
A. I have an artistic mind.
Q. Do you think we completely understand how the mind works ?
A. No, I don't think we completely understand how the mind works.
Q. What kind of things can cause mental problems ?
A. Drugs can cause mental problems.
91 Unit 10
Here are some expressions with the word mind:
expr. to make up your mind = to make a decision
expr. to change your mind = to make a decision then to change it.
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Q. Have you made up your mind about what career you want ?
A. No, I haven't made up my mind about what career I want.
Q. Have you ever made an important decision and then changed
your mind afterwards ?
A. No, I've never made an important decision and changed my mind
afterwards.
v. to mind
1. to mind if
We use to mind if to ask someone if a particular situation is a problem
for them.
eg. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ?
Would you mind if your teacher was late for class every day ?
NB. If someone asks you a question using to mind, you must answer:
No, I dont mind, if you agree.
Yes, I (do) mind, if you disagree.
Q. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ?
A. Yes, I mind if people smoke while I'm eating.
Q. Would your parents mind if you married a foreigner ?
A. No, my parents wouldn't mind if I married a foreigner.
Q. Do you think the public would mind if the government put taxes
up by 10% ? A. Yes, I think the public would mind if the government put
taxes up by 10%.
2. to mind if (polite question)
We use the verb to mind if when we ask someone politely if we can do
something.
eg. Would you mind if I opened the window ?
Do you mind if I smoke ?
Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + if.
A. Do you mind if I open the window?
3. to mind doing (polite question)
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We use to mind + gerund to ask someone to do something in a polite

way.
eg. Would you mind opening the window? (Could you open the window,
please ?)
Would you mind smoking outside?
Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + gerund.
A. Would you mind helping me with my homework?
expr. I dont mind. expr. I dont care.

eg. What would you like to do tomorrow ?
I dont mind. polite (I am happy to let you choose.)
I dont care. impolite (Im not interested in doing anything.)
n. psychology n. psychologist adj. Psychological
Psychology is the study of the mind.
A psychologist studies the mind.
Q. What do we call someone who studies the human mind ?
A. We call someone who studies the human mind a psychologist.
Q. Tell me the name of a famous psychologist.
A. Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist.
Q. What kind of psychological problems do people suffer from ?
A. People suffer from paranoia and depression.
92 Unit 10
n. conscience
Your conscience is the part of your mind that tells you if what you are
doing is right or wrong.
If someone has a guilty conscience, they feel guilty about something
they have done.
Q. Have you got a guilty conscience at the moment ?
A. No, I haven't got a guilty conscience at the moment.
Q. If you stole something, would you suffer from a guilty
conscience ?
A. Yes, if I stole something, I would suffer from a guilty conscience.
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Q. What kind of things give you a guilty conscience ?

A. Breaking other people's things can give you a guilty conscience.
reported speech (2)

We have already studied reported speech. However, it is worth looking
again at the rules for how to change direct speech into reported speech.
Remember: we use said or told as reporting verbs.
we do not use speech marks ( )
we often change the tense of the sentence
pronouns (I, she etc.) often have to change
expressions of time often have to change
eg. No one has spoken to me today. she said.
She told me that no one had spoken to her that day.
Exercise
To practise reported speech again, change these sentences from direct
to reported speech.
1. I am very angry. he said.
He said that he was very angry.
2. I will be here tomorrow. the girl told her mother.
The girl told her mother that she would be there the next day.
3. She has eaten all the food again! he said.
He said that she had eaten all the food again.
reported questions
When we are reporting questions we have to make other changes.
1. to ask
we use this verb instead of to say or tell
2. word order
Some questions begin with verbs (eg. are you ..., have they ...).
When we report questions, the subject goes before the verb, as in a
normal sentence.
eg. Where are the keys? she asked.
She asked me where the keys were. (not: where were the keys.)
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Where would you like to sit? he asked.

He asked me where I would like to sit.
93 Unit 10
3. do/did
We do not use do or did
eg. Where do you live?
He asked me where I lived.
4. if
When there is no question word (such as when, how, what, where, etc.),
we use if.
eg. Is the photocopier working ? he asked.
He asked if the photocopier was working.
Do you like tomato soup? he asked.
He asked me if I liked tomato soup.
exercise
Report these questions.
1. What are you doing? asked Roger.
Roger asked me what I was doing.
2. Is John in? the man asked.
The man asked if John was in.
3. Do you want to dance? she asked.
She asked me if I wanted to dance.
4. Are you going to San Francisco? he asked.
He asked me if I was going to San Francisco.
5. What is the time? she asked them.
She asked them what the time was.
6. Have you read the newspaper? his mother asked him.
His mother asked him if he had ever read the newspaper.
Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word what.
A. What is your name?
Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?
A. He asked me what my name was.
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Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word where.

A. Where is you bag?
A. He asked me where my bag was.
Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Do you...
A. Do you like French films?
A. He asked me if I liked French films.
Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Are you ...
A. Are you going back to your country soon?
A. He asked me if I was going back to my country soon.
n. fear (of something) adj. terrified adj. terrifying

Fear is the noun of afraid
If you are terrified of something, you are really frightened of it.
Q. What is your greatest fear ?
A. My greatest fear is the dark.
Q. What kind of animals are people often terrified of ?
A. People are often terrified of spiders and snakes.
Q. Have you ever had a terrifying experience ?
A. No, I've never had a terrifying experience.
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n. terror n. terrorist n. terrorism

Terror means great fear.
A terrorist is a person who uses violence and terror, especially for
political reasons.
Q. Have you ever felt real terror ?
A. No, I've never felt real terror.
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Q. Are there any terrorist organisations in your country ?

A. Yes, there are some terrorist organisations in my country.
Q. What are they fighting for ?
A. They are fighting for their freedom.
Q. Do you know the names of any foreign terrorist organisations ?
A. Yes, ETA and the Tamil Tigers are the names of some foreign
terrorist organisations.
Q. What would be a mature way to deal with criticism of your work ?
A. A mature way to deal with criticism of my work would be to listen to
the criticism and then try to do better.
Q. And an immature way ?
A. An immature way would be to ignore the criticism.
Q. Do you think that the people from the countryside are more
superstitious than the people from the city ?
A. Yes, I think that the people from the countryside are more
superstitious than the people from the city.
Q. How would you feel if the person you were going to marry
changed their mind ?
A. If the person I was going to marry changed their mind, I would feel
really sad and disappointed.
v. to explode phr v. to blow up n. explosion

To explode is intransitive.
eg. The bomb exploded at 9 oclock.
To blow up is transitive.
eg. The bomb blew up the building it was hidden in.
Q. What do terrorists use to get what they want ?
A. Terrorists use bombs to get what they want.
Q. Why do old buildings get blown up in a city ?
A. Old buildings get blown up in a city because they are unsafe.
Q. What is the difference between to blow up and to explode ?
A. The difference between to blow up and to explode is that blow up is a
transitive verb and explode is an intransitive verb.
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v. to scream v. to shake
shook
shaken
Q. When do people scream ?
A. People scream when they are really frightened.
Q. Have you ever woken up screaming from a nightmare ?
A. Yes, I have woken up screaming from a nightmare.
Q. When do peoples hands shake ?
A. Peoples hands shake when they are frightened or nervous.
Q. When does a dog shake itself ?
A. A dog shakes itself when it's wet.
Q. When does the ground shake ?
A. The ground shakes when there's an earthquake.
v. to shake your head v. to shake hands

Q. What does it mean when someone shakes their head ?
A. It means 'no' when someone shakes their head.
Q. Is it normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in your
country ?
A. Yes, it's normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in my
country.
Q. When doing a business deal, is it better to shake hands or sign a
contract ?
A. When doing a business deal, I think it's better to sign a contract.
95 Unit 10
n. peace adj. peaceful

Q. What is the opposite of war ?
A. The opposite of war is peace.
185
Q. What organisation tries to find peaceful answers to international

problems ?
A. The United Nations tries to find peaceful answers to international
problems.
Q. Do you know a place that is really peaceful ?
A. Yes, a quiet park is really peaceful.
Q. Do you think there will ever be a time when the whole world will
be at peace ?
A. No, I don't think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be
at peace.
Q. In which cities have terrorists exploded bombs ?
A. Terrorists have exploded bombs in London.
Q. Have you ever screamed during a film at the cinema ?
A. No, I've never screamed during a film at the cinema.
Q. Do you shake your head to say no in your country ?
A. Yes, we shake our head to say no in my country.
Q. Which is more difficult, to go to war or to make peace ?
A. To make peace is more difficult than to go to war.
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Irregular Verbs
infinitive simple past past participle
beat beat beaten
blow (up) blew (up) blown up
break broke broken
burn burnt burnt
fall fell fallen
forgive forgave forgiven
lead led led
rise rose risen
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shoot shot shot
sink sank sunk
slide slid slid
spoil spoilt spoilt
strike struck struck
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Phrasal Verbs and Verb Expressions

be left over If something is left over, it is not used.
be used to If you are used to something, you do it often so it is normal or easy for you.
beat up To beat someone up means to hit and punch them a lot.
blow up To blow up means to damage or destroy something with an explosion.
break into If a burglar breaks into your house, he forces his way in.
bring up If you bring up a child, you look after them until they are grown up
cope with If you cope with a situation, you deal with it well.
deal with If you deal with a situation, you give it your attention.
drop (someone) off If you drop someone off, you take them to a place and leave them
there.
fall out (with) If you fall out with a friend, you dont like each other any more.
feel left out You feel left out if people are doing something that doesnt include you.
get over When you start to feel better after some bad news or an illness, you are
getting over it.
get used to If you get used to something, it starts off being difficult but becomes easier.
go off When an alarm starts ringing, it goes off.
go over To go over means to look at or study something again.
keep up with If you go at the same speed as another thing, you keep up with it.
lead to If something causes another thing to happen, it leads to that thing.
leave alone When someone wants to be on their own, you leave them alone.
leave behind If you leave someone behind, you dont take them with you.
leave out If you leave someone out, you dont include them.
look forward to If you know there is something in the future that you really want to do,
you look forward to it.
make (something) up If you invent a story or an excuse, you make it up.
make sense If something makes sense, we understand it or belive it is right.
make up (with) If you become friends with someone again, after falling out, you
make up with them.
pick (something) up If you pick something up, you take it from the floor.
pick (someone) up If you pick someone up, you collect them and take them somewhere.
run away People run away from things they are frightened of.
run over If you hit someone in a car, you run them over.
tell (someone) off If you criticise someone in an angry way, you tell them off.
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Articles
We use the indefinite article (a/an) in the following situations.
1. When we are talking about someone or something for the first time or when we are
not talking about a particular thing.*
eg. I went to a good restaurant last night.
It was a difficult examination.
My father has bought a new car.
I want to buy a pair of trousers.
2. When we say what someones job is.
eg. He is a doctor and his wife is a policewoman.
3. In definitions.
eg. A potato is a vegetable that grows underground.
A tiger is a rare animal.
4. When we are talking about a single thing but we are not counting.
eg. I would like a cup of coffee, please. NOT I would like one cup of coffee please.
Do you know a good restaurant near here ?
I passed my driving test a week ago.
He spent an hour doing his homework.
We use the definite article (the) in the following situations.
1. When we have already identified the noun we are talking about.*
eg. My parents have a dog and a cat. The dog is called Fido and the cat is
called Tom.
2. When it is clear from the situation which thing or person we mean.
Often because there is only one possibility.
eg. I am going shopping in the city centre.
Can you turn off the light ?
Ive put the milk in the fridge.
Man first landed on the moon in 1969.
3. With buildings, shops and services which we visit regularly, such as supermarkets,
banks, pubs, and medical services.
compare: My sister works in a bank.
Ive run out of money so I need to go to the bank.
eg. I am going to the supermarket.
My daughter doesnt feel well so she is going to see the doctor.
I think the library is closed on Saturdays.
I often go to the cinema, but I never go to the opera.
*see Avalon Book 2, appendix 3
We dont usually use articles in the following situations.

