Excipients Used In Solid Dosage

Form And Their Effects 1

EXCIPIENT INGREDIENTS
IN MEDICATIONS
Aspartame - An artificial sweetening agent derived from aspartic acid.

Aspartic Acid - A crystalline amino acid found naturally in sugar beets and sugar cane.

Benzyl alcohol - Made synthetically from benzyl chloride which is derived from toluene (a tar
oil).

Cellulose - (ethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl,

microcrystalline) – Obtained from fibrous plant material (woody pulp or chemical cotton).

Cetyl alcohol - Derived from a fat source (spermaceti, which is a waxy substance from the head
of the sperm whale).

Croscarmellose sodium - An internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose for use as

a disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations.  Comes from wood pulp or cotton fibers to form
carboxymethylcellulose.  It contains no sugar or starch.

Dextrans - Partially hydrolyzed corn or potato starch.

Dextrates - Mix of sugars resulting from the controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.

Dextrins - Result from the hydrolysis of starch by heat or hydrochloric acid (from corn).  It can
also be obtained from wheat, rice or tapioca.

Dextrose - Powdered corn starch.

Fructose - Obtained naturally from fruits or honey; hydrolyzed cane or beet sugar.

Gelatin - Obtained from the skin, white connective and bones of animals (by boiling skin,
tendons, ligaments, bones, etc with water).

Glycerin - Historically, glycerin (also known as glycerol), was made the following ways:
  Saponification (a type of chemical process) of fats and oils in the manufacturing of soaps

  Hydrolysis of fats and oils through pressure and superheated steam

  Fermentation of beet sugar molasses in the presence of large amounts of sodium sulfite

  Today its is made mostly from propylene (a petroleum product)

Glycerols - Obtained from fats and oils as byproducts in the manufacture of soaps and fatty acids
(may also be listed as mono-glycerides or di-glycerides).

Glycols - Products of ethylene oxide gas.

Hypromellose – A brand of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (see cellulose).

Iron oxide (rust) - Used as a coloring agent.

Kaolin - A clay-like substance.

Lactilol - Lactose derivative; a sugar alcohol.

Lactose - Also known as milk sugar, is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a filler or binder
for the manufacture of coated pills and tablets.   Commercially produced from cow's milk.

Maltodextrins - A starch hydrolysate that is obtained from corn in the United States but can also
be extracted from wheat, potato or rice.

Mannitol - Derived from monosaccharides (glucose or mannose).

Methyl Paraben – Comes from the combination of denatured wood alcohol and benzoic acid
(benzoic acid occurs naturally in cherry bark, raspberries, tea, anise and cassia bark).

Polysorbates - Chemically altered sorbitol (a sugar alcohol).

Polyvinyl alcohol – A water soluble synthetic alcohol (synthesized by hydrolysis of polyvinyl

acetate).

Povidone (crospovidone, copovidone) - synthetic polymers

Pregelatinized starch - A starch that has been chemically or mechanically processed.  The
starch can come from corn, wheat, potato or tapioca.

Shellac - A natural wax product used in tablet or capsule coating.

Sodium lauryl sulfate – A derivative of the fatty acids of coconut oil.

Sodium starch glycolate - Sodium salt of carboxymethyl ether of starch. Usually from potato
but can be from corn, wheat or rice.

Stearates (calcium, magnesium) - Derived from stearic acid (a fat; occurs as a glyceride in
tallow and other animal fats and oils, as well as some vegetables; prepared synthetically by
hydrogenation of cottonseed and other vegetable oils).

Sucrose - Sugar also known as refined sugar, beet sugar or cane sugar.

Titanium dioxide - Chemical not derived from any starch source used as a white pigment.

Triacetin – A derivative of glycerin (acetylation of glycerol).

Silcon dioxide – A dispersing agent made from silicon.

EXCIPIENTS
Calcium Stearate MCC (Microcrystalline Cellulose)
Crospovidone (PVP) Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
DiCalcium Phosphate (DCP) Silicon Dioxide
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
HydroxyPropyl Methyl Cellulose(HPMC) Sodium Croscarmellose (CMC-Na)
Magnesium Stearate Sodium Starch Glycolate
Maltodextrin Waxy Maize Starch
Note: As an international company, DNP imports and distributes raw ingredients globally. Due to varying regulations, the availability of ingredients
listed on DNP’s website or any of DNP’s product catalogs is subject to the applicable regulations of each individual country. DNP will not import or sell
ingredients in violation of these regulations.

Last modified 01/22/2010

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Pharmaceutical Excipients and Pharmaceutical Ingredients Category Listing

Pharmaceutical Supplier Alphabetical Listing

A B C D E F

G H I J K L

M N O P Q R

S T U W X Z

Acetyltriethyl Citrate (ATEC)

Acetyltri-n-butyl Citrate (ATBC)

Aspartame

Aspartame and Lactose

Alginates

Calcium Carbonate

Carbopol

Carrageenan 

Cellulose Acetate Phthalate-based Coatings

Cellulose-based Coatings

Cellulose and Lactose Combinations

Colorants for Film Coating Systems

Croscarmellose Sodium

Crospovidone

Dextrose

Dibutyl Sebacate

Ethylcellulose-based Coatings
 F

Fructose

Gellan Gum

Glyceryl Behenate

Honey

L
Lactose, anhydrous

Lactose, monohydrate

Lactose and Aspartame

Lactose and Cellulose

Lactose and Microcrystalline Cellulose

Lauryl Lactate

L-HPC (Low-substituted hydroxypryopl cellulose)

Magnesium Stearate

Maltodextrin

Maltose DC 

Mannitol DC

Methylcellulose-based Coatings

Microcrystalline Cellulose

Methacrylate-based Coatings

Microcrystalline Cellulose and carrageenan

Microcrystalline Cellulose and Guar Gum

 Microcrystalline Cellulose and Lactose
Microcrystalline Cellulose and Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose

Molasses DC

Polyvinyl Acetate Phathalate (PVAP)

