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An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas consisting of identical particles with zero volume, with no intermolecular
forces. Additionally, the constituent atoms or molecules undergo perfectly elastic collisions with the walls of
the container. An ideal gas can consist of molecules (e.g. carbon dioxide molecules, CO2) or atoms (e.g. neon
atoms, Ne). Real gases do not exhibit these exact properties, although many gases behave as ideal gases at
high temperatures and low pressure. A good way of remembering the four properties that constitute an ideal
gas is the acronym 'PRIE', which stands for:
Point masses (the volume of a gas particle essentially zeroif infinitely compressed, all the
molecules of an ideal gas would occupy a single point of insignificant volume.
Random motion (constant random motion of gas particles)
Intermolecular forces (there are NO intermolecular forces)
Elastic collisions (all collisions are totally elastic)
Key Questions
1. When the pressure and the number of moles of a gas are constants, is the relationship between volume
and temperature a direct relationship or an inverse relationship?
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V V
T T
1
where the subscript 1 identifies the initial volume and temperature of the gas and the subscript 2
identifies the final volume and temperature of the gas.
a. On a mathematical basis, explain why the temperatures in the above equation must be expressed in
Kelvin and not in Celsius. (Hint: What if the temperature was 0 oC or -22 oC?.)
b. Under what conditions may the above equation be used? (Hint: You may need to refer back to The
Model: Charles Lawwhat two factors must not change?)
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Exercise
A. An ideally-behaving gas has a volume of 18.25 L at a temperature of 15.9 C. The temperature of the gas
is raised to 40.7 C while the number of moles and the pressure of the gas are kept constant. What is the
new volume of the gas (in L)? Show work using units and sig figs. Circle your answer!
F
A
Where
P is pressure (in kPa, kilopascal)
F is force (in N, Newton)
A is the area to which the force is applied (in m2).
Common Units of Pressure: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 lb/in2
Boyles Law: The relationship between the pressure and the volume of an ideal gas. Conditions: the
temperature and the number of moles of the gas are constants.
100
kg
200
kg
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Key Questions
5. Does Boyles Law describe a direct relationship or an inverse relationship between the pressure and the
volume of an ideal gas? Explain.
P1 V1 = P2 V2
where the subscript 1 identifies the initial volume and pressure of the gas and the subscript 2
identifies the final volume and pressure of the gas. When would it be inappropriate to use the above
equation to relate an ideal gass pressure to its volumei.e. what two factors must not change?
Exercise
B. An ideal gas has a volume of 10.8 L at a temperature of 25.0 C and a pressure of 1.60 atm. The pressure
of the gas is reduced to 370.0 mmHg, but the temperature and number of moles of the gas are kept
constant. What is the new volume of the gas (in L)? Show work using units and sig figs. Circle your
answer!
P1 V1
P V
T1
T2
2 2
=
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Key Questions
7a. Draw a line from Charles Law and from Boyles Law to the correct description of each
gas law:
direct relationship between V and P
Charles Law
direct relationship between V and T
inverse relationship between V and P
Boyles Law
inverse relationship between V and T
b. Explain in a couple of sentences that the combined gas law is consistent with both Charles
Law and Boyles Law.
8. Prove that when the temperature remains constant, the combined gas law becomes Boyles Law.
9. Prove that when the pressure remains constant, the combined gas law becomes Charless Law.
Exercises
You have discovered several new mathematical relationships among gases. Now is your chance to practice
using these equations! Show work using units and sig figs. Circle your answers!
C. Determine the temperature (in C) at which 1.00 mole of an ideal gas will have a pressure of 870.0
mmHg when its volume is 14.5 L. Hint: the molar volume of a gas at S.T.P might be useful!
D. At constant temperature, the volume of a gas expands from 4.0 L to 8.0 L. If the initial pressure was 120.
kPa, what is the final pressure?
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E. At constant pressure, a gas is heated from 250. K to 500. K. After heating, the volume of the gas was
12.0 L. What was the initial volume of the gas? Notice: as the temperature doubled, what happened to
the volume?
F. The volume of a gas was originally 2.5 L; its pressure was 104 kPa and its temperature was 270. K. The
volume of the gas expanded to 5.3 L and its pressure decreased to 95 kPa. What is the temperature of the
gas?
G. At constant temperature, if you increase the volume by a factor of two (doubling the volume), the
pressure _______________ by a factor of ______________.
increases or decreases
what number
H. What is the effect of the following on the volume of 1.00 mol of an ideal gas? The pressure changes from
760. torr to 202 kPa and the temperature changes from 37.0 oC to 155 K (moles of gas remain constant)
Does the volume of the gas change? If it does, by what factor does the volume of the gas increase or
decrease? Show work using units and sig figs. Circle your answer!
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