1. When we talk about things generally we often use plural nouns without an article.
This is very common in English.
Compare : Dogs are usually bigger than cats.
My parents have a dog and a cat.
My brother is frightened of spiders.
There is a spider in the bath.
eg. Airports are very busy places.
Young people are more likely to take drugs than old people.
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2. When we are talking about something as a general idea, we dont use articles.
eg. Criminals are sent to prison.
When I leave school I want to go to university.
Education is an important part of growing up.
Art often deals with subjects such as sex, love, jealousy and death.
3. With proper nouns such as continents, countries, cities, regions, mountains,
islands or peoples names.
eg. I am going to Lake Garda in Italy.
Mount Rushmore is in America.
However, we do use the definite article with groups of mountains or islands and
countries with extra words in their name.
eg. the Himalayas, the Bahamas, the Peoples Republic of China,
the United Kingdom
We aslo use the definite article with the names of seas, oceans and rivers.
eg. the Atlantic (Ocean), the Mediterranean (Sea), the (River) Nile
4. We dont usually use articles with the days of the week, months, seasons or years.
eg. Monday, February, Spring, 1997
However, when talking about decades or centuries, we use the definite article.
eg. the Nineties, the 20th Century
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Modal Verbs Expressing Certainty

Modal verbs to express certainty in the present - must and can.
We use must and can to say we are certain about something because we have
evidence.
i. We use must to say that something is true.
eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He must be quite ill.
(I am certain he is quite ill.)
ii. We use cannot or cant to say that something isnt true.
eg. Peter cant be ill because I saw him playing football this morning.
(I am certain he is not ill.)
Modal verbs to express certainty in the past - must and cant.
We can use must and cant to express certainty about the past.
construction: must + have + past participle
cant + have + past participle
eg. I havent got my wallet. I must have left it at home.
You cant have left your wallet at home because you had it in the restaurant.
Modal verbs to express possibility in the past - might.
Might + have + past participle expresses possibility instead of certainty.
eg. He is very late. He must have got lost. = I am certain.
He is very late. His car might have broken down.
(I am not certain but it is a possibility.)
Modal verbs to express obligation in the past - should.
When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we use
construction should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to
do it.
eg. I didnt understand how to do that exercise.
You should have asked your teacher.
I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe.
You shouldnt have tried to move it on your own.
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Embedded Questions
Questions after Do you know ?
When we ask a question that begins Do you know what/where/how many etc. ?,
the
rest of the sentence follows the rules for reported questions:
eg. Q. Do you know where the library is ?
NOT: Do you know where is the library ?
A. Yes, I know where the library is.
No, I dont know where the library is.
There are other verbs that follow these rules:
understand
eg. Q. Do you understand why we are studying this grammar ?
A. Yes, I understand why we are studying grammar.
find out
eg. Q. How can you find out what someones phone number is ?
hear
eg. Q. Did you hear what he just said ?
A. Yes, I heard what he just said.
see
eg. Q. Can you see what is in her bag ?
A. No, I cant see what is in her bag.
explain
eg. Q. Can you explain what the difference between the past simple and the present
perfect is ?
A. Yes, I can explain what the difference between the past simple and the present
perfect is.
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Exercises, Unit 1
102
Unit 1
A. Join the separate parts to make conditional sentences and say which
conditional
they are (0,1st/2nd ).
eg. If I were you, if I cheated in an exam.
1. If people drink too much,
they get hangovers. 0
2. If I dont catch any fish,
we wont have any dinner. 1st
3. People put on weight
if they eat too much. 0
4. If she didnt love you,
you wouldnt get flowers from her. 2nd
5. My dad will kill me
if he sees this mess. 1st
6. If I were you,
I would talk to a lawyer . 2nd
7. I wont lend you my car again
if you damage it. 1st
8. Dancers lose their abilities
if they dont practise. 0
9. I wouldnt feel guilty
if I cheated in an exam. 2nd
10. You make the boss angry
when you are late for work. 0
B. Reported Speech Change from direct speech to reported speech.
eg. I know that Im too old, he said.
He said that he knew that he was too old.
1. My sister wrote me a lovely letter, she said.
She said that her sister had written her a lovely letter .
2. I will call you when I get home, she said.
She said she would call me when she got home.
3. My new car has been damaged, he said.
He said that his car had been damaged.
4. I dont think England will win the game, said Andy.
Andy said that he didn't think England would win the game .
5. My parents dont want to buy me a car, she said.
She said that her parents didn't want to buy her a car .
6. We are very happy that you can come to the event, they said.
They said that they were very happy that we could come to the event.
C. First make a sentence with wish, then write a sentence in the second
conditional
to show how it might be different.
e.g. I have to work very hard.
I wish I didnt have to work very hard.
If I didnt have to work very hard, I would spend more time with my family.
1. I cant cook well.
I wish I could cook well.
If I could cook well, I would invite my family for a dinner party.
Exercises, Unit 1
103
2. I am very poor.
I wish I wasn't so poor.
193
If I wasn't so poor, I would go on a trip around the world.

3. I have a bad cold.
I wish I didn't have a bad cold.
If I didn't have a bad cold, I would go for a walk with my friend.
4. That jacket is so expensive.
I wish that jacket wasn't so expensive.
If that jacket wasn't so expenssive, I would buy it.
D. Change these sentences from passive to active, or from active to passive.
1. Someone cleans this room every day.
This room is cleaned every day.
2. This room is cleaned (by someone) every day.
Someone cleans this room every day.
3. My bicycle was stolen last Sunday.
Someone stole my bicycle last Saturday.
4. Someone stole my bicycle last Saturday.
My bicycle was stolen last Sunday.
5. Someone broke the stereo two weeks ago.
The stereo was broken two weeks ago.
6. A lot of wine is made in this country.
They make a lot of wine in this country.
7. Two people were bitten by the dog.
The dog bit two people.
8. They will repair the car next Friday.
The car will be repaired next Friday.
E. Change from direct to reported speech, or from reported to direct speech.
eg. I havent seen your keys and dont have any idea where they are, she said.
She said she hadnt seen my keys and didnt have any idea where they were.
1. I cant help you but my friend will be able to, he said.
He said that he couldn't help me but his friend would be able to.
2. My sister has lost her job and is living with me, he said.
He said that his sister had lost her job and was living with him.
3. I will meet you later if Im not busy, she said.
She said that she would meet me later if she wasn't busy.
4. Im not feeling very well, so I cant come to work, he said.
He said that he wasn't feeling well, so he couldn't come to work.
5. I dont understand why they havent told you, she said.
She said that she didn't understand why they hadn't told me.
F. Choose the best word(s)
1. Hes so ..................... . He thinks hes the most intelligent person in the world.
a. selfish b. boast c. big-headed d. temper
2. He never stops ..................... about how much money he has.
a. to tell b. boasting c. to boast d. telling
3. It isnt a good time to ask him because hes in a horrible ..................... .
a. situation b. feeling c. behaviour d. mood
4. Sometimes, hes such ..................... that I have to laugh.
a. stupid b. a stupid c. silly d. an idiot
5. She always behaves so ..................... because she thinks shes more important.
194
a. big-headed b. pigheaded c. arrogantly d. boast

6. She ..................... with the students and left the room
a. gets angry b. shouted a lot c. lost her temper d. broke her mood
7. Hes so ..................... that he doesnt share anything with anyone.
a. stubborn b. modest c. selfish d. stupid
8. The journalist ..................... the news story.
a. boasted b. lied c. exaggerated d. said
G. Sentence Transformations
1. The weather was so bad that there were a lot of accidents.
(were) A lot of accidents were caused by the bad weather.
2. I lost my temper because he was so arrogant.
(behaviour)His arrogant behaviour made me lose my temper.
3. Crime is sometimes caused by unemployment.
(causes) Unemployment is one of the causes of crime.
4. I didnt want to play sport, but my teacher said that I had to.
(force) My teacher used force to make me play/forced me to play sport.
5. My teachers didnt encourage me enough at school.
(get) I didnt get enough encouragement from my teachers at school.
105
H. Choose the right word.
1. He is very modest and never .................................................... about his well-paid
job.
a. tells b. speaks c. boasts d. big-headed
2. Sometimes my .................................................... changes with the weather.
a. mood b. temper c. mind d. subject
3. He was so .................................................... that he shared the money with his
friends.
a. greedy b. arrogant c. selfish d. generous
4. .................................................... people dont think enough about other people.
a. greedy b. arrogant c. selfish d. generous
5. I lost her book and .................................................... a story that it had been stolen.
a. told b. made up c. said d. lied
6. People say that pigs are .................................................... animals.
a. modest b. selfish c. pigheaded d. greedy
7. My mother used to .................................................... when I lied.
a. punch me b. bully me c. tell me off d. encourage me
I. Make a prediction with going to or will depending on the evidence.
eg. There are a lot of dark clouds in the sky.
Its going to rain.
The Africans are getting really good at football.
I think an African team will win the next World Cup.
1. The Americans are sending soldiers, planes and warships to that country.
(war) There is going to be war.
2. The Australian cricket team is really good at the moment.
(competition) I think the Australians will win the competition.
3. He keeps getting to work late.
(job) I think he will lose his job/will be sacked.
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4. My best friend has decided to study law.

(lawyer) He is going to be/become a lawyer.
J. Choose the right words.
1. The most important person in a court is the ....................... .
a. lawyer b. criminal c. judge d. policeman
2. Jack The Ripper was of the most famous ........................ in England.
a. criminal b. killer c. murders d. murderers
3. The police often look for ....................... such as blood and fingerprints.
a. identity b. evidence c. proof d. signs
4. The old woman ....................... my future by studying my hand.
a. guessed b. gave c. said d. predicted
5. My parents always ....................... me eat vegetables.
a. forced b. wanted c. made d. told
6. The policeman ....................... him to get out of the car and put his hands in the air.
a. ordered b. said c. made d. shouted
7. I was angry with him for a few days but then I ...................... him.
a. punished b. forgave c. excuse d. apologised
Exercises, Unit 2
107
Unit 2
196
A. To be worth + gerund
Make sentences with to be(not) worth + gerund because about these situations.
eg. Ive heard its a really lovely place. (Go there.)
Its worth going there because Ive heard its a really lovely place.
1. We will have a conversation class. (Bring your books.)
It's not worth bringing our books because we will have a conversation class.
2. Its always hot there. (Take our coats.)
It's not worth taking our coats because it's always hot there.
3. Shes a very important woman. (Treat her well.)
It's worth treating her well because she's a very important woman.
4. Shes very stubborn. (Try to change her mind.)
It's not worth trying to change her mind because she's very stubborn.
5. Im sure everything will be fine. (Worry about it.)
It's not worth worrying about it because I'm sure everything will be fine.
6. It will help you a lot. (Buy a good English-English dictionary.)
It's worth buying a good English-English dictionary because it will help you a
lot.
B. Use these linking words to join the two clauses together.
and because while if when so before after
1. She called me while I was having a bath.
2. Shes really tired because she stayed up really late last night.
3. She gets changed after getting home.
4. She met an old friend when she was in the supermarket.
5. Shell get angry if you are rude to her.
6. She cleans her teeth before going to bed.
7. She wants to find a job and make a lot of money.
8. She doesnt like her job so she is looking for another one.
C. treat + someone + adverb / be + adjective + to someone
Change these sentences from one form to the other.
eg. He treated me politely. He was polite to me.
1. She always treats me kindly. She was always kind to me.
2. He was very bad to his wife. He treated his wife badly.
3. They treat me quite well. They are quite good to me.
4. She is never impolite to them. She never treats them impolitely.
5. She always treats them politely. She is always polite to them.
6. They have never been kind to us. They have never treated us kindly.
7. I will always be good to you. I will always treat you well.
D. In what situation would you ...
1. feel frightened. I would feel frightened if I saw a ghost.
2. complain. I would complain if something I bought was faulty.
3. feel nervous. I would feel nervous at an important job interview.
4. lose your temper. I would lose my temper if my students weren't listening to
me.
5. get treated in hospital. I would get treated in hospital if I suffered from an
illness.
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E. Write two examples of a temporary situation and two examples of a