Povidone

Shellac

Sodium Starch Glycolate

Sorbitol, crystalline

Sorbitol, Special Solution

Starch DC

Sucrose DC

Sugar Spheres

Triacetin

Triethylcitrate

Vegetable Based Fatty Acid

Xanthan Gum

Xylitol DC

 
 

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SPI Pharma 
 

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Magnesium Stearate and Tableting

Lubrication
5/20/2008 6:00:00 AM Barry Brown

ARTICLE TOOLS

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Nutraceutical manufacturers have had many issues to consider since FDA released the GMP
(good manufacturing practice) guidelines for the dietary supplement industry last summer.
Among these concerns is the definition or application of a “scientifically valid argument,” a
concept presented in the GMPs.
The intent of the phrase is to establish, as a minimum requirement, a documented explanation of
well-grounded logic which justifies how and why one conducts a key manufacturing process,
material qualification or analytical test using science. The scientific portion of the explanation
should be a combination of theory, experimentation and test results. An example of applying this
concept is given below for the addition of magnesium stearate (as a lubricant) to a homogenous
nutraceutical powder blend.

Magnesium stearate is the most common ingredient used in tablet formulations. For nutraceutical
tablet manufacturing, it is the lubricant of choice. It is common manufacturing behavior to add a
minimum amount after first achieving a homogenous powder blend of all other ingredients and
additionally mixing-in the lubricant for a brief period of time. This enables the powder blend
particle surface to be sufficiently coated while limiting penetration of the lubricant within the
particle matrix. Within the FDA concept, this is part of the theoretical explanation.

There are several problems associated with incorrect lubrication in tablet compression. Under-
lubricating a powder blend leads to adherence of material on the metal surfaces of the punches
and die walls of the tablet press. Over-lubrication leads to soft tablets and poor disintegration
and/or dissolution. These are some of the experimental outcomes to be used in determining an
optimal level of magnesium stearate in a formulation.

Other variables to address when determining magnesium stearate concentration and blend time
experiments include:

 Powder blend particle size distribution,

 Powder blend bulk and tapped density,
 Powder blend moisture content,
 Powder blend chemical nature,
 Powder blend filler/component solubility,
 Powder blend filler/component cohesive nature,
 Blender type, and
 Powder blend fill percentage vs. blender capacity.

Magnesium Stearate and Tableting

Lubrication
5/20/2008 6:00:00 AM Barry Brown

ARTICLE TOOLS

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Continued from page 1

These variables have different impacts on this experimental model, and can become part of analytical
tests. For example, powder blend particle size distribution provides powder flow insight, as poor powder
flow characteristics can reduce formation of a lubricant film. Powder blend bulk and tapped density will
affect powder flow and blender capacity, and the addition of magnesium stearate will densify the blend.
As far as moisture content, the amount of moisture can affect lubricant concentration due to
hydrophobic nature. The chemical nature of the powder blend can be defined as the sum of the
chemical tendencies of the powder blend ingredients toward being hydrophobic, hydrophilic or a
mixture of the two.

The solubility and cohesive nature of the filler and components in the powder blend are related
concerns. Solubility addresses the tendencies of the powder blend ingredients to interact with
either water-soluble or fat-soluble solvents, while the cohesive nature refers to the chemical
and/or physical attributes of certain molecules (such as MCC, DCP, lactose, etc.) in which the
material cohesion properties vary (plastic or brittle deformation, etc.).

Regarding blender issues, looking at blender type means examining the mixing profile relative to
the amount of horizontal vs. vertical mixing capabilities. Consider how as the fill percentage
increases, the mixing efficiency decreases and extends mixing time. The concept of blender
validation should also be considered in study design.

To complete the “argument,” consider the collection, comparison and analysis of the variables
listed above to characterize the formulation. Make determinations from this to set a target
amount of lubricant with statistically significant variations of concentration. Set a minimum
mixing time, pull blender samples and analyze for magnesium stearate concentration. An FT-
NIR can be used for this measurement. More than one source of magnesium stearate should be
used. Positive performance results can be used to qualify a source. Negative performance results
can disqualify a source. Evaluation of performance can be determined several ways: by using an
instrumented tablet press to evaluate ejection and compression forces, tablet hardness
measurements and by conducting disintegration/dissolution tests. Powder blend without
lubrication should be included within the testing matrix and compared to samples with multiple
levels of lubricant. The totality of the work should be organized in a style similar to a laboratory
experiment while having a documented format with change control similar to an SOP. This
report should be filed with the master file for audit purposes.

A simple style such as the following would suffice:

 Header with the title and any applicable experiment numbering references with date.
 Introduction that incorporates the purpose, scope and background.
 Study design.
 Experimental details, including materials and methods.
 Results with discussion.
 Summary and conclusions.
 Footer and ending approval, which should contain the signatures of the author and reviewer for
quality purposes.

Development of “scientifically valid process steps” enables a company to be compliant with

GMP guidelines. Performing this process optimizes tableting blends and minimizes associated
processing problems. As this methodology is required for compliance, it should become routine
in the future.

Barry Brown is the director of scientific and regulatory affairs for PlusPharma Inc.
(PlusPharm.com)

aspartame    Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia,

Hutchinson
0.02 se
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aspartame /as·par·tame/ (ah-spahr´tām) (as´pahr-tām″) an artificial sweetener
Shop Sweetener
about 200 times as sweet as sucrose and used as a low-calorie sweetener.
▪ Stevia ▪ Diet
Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an Product Menu
imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
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as·par·tame ( s p r-t m , -spär -)
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A low-calorie, artificial sweetening agent derived from aspartic acid.

The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton ?Charity
Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Feed a hungry child -

aspartame donate to school
feeding program
[aspär′tām, as′pərtām]

a white, almost odorless crystalline powder that is used as an artificial sweetener.

It is formed by binding the amino acids of phenylalanine and aspartic acid.
Approximately 180 times as sweet as the same amount of sucrose, it is used
mostly to sweeten cold or uncooked foods. Unprotected aspartame tends to lose
its sweetness in the presence of heat, moisture, and alkaline media. Excessive use
of this nonnutritive sweetener should be avoided by patients with
phenylketonuria (PKU) because the substance hydrolyzes to form aspartate and
phenylalanine.

Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.

aspartame (as´p rtām),

n brand name: NutriSweet, a low-calorie sweetening agent about 200 times as

sweet as sucrose.

Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. © 2008 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
aspartame

a synthetic compound of two amino acids (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine o-methyl

ester) used as sweetener in low-calorie drinks. It is 180 times as sweet as sucrose
(table sugar); the amount equal in sweetness to a teaspoon of sugar contains 0.1
calorie.

Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All

rights reserved

aspartame

Nutrasweet® An artificial sweetener/ester of aspartic acid and phenylalanine; it

may be safer than saccharin except in Pts with phenylketonuria Adverse reactions
Rare, with large amounts–mild depression, headaches, insomnia, loss of motor
control, nausea, seizures, etc, and possibly brain cancer. See Artificial sweeteners.
Cf Aspartate, Cyclamate.

McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The

McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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? Mentioned in ? References in periodicals archive

acesulfame-K hydrocodone bitartrate Scientists at the Ramazzini Institute of Oncology in

aspartate and ibuprofen Italy, after nine years of aspartame testing on rats,
carbidopa-levodopa- nonnutritive sweetener believe it to be a
entacapone Nutrasweet
Synthetic sweetener safety is disputed by The
cholestyramine phenylketonuria
Journal (Newcastle, England)
Cough Suppressants Questran
Equal saccharin In 2006 the European Food Safety Authority rejected
Hycodan sugar substitute Italian research which said aspartame was a cancer
hydrocodone bitartrate sweet protein risk.
hydrocodone bitartrate Vicodin
 
and acetaminophen Watchdog will probe sweetener by The Daily Mail
hydrocodone bitartrate More results (London, England)
and aspirin
The evaluation also concluded that using aspartame
 

in the context of a reduced calorie diet does not

affect weight and may be associated with increased
weight loss.

New Study Says Sweetener Aspartame Has No Effect

on Appetite or Food ... by FLEXNEWS

More results
 

Medical browser ? ? Full browser

ASOT Asparagus-stone Aspariegos, Zamora aspartate

Asp Asparagus-stone Asparn an der Zaya aspartate
ASPAN Asparagus-stone Asparrena aspartate
asparaginase Asparagus-stone Aspárrena aspartate
asparagine Asparagusate Aspartam aspartate
asparagus asparaguses Aspartam Aspartate amino
Asparagus racemosus asparaguses Aspartam transferase
aspartame asparaguses Aspartam Aspartate amino
aspartase asparaguses aspartame transferase
aspartate asparaguses Aspartame Consumer aspartate
aspartate Asparagusic acid Safety Network aminotransferase
aminotransferase Asparation Aspartame controversy aspartate
aspartate ASPARCS Aspartane aminotransferase
aminotransferase test Aspari Aspartane aspartate
aspartate kinase Aspariegos Aspartane aminotransferase
aspartate transaminase Aspariegos, Spain Aspartane aspartate
aspartic acid aminotransferase
  aspartate
aminotransferase
Aspartate
Aminotransferase Test
aspartase
Aspartate
aspartase
Aminotransferase Test
Aspartate
Aminotransferase Test
Aspartate
Aminotransferase Test
 

A compilation of relevant research evidence

By Carol Guilford EMAIL

Strong statistical evidence links the artificial sweetener, aspartame (Equal,

NutraSweet) to breast cancer.  The American Cancer Society figures show that
breast cancer cases have doubled since 1981, the year aspartame was approved
for use as a food additive. Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) is added to over 5,000
food and drink products and is sold in almost 100 countries.

There is chemical proof that the synthetic amino acids that compose aspartame--
phenylalanine,  aspartic acid, and the methanol in which they are bound, are
poison, neurotoxins.  Phenylalanine (50% of aspartame) causes seizures and
degrades into DKP, a tumor causing agent.  Aspartic acid (40% of aspartame)
caused holes in the brains of mice (Dr. John Olney, neuroscientist, Washington
University, St. Louis, Mo.)

Methanol (wood alcohol, 10% of aspartame) is a cumulative toxin in the body.   

Since it is "free" methanol", appearing without ethanol (the antidote for methanol
toxicity always present in natural food such as fruit juice), the methanol in
aspartame is lethal.  Methanol destroys the optic nerve and can cause blindness. 
Fetal tissue cannot tolerate methanol.

In addition, the methanol in aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) breaks down into

formaldehyde (embalming fluid) and formic acid which has the chemical
composition of ant venom.  Formic acid is used commercially in products such
as paint stripper.

There is actual proof from recent records released by the Freedom of Information
Act that aspartame caused dozens of mammary tumors in animals tested from
1971 to 1974 by G.D. Searle, the pharmaceutical company, responsible for
aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet).

Searle falsified results of their animal testing when they presented evidence of
aspartame safety to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for approval as a
"food additive".

The U.S. Government trusts the manufacturer of a product to perform its own
safety tests.

To verify the breakdown of aspartame into its toxic by-products (phenylalanine

into DKP and methanol into formaldehyde) Jennifer Cohen, eleven, a student in
the sixth grade did her own experiment.

Jennifer bought a case of diet Coke, and she took three cans to a food- testing
laboratory that found the aspartame amount in one can was 0.06%.  Jennifer
stored seven cans of the diet Coke in the refrigerator, seven cans at room
temperature (68 to 70 degrees) and seven cans in an incubator at 104 degrees
Fahrenheit.  "I chose that temperature because in 1983, the National Soft Drink
Association (NSDA) said that 104 degrees was the average daily high for July in
Phoenix, Arizona."

Jennifer checked the temperatures of the diet Cokes daily and after seventy days
took them out of storage and performed a double blind experiment (neither the
subject nor the tester knows who gets what) on ten adult subjects.  "I was going
to do a taste in my sister's fourth grade class, but the school nurse said that I
couldn't because of all the bad things people say about aspartame."

