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1.
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
At a water elevation of 6391 ft, Mono Lake has a volume of 2,939,000 ac-ft, and
a surface area of 48,100 ac. Annual inputs to the lake include 8 in. of direct
precipitation, runoff from gauged streams of 150,000 ac-ft per year, and
ungauged runoff and groundwater inflow of 37,000 ac-ft per year. Evaporation is
45 in. per year.
(A) Make a water budget showing inputs, in ac-ft per year and outputs in ac-ft
per year. Does the input balance the output?
(B) Will the average lake level rise or fall from the 6391-ft elevation over the
long term?
(C) What would be the lake surface area when the inputs balance the
outputs?(Assume that the volume of gauged and ungauged runoff and
ground-water inflows remain constant with a change in lake surface area. )
(D) What is the residence time* for water in Mono Lake when the water surface
is at 6391 ft?
*The residence time of a body of water is the average time that is would take for
the volume of water to be exchanged once.
Solution:
First convert all measurements to units of acre-feet per year
Precipitation = 8 in/yr 0.083 ft/in = 0.67 ft/yr
= 0.67 ft/yr 48,100 ac = 32,067 ac-ft/yr
Evaporation = 45 in/yr 0.083 ft/in = 3.75 ft/yr
= 3.75 ft/yr 48,100 ac = 180,375 ac-ft/yr
(A)
INPUTS(ac-ft/yr)
Precipitation
32,000
Streamflow
150,000
37,000
219,000
OUTFLOWS (ac-ft/yr)
Evaporation
180,000
Total
180,000
Homework 1 Solution
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
In order for the inputs and outputs to be equal, the lake will rise so that the surface
area is greater and more water evaporates as evaporation as well as the precipitation
input is a function of lake surface area.
The excess input at an area of 48,100 acre surface area is 219,000 ac-ft/yr 180,000
ac-ft/yr or 39,000 ac-ft/yr
The net evaporation is total evaporation less precipitation
Net evaporation = 45 in/yr 8 in/yr = 37 in/yr = 3.08 ft/yr
Increase in area = (39,000 ac-ft/yr) / (3.08 ft/yr) = 12,649 ac
Total area of lake = 12, 662 ac + 48,100 ac = 60,762 ac = 61,000 ac
(D)
The residence time = (2,939,000 ac-ft) / (180,000 ac-ft/yr) = 16.3 yr
2.
Figure 2.28 is the hydrograph of a river with a long summer baseflow recession.
Compute the volume of annual recharge that occurs between runoff year 1 and
runoff year 2.
Solution:
Qo in year 1 is 280 ft3/s
0.1 Qo in
Homework 1 Solution
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
(C) From the hydraulic conductivity value, name the type of soil.
Solution:
(A)
K=
VL
Ath
Where V = 50 cm 3
L = 23 cm
A = 78.5 cm 2
t = 38 s
h = 3.4 cm
-3-
Homework 1 Solution
K=
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
50cm3 i23cm
= 0.11 cm s = 316.8 ft d
78.5cm 2 i38s i3.4cm
(B)
(C)
4.
Vw = SAh
Where S = 0.19
AA = 15 km 2 = 1.5 10 7 m 2
AB = 7.5 km 2 = 7.5 10 6 m 2
AC = 18.3 km 2 = 1.83 10 7 m 2
AD = 22.5 km 2 = 2.25 10 7 m 2
AE = 9.44 km 2 = 9.44 10 6 m 2
AF = 22.7 km 2 = 2.27 10 7 m 2
and
h A = 2.34 m
hB = 1.22 m
hC = 0.76 m
hD = 3.44 m
hE = 1.89 m
hF = 0.35 m
-4-
Homework 1 Solution
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
6.
Fm
K ( ft / d )
bm ( ft )
A
B
17.0
99
22
3.5
22
26
-5-
Homework 1 Solution
K haverage =
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
khm bm
m=1
=
K vaverage =
Kb
m=1
7.
vm
51.5 ft
= 21 ft d
22 ft
3.5 ft
26 ft
+
+
17.0 ft d 99 ft d 22 ft d
Use the Hazen method to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the sediments
graphed in Figure 3.33.
Solution:
K = C (d10 ) 2
d10 = 0.16mm
1cm
= 0.016cm
10mm
C 100
K = 100 (0.016) 2 = 2.6102 cm / s
-6-
Homework 1 Solution
8.
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
Given the following set of data representing the hydraulic conductivity of core
samples from the same formation, perform the following:
Sample #
K (m/s)
4.3104
1
2
6.1103
3
2.5105
4
1.2104
5
1.0106
6
7.1103
7
9.1106
8
2.2103
9
4.2105
10
8.7104
11
3.5105
(A) Find the arithmetic mean of the data set.
(B) Find the geometric mean of the data set.
(C) Make a histogram of the data set.
(D) Make a histogram of the log transformed data.
-7-
Homework 1 Solution
Solution:
Sample #
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
K (m/s)
ln (K)
K bin
ln (K) bin
4.30E-04
1.00E-03
6.10E-03
7.75
5.10
5.00E-04
2.50E-05
1.00E-04
1.20E-04
1.00E-06
10.60
9.03
13.82
6
7
8
7.10E-03
5.00E-06
9.10E-06
2.20E-03
4.95
11.61
6.12
4.20E-05
10
8.70E-04
11
3.50E-05
10.08
7.05
10.26
1.69E-02
96.35
sum
5.00E-05
1.00E-05
9
10
1.00E-06
11
12
Bin
Frequency
Bin
Frequency
1.E-06
12
5.E-06
11
1.E-05
5.E-05
1.E-04
10
9
8
5.E-04
1.E-03
> 5.E - 3
7
6
5
4
1
0
1
1
-8-
Frequency
Homework 1 Solution
2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.00E-06 5.00E-06 1.00E-05 5.00E-05 1.00E-04 5.00E-04 1.00E-03 >0.005
Frequency
K (cm/s)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
ln(K)
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