permanent
situation using the right tense.
1. I work in an office.
2. I'm working at a petrol station this summer.
3. John lives in London.
4. John is living in Cardiff from June until September.
F. Affect/Effect - choose the right word.
1. Pollution affects the environment.
2. Drinking too much can have a bad effect on your health.
3. These drugs have some bad effects.
4. Your qualifications and experience affect what job you get.
5. The death of his father affected him badly.
G. Present Perfect Continuous. Finish these questions and write answers
about yourself.
1. How long have you been studying at this school ?
I have been studying at this school for 2 years.
2. How long have you been sitting in this classroom ?
I have been sitting in this classroom for 1 hour.
3. How long has this teacher been teaching you ?
I have been taught by this teacher for half a year.
H. Making words
1. Everyone was annoyed by his arrogant behaviour. BEHAVE
2. Not sharing your Easter egg was very selfish. SELF
3. I got a lot of encouragement from my parents. ENCOURAGE
4. We used to have to stay behind after school as a punishment. PUNISH
5. He told me that the painting was completely worthless. WORTH
6. Im going to hospital for some treatment on my knee. TREAT
7. My sisters sarcastic sense of humour annoys me. SARCASM
8. Dogs can be useful because of their intelligence. INTELLIGENT
I. Make sentences in the Present Perfect Continuous about these situations:
eg. She arrived at the bus-stop ten minutes ago. (wait)
Shes been waiting there for ten minutes.
1. They came to this country six months ago. (live)
They have been living in this country for six months.
2. He got a job with Nolava Services two months ago. (work)
He has been working for Nolava Services for two months.
3. We bought this computer over a year ago. (use)
We have been using this computer for over a year.
4. They got into the pool twenty minutes ago. (swim)
They have been swimming in the pool for twently minutes.
5. She went to bed four hours ago. (sleep)
She has been sleeping for four hours.
J. Change but to however in these sentences. Remember to use the right
punctuation.
eg. The food was lovely, but we had to wait an hour and a half for it.
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The food was lovely. However, we had to wait an hour and a half for it.
1. I tried to look intelligent, but nobody took me seriously.
I tried to look intelligent. However, nobody took me seriously.
2. We would like to have a three month holiday, but we cant afford it.
We would like to have a three month holiday. However, we cant afford it.
3. They spent 5,000 on advertising, but no one bought their product.
They spent 5,000 on advertising. However, no one bought their product.
4. She always behaves badly, but, she never gets into trouble.
She always behaves badly. However, she never gets into trouble.
K. Write the causes of these effects using a verb in the Present Perfect
Continuous.
eg. My cat has lots of cuts on its face.
It has been fighting with my neighbours cat.
1. His eyes feel tired.
He has been watching TV for too long.
2. She is very drunk.
She has been drinking alcohol.
3. The plants dont need any more water.
Someone has been watering the plants a lot.
4. His legs are aching.
He has been running.
L. Find one unnecessary word in each line.
1. The last time when I went on holiday, I went to Italy.
2. I was stayed there for two weeks, and visited three
3. of cities, Rome, Florence and Pisa. Unfortunately
4. I couldnt go to the Venice because there was not
5. enough time. Since then, lots of my friends they
6. have told me that Venice is the most beautiful a city
7. they have ever been to, and so that I would like to go
8. there one day in the future. My dream is to be go
9. through the canals in a gondola, with drinking a bottle
10. of the wine. Of course, it would be expensive but
11. I would be have memories of this trip for ever. Dont
12. you think so it would be worth it ?
M. Choose the right word.
1. She always makes me laugh, I really like her ........................................... .
a. sarcasm b. sarcastic c. sense of humour d. theory
2. The newsreader looked very ........................................... as he read the report.
a. serious b. stupid c. sarcastic d. intelligent
3. Einstein had many ........................................... about science.
a. intelligence b. intelligent c. effects d. theories
4. Public transport is often the most ........................................... way to travel to work.
a. best b. quickly c. practical d. fast
5. I saw the product ........................................... in a magazine.
a. advertised b. advert c. shown d. reported
6. Ive told you a million times not to ........................................... .
a. lie b. exaggerate c. exaggeration d. count
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7. My new computer has a one-year ........................................... .

a. promise b. advertisement c. guaranteed d. guarantee
N. Write an example of something you ...
1. fold paper/clothes
2. hang (up) a coat/phone
3. try to avoid doing smoking/drinking alcohol
4. have trouble doing pronoucing certain words in English
5. own a house/a car
6. want to own lots of money/a garden with a swimming pool
Exercises, Unit 3
112
200
A. Present Perfect Continuous (recent habits or repeated activities)

Finish the sentences using a verb in the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. My daughter has been learning French and Russian at school.
2. Hes very tired because he has been working hard at the office.
3. Shes angry with him because he has been using her toothbrush.
4. I think shell pass the exam because she has been studying very hard.
5. I have been eating too much greasy food recently, so Im a bit fat.
6. My young son has been having nightmares recently.
B. Choose the right word
1. The sun .............................. in the East and .............................. in the West.
a. set / rise b. comes up / goes down c. rise / set d. goes up / comes down.
2. If the population keeps .............................. there wont be enough food for
everyone in the world.
a. increase b. increasing c. decrease d. decreasing
3. Many scientists think that dinosaurs became ............................ because of their
small brains.
a. died b. exist c. extinct d. dead
4. Many people believe that life .............................. on other planets.
a. exists b. is c. happens d. does
5. This plate isnt clean. You havent washed it .............................. .
a. well b. cleanly c. properly d. nicely
6. You have to be .............................. eighteen to see that horror film.
a. more than b. over c. age d. under
7. It was very hard for her when her husband died, but she .............................. got
over it .
a. sudden b. suddenly c. gradual d. gradually
8. I drove to the station to .............................. my brother.
a. give up b. pick up c. look up d. stay up
C. Transitive and intransitive verbs
Which of these sentences has a transitive or intransitive verb (T/I).
1. He dropped the glass on the floor. (T)
2. Ive never fallen off my bicycle. (I)
3. Unemployment is rising fast in France. (I)
4. The government has raised taxes again. (T)
5. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (I)
6. She put her book on the table. (T)
7. He walked to the chair and sat down. (I)
8. Ive failed all my exams. (T)
D. Find the six sentences that dont make sense and change them.
1. She is drink.
She is drunk.
2. Im in a really bad mood.
correct
3. He is too strong to carry the table.
He isn't strong enough to carry the table.
4. My mother and I have a very good communication.
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My mother and I are in a good relationship.

5. She asked the teacher to go over the exercise.
correct
6. I go my country when I will finish English.
I will go my country when I finish English.
7. I usually cook myself.
I usually cook by/meals/the dinner myself.
8. The party was so good that she went home.
The party was so bad that she went home.
E. Unless
We will go to the park if it isnt raining. = We will go to the park unless its raining.
Change these conditional sentences using unless.
1. I wont play football if I dont feel well.
I won't play footaball unless I feel well.
2. I never borrow money if I dont really need it.
I never borrow money unless I need it.
3. The computer wont work if we dont have it repaired.
The computer wont work unless we have it repaired.
4. I wont eat chicken if it isnt cooked properly.
I wont eat chicken unless it is cooked properly.
5. He wont pass the exam if he doesnt study hard.
He wont pass the exam unless he studies hard.
F. Choose the right word.
1. I dont think that ................................. will ever become extinct.
a. people b. humans c. dinosaurs d. beings
2. People wear helmets to ................................. their heads.
a. save b. help c. warn d. protect
3. The burglar ................................. the gallery and stole a valuable painting.
a. broke into b. broke c. broke down d. broke in
4. He turned on the ................................. because it was so cold.
a. light b. fire c. alarm d. protection
5. My alarm clock ................................. at seven oclock this morning.
a. started b. got up c. went off d. woke up
6. This fish is still ................................. , it hasnt been cooked properly.
a. fat b. bad c. dead d. raw
7. You have to ................................. oranges and bananas before eating them.
a. peel b. cook c. taste d. burn
8. A healthy ................................. should have all the right vitamins.
a. food b. diet c. human d. orange
9. People often ................................. a diet to lose weight.
a. have b. are on c. go on d. do
10. Teachers should explain grammar ................................. so that students will
understand.
a. clearly b. easily c. clear d. easy
G. Write six examples of proper nouns.
1. John Smith, Madonna, Tony Blair
2. Microsoft, Toshiba, Wrangler
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3. New York, Lublin, Warszawa

4. the Red Sea, the Lake District, the Vistula River
5. the Taj Mahal, the Eiffer Tower, the Trynitarska Tower
6. Monday, December, Easter
H. Write an example of something...
1. that warns us of danger. a road sing
2. that doesnt exist any more. dinosaurs, the Dodo bird
3. that a burglar would steal. a valuable paining/a hifi system
4. that is protected. a head/a house/forests
5. that you wear when sunbathing. sunglasses/swim suit
6. that tastes delicious. cakes/chocolate
I. Finish the sentence with a phrasal verb or expression with over.
1. In tennis you have to hit the ball over a net.
2. It can take a week to get over a bad cold.
3. Your teacher will go over the answers to this exercise.
4. You must be over seventeen to drive in England.
5. We flew over London in a helicopter.
6. I stopped suddenly to avoid running over a cat.
7. Her English has improved over the last year.
8. There are over ten thousand Chinese people living in London.
J. Choose sudden/suddenly/gradual/gradually to finish these sentences.
1. Everyone was surprised by the sudden noise.
2. His English has gradually improved over the last five months.
4. There has been a sudden rise in unemployment since 1985.
5. I dont know why she suddenly lost her temper and hit him.
6. Life has gradually got worse for poor people in England.
7. The weather was really bad at the beginning of our holiday, but it gradually got
better over the two weeks.
8. The weather has been hot and sunny recently, but yesterday it suddenly changed.
K. Write an example of something ...
1. that tastes disgusting. spinach
2. that is greasy. beef
3. that people use to communicate with each other. a telephone/letters
4. that should be cooked properly. meat/potatoes
5. happens suddenly. a fire/storm/flood
6. happens gradually. getting over an illness/shock
L. Choose a verb and then put it in the right tense.
1. The flowers will get some water if it rains tonight.
2. My parents will kill me if I fail my exams.
3. If I am tired after work tonight, I wont play football.
4. I would read the instructions before putting it inside if I were you.
5. What will your boss say if you take the day off ?
6. Who will you ask for help if you ran out of money ?
M. Finish the sentences by using a verb in the past simple and a verb in the
past continuous.
203
1. They were sleeping (to sleep) when the man upstairs started (to start) shouting.
2. They met (to meet) each other while they were studying (to study) German
History.
3. I was working (to work) in the garden when my husband told (to tell) me the
news.
4. It was snowing (to snow) when the children got up (to get up) on Christmas
morning.
5. The bird was eating (to eat) a worm when the cat saw (to see) it.
Exercises, Unit 4
204
A. Choose the right words

1. Coal is one of Britains most important natural ............................... .
a. products b. resources c. energy d. power
2. It is very ............................... to hurt animals.
a. bad b. cruel c. kind d. bully
3. This car uses solar ............................... instead of petrol.
a. energy b. force c. power d. resource
4. Most people think that L.H. Oswald ............................... President Kennedy.
a. hunted b. shot c. banned d. died
5. Journalists have to work ............................... pressure.
a. with b. under c. in d. over
6. Some people ............................... with stress by taking exercise.
a. cope b. do c. cause d. help
7. Moving house can be a very ............................... experience.
a. stress b. stressful c. stressed d. stressing
8. A ............................... is a word with a similar meaning as another word.
a. antonym b. synonym c. same d. pronoun
B. Synonyms and antonyms Write a synonym and an antonym for the following
words.
synonym antonym
1. Happy glad unhappy
2. Fast quick slow
3. Big large/huge small/little
4. Right correct incorrect/wrong
5. Unkind impolite kind/polite
6. Raise rise drop/fall
7. Rare uncommon common
C. Sentence Transformations
1. I try not to drive through the centre of town on Saturdays.
avoid I avoid driving through the centre of town on Saturdays.
2. This flat is my temporary home.
live I live in this flat temporarily.
3. He was not tall enough to be in the army.
short He was too short to be in the army.
4. You are not old enough to see this film.
young You are too young to see this film.
5. There is no need to rush when you do this exercise.
take You can take your time over doing this exercise.
6. It annoys me that he is always so pessimistic.
makes His being so pessimistic makes me annoyed.
D. Choose the right word.
1. He was ................................. by his grandmother because both his parents were in
prison.
a. grown up b. grown c. bought up d. brought up
2. Its very ................................. to keep looking at yourself in a mirror.
a. nice b. useful c. vain d. vanity
3. Its not ................................. that men earn more money than women.
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a. fair b. good c. true d. nice

4. Jealousy and greed arent good ................................. in a person.
a. personality b. effects c. characteristics d. influences
5. John Smiths ................................. was written by Tony Blair.
a. book b. autobiography c. life d. biography
6. People can change their ................................. by having plastic surgery.
a. mind b. personality c. appearance d. characteristics
7. I cant believe youre going to ................................. your hair green.
a. cut b. dye c. colour d. change
8. My friend is very worried about going ................................. in his thirties.
a. bald b. out c. curly d. ugly
E. Synonyms and Antonyms.
Write a synonym and antonym for the following words.
1. Clever wise stupid
2. Stressed tense relaxed
3. Greedy selfish generous
4. Big-headed arrogant modest
5. Punish slap/smack forgive
6. Delicious tasty disguisting
7. Bright light dark
F. Make nouns from the following adjectives and then use them to finish the
sentences.
happy sad rude kind selfish lazy
1. It was with great saddness that I heard about his death.
2. I cant believe his rudeness, he really should apologise.
3. Thank you for your kindness during this difficult time for my family.
4. Despite his laziness we finished all the work on time.
5. I love children but Im often surprised by their selfishness.
6. Your happiness is the only thing that is important to me.
G. Synonyms and Antonyms.
Write a synonym and antonym for the following words.
1. Enjoy like dislike
2. Probably possibly improbably
3. Tall high small
4. Loud noisy quiet
5. Nervous worried relaxed
6. Strange weird normal
7. Shout scream whisper
H. Although and even though
Finish these sentences with although or even though by using a verb in the right
tense.
1. Although I have seen that film, Id like to see it again.
2. Even though you are tired, we must finish this work tonight.
3. Although he knows very little grammar, his vocabulary is huge.
4. Even though we were playing quite badly we still won the game.
5. Although my train was half an hour late it arrived on time in Manchester.
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I. Make adjectives from the following nouns and verbs by adding the suffix able
Then use them to finish the sentences.
fashion change comfort drink
understand believe enjoy avoid
1. Peoples moods can be very changeable when they are drunk.
2. He didnt give a very believeable excuse for being late.
3. Most of the problems are avoidable if we plan carefully.
4. Very fashionable clothes arent always the most comfortable.
5. You must boil the water to make it drinkable.
6. Drinking isnt very enjoyable if you dont feel well.
7. Its understandable that the bus is late because the traffic is so bad.
J. to influence/have an influence - to affect/have an effect
Change from a verb-clause to a noun-clause or a noun-clause to a verb- clause.
eg. The information didnt affect my opinion.
The information didnt have an effect on my opinion.
1. The hot weather has affected my mood.
The hot weather has an effect on my mood.
2. Newspaper reports influence public opinion.
Newspaper reports have an influence on public opinion.
3. Peoples appearance has an effect on what we think about them.
Peoples appearance affects what we think about them.
4. The new laws wont influence our future plans.
The new laws wont have an influence on our future plans.
5. Advertising has a huge influence on the products people buy.
Advertising influences the products people buy.
K. Advantages and disadvantages of (+ noun/gerund)
Write an advantage or disadvantage of the following things.
eg. Driving to work (disadvantage)
A disadvantage of driving to work is that it can be difficult to find somewhere to park.
1. Computers (advantage)
An advantage of computers is that that make our lives easier.
2. Living in a big city (disadvantage)
A disadvantage of living in a big city is that you might have problems travelling
to work.
3. Studying English in England (disadvantage)
A disadvantage of studying English in England is that it's quite expensive.
4. Fax machines (advantage)
An advantage of fax machines is that you can send messages quickly.
5. Travelling first class (advantage and disadvantage)
An advantage of travelling first class it that it's comfortable whereas an
disadantage of it is that it costs more.
L. Although, even though, in spite of, despite

Write a second sentence which means the same as the first.
eg. Even though he asked really nicely, he couldnt persuade her.
207
Despite asking her really nicely, he couldnt persuade her.