"I put all of the cans in a cooler and covered them with ice.  I gave each person a
small cup of the soda from the refrigerator, from the incubator, from my room,
and from a new can of soda fresh from the supermarket.   I asked them to rate the
taste on a scale of one to four, four being the worst and one being the best."

The subjects preferred the new can of diet Coke, and the average rating was 2.0.
The refrigerated sample was rated 2.5.  Lab analysis showed this coke contained
0.058% aspartame, 0.001% DKP and 53.5 parts per billion of formaldehyde.  The
diet Coke sample at room temperature was rated 2.6 and lab analysis showed
0.051% aspartame left with conversion to 0.002% DKP and 231.0 parts
formaldehyde, (the most formaldehyde in the test.) The diet Coke stored in the
incubator rated the worst taste at 3.8.  All that was left of the 0.06 % aspartame
was 0.02%.  The aspartame had turned onto 0.010 % DKP and 76.2 parts per
billion of formaldehyde.

The experiment to prove aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) breakdown into

formaldehyde and DKP cost Jennifer $1200. (dorway.com, Chemical News, 1997)
A twenty-five year old trade memo reveals Searle's concern about aspartame's
stability:  "We have no way of estimating maximum likely abuse, and hence need
to utilize data based on almost complete conversion to DKP.  We stand a good
chance of ending up with nothing."

Among the findings Searle Laboratories ended up with in a complete conversion

to DKP were mammary tumors, brain tumors, uterine polyps, enlarged pituitary
and thyroid glands and atrophied testes,

The animals under test in the 115 Week Oral Tumor Study in the Rat, with DKP,
were 360 albino rats, 21 days old.  Rats are less sensitive than human beings and
the amount of DKP fed to the test animal correlates to human ingestion.

"In any such study of even a few hundred test animals, it takes no more than a
dozen or so of them to exhibit a particular lesion... to associate with the test
agent, i.e., aspartame or its related chemicals." (Dr. Adrian Gross, FDA
toxicologist, in a letter to Senator Metzenbaum, Oct. 30, 1986. DOrway.com)

Here is a description of mammary tumors found in Female Rat.No.M17LF, (a low

dose female) fed DKP in rat chow.  "In toto" means the tissue has been left to
deteriorate before microscopic examination, one of the felonious things Searle
did to hide negative results.

Mammary Gland
Mass (1) A 3 X 3 X 2.5 cm. Spheroidal Multinodular yellowish non-
adherent to the surrounding muscles or tissue (submitted in toto)

 
Mass (2) 2X5 X 2X1 cm. Irregularly shaped, spheroidal, smooth,
yellowish white firm mass located   subcutaneously and adjacent to the
above described mass (submitted in toto) mass  non-adherent to the
surrounding muscles or tissues.

 
Mass (3) A 2.3 X 1cm.  Irregularly shaped, multinodular, yellowish white,
firm mass located subcutaneously on the rt.  Axillary area.   Mass non-
adherent to the surrounding muscles or tissues (submitted in toto).

 
Mass (4) A 3X1X1 cm.  Elongated, multinodular, yellowish white, firm
mass located subcutaneously on the left inguinal area. Mass non-
adherent to the surrounding muscles or tissues (submitted in toto.)
  
Mass (5) A 2X1.5 X 1 cm.  Flat, multinodular, yellowish white firm mass
located subcutaneously of the rt. Inguinal area.  Mass non-adherent to
the surrounding muscles or tissues (submitted in toto.)

Pathologist Dr. Charles H. Frith spent 3 days with the FDA to review 145 animals
from Searle's DKP toxicity study.   Sufficient slides substantiated 73 female
animals with grossly observed masses. (Bressler Report to FDA, DORway.com)

To hide the mammary tumors, Searle scientists excised them and returned the
animals to the study or removed the tumors, post-mortem (after death).

Malignancies were made to appear benign.  Searle explained that a computer

"programming error" was responsible.

Dr. Gross interviewed all concerned with the tests and concluded that "to accept
the Searle explanation is to believe that the unfavorable mammary malignancy
data were innocently omitted from the summary table four separate times by
three different individuals (Congressional Record, 1985.)

The following statistics are from SEER, (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End
Results Program) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) The statistics are age
standardized and computed to account for slight surges, due to mammogram
screening.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women between the ages of 35-54.  
In 1971, a woman's lifetime risk for contracting breast cancer was one in fourteen.
Today it is one in eight. (The Breast Cancer Prevention Program, Samuel S.
Epstein, M.D. and David Steinman, Macmillan, 1997)
Breast cancer began to rise rapidly concurrent with the use of aspartame (Equal,
NutraSweet), when it was approved in 1981 for use in dry foods and, in 1983, for
use in sweetening carbonated beverages.

Between 1940-1982, there was a steady, annual rate of breast cancer increase of
about 1% per year.

Between 1982-1987, the increase in breast cancer accelerated to 4%, annually.

(ACS)

Between 1983-1988 the per capita consumption of aspartame quadrupled (mgold,

USDA,)

Increased longevity is not the reason for the rise in breast cancer cases.   Life
expectancy rates have remained relatively stable since 1950, while the incidence
of breast cancer has increased by about 55% (The Breast Cancer Prevention
Program, Samuel S. Epstein, M.D. and David Steinman), Macmillan, 1997)
Mammogram accounts for finding 10% of all breast cancer cases. The woman
herself discovers the other 90% of breast cancer cases.

Although the numbers are recorded separately from other breast cancers by the
American Cancer Society, DCIS, Ductile Carcinoma in Situ accounts for 40% of all
breast cancer detected by mammogram.  DCIS is abnormal (sometimes called
pre-cancerous) cells confined to the milk ducts of the breasts.

On a mammogram, DCIS shows up as tiny specks of calcium.(Wessex Cancer

Trust, England).

Oncologists now categorize different kinds of DCIS (cribiform, comedo, papillary,

solid type, low intermediate and high nuclear grade) One description of a case of
DCIS, comedo type reads: Solid sheets of malignant cells fill the dilated (milk)
ducts.   The center of the involved ducts undergoes necrosis and calcification
(Online, Management of Breast Diseases).

From 1983-1989, the years in which aspartame use quadrupled, DCIS rose 52%.
There were 23,000 DCIS cases in 1992; 30,000 in 1996 and 36,000 estimated for
1998, 200% higher than was projected in 1983. (Ductile Carcinoma In Situ of the
Breast by Gil Lederman, M.D.)

"A Diagnosis on the Rise."  "Is It Really Breast Cancer?" "Weighing Treatment
Options", and "A Mysterious Condition" are medical problems "Good
Housekeeping" magazine tried to answer for their readers, in 1996.

The problem is that there is no way to tell if early stage cancer, as DCIS is
sometimes called will develop into invasive cancer.  The only information about
its natural course comes from three small studies which found 30% of women
who had biopsies developed breast cancer within ten years of the biopsies, but it
wasn't clear why this happened in some cases and not in others.

DCIS is a poorly understood condition. A University of California, San Francisco

report, found that while the number of cases of ductile carcinoma in situ has
risen dramatically in the last 15 years, clinicians still do not know the best
treatment approach.

In 1992, 10,000 American women diagnosed with DCIS underwent a mastectomy.

The increasing incident rates for DCIS "mirror what all of us have been seeing in
practice for the last decade", says Dr. Hiram Cody, a breast cancer specialist at
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. "This study (from UCSF) creates the
impression that a large number of women are being treated with mastectomy, but
these numbers are declining all the time."
Dr. Virginia Ernster, UCSF professor: "These findings (the unexpected increase in
DCIS) underscore an urgent need to determine the best treatment for DCIS, as
well as for research to define which DCIS cases will progress to invasive cancer."
(And prevention? Cg.)

When aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) is exposed to temperatures above 86

degrees, it breaks down into its neurotoxins faster.

During the 1991 Gulf War, free diet drinks were sent to the armed forces in Saudi
Arabia.  The diet drinks sat on palettes in the desert sun at 120% for up to eight
weeks (bettym, as reported to her by a Gulf vet). The vet also told bettym, that
there was nothing to do (in the desert) and "they sat around and drank diet drinks
all day."

Compare the citizen complaints about  aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) to the FDA
with Gulf War Veterans' symptoms:

GULF WAR SYNDROME  (Gulf War Net

FDA (released 1994)
(Denmark)

burning urination                blood in urine or  stool

"can't think straight"         confusion

chest pains              lung problems

chronic cough                  chronic cough

chronic fatigue               chronic fatigue

craving for food

death death

depression          depression

diahrrea diahrrea

dizziness dizziness

excessive thirst or hunger

feel unreal

fibromyalgia  fibromyalgia

flushing of face

hair loss or thinning of hair hair loss

headaches/migraines      blinding headaches

hearing loss

heart palpitations cardiovascular symptoms

hives hives

impotency and sexual problems impotency and sexual problems

inability to concentrate inability to concentrate

infection susceptibility       multiple chemical sensitivity

insomnia      sleep disturbances

irritability      irritability

itching

joint pains joint pains

laryngitis

"like thinking in a fog" "like thinking in a fog"

marked personality changes mood disorders

memory loss      memory loss

menstrual problems menstrual problems

muscle spasms         muscle pain

numbness/tingling (extremities) phobias

rashes        rashes

seizure and convulsions neurological damage

slurring of speech

swallowing pain

tachycardia      cardiovascular symtoms

tremors

thyroid disease

vertigo equilibrium problems

vision loss vision problems

weight gain fluctuation of weight

kidney damage

multiple cancers

auto-immune disease

reduced IQ

genetic alterations

abnormal birth defects

fever and nightsweats                          

loss of smell

The first survey of gender specific health studies on the 37,000 women who
served in the Gulf War (1991) showed no difference between the health problems
of female Gulf War Veterans deployed (positioned, ready for combat) and those
not.

Two years later, there were significant differences in reports of breast cysts and
lumps-4.9 non-deployed to 10.4 for the deployed women (Gulf War Net Denmark).

There were also differences in headaches, lung problems, abnormal pap smears
or cervical exams and increased risk for uterine polyps.(Dr. Penny Pierce,
Professor of Nursing, University of Michigan.)

Not coincidentally, G. D. Searle's two-year rat study on the toxicity of DKP had a
high incidence of uterine polyps.

"Other sporadic findings" was used to characterize the incidence of uterine

polyps to the FDA in spite of the fact that Searle had done a statistical analysis of
these findings. (Bressler Report)

Former FDA Senior Scientist, Jacqueline Verrett, who testified at a 1987 hearing
on Aspartame Safety, spoke to Gregg Gordon of the UPI. "This (DKP) is the
famous study with the (12) uterine polyps... they disregarded them as being
insignificant-you know, uterine polyps were not pre-carcinogenic.  Well, I can
rustle up 15 million women by this afternoon who will disagree with that."
Many women veterans of the Gulf War left the service because of illness. The late
Dr. Adrian Gross, the FDA toxicologist knew the medical disaster aspartame
would bring.  Dr. Gross knew his poisons.

Gulf War Syndrome is aspartame poisoning.  Approximately 45,000 to 100,000 of

697,000 Americans who served in the Gulf War, Desert Storm are suffering from
aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) poisoning because they drank diet soda which,
unstable in the desert heat changed into a toxic cocktail of methanol,
formaldehyde, formic acid and DKP.

No one believed the Gulf War veterans when their complaints began. Officially,
there was no such thing as Gulf War Syndrome.  According to the experts, the
men and women were merely suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome seen
in veterans after other wars.

In 1993, President Clinton designated the Secretary of Veteran's Affairs as

coordinator of federal research on Gulf War Veteran's illnesses.