1. Although he loves good food, he is a very bad cook.
In spite of being a bad cook, he loves good food.
2. Despite the disadvantages, he wants to go mountain climbing in Holland.
Even though there are many disadvantages, he wants to go mountain climbing
in Holland.
3. Even though she is optimistic, shes a bit worried about her driving test.
Despite being optimistic/her optimism, she's a bit worried about her driving
test.
4. They went fishing despite the bad weather.
Even though the weather was bad, they went fishing.
5. Despite his terrible temper, hes usually very kind.
Although he has terrible temper, he's usually very kind.
Exercises, Unit 5
208
A. Choose the right words.

1. The weather in early spring can be very .................................... in the UK.
a. changing b. change c. changeable d. changed
2. .................................... computers have made many jobs quicker and easier, they
still have disadvantages.
a. despite b. however c. even d. although
3. He grew up in a very poor .................................... of the city.
a. region b. society c. centre d. area
4. Its a very .................................... region, with a lot of pollution and environmental
damage.
a. factory b. industrial c. agricultural d. nature
5. It was .................................... lovely day that we decided to go walking in the
mountains.
a. so b. really c. very d. such a
6. There are .................................... many homeless people in the area that the
government has decided to build special accommodation for them.
a. so b. really c. very d. such a
7. During the Nineteenth Century, Britain changed from an agricultural to an industrial
.................................... .
a. region b. society c. area d. population
8. .................................... being one of the most popular presidents ever, Bill Clinton
was always getting into trouble.
a. despite b. however c. even d. although
B. Choose so or such+a/an for the following sentences.
1. He was such an idiot that we had to sack him after only a week on the job.
2. The region around Chernobyl is so polluted that no one lives there any more.
3. I used to be so lazy that I never got out of bed before midday.
4. It was such as easy exam that I finished an hour early.
5. She was such a dangerous criminal that the judge ordered her to be put in
a special prison.
6. The hill was so steep that we had to get off and push our bikes.
C. Choose such as or like and add some examples to finish these sentences.
1. They sell a lot of alcoholic drinks, like spirits, wine and beer.
2. A lot of interesting animals, like deer, foxes and wolves, can be seen in that
region.
3. He has a lot of films on video, such as Titanic and Gone With The Wind.
4. Many countries produce wine, like France, Portugal and the USA.
5. My country has many famous dishes, such as gobki, schabowy and bigos.
6. My country has a lot of social problems, like unempoloyment, alcoholism and
drugs.
7. Some fruit and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges and apples, are always
peeled before eating.
D. to be + used to + noun/gerund
What are/arent these people used to + noun/gerund ?
eg. An English woman who eats with chopsticks for the first time.
i. She isnt used to (eating with) chopsticks.
ii. She is used to (eating with) a knife and fork.
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1. A poor man who won 10,000,000 a week ago.

i. A poor man who won 10,000,000 a week ago isn't used to having so much
money.
ii. A poor man who won 10,000,000 a week ago is used to having little money.
2. A little girl who is having her first day at school.
i. A little girl who is having her first day at school isn't used to being on her
own.
ii. A little girl who is having her first day at school is used to being with her
parents.
3. A tiger which has just been caught and put in the zoo.
i. A tiger which has just been caught and put in the zoo isn't used to living in a
cage.
ii. A tiger which has just been caught and put in the zoo is used to living free.
4. A new student in this school.
i. A new student in this school isn't used to being asked questions.
ii. A new student in this school is used to studying grammar and making
exercises.
E. Get used to + noun/gerund means that something which is new or difficult
for us
becomes easier or more normal (we learn how to cope with it).
Use get used to to rewrite these sentences. Make sure you use the correct tense.
eg. She has started her new university course in Spain where the timetable is
different.
Shes getting used to her new timetable.
1. At the beginning he had trouble sleeping alone, but it was easier after a few
weeks.
He got used to sleeping alone.
2. Ive only been in this city for a week, but life here will seem normal to me soon.
I will get used to life here soon.
3. I hate this place, and Im sure I will never like it.
I'm sure I will never get used to this place.
4. Slowly, Im starting to understand this computer software.
Slowly, I'm getting used to understnding this computer software.
5. When you get married you have to learn to make decisions with your partner.
When you get married you have to get used to making decisions with your
partner.
F. Sentence Transformation
Change the sentence to another form . You must use the word in brackets.
eg. A car hit me while I was walking home.
(run) I was run over by a car while I was walking home.
1. Despite the bad weather, the ship left on time.
(although) Alhough the weather was bad, the ship left on time.
2. Hes starting to feel comfortable in his new job.
(used to) He's getting used to feeling comfortable in his new job.
3. Although he was lazy, he passed the exam.
(despite) Despite being lazy, he passed the exam.
4. I need to revise the present and past perfect before the exam.
(over) I need to go over the present and past perfect before the exam.
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5. The temperature dropped suddenly while they were climbing the mountain.
(n. fall) There was a sudden fall in the temperature while they were climbing the
mountain.
G. Choose the right word(s).
1. My favourite .................................... in the film Star Wars is Darth Vader.
a. person b. characteristic c. character d. personality
2. One of the main .................................... of cities is that there is so much pollution.
a. trouble b. disadvantages c. difficulty d. problem
3. You cant borrow my car .................................... you promise to clean it after you
use it.
a. unless b. but c. if d. except
4. He is .................................... vain he always thinks hes the most fashionable.
a. such a b. so c. such as d. too
5. Many scientists believe that a .................................... temperature killed the
dinosaurs.
a. sudden drop in b. suddenly fall of c. so falling d. such a low
6. Despite .................................... , they worked in the garden all afternoon.
a. raining b. it was raining c. of the rain d. the rain
7. Although .................................... , the food in that place is very nice.
a. the bad service b. the service is bad c. of bad service d. being bad service
8. He never has any money, even though .................................... .
a. hard work b. he works hard c. working hard d. his hard work.
H. Extra words ?
These sentences are wrong because they have one extra word. Underline the extra
words .
eg. He lost his job, then he had to move out of his flat and now hes a homeless.
1. One of the advantages of this diet is that its as delicious as a normal food.
2. The food was so a delicious that I ordered two main courses.
3. The unemployed people get help from the government in some European
countries.
4. The gradual rise in the number of car accidents is often exaggerated about on TV
5. The film was so boring me that I left the cinema before it finished.
6. Many people were made homeless because of an earthquake struck the area.
7. Many strange animals can be found in Australia, like kangaroos and koalas are
some examples.
8. The Titanic sank down in less than two hours after it hit an iceberg.
I. Choose the right words.
1. During the Second World War thousands of ships were .................................. by
submarines.
a. sunk b. sinking c. sink d. sank
2. The ............................ I grew up in was famous in the city for being poor and
dangerous.
a. region b. neighbourhood c. centre d. part
3. .................................. to flooding, all trains have been cancelled.
a. because b. reason c. due d. as
4. In this job, it is important to have a daily .................................... .
a. habit b. routine c. regular d. organisation
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5. Dont worry, you can .................................... on him to do a good job.

a. trust b. sure c. rely d. believe
6. I have .................................... from migraines ever since I started this job.
a. pain b. suffered c. hurt d. irritated
7. Most lawyers are .................................... but there are some who arent.
a. believe b. trustworthy c. trust d. rely
8. The government .................................... free hospital treatment for the
unemployed.
a. gives b. lets c. provides d. gives
J. Make a different word using the one in capitals to finish these sentences.
1. She wanted her parents to take her ambitions more seriously. SERIOUS
2. When I was a teenager I used to argue with my parents a lot. USE
3. She was a beautiful woman, but famous for her vanity. VAIN
4. His big red sports car is good fun, but not very practical. PRACTICE
5. Dont worry, he is completely trustworthy, you can rely on him to keep that
information secret. TRUST
6. He left his last job because it was too stressful. STRESS
7. The war had a disastrous effect on the economy. DISASTER
8. A lot of TV programmes are subtitled for deaf people. TITLE
9. There are eight important daily newspapers in the UK. DAY
10. I find most TV adverts really irritating. IRRITATE
K. Choose the best words.
1. He is used to ................................... hills, because he comes from the mountains.
a. steep b. high c. height d. steeply
2. Ive never seen ................................... pen .
a. so small a b. such a tiny c. a so tiny d. such as a tiny
3. This new job is very different from my last one, but I ................................... to it.
a. am getting up b. get used c. used d. am getting used
4. There are many different kinds of ..................................., such as racism and
sexism.
a. prejudice b. society c. judgement d. evidence
5. She is ................................... . She always imagines the worst possible future.
a. so optimistic b. such a pessimist c. so pessimist d. such pessimist
6. The burglar ................................... the house while we were on holiday.
a. stole b. robs c. broke into d. moved
7. The boss will get angry with him ................................... he does the work properly.
a. if b. unless c. despite d. except
8. If you go on the Cambridge Diet, you will ................................... very quickly.
a. lose weight b. take off calories c. put off weight d. lose weigh
Li. Choose the right words from the list below to finish this article.
The earthquake 1) ................................... the city in the 2) ...................................
evening
during the 3) ................................... hour 4) ................................... thousands of
people were travelling home after work. It is 5) ................................... that more than
a hundred people died and 6) ................................... two thousand were 7)
................................... hospital. It was 8) ................................... huge disaster that
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thousands of people were 9) ................................... homeless in the 10)