Five years later, at a conference in July, 1998,  280 federally funded scientists and
doctors and others from around the world came to Washington to "grapple" with
the change in health status of Gulf War Veterans, Timothy R. Gerrity, Ph.D., from
the VA Office of Research and Development told the attendees at the 1998
conference that "it is clear we still have much to learn about the nature of Gulf
War veterans' illnesses... The key to better understanding the illnesses of Gulf
War veterans is highly focused research that undergoes the rigorous scrutiny of
scientific peer review all during the research process." (What? Cg)

Chemical warfare weapons were suspected as a possible cause for GWS. In

southern Iraq, an enemy arsenal stored with sarin, a toxic nerve gas might have
been blown up and the gas then might have drifted over the thousands of troops.

There are several discrepencies in the theory.  The first is that both Generals
Colin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf deny it. Schwarzkopf, speaking on NBC's
"Today" show, said the chemical agent most used by the Iraqis, sarin, "is the type
that causes immediate casualties...It's not the type of thing that causes very, very
long-term things."  (Such as aspartame, Equal, NutraSweet Cg.)

There are 1200 cases of GWS in 50,000 British troops who were no where near the
front line or near where the toxic material was exploded, if it was exploded...

None of the French troops became ill, and the Czechs reported no illnesses that
were similar to GWS symptoms.

Many of the troops were given experimental vaccinations to prevent nerve

damage from enemy weapons-- the combination of the vaccinations and
aspartame is anyone's guess.
115 million dollars has been spent to find the cause of Gulf WarSyndrome..

On September 3, 1998, a Senate committee report was released that found no

evidence that the troops in Desert Storm were exposed to chemical weapons. Yet
the report blasted the Pentagon, accusing them of being ill-prepared to face
chemical and biological weapons.

Senator Jay Rockefeller and Senator Arlen Specter who serve on the U.S. Senate
Committee on Veteran' Affairs, told a news conference they personally believed
the evidence indicated nerve gas was a factor, though not the sole cause.of Gulf
War illness.

"Our troops are still unprepared," said Rockefeller, "We're not on top of it.  We do
have a great deal to fear."

The conspiracy is so very deep-the deception so very blatant, it is difficult to

believe that the truth has eluded one of the brightest, most compassionate men in
the Senate, Jay (John D.,IV) Rockefeller.

Life magazine photographed some of the children with birth defects, born to Gulf
War veterans.  In these children, one sees the full horror of aspartame poisoning.

Searle Pharmeceuticals submitted 13 studies to the FDA to prove aspartame did

not cause genetic damage.  FDA scientists found deficiencies in all of them. In
the DKP toxicity test on rats, 15 fetuses were missing from the submission.

The Bressler Report found a researcher, in charge of a pivotal safety study

involving fetal damage, "inexperienced" by a 1975 FDA task force. The researcher
involved had only one credit--a field study of the cottontail rabbit for the Illinois
Wildlife Service, and a seminar he attended once. Fetal tissue will not tolerate
methanol. (10% of aspartame) or phenylalanine (50% of aspartame) which
crosses the placenta and the blood brain barrier to destroy the nervous system.
(DORway.com)

The Association of Birth Defect Children says it has found the first cluster of
defects in the offspring of U.S Gulf veterans-10 babies with severe Goldenhar's
syndrome, a malformation of the face and body that usually strikes one in 26,000
according to ABDC executive director, Betty Mekdeci.

Of 400 sick vets who answered Defense Department committee inquiries, a

disproportionate 65% reported birth defects of immune-system problems in
children conceived after the war.

Coca-cola wouldn't do that to us.  PepsiCo wouldn't either.  Well, they are.
Dr. H.J. Roberts, author of Aspartame (NutraSweet), Is it Safe? calls aspartame
(Equal, NutraSweet) "molecular Auschwitz."

How did this poison invade our food?  Twenty-five years ago, I wrote in "The Diet
Book", that a 'pot of gold' awaits the discovery of a safe, artificial sweetener, and
a 'non-toxic, non-caloric sugar substitute'. (Pinnacle,1973; Drake,1974; Siglos,
1974. Mexico)

Cyclamate, an artificial sweetener used in carbonated beverages combined with

saccharin, was banned by the FDA in 1970, for causing cancer in the bladders of
mice, We will assume that the (GRAS) generally recognised as safe, bitter-tasting
saccharin was once again the only artificial sweetener in diet products.

The apocryphal story of aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) discovery is that in 1966,

G.D. Searle Pharmaceuticals was searching for new drugs, including one for
ulcers, an inhibitor of the gastrointestinal hormone, gastrin.

Dr. James Schlatter, one of the scientists on Searle's research team, synthesized
an intermediate chemical -- aspartyl-phenylalaline- methylester -- or aspartame.

Dr. Schlatter accidentally spilled the "aspartame" onto the outside of the
container.  When he licked his fingers, he tasted the chemical's sweetness.

The investigators first reported the discovery of the artificial sweetener in the
Journal of the American Chemical Society stating.. ."Preliminary tasting showed
this compound to have a potency of 100-200 sucrose... and to be devoid of
unpleasant aftertaste." (mgold)

In 1970, the discovery of aspartame is reported in the publication, "Science."

A G.D. Searle trade memo indicates that Searle is in the race for an artificial
sweetener to replace the banned cyclamate.

Searle approached Dr. Harry Waisman, a biochemist and Professor of Pediatrics,

at the University of Wisconsin's Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Memorial Laboratory and
an expert in phenylalanine (50 % of aspartame) toxicity.  Dr. Waisman agreed to
conduct a study of the effects of aspartame on primates.

The study began January 15, 1970 and was terminated April 25, 1971. Dr.
Waisman died unexpectedly, in March 1971. In this pivotal study, seven Rhesus
monkey infants were given aspartame with milk.  One died after 300 days.  Five
others had grand mal seizures.  The monkeys were then fed powdered Similac for
three months.  The monkeys had no more seizures. Searle submitted false results
of the Waisman study to the FDA.
In 1971, neuroscientist Dr. John Olney told G.D. Searle that aspartic acid, (40% of
aspartame) caused holes in the brains of mice.

Ann Reynolds, one of Searle's own researchers hired to disclaim Dr. Waisman's
findings, instead confirmed aspartame's neurotoxicity in infant mice.