................................... .
1) a. hits b. damaged c. struck d. affected
2) a. six oclock b. late c. Friday d. early
3) a. rush b.crowded c. busy d. hurry
4) a. during b. then c. however d. while
5) a. guessed b. believed c. believing d. thinking
6) a. more b. over c. near d. further
7) a. needed the b. carried into c. taken to d. suffered in
8) a. so b. such as c. a very d. such a
9) a. made b. became c. got d. got used to
10) a. country b. area c. part d. region
Lii. Choose the right words from the list below to complete this article.
As a result of the earthquake 11) ................................... daily life came to a 12)
................................... stop. Public transport 13) ................................... also 14)
................................... affected. All train services 15) ................................... cancelled
and all flights from the international airport were 16) ................................... .
When the sun 17) ................................... the next morning it was clear that thousands
of
homeless people would need to be provided 18) ................................... emergency
accommodation. The government had to 19) ................................... on international
organisations to bring in food and medicine. The city would take a long time to 20)
................................... the disaster.
11) a. usual b. every c. normal d. each
12) a. sudden b. quick c. fast d. full
13) a. did b. were c. had d. was
14) a. severely b. a lot c. such d. bad
15) a. were b. had c. was d. have been
16) a. later b. delayed c. cancel d. slow
17) a. came up b. rises c. rise d. got up
18) a.with b. of c. to d. for
19) a. trust b. ask c. rely d. need
20) a. be over b. go over c. get over d. run over
Exercises, Unit 6
213
A. Choose must, cant or might(not), depending on how sure you are, to make
judgements from the evidence.
1. Its 4.00 in the morning in his country.
So, he must be sleeping now. He can't be at work.
2. Hes always completely tired when I see him on the train in the evening.
So, he must work very hard. He can't have an easy job.
3. He isnt answering the phone but I know hes at home.
So, he might be listening to some loud music, or he might not want to talk to
anyone.
4. That book is sold in over one hundred different countries.
It must be read by millions of people every year.
5. Why do they want to look inside my suitcase?
They might be looking for drugs.
6. It looks like gold, but it can't be made of gold because its too light.
7. She has always wanted a son and now she has one. She must be so happy.
8. That can't be her husband because hes on a business trip.
It must be someone else.
B. Must / cant / might(not) + present
Make judgements about the present using must, cant or might(not) from the
evidence.
eg. Hes got four houses and ten cars.
He must have lots of money. He cant be poor.
1. Hes homeless.
He must be very unhappy.
2. She isnt at school today.
She might be ill.
3. Hes always in a good mood on his way to work.
He can't have a hard job.
4. The streets are dirty when I go home, but theyre always clean when I get up.
Someone must clean the streets at night.
5. Shes very quiet today.
She migh be worried about something.
C. Use must have, cant have or might have and put the verb in the right form.
eg. He only got 15% in the exam. He cant have studied (study) very hard.
Their team won the game 10 - 0. They must have played (play) really well.
1. He didnt go to the party. He might have been (be) tired or ill. Im not sure.
2. My wife didnt say happy birthday to me this morning. She might have forgotten
(forget).
3. His car broke down and he had to walk 10 miles. He can't have been (be) very
happy.
4. Where is my car? It must have been moved (move) by the traffic police. (passive)
5. I saw a dog this morning which looked just like Davids.
It can't have been (be) Davids dog, because it died recently.
6. Where did I leave my keys? - Im not sure, I might have left (leave) them in the
kitchen.
7. Why is he so late? He left home on time.
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I dont know, but his train might have been delayed (delay) because of the snow.
(passive)
D. Sentence Transformation
Rewrite the first sentence. Use a maximum of five new words, including the word in
brackets, and keep the meaning the same.
e.g. My boss got angry with me for arriving late.
I was told off by my boss for arriving late. (off)
1. A car hit her while she was crossing the road.
She was run over a car while she was crossing the road. (run)
2. I tried calling him at home, so Im sure he isnt there.
He can't be at home, because I tried calling him there. (be)
3. There was an advertisement for a teaching job in the newspaper yesterday.
A teaching job was advertised in the newspaper yesterday. (advertised)
4. All the trains were delayed because the drivers went on strike.
All the trains were delayed due to drivers strike. (due)
5. Im still finding my new timetable a bit strange.
I haven't got used to my new timetable yet. (got)
6. It is possible that the price influenced her choice.
The price might have influenced her choice. (might)
E. Suggest what should/shouldnt have been done in these situations.
eg. Ive got a terrible hangover.
You shouldnt have drunk so much last night.
1. Im late for work.
You shouldn't have stayed up late last night.
2. I am really sunburnt.
You should have put on some suntan oil.
3. Im really tired.
You shouldn't have worked so much.
4. I ran out of petrol on my way to work yesterday.
You should have checked petrol before driving to work.
F. Choose an emphasising word and write put it in the spaces.
such already still only
just yet so
1. Are you still here ? I thought you went home an hour ago.
2. I cant afford that dress. I only have 150.
3. Havent you finished yet ? You told me it would only take a few minutes.
4. That is such a lovely present. Thank you so much!
5. You should have been here a few minutes ago. Hes already gone out.
6. He started working in the company two months ago but he is already a manager.
G. Choose the right words.
1. No one can say with ..................................... who killed JF Kennedy.
a. sure b. truth c.true d. certainty
2. ..................................... the two wines, I think this one is better.
a. drinking b. opinion c. comparing d. preferring
3. He was driving too fast and ..................................... control of the car.
a. lost b. out of c. took d. couldnt
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4. Dinner is the ..................................... meal of the day for most English families.
a. mainly b. main c. important d. evening
5. The tourists ..................................... the guide around the museum.
a. lead b. asked c. showed d. followed
6. Racing-car drivers try to ..................................... each other during the race.
a. pass b. guide c. follow d. lead
7. The government has increased taxes ..................................... 1%.
a. to b. at c. for d. by
8. English university students usually take their exams in June and get their
............................. in August.
a. degrees b. results c. qualifications d. pass
H. Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets in these
sentences.
1. We hadn't eaten (to not eat) jellyfish before we visited (to visit) China.
2. They had already sold (to sell) all the tickets when we got (to get) to the concert.
3. She thought (to think) that he was (to be) the most amazing man she had met (to
meet).
4. I had seen (to see) such high mountains until I went (to go) to Nepal.
5. He had been (to be) a professional boxer for only one year when he won (to win)
the competition.
I. Choose the best word(s)
1. The .......................................... on the front page of the newspaper said Ireland
wins
complete independence.
a. heading b. title c. headline d. subtitle
2. This one is too strong. I prefer .......................................... cheese.
a. mild b. soft c. weak d. light
3. He had failed his driving test three times when he .................................. passed
last month.
a. already b. finally c. just d. only
4. Our long-......................... plan is to take control of the whole market.
a. time b. future c. term d. distance
5. He came first in the 100m race .......................................... his bad ankle.
a. however b. despite c. although d. even
6. When I take exercise, I feel really relaxed .......................................... .
a. after b. later c. afterwards d. then
7. When children go out alone, they should always tell an adult where they are going
.......................................... .
a. beforehand b. before c. earlier d. early
8. The police said that the accident was the .......................................... of thick fog.
a. due b. because c. cause d. result
J. Sentence Transformations
1. She is very excited about her trip to Thailand.
(forward) She is looking forward to her trip to Thailand.
2. We were provided with food by the local people.
(us) The local people brought us food.
3. I am sure he did not pay for the coffee because he didnt have any money.
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(have) He can't have paid for the coffee because he didnt have any money.
4. It was a bad idea for him to cook sausages for a group of vegetarians.
(have) He shouldn't have cooked for a group of vegetarians.
5. The fire resulted in $3 million worth of damage.
(was) $3 million worth of damage was the result of the fire.
K. Make suggestions using shall I / we
1. There is a very good new restaurant near here.
Shall we go to that new restaurtant?
2. We dont have enough money to get a taxi.
Shall we take a bus?
3. This pub is really boring.
Shall we go to another pub?
4. I dont know how to use this ticket machine.
Shall I help you?
5. We have lost our way.
Shall we ask the way?
6. We dont know what time the party starts.
Shall we ask what time the party starts?
L. Choose one word that can go with the three words.
eg. political ... solar ... nuclear ... power
1. social ... money ... back ... problem
2. ... winter .... cheese ... weather light
3. ... newspaper ... routine ... meal daily
4. transport ... alarm ... education ... system
5. human ... horse ... car ... race
6. in ... out of ... lose ... control
7. ... meal ... road ... course
8. run ... get ... go ... over (phr v.)
M. Look forward to + noun / gerund
eg. I / see you again/summer. Im looking forward to seeing you again next summer.
1. They / go to France/next month.
They are looking forward to going to France next month.
2. I not / talk to my bank manager/ this afternoon.
I'm not looking forward to talking to my bank manger this afternoon.
3. We / the party /Saturday.
We are looking forward to the party on Saturday.
4. I not / get up/ 6.00am / tomorrow morning.
I'm not looking forward to getting up at 6.00 am tomorrow morning.
5. We not / the exam / Friday morning.
We are not looking forward to the exam Friday morning.
Exercises, Unit 7
217
A. Make sentences with the third conditional, imagining that things were
different
from what really happened.
eg. He didnt enjoy the party because he didnt know anyone.
He would have enjoyed the party if he had known someone.
1. He lost his key, so he had to break a window.
He would have had to break a window if he hadn't lost his key.
2. I missed the start of the film because I didnt arrive on time.
I wouldn't have missed the start of the film if I had arrived on time.
3. I was very careful, so I didnt make any mistakes.
I would have made some mistakes if I hadn't been very careful.
4. The police were able to arrest the murderer because they found some important
evidence.
The police wouldn't have been able to arrest the murderer if they hadn't found
any important evidence.
5. She wasnt allowed to use a calculator, so it took her a really long time.
It wouldn't have taken her a really long time if she had been allowed to use a
calculator.
B. Complete these sentences in the third conditional.
1. I wouldn't have known (not know) about the party if my sister hadn't told (not
tell) me.
2. If no one had told (tell) me about the party, I would have stayed (stay) at home.
3. Our team would have won (win), if we had played (play) better.
4. We would have missed (miss) the train, if we hadn't run ( not run).
5. She wouldn't have been (not be) so angry if you had apologised (apologise).
C. Choose the right words.
1. One of Eddisons most famous ......................................... was the electric light.
a. inventions b. inventor c. invent d. invents
2. Some scientists are optimistic that they will ...................................... find a cure for
AIDS.
a. finally b. eventually c. final d. in the future
3. I dont think doctors will ......................................... find a cure for cancer.
a. finally b. eventually c. never d. ever
4. The best way to ......................................... with new fashions is to read fashion
magazines.
a. keep up b. get up c. stay up d. move up
5. I .................................. dinner a six oclock tonight.
a. will be having b. will have c. have d. going to have
6. A lion cannot run as fast .................................. a cheetah.
a. than b. as c. that d. of
7. If you .................................. that computer last year it would have cost you twice as
much.
a. have bought b. would buy c. bought d. had bought
8. .................................. we go and see a film tonight ?
a. will b. shall c. why not d. wont
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D. Choose either the future simple, the future intention (be going to) or the
future
continuous for these sentences.
1. I think that we will have to (have to) use solar power when the oil runs out.
2. This product is excellent. It is going to make (make) a lot of money for the
company.
3. I will be starting (start) my new job this time next week.
4. Its not worth going to the cinema. The film will start (start) about now.
5. Most people dont really know what they will be doing (do) in a years time.
E. Sentence transformations.
1. A Ferrari is faster than a Jaguar.
(as) A Jaguar is is not as fast as a Ferrari.
2. Britain is not as big as France.
(than) France is bigger than Britain.
3. Nuclear power is more dangerous than people used to think.
(as) Nuclear isn't as safe as people used to think.
4. English is not as difficult as most other European languages.
(than) English is easier than most other European languages.
5. It is quicker to send messages by e-mail than by fax.
(as) It isn't as quick to send messages by fax as by e-mail.
F. Choose one word that can go with the three words.
1. send a ... receive a ... take a ... message
2. keep ... get ... make ... up (phr v.)
3. hard ... look for ... out of ... work
4. industrial ... agricultural ... hilly ... area
5. university ... long-... short-... term
6. generous ... greedy ... selfish ... person/behaviour
7. transitive ... intransitive ... regular ... verb
G. Write an example of ...
1. suitable shoes for walking in the mountains. boots
2. a suitable place to store old furniture. basement/attic
3. new technology. iPods
4. a really excellent film/play you have seen recently. Children Of Men
5. a perfect job for you. tourist guide
6. something you intend to do when you finish studying. find a well-paid job
7. a synonym of by accident. accidentally
8. an antonym of by accident. on purpose
9. a word you find difficult to pronounce in English. immediately
10. a famous book or film you found disappointing. War And Peace
H. Write the right word in the space.
1. He looked for work for six months before he found a job in a hotel.
2. While he was out of work he learnt Chinese.
3. He resigned from his job because his boss treated him so badly.
4. He planned his career carefully and by the time he was 45 he had become a
famous doctor.
5. Most of the workers/emplyees decided to strike.
219
6. At the age of fifty, he decided to retire early and spend time with his family.
7. He was late so often that his boss finally decided to sack him.
8. When my father retired, he received a monthly pension from his old company.
I. Choose the right words.
1. I was really looking forward to that film but when I finally saw it I found it really
.................. .
a. disappointed b. disappoint c. disappointing d. disappointment
2. Skiing is not a ............................... sport for old people.
a. satisfactory b. suitable c. perfect d. satisfying
3. My brother planned to have a ............................... in law but failed the exams.
a. job b. work c. employment d. career
4. When I finish studying, I ............................... to travel around the world.
a. wish b. going c. intend d. am looking forward
5. People from Scotland have got a very strong ............................... .
a. voice b. arms c. accent d. pronunciation
6. If you are ............................... you often drop or break things accidentally.
a. idiot b. silly c. clumsy d. sensible
7. If you are going on holiday, it is ............................... to get insurance before you
go.
a. stupid b. sensible c. responsible d. irresponsible
8. In my new job, I am responsible ............................... advertising.
a. of b. for c. to d. the
J. Use the Past Perfect to show causes/influences of later actions.
eg. He failed the exam because he hadnt studied very hard.
She had invited so many people to the party that there wasnt anywhere to sit down.
1. I had slept (sleep) really well the night before, so I felt fine the next day.
2. She knew my name because she had seen (see) me many times on TV.
3. I had never flown (never/fly) before, so I was quite frightened.
4. We didnt see the concert because they had already sold (already/sell) all the
tickets when we arrived at the concert hall.
5. When I met him after work he was tired, because he had been (be) busy all day.
6. I had trouble understanding how to use his camera, because I had always used
(always/use) an automatic one before.
7. She was angry with me, because I had behaved (behave) stupidly the night
before.
K. Complete these sentences with the Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
eg. We rushed to the station, but the train had left (leave) when we got there.
He doesnt feel hungry any more because he has eaten (eat) three bowls of soup.
1. Shes an old friend. I have known (know) her for a really long time.
2. They couldnt get into the concert because they had lost (lose) their tickets.
3. I had seen (see) the film before, so I didnt enjoy it very much.
4. I wont go with you to the cinema tonight, because I have seen (see) that film
before.
5. They had been (be) in the caf for an hour and a half when I arrived.
6. I have never met (never/meet) you before, but I remember your face from a
magazine.
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7. No! Im not lending you my car to drive home! You have drunk (drink) more than
ten beers !
L. (not) as + adjective/adverb + as
eg. He usually drives more slowly than me.
He doesnt usually drive as quickly as me.
1. Im younger than her.
Im not as old as she.
2. I cook worse than him.
I dont cook as well as he.
3. This restaurant is cheaper than that one.
This restaurant isnt as expensive as that one.
4. I danced better than everybody.
Nobody danced as well as I.
5. Your backpack is lighter than mine.
Your backpack isnt as heavy as mine.
6. Im more pessimistic than him.
Im not as optimistic as he.
M. Sentence Transformation. Use the word in brackets to rewrite these
sentences.
eg. The disaster killed hundreds of people.
There were hundreds of deaths due to the disaster. (deaths)
1. Im sure she wasnt ill because I saw her dancing at a nightclub.
I saw her dancing at a nightclub, so can't have been ill. (cant)
2. The guide led us across the mountains.
We were led across the mountains by the guide. (were)
3. I missed the beginning of the film at the cinema last night.
When I arrived at the cinema last night, the film had already started. (already)
4. He burnt the cat with his cigarette because he wasnt paying attention.
If he had been paying attention, he would not have burnt the cat with his cigarette.
(would)
6. I find this hot weather really amazing because its normally quite cold at this time of
year.
I am amazed by this hot weather because its normally quite cold at this
time of year. (by)
7. His careless driving nearly caused a serious accident.
His careless driving nearly resulted in a serious accident. (result)
8. Were very exited about the party on Saturday.
Were really looking forward to on Saturday. (forward)
N. There is one unnecessary word in 9 of these lines. One line is correct.
Dear Justin
This is just a short note for to say how much we enjoyed 1
that staying with you in Brighton. We both had a really 2
nice time, and would like to thank you for you looking 3
after us so well. When we get the photos back I will be 4
send to you some of them. I hope the one of you with 5
the seagull on your lunch-box comes out but even if it 6
doesnt, I wont never forget the expression on your face! 7
221
Anyway, you are welcome to come and visit to us in Perth 8

any time when you want. Brian and I would love to have 9
a chance to repay your all kindness. Thanks again and see 10
you soon - hopefully !
Geraldine.
Exercises, Unit 8
222
A. Word transformations
Change the word at the end to fit the sentence.
1. You got an excellent mark in your exam ? Thats wonderful! WONDER
2. I cant understand people who kill animals for amusement. AMUSE
3. She handed in her resignation the day after the meeting. RESIGN
4. This work is not satisfactory . It will have to be done again. SATISFY
5. There is no problem with your work. It is perfectly satisfactory. PERFECT
6. In an interview, they are trying to judge your suitableness for the job. SUITABLE
7. We found the film very disappointing. DISAPPOINT
8. After looking for her flat for two hours, we eventually went to a hotel. EVENT
B. Choose the right words.
1. In the UK there are five normal ......................... and more than forty on satellite
television.
a. channels b. programmes c. documentaries d. media
2. The word ......................... rhymes with shoe.
a. though b. through c. goes d. thorough
3. Yesterday, I ......................* early because I had to go to the station to pick up my
daughter.
a. have got up b. got up c. had got up d. was got up
4. The police are ................................ for keeping law and order.
a. responsible b. sensible c. responsibility d. purpose
5. England were ................................. by Germany in the European Cup semifinal.
a. lost b. scored c. won d. beaten
6. The heart ..................................... between 60 and 80 times in a minute.
a. hits b. beats c. rhythms d. scores
7. Ghosts and spirits are examples of the ..................................... .
a. paranormal b. strange c. unusual d. monster
8. If you are on a backpacking holiday, it is best to wear .....................................
shoes.
a. fashionable b. sensible c. silly d. responsible
C. Some of these sentences need the verb to be.
Make sure you use the right tense where necessary.
1. The police is/are aware of the problem.
2. Im sure it will rain tonight.
3. We were allowed to take two weeks holiday last year.
4. They are often late for school.
5. Two brothers own the company.
6. If you put the ladder there, it will fall down.
7. We were irritated because we had to wait a long time.
8. There was a man who came to the party wearing a green suit.
9. We are disappointed by the students results in the exam.
10. People are often influenced by the media.
D. Write words that rhymes in the spaces.
1. walk talk 2. heart part
3. word third 4. house mouse
5. might fight 6. flood blood
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7. through shoe 8. hair chair

E. Complete these conditional sentences with even using the words in
brackets.
eg. I wont forgive her ......................................... (apologise).
I wont forgive her even if she apologises.
1. I never wear gloves, even if it is (cold).
2. I wouldnt buy a Rolls-Royce, even if I could afford it (afford).
3. They still want to go to the park, even if it is raining (rain).
4. Youll never pass the exam, even if you study (study).
5. I wouldnt have gone to the party, even if he had invited me (invite).
F. Give two examples of ...
1. special food people eat at Christmas/New Year. fish, barszcz
2. occasions when you wear special clothes. fancy-dress party, job interview
3. ordinary food from your country. scrambled eggs, toast on becon
4. complicated grammatical constructions. The Third Conditional, Past Perfect
Continuous
5. simple games noughts and crosses, hangman
6. common birds pigeon, sparrow
7. films with a lot of special effects Armageddon, Next
G. Choose the right words.
1. The rules of chess are very ................................... .
a. complicated b. simple c. ordinary d. special
2. Tennis is sometimes played on a ................................... .
a. lawn b. grass c. pitch d. plant
3. The main ................................... on my farm is corn.
a. plant b. plot c. crop d. food
4. A barbecue is a meal cooked ................................... .
a. idoors b. indoor c. outdoors d. outdoor
5. The roads can be very ................................... when its cold.
a. slide b. slippery c. ice d. slip
6. The exam was so easy that ................................... the worst students passed.
a. some b. even c. so d. although
7. I ................................... hit anyone, even if they hit me first.
a. would b. will c. wont d. wouldnt
8. We went to the cinema and ................................... a good film.
a. have seen b. had seen c. saw d. were seeing
H. Put the verbs below into the correct tense.
1. He usually looks (look) forward to his birthday but he isn't looking forward
(look forward) to it this year because he will be (be) 40.
2. She has worked/has been working (work) here since last February and I think
(think) she will be (be) here for the next two or three years.
3. When I was travelling (travel) home yesterday, I met (meet) an old school friend
on the bus. I am going to see (see) him again tonight for a chat.
4. The train had already left (already/leave) when we got (get) to the station and
while we were waiting (wait) for the next one, we had (have) dinner in a nearby
restaurant.
224
5. How long have you been waiting (you/wait) to see the doctor ?
I have been sitting (sit) here for an hour and a half.
6. While I was sleeping (sleep), someone broke into (break) into the house and
stole (steal) my stereo. I have only been living (only live) here for three days.
I. Word Transformations.
1. Sometimes criticism is good for people. CRITIC
2. Ghosts and UFOs are examples of the paranormal. NORMAL
3. Snakes are very slippery animals. SLIP
4. The comedian was so amusing that the audience were all laughing. AMUSE
5. A picnic is a meal you eat outdoors. DOOR
6. Margaret Thatcher wrote her autobiography soon after she lost power.
BIOGRAPHY
7. The President of the USA is the most powerful person in the world. POWER
8. He was very irresponsible with the money he won and he spent it in a year.
RESPONSIBLE
J. Use one of the time expressions below to make these sentences make
sense.
by by the time when
1. If I post this letter today, it should arrive by Monday.
2. Mozart was famous all over Europe by the age of ten.
3. Mozart was famous all over Europe by the time he was ten.
4. We were so late for dinner that when we got there they were already eating
dessert.
5. I will tell her when I see her tomorrow.
6. By the time I am forty, I will be a millionaire.
7. I will have finished this job by this time next week.
K. Future Perfect Will + have + Past Participle
Put the verbs into the Future Perfect and add a time expression where necessary.
eg. He / be / married / 25 years / next Wednesday.
They will have been married for 25 years by next Wednesday.
1. The film / finish / we / arrive.
The film will have finished by the time we arrive.
2. They / not / finish / the work / Sunday.
They won't have finished the work by Sunday.
3. She / be / here / a year / this December.
She will have been here for a year by this December.
4. He / save / over 10,000 / the end of the year.
He will have saved over 10,000 by the end of the year.
L. Some lines in this text have an extra, unnecessary word. Find the extra
words and
underline them.
Dear Sir or Madam,
1. I am writing to you about the advertisement for a job as
2. a tourist-guide, showing to visitors around the great temple.
3. Despite of being out of work at this moment, I am used to
4. be employed in a castle for twelve years. I was such as a
225
5. good employee that my wages went up to 20% at the end

6. of each year. Finally, I decided to leave and look for the another job,
7. although that the money was good. After that, I found a job as
8. a waiter in a restaurant, where I worked for over the six months.
9. While I was there I had to control of all the food which was served.
10. I have just resigned from that job because of I was ill, but I saw
11. the ad for the temple job yesterday and I felt it was too perfect for me.
12. I am looking forward to hearing about from you very soon,
Yours faithfully,
Y. Knot
M. Rewrite the underlined sentences using the word even.
eg. His dog ate everything in the kitchen. It ate the plants, too.
His dog ate everything in the kitchen, even the plants.
1. Everybody danced at the party. My grandfather danced, too.
Everybody danced at the party, even my grandfather.
2. Nobody liked the dinner. My dog didnt like it either.
Nobody liked the dinner, even my dog.
3. The thieves took everything. They took the carpets, too.
The thieves took everything, even the carpets.
4. Everybody helped to clean the car. My two-year-old son helped, too.
Everybody helped to clean the car, even my two-year-old son.
5. Nobody in the classroom knows the answer. The teacher doesnt know, either.
Nobody in the classroom knows the answer, even the teacher.
6. When we were on holiday he used a lot of my things. He used my toothbrush too.
When we were on holiday he used a lot of my things, even my toothbrush.
Exercises, Unit 9
226
A. Choose the right words.

1. Most tall buildings are made out of ....................................... .
a. brick b. iron c. steel d. concrete
2. There was a wooden .................................. around the garden.
a. wall b. gate c. fence d. bar
3. She used to live in a ................................... of flats but she has moved to a cottage
in the country.
a. group b. building c. block d. floor
4. Cats love to ................................... mice.
a. run away from b. jump c. chase d. fight
5. We have agreed on the deal but we havent signed the .......................................
yet.
a. agreement b. dealer c. contract d. paper
6. I had to make a ....................................... at the wedding.
a. speak b. talk c. lecture d. speech
7. After the ....................................... on the new law, the MPs voted.
a. discussion b. talk c. agreement d. debate
8. They were very keen ................................ sign the contract.
a. on b. to c. for d. when
B. Write two examples of ...
1. things you are keen on doing. riding a bicycle, listening to classical music
2. something you are keen to do in the future. to visit Portugal, to climb Rysy
mountain
3. sports you are enthusiastic about. football, volleyball
4. things people are often addicted to. alcohol, drugs
5. things that people deal in. cars, furniture
6. problems politicians have to deal with. strikes, unemployment
7. things teenagers are often obsessed with. fashion, relationships
C. Use the correct tense after the verb wish in these sentences.
1. I wish I had (have) more money, then I could afford that holiday.
2. I wish I hadn't bought (buy) this watch, it doesnt work properly.
3. I wish you had told (told) yesterday, I could have helped you then.
4. I wish I had studied (study) harder for the exam, I only got 10%.
5. I wish I was (be) taller.
6. I wish you would clean up (clean up) after you use the kitchen.
7. I wish it would stop (stop) raining, then we could go for a picnic.
8. I wish I had booked (to book) that holiday earlier, all the hotels are full now.
D. Write a sentence with wish to express a regret about the following
situations.
eg. I spent too much money on holiday last month.
I wish I hadnt spent so much money on holiday last month.
1. He left his wallet on the train.
He wishes he hadn't left his wallet on the train.
2. We really didnt like Sanya, it was a horrible place for a holiday.
We wish we hadn't gone to Sanya for a holiday.
3. He signed the contract without reading it.
227
He wished he had read the contract before signing it.