Ms. Reynolds later refused to testify at a congressional hearing.  On March 21,

1973, G.D.Searle petitioned the FDA for approval to market aspartame as a
sweetening agent.

On July 26, 1974, aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) was approved for limited use as
a free-flowing sugar substitute and as tablets for sweetening hot beverages,
cereals, gum, and dry bases.

Dr. John Olney and Consumer Interest attorney, James Turner met with Searle to
discuss the results of Olney's experiments that aspartic acid caused holes in the
brains of mice.  Searle representatives claimed that Olney's data "raises no health
concerns."

Olney and Turner filed a formal objection stating that they believed aspartame
(Equal, NutraSweet) could cause brain damage.

A controversy started within the FDA as to the quality and validity of G.D. Searle's
tests on aspartame,  The result of the FDA battle was the appointment of the 1975
FDA Task Force, headed by Philip Brodsky and assisted by FDA toxicologist, the
late Dr. Adrian Gross.

The 1975 FDA Task Force was assigned to examine the original test material on
aspartame, submitted by Searle.

On July 10, 1975, Senator Edward Kennedy chaired a hearing on drug- related
research. The discrepancies occurring in G.D Searle's safety tests on aspartame
(Equal, NutraSweet) were discussed.

On December 5, 1975, the FDA put a hold on the approval of aspartame.

"Some of our findings suggest an attitude of disregard for FDA's missionof

protection of public health by selectively reporting the results ofstudies...  
Experiments have been poorly conceived, carelessly executed, or inaccurately
analyzed or reported."  (mgold, et al)

The Task Force report submitted March 1, 1976 was a stinging indictment of
Searle   which contained recommendations for regulatory action including
referral to the Justice Department for review of possible criminal violations of the
law.
On April 8-9 and July 10, 1976, Senator Edward Kennedy chaired a hearing of the
Senate Sub-Committee on Labor and Public Health.

Commissioner Alexander Schmidt of the FDA: Today I would like to report to you
the final results of the Food and Drug Administration's detailed investigation of
animal studies performed by Searle...

Senator Kennedy: Let me ask you this.  These are the conclusions of the Task
Force appointed to that study.  Do you agree with those conclusions?"

Dr. Schmidt: Yes I do.

Senator Kennedy: Yes, you do.  Is this the first time, to your knowledge, that such
a problem has been uncovered of this magnitude by the Food and Drug
Administration?

Dr. Schmidt: It is certainly the first time that such an extensive and detailed
examination of this kind has taken place.  We have never before conducted such
an examination as we did at Searle.  From time to time, we have been aware of
isolated problems, but we were not aware of the extent of the problem in one
pharmaceutical house...

Senator Kennedy: The extensive nature of the almost unbelievable range of

abuses discovered by the FDA on several major Searle products is profoundly
disturbing.

In July 1976, the FDA decided to investigate 15 key aspartame (Equal,

NutraSweet) studies in which the 1975 Task Force discovered problems. Three of
the studies were to be investigated at the FDA by a second 5-member Task Force
headed by FDA veteran Inspector, Dr. Jerome Bressler. (mgold from Graves, 
Congressional Record, 1985,  US Senate, 1987.)

In August of 1976, G.D. Searle representatives met with the FDA and convinced
them to allow them to hire a private agency, University Associates for Education
in Pathology (UAREP), and pay them $500,000 to "validate" the other 12 studies.
(US Senate, 1987)

In a letter to an FDA official, Dr. Gross expressed his anxiety at the suggestion of
the UAREP review and asked for the "'ludicrous plan to be aborted." Dr. Gross
wrote,  "It seems to me that no-one but the FDA can have the responsibility for...
undertaking this... our mission we are being paid from public funds to carry out.
Such a report may well be interpreted as nothing short of an improper
whitewash."

On January 10, 1977, FDA Chief Counsel Richard Merrill requested U.S. Attorney
for the northern district of Illinois, Samuel Knox Skinner to set up a Grand Jury to
investigate G.D. Searle for violations of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the
False Reports to the Government Act.

Three of Searle's responsible officers (including Robert McConnell, Director of  

Pathology and Toxicology) were named for their "willful and knowing failure to
make reports to the FDA and for concealing material facts and making false
statements in reports of animal studies conducted to establish the safety of the
drug Aldactone and the food additive, aspartame" (Equal, NutraSweet).

On January 26, 1977, Sidley & Austin, the law firm representing G.D .Searle
requested a meeting with U.S. Attorney Skinner "before a grand jury is convened"
(mgold from Gordon, Mullarkey, US Senate, 1987)

President Jimmy Carter had just taken office as President and announced that
Skinner would not be asked to remain.  Skinner informed reporters that he had
already begun "preliminary discussions" with Sidley and Austin.(Alex
Constantine, Nutrapoison,) On April 13, 1977, an U.S. Justice Department memo
urged Skinner to proceed with the grand jury, which could bring indictments
against Searle before the Statute of Limitations on prosecution, ran out.

On July 1,1977 Samuel Knox Skinner left his government job to work for Sidley &
Austin.

(Skinner, later was appointed to Secretary of Transportation and as Chief of Staff

in the Bush White House.)

Assistant U.S Attorney William Conlon convened a grand jury, but he let the
Statute of Limitations run out on the aspartame charges despite complaints of
delay from the Justice Department.  Fifteen months later, Conlon, too, accepted a
job with the Sidley and Austin law firm

Robert McConnell, the director of G.D. Searle's Department of Pathology and

Toxicology was to be prosecuted for criminal fraud for falsifying the aspartame
animal studies.  Instead, McConnell was awarded a $15,000 bonus and asked to
take a 3-year sabbatical (for which he received $60,000/year) because he was a
"political liability." (mgold, Gordon, US Senate Record)

On June 1, 1977, Donald Rumsfeld became Chairman and CEO of G.D. Searle.  
Rumsfeld, straight out the White House as Gerald Ford's Secretary of Defense
and before that his Chief of Staff, was a heavy gun for Searle to secure FDA
approval of aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet).  A hard-right Republican who served
four terms in Congress (1962-69), Rumsfeld voted against food stamps, Medicare
and anti-poverty funds. Rumsfeld's political ideology encompasses the
stockpiling of chemical weapons, downsizing the Federal government, and
eliminating funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
In a 1995 speech to the Heartland Institute, Rumsfeld told his audience, "At G.D
Searle, we reduced the centralized corporate activities to about 20 percent of their
original size, divested businesses, sold assets and moved the stock from about
$12 a share to $50-$60 a share."