4. They are very unhappy about their new school but they have already paid for a full
term.
They wish they hadn't paid for a full term at their new school.
5. They didnt know that they werent allowed to park in that road and they got a fine.
They wish they had known that they weren't allowed to park in that road.
6. A mother is annoyed with her son becuase he keeps throwing dirty clothes on the
floor.
(What does she say to him?)
I wish you would stop throwing dirty clothes on the floor .
E. Write the answer to these questions.
1. Describe the symbol of the Olympic Games ? .
The Olympic symbol is five coloured circles linked together.
2. What do we call the person who represents your country abroad ?
We call the person who represents your country abroad an ambassador.
3. What are the first signs of spring ?
The first signs of spring are blossom on the trees and the weather getting
warmer.
4. Describe a no-smoking sign.
A no-smoking sign is usually a cigarette in a red circle with a line through it.
5. What is the chemical symbol for water ?
The chemical symbol for water H2 O.
6. What is the symbol for the Christian religion ?
A cross is the symbol for the Christian religion?
7. What kind of people might use sign language?
Deaf people might use sign language.
8. Give three examples of companies with world-famous trademarks.
Three examples of a companies with world-famous trademarks are Coca-Cola,
Puma and Levis.
F. Choose the right words.
1. He became ....................................... to heroin and lost his job.
a. obsessed b. enthusiastic c. keen d. addicted
2. I wish I ....................................... that speech more carefully, it was awful.
a. planned b. have planned c. had planned d. plan
3. He is still ....................................... with her even though their relationship finished
two
years ago.
a. obsessed b. enthusiastic c. keen d. addicted
4. The lambs werent ....................................... of the wolf as it hid in the grass licking
its lips.
a. known b. sure c. aware d. seeing
5. A star is the ....................................... of the Jewish religion.
a. sign b. trademark c. symbol d. represent
6. Levis, Coca-Cola and MacDonalds are famous ....................................... .
a. symbols b. signs c. brand names d. shops
7. The lecture was so boring that I ....................................... remember anything.
a. almost b. hardly c. nearly d. never
8. The smell of burnt food ....................................... my appetite.
228
a. cut b. spoilt c. gave d. took

G. Perfect continuous tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tenses.
1. I had been waiting (wait) for 45 minutes when the dentist finally told (tell) me to
come in.
2. My eyes are really hurting because I have been working (work) at a computer all
day.
3. Simon will have been living (live) in Tooting for three years by this time next year.
4. The leaders of the two countries had been discussing (discuss) the problem for
ten hours when they finally decided (decide) to sign the agreement.
5. We will have been writing (write) this book for over a year by the time we finish
(finish) it.
H. Choose one word that goes with the three words.
1. make a ... ... in ... with deal
2. ... a contract ... a deal no-smoking ... sign
3. chemical ... Olympic ... religious ... symbol
4. ... of flats office ... mental ... block
5. ... star ... director ... industry film
6. tourist ... ... book museum ... guide
I. From the first sentence, write a sentence using wish to express regret and
then another sentence in the third conditional.
eg. He failed all his exams.
(study) He wishes he had studied harder.
If he had studied harder, he wouldnt have failed his exams.
1. She missed her job interview.
i. (wake up) She wishes she had woken up earlier.
ii. If she had woken up ealier, she wouldn't have missed her job interview.
2. He is addicted to smoking.
i. (start) He wishes he hadn't started smoking.
ii. If he hadn't started smoking, he wouldn't have been addicted to it.
3. She spoilt her appetite.
i. (eat a bar of chocolate) She wishes she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate.
ii. If she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate, she wouldn't have spoilt her appetite.
J. Choose one of the right time clauses below for these sentences.
as soon as by by the time
1. He was totally drunk by the time he left the pub.
2. Call me as soon as you get home.
3. Most people are quite mature by the age of twenty.
4. By the time he was 30, he had already been to prison twice.
5. I want this fax sent to the ambassador as soon as possible.
6. He will have been dealing in antique furniture for 40 years by the time he retires
next year.
7. If you post the letter immediately, it should arrive by next Wednesday.
K. Choose the right words.
1. They ......................................... because Simon was so selfish.
a. fell off b. fell over c. fell out d. fell down
229
2. Breakfast is ......................................... in the price of the room.

a. included b. including c. free d. served
3. Angela always ......................................... when her parents tell her off.
a. childish b. immature c. spoils d. sulks
4. Simon, take off that stupid hat ......................................... !
a. as soon as b. immediately c. quickly d. already
5. Peter, I wish you ......................................... stop sulking.
a. could b. would c. to d. were
6. Captain Aubrey ................................... sailing for three weeks when he dicovered
the Island.
a. had been b. has been c. will have been d. was
7. When I went to China I saw many beautiful places, ...................................... the
Great Wall and the Forbidden City.
a. as b. included c. such d. including
8. After the fight they made ......................................... with each other.
a. out b. up c. in d. of
L. Complete the sentences with an expression or phrasal verb using the verb to
leave.
1. Everyone was suprised that David Beckman was left out of the football team.
2. There is some beer left from the party last night.
3. Umbrellas are often left behing on buses and trains.
4. Some people want to be left alone when they are in a bad mood.
5. You will be left behind by the other students unless you come to school more
regularly.
6. Dont throw away that leftover food, Im going to give it to the rat.
7. Simon always feels left out at parties because nobody talks to him.
Exercises, Unit 10
230
A. other/another/the other/the others

1. Dont sit on that chair, its broken. There is another one next to the table.
2. My other teacher said that you were ill.
3. There are no other words you can use, only this one.
4. There will be another train in 10 minutes.
5. There is a newsagent on the other side of the street.
6. One of the men was tall, and the other one was quite fat.
7. You are nicer than other people in this office.
8. This one is better than all the others.
9. Our other car is not as big as this, but its more comfortable.
10. We can win this match, so dont be frightened of the other team.
B. Write an example of ...
1. something you need a mortgage to buy. a house
2. a superstition from your country. a black cat, walking under a ladder
3. a country even bigger than the USA. Russia
4. a place even colder than Alaska. The North Pole
5. a reason why someone might feel self-conscious. job interview
6. something you hardly ever do. read car magazines
7. meat often served cold. beef
8. a synonym of the word immature childish
C. Transformation exercises.
Rewrite the sentence using a construction with make.
1. I was angry because the teacher shouted at me.
The teacher made me angry when he shouted at me.
2. It was such a sad film that I cried.
The film was so sad that it made me cry.
3. The criminal was forced into the car by the policeman.
The police made the criminal go into the car.
4. I was really happy when I got your message.
Your message made me happy.
5. I tidied up my room because my mother told me to.
My mother made me tidy up my room.
6. The river has become polluted due to factory waste.
Factory waste has made the river polluted.
D. Use the right linking word in the following sentences.
1. Captain Aubrey shouted the order and the sailors fired the big guns.
2. I ordered a pizza but I wasnt hungry.
3. I rang the bell many times, however, nobody answered the door.
4. Im on a diet but, Im going to eat this chocolate cake despite/in spite of the
calories.*
5. He stayed up to watch the film even though/although he had seen it twice before.
6. They had been waiting all day to see the President drive by despite/in spite of the
freezing cold.
7. You are not allowed inside a mosque unless you take off your shoes.
8. Bangladesh often suffers from floods whereas in countries such as the Sudan and
Ethiopia there is hardly ever enough rain.
231
E. Complete the following sentences with an expression using the word mind.
1. He took a long time to make up his mind but finally he decided to study German.
2. I am hot. Would you mind if I opened the window?
3. Its very cold in here, do you mind closing the window?
4. He knew he had made a bad decision but it was too late to change his mind.
5. Do you mind if I smoke ?
No, I don't.
F. Are these Underlined verbs transitive or intransitive ?
If they are transitive, rewrite the sentence in the passive voice.
If they are intransitive, rewrite the sentence using a transitive verb with a similar
meaning.
1. The surgeon operated on the patients brain.
The patient's brain was operated on.
2. The public forgave the President for his bad behaviour.
The President was forgiven for his bad behaviour.
3. Taxes have risen by 10%.
The Parliament has raised the taxes by 10%.
4. My grandmother brought me up in a small town in Utah.
I was brought up by my grandmother in a small town in Utah.
G. Rewrite these sentences in reported speech.
1. You will never pass the exam unless you work hard.
She told me that I would never the exam unless I worked hard.
2. I have never been to Scotland.
He said that he had never been to Scotland.
3. We are going to discuss the subject of drug addiction.
She said that they were going to discuss the subject of drug addiction.
4. I was talking with my friends when my mobile phone started to ring.
He said that he had been taking to his friend when his mobile phone had
started to ring.
5. I still havent made up my mind what job to do.
She said that she still hadn't made up her mind what job to do.
H. Rewrite these questions in reported speech.
1. Where are the keys? asked the manager.
The manager asked where the keys were.
2. What are you doing tonight?
He asked me what I was doing tonight.
3. Does this photocopier work ? the young man asked ?
The young man asked if the photocopier worked.
4. Is this the way to get to London ? the tourist asked.
The tourist asked if that was the way to get to London.
5. Do you know the way to Liverpool street? the taxi driver asked me.
The taxi driver asked me if I knew the way to Liverpool street.
I. Choose used to, to be used+noun/gerund or to get used to+noun/gerund
and put them in the right tense.
1. It took me a long time to get used to Chinese food when I lived Hong Kong.
232
2. I have been doing this job for only a week so I haven't got used to it yet.
3. When I was a child, I used to go (go) fishing with my father.
4. She got used to driving (drive) on the left when she worked as a taxi
driver in London.
5. My father has been a farmer all his life so he is used to getting up (get up) early
every day.
6. My mother used to be (be) a secretary before she got married.
7. Although the secretaries have been using the new computer software for over a
month,
they still haven't got used to it.
J. Modal verbs in the past.
Complete the following sentences by using a suitable modal verb in the past.
1. This chicken is still raw inside, you should have cooked it properly.
2. Shes got a fear of heights so she must have been terrified when you took her up
the Eiffel Tower.
3. I might have spoken to Simon at the party, but I cant remember because I was so
drunk.
4. Its too late now, you should have told me earlier.
5. Dinosaurs might have died because the worlds weather completely changed, or
something else might have killed them.
6. I had my wallet just now so I can't have left it at home, someone must have
stolen it.
K. Choose the right word
1. You usually have to pay a 10% .................................. before you rent
accomodation.
a. loan b. interest c. deposit d. level
2. My sister has always had a ................................. of spiders.
a. fear b. frightened c. scream d. terrorist
3. He lost ................................. after the accident.
a. self-conscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. consciousness
4. People dont feel pain during an operation because they are
.................................... .
a. self-conscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. consciousness
5. The huge bomb went off in the basement and ............................. the building.
a. exploded b. explosion c. shook d. blew up
6. The word brought rhymes with ...................................... .
a. coughed b. through c. sport d. though
7. I was treated by a ........................................ for my fear of heights.
a. psychology b. psychologist c. psychological d. surgeon.
8. After our huge argument, she told me she didnt ........................... if I lived or died.
a. care b. know c. mind d. think
Book 3 Spelling Exercises

Unit 1
233
behaviour generous stubborn encouragement evidence

prediction identity forgive excuse punishment
pigheaded big-headed
Unit 2
valuable precious jewellery situation temporary
permanent intelligence impractical advertisement guaranteed
exaggeration serious
Unit 3
population increase exist extinct protection
sunbathe delicious disgusting vegetarian communication
gradually suddenly
Unit 4
natural resource nuclear pressure stressful
personality optimistic pessimistic appearance avoidable
influence persuasion
Unit 5
industrial agriculture inefficient earthquake submarine
routine irritating trustworthy synagogue prejudiced
multi-cultural system
Unit 6
certainty emphasise completely suggestion guide
finally whereas control mainly ahead
Unit 7
wonderful invention eventually technology receive
disappointing unsuitable satisfactory excellent career
pronounce pronunciation
Unit 8
resign intention accidentally responsibility hilarious
documentary literature rhyme rhythm criticise
special complicated
Unit 9
position agreement discussion enthusiastic addiction
obsessed represent appetite including immediately
absolutely immature
Unit 10
deposit superstition conscious conscience psychiatrist
psychological terrifying explosion peaceful paranormal
purpose calorie
234
Index
A
absolute 85
absolutely 85
accent 66
accidentally 67
addict 82
addicted 82
addiction 82
advantage 39
advertise, to 20
advertisement 20
advertising 20
affect, to 16
afraid 34
after that 48
afterwards 59
agreement 80
agricultural 41
agriculture 41
ahead 56
alarm 26
alarm clock 26
already 54
although 39
amazed 60
amazing 60
ambassador 83
amuse, to 70
amuse yourself, to 70
amusing 70
another, (the) other and the
others 89
antonym 34
appearance 37
appetite 86
area 41
armed forces 8
arrogant 5
article 36
as soon as 88
autobiography 36
avoid, to 21
avoidable 38
aware 83
awful 42
B
bad for you 31
bald 37
ban 32
ban, to 32
bar 78
235
barbecue 76
battery 87
be in control, to 55
be keen on, to 82
be keen to do, to 82
be left (over), to 88
be made out of, to 78
be out of control, to 55
be responsible for, to 68
be used to, to 43
be worth + gerund, to 13
be worth, to 13
be/get in trouble, to 21
beat, to 72
beat up, to 72
beforehand 59
behave, to 5
behaviour 5
believe in, to 49
big-headed 5
biography 36
blind 71
block 79
block, to 79
blood 9
blow up, to 94
boast 5
bold 53
brain 90
brand 84
brand name 84
break into, to 26
break-in 26
brick 78
bring up, to 34
bully 11
bully, to 11
burglar 26
burn, to 26
burnt 26
by (2) - different meanings 77
by - different uses 57
by accident 67
C
calorie 27
cancel, to 45
cancelled 45
CAPITALS 53
career 65
cause 7
cause, to 7
certain 51
certainty 51
change your mind, to 91
236
changeable 38
channel 70
character 36
characteristic 36
chase, to 79
chemical 84
chemical symbol 84
childhood 45
childish 87
city centre 41
clauses 14
clear 28
clearly 28
clever 34
climb, to 43
clumsy 67
coal 31
comedian 70
comfortable 38
common sense 68
communicate, to 28
communication 28
company 88
comparatives using as 64
compare, to 54
complete 55
complete, to 55
completely 55
complicated 75
composition 36
concrete 78
conscience 92
conscious 90
consciousness 90
continuous tenses for temporary
situations 16
contract 80
control 55
control, to 55
cope with, to 33
cost of living 23
course 8
court 9
critic 73
criticise, to 73
criticism 73
crop 75
cruel 32
curly 37
current 70
current affairs 70
customer 65
D
daily 48
237
danger 25
deaf 71
deal 80
deal in, to 80
deal with, to 80
dealer 80
debate 81
decrease, to 23
delay, to 45
delayed 45
delicious 27
deposit 89
despite 39
dessert 8
diet 27
dinosaur 25
director 75
disadvantage 39
disappoint, to 64
disappointment 64
disaster 46
discuss, to 81
discussion 81
disgusting 27
do a deal, to 80
documentary 70
downstairs 76
drinkable 38
drop 24
drop someone off, to 25
dubbed 47
due to 47
dye, to 37
E
earthquake 46
effect 16
efficient 45
emphasis 53
emphasise, to 53
employ, to 66
employee 66
employer 66
encourage, to 7
encouragement 7
energetic 31
energy 31
enjoyable 38
enthusiasm 81
enthusiastic 81
escalator 76
even 73
even if 74
even though 39
eventually 62
238
evidence 9
exaggerate, to 21
exaggeration 21
excellent 65
excuse 12
exist, to 25
explode, to 94
explosion 94
extinct 25
F
fair 37
fall out, to 87
fall, to 23
false 35
fantastic 42, 60
fashionable 38
fat 27
fatherhood 45
fear 93
feel left out, to 88
fence 78
fiction 36
film industry 75
finally 58
fingerprint 9
fire 26
fist 11
float, to 45
flood 46
floor 76
fold, to 20
follow, to 56
force 7
force, to 7
forgive, to 11
future continuous, the 63
future perfect 78
future perfect continuous 86
G
gas 31
gate 78
generous 6
genius 18
gentle 15
get over, to 30
get used to 44
get used to, to 44
ghost 72
glad 34
go off, to 26
go over, to 30
good for you 31
gradual 30
239
gradually 30
greasy 27
greed 6
greedy 6
ground 76
ground floor 76
grown-up 87
guarantee 20
guarantee, to 20
guaranteed 20
guide 56
guide book 56
guide, to 56
H
hang up, to 20
hanger 20
happiness 36
hardly 84
hardware 62
have trouble, to 22
hayfever 48
head of state 50
headline 47
heart 72
hilarious, to 70
hill 43
hilly 43
hole 79
homeless 42
however 19
huge 42
human 25
human being 25
hunt, to 32
hunting 32
hurricane 46
I
I dont care 91
I dont mind 91
I.D. 10
identify, to 10
identity 10
identity card 10
idiot 18
illegal 47
immature 87
immediately 87
impatient 47
impractical 20, 47
in danger of 25
in spite of 40
include, to 87
included 87
240
including 87
increase, to 23
indoor 76
industrial 41
industry 41
inefficient 45, 47
influence 38
influence, to 38
intelligence 18
intelligent 18
intend, to 67
intention 67
interest 89
intransitive 24
invent, to 62
invention 62
inventor 62
iron 78
irresponsible 68
irritate, to 48
irritated 48
irritating 48
italics 53
J
jewellery 13
judge 9
judge, to 50
judgement 50
jump, to 79
just 54
K
keen 82
keep up with, to 63
keyboard 62
kill, to 9
kind 32
kindness 36
L
ladder 43
later 48
lawn 75
laziness 36
lead, to 56
lead to, to 56
leader 56
leave alone, to 88
leave behind, to 88
leave out, to 88
lecture 81
left 88
leftovers 88
level 77
241
lift 76
lift, to 76
lightning 46
like 43
likeable 38
linking words and clauses 14
literature 36
lock 78
long-term 51
look for work, to 65
look forward to, to 60
lose control, to 55
loveable 38
lover 36
lungs 72
lyrics 36
M
main 55
main course 8
mainly 55
make (something) up, to 12
make a deal, to 80
make a suggestion, to 59
make sense, to 28
make someone do something,
to 7
make up, to 87
make up your mind 91
mature 87
media, the 73
mental 90
message 63
migraine 48
mild 46
mind doing, to 91
mind if, to 91
mind, to 91
modal verbs in the past 52
modest 5
monster 72
mood 6
mortgage 89
mosque 49
motherhood 45
mountainous 41
multi-cultural 51
murder, to 9
murderer 9
N
natural resource 31
neighbourhood 46
non-fiction 36
nuclear power 31
242
O
obsessed 82
obsession 82
oil 31
on purpose 67
on time 45
optimist 34
optimistic 34
order 8
order, to 8
ordinary 74
out of work 65
outdoor 76
over 30
own 22
own, to 22
P
paranormal 72
partly 56
pass, to 56
past perfect (2) cause and
effect 68
past perfect continuous 85
peace 95
peaceful 95
peel 27
peel, to 27
pension 66
perfect 65
permanent 15
personality 34
persuade, to 38
persuasion 38
pessimist 34
pessimistic 34
pick (out), to 25
pick someone up, to 25
pick something up, to 25
picnic 76
pigheaded 6
pitch 75
plant 75
plant, to 75
plastic surgery 37
plot 75
population 23
position 77
position, to 77
power 31
powerful 31
practical 20
practice 18
pray, to 49
243
precious 13
predict, to 10
prediction 10
Predictions using to be
going to 10
Predictions using will 10
prefix 47
prejudiced 50
present perfect continuous
16, 85
pressure 32
product 20
programme 70
pronounce, to 66
pronunciation 66
proper 29
proper nouns 30
properly 29
protect, to 26
protection 26
prove, to 9
provide, to 50
psychological 91
psychologist 91
psychology 91
punch, to 11
punish, to 8
punishment 8
put someone under
pressure, to 32
R
racism 51
racist 51
raise, to 24
raw 27
receive, to 63
referee 37
region 41
regular 48
regularly 48
reliable 49
religion 49
religious 49
rely, to 49
remote control 55
replace, to 20
reported speech (2) - reported
questions 92
represent, to 83
resign, to 66
responsibilty 68
responsible 68
result 58
result in/from, to 58
244
retire, to 66
retirement 66
review, to 73
reviewer 73
rhyme 71
rhyme, to 71
rhythm 71
rise, to 23
rough 15
routine 48
rudeness 36
run away, to 79
run over, to 30
rush 34
rush, to 34
S
sack, to 66
sadness 36
sarcasm 17
sarcastic 17
satellite 28
satisfaction 65
satisfactory 65
satisfy, to 65
score 72
scream, to 94
self-conscious 90
self-employed 66
selfishness 36
send, to 63
sense of humour 17
sensible 68
serious 19
seriously 19
serve, to 87
service 45, 87
set, to 23
severe 46
sexism 51
sexist 51
shake hands, to 94
shake, to 94
shake your head, to 94
shall 59
share, to 6
shoot, to 32
short-term 51
sight 71
sign 84
silly 18
simple 75
sink, to 45
situation 15
slap, to 11
245
slide 76
slide, to 76
slip, to 76
slippery 76
smack, to 11
smoke 23
soap opera 70
social 41
society 41
software 62
solar power 31
sound 71
special 74
special effects 75
speech 81
spirit 72
spoil, to 86
spoilt 86
starter 8
state 50
state, the 50
steel 78
steep 43
step 43
still 53
stone 13
store, to 62
storm 46
straight 37
stress 33
stressed 33
stressful 33
strike 46
strike, to 46
stubborn 6
stupid 18
sub-heading 47
subject 81
submarine 47
subtitled 47
suburbs 41
subway 47
such a + adj. + noun + that 42
such as 43
sudden 30
suddenly 30
suffer, to 48
suffix 35
suggestion 59
suitable 64
sulk, to 87
sunbathe, to 27
sunbathing 27
sunburn 27
sunrise 23
246
sunset 23
suntan 27
superstition 90
superstitious 90
symbol 84
synagogue 49
synonym 34
system 50
T
take control, to 55
take it easy, to 35
take your time, to 35
technology 63
tell (someone) off, to 12
temper 6
temple 49
temporary 15
tense 33
term 51
terrified 93
terrifying 93
terror 94
terrorism 94
terrorist 94
the mind 90
the past perfect (1) 57
then 48
theory 18
thief 26
third conditional 60
thunder 46
tiny 42
title 36
total 85
totally 85
trademark 84
transitive 24
transitive and intransitive
verbs 24
treat, to 14
treatment 14
trial 9
trouble 21
trouble and problem compared
22
true 35
trust, to 48
trustworthy 48
type, to 62
U
U.F.O. 72
umpire 37
unavoidable 47
247
uncommon 47
unconscious 90
under pressure, to be 32
underlining 53
unfair 37
unfriendly 47
unkind 32
unless 29
unlikely 47
unsatisfactory 65
unsuitable 64
unusual 48
upstairs 76
V
vain 37
valley 43
valuable 13
vanity 37
vegetarian 27
vitamin 27
voice 66
W
washable 38
weather forecast 10
whereas 54
while 54
will and shall - making suggestions
59
wish (2) 82
wish + subject + would 83
wonderful 60
word processor 62
work 65
worthless 13
248

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AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Q. How does peoples behaviour change when they get drunk ?

Q. What kind of behaviour annoys you the most in other people ?

Q. How do people behave when they are angry ?

Q. How do people behave when they are sad ?

Q. How do people behave when they are nervous ?

NB. to behave yourself = behave well

Q. Do people always behave themselves at a party ?

adj. big-headed (informal)

If you are arrogant/big-headed, you are too confident and your

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Q. Do you know any arrogant people ?

Q. Would I be bigheaded if I said I was the best teacher in the

When you boast

Q. How good is your English ?

Q. Are you being modest or bigheaded?

Q. Do you think it is arrogant for people to boast about how much

Q. If you can do something very well, do you think it is better to

If something is shared it is used by more than one person.

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

If someone is generous they are happy to share something.

Q. Are children often quite selfish ?

Q. Would you be generous or selfish if you didnt share your

Q. Would you be happy to share your book with another student ?

Q. Would you be more generous if you had more money ?

Q. Give me an example of selfish behaviour.

Q. Do greedy people like sharing things ?

Q. What animals are famous for being greedy ?

Q. Do you think greed is always a bad thing ?

Q. What is the difference between greedy and selfish ?

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Your mood is how you feel emotionally.

Q. How do people behave when they lose their temper ?

Q. Do you know anyone who has a really bad temper ?

Q. Have you ever lost your temper when driving ?

Q. What kind of things put you in a good mood ?

Q. What kind of things put you in a bad mood ?

Q. Are you ever stubborn in an argument ?

Q. What animal is famous for being stubborn ?

Q. What is the difference between pigheaded and bigheaded?

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Q. Do your teachers encourage you to speak good English ?

Q. Do parents usually encourage their children to smoke and drink?

Q. Did you get enough encouragement from your teachers when

Q. What kind of things did your parents encourage you to do while

= to make something happen

Q. What kind of problems can be caused by bad weather ?

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Q. What kind of health problems are often caused by smoking ?

Q. What are some of the causes of pollution in your country?

v. to make someone do something

cause them to do it.

v. to force someone to do something

has a similar meaning to to make someone do something but

Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Q. Are young men forced to join the army in your country ?

Q. Are you being forced to study English ?

Q. What are the armed forces ?

Q. What kind of people use force to get what they want ?

Q. Is it easy to make a stubborn person change their mind ?

Q. I f you became very rich and successful, would you be more

To order has two meanings.

Q. If you are ordered to do something, do you have to do it ?