Testimony in the US Senate records show that G.D. Searle suffered a $28 million
dollar loss in 1984, sold off 30 subsidiaries, and faced a lawsuit filed by 780
women claiming that Searle's intrauterine device caused them pelvic
inflammatory disease.

For Rumsfeld's part he was paid, between 1979 and 1984, 2 million dollars in
salary and 1.5 million in bonuses.

James Turner, the anti-aspartame advocate alleges that Searle hired Rumsfeld to
handle the aspartame approval difficulties as a "legal problem rather than a
scientific problem."

Searle denies that Chairman Rumsfeld ever had any contact with the FDA, or the
Carter and Reagan administrations to lobby for aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet),
but the Wall Street Journal reported in 1977 that Rumsfeld  "keenly understands
the importance of a public image.  So he has been mending fences with the FDA
by personally asking top agency officials what Searle should do to straighten out
its reputation." (Alex Constantine, Nutrapoison)

What to do?  H.R. Roberts, Director of the FDA's Bureau of Foods created a third
Task Force of another five people, this time appointed from the Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN).  The CFSAN Task Force reviewed the
Bressler Report and claimed that G.D. Searle's studies appeared to be authentic
(meaning they were actually conducted)

H.R. Roberts left the FDA to become Vice President of the National Soft Drink
Association.  Dr. Jerome Bressler works in the FDA's Chicago office.

It seemed that no matter how serious the mistakes were, the FDA Bureau of
Foods was determined to accept the studies by G.D. Searle. (mgold, Mullarkey,
1994 b, page 80)

On December 13, 1978, the UAREP (paid $500,000 by Searle) submitted its results
of 12 of G.D, Searles' aspartame studies.

UAREP pathologists found "no discrepancies in any of the sponsor's (Searle)

reports that were of sufficient magnitude..." but they were caught hiding their
negative findings from the FDA.  In one study, twelve animals actually had
cancerous brain tumors: UAREP reported to the FDA that only three animals had
such tumors.
In 1978, research projects at the Department of Psychology, Northeastern Illinois
University found that aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) causes reproductive
dysfunction in male and female animals, endocrine dysfunction in the pituitary,
thyroid, ovaries and testicles, a decrease in locomotor function and an increase
in body weight.

Yet, in March of 1979, the FDA somehow concluded that G.D. Searle's aspartame
studies could be accepted and decided to convene a Public Board of Inquiry
(PBOI) which had been agreed to by Dr. John Olney and Consumer Attorney
James Turner more than four years earlier. (mgold, Federal Register, 1979)

On September 30, 1980, the PBOI voted unanimously to reject the use of
aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) until additional studies on aspartame's potential
to cause brain tumors could be done.

On January 21, 1981, the day after Ronald Reagan was innaugarated as President
of the United States, Searle Pharmaceuticals reapplied to the FDA for aspartame
(Equal, NutraSweet) approval.

A former G.D. Searle salesperson, Patty Wood-Allott, revealed that Donald

Rumsfeld, president of Searle, told his sales force that, if necessary, "he would
call in all his markers and that no matter what, he would see to it that aspartame
would be approved that year."  (mgold, Gordon, US Senate Record)

In "Nutrapoison," Alex Constantine writes,: "G.D. Searle, the pharmaceutical firm

worked symbiotically with federal and congressional officials, bribed
investigators when violations of law were exposed, 'anything' to move aspartame
to market."

In March of 1981, a newly innauguarated President Ronald Reagan fired his

predecessor Jimmy Carter's FDA Commissioner, Jere Goyan, and appointed
Dr.Arthur Hull Hayes, the new FDA Commissioner.

In April  of 1981, Hayes created yet another 5-member team, a Scientific

Commission of scientists. The new group was to review the findings of the PBOI,
which had reviewed the Bressler report which had reviewed the 1975 FDA Task
Force that had reviewed Searle's original tests and reviews of the original tests by
the UAREP and the EPL.

The vote of the newly appointed Scientific Commission was 3 to 2, against

aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet).  Satya Dubey a member of the panel said the
brain tumor data was "so worrisome" that he couldn't recommend approval.
Another member was then added to the Commission, a toxicologist asked to
comment on isolated issues, creating a deadlocked vote of 3-3.
FDA Commissioner Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, citing a late study that had come in
(from Japan's Ajinomoto, Searle's partner in crime) broke the deadlock. (mgold,
Gordon, Mullarkey, US Senate).

On July 18, 1981, FDA Commissioner Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr, approved aspartame
(Equal, NutraSweet) for use in dry foods, overruling the Public Board of Inquiry
and ignoring several laws of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act.

The FDA U.S. Food Code states: A food safety hazard is a biological, chemical, or
physical property that may cause a food to be unsafe. Aspartame (Equal,
NutraSweet) should be recalled under the HACCP standards. (HACCP is the
acronym for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point). The wood alcohol
(methanol) and embalming fluid (formaldehyde) in aspartame are poisons--surely
hazardous.

Two FDA officials admitted in 1985 that Hayes was determined to clear all
obstacles to NutraSweet approval. Florence Graves, in "Common Cause"
magazine reported being told, 'people at the top' were closed to questions
concerning the quality of the tests submitted by Searle. (Who? Cg)

James Turner Esq, comments that Arthur Hull Hayes, to arrive at his decision that
aspartame is safe, "firewalked a path through a mass of scientific
mismanagement, improper procedures, wrong conclusions and general scientific
inexactness." (Alex Constantine, Nutrapoison)

"I know that the average consumer has a devil-may-care something-is-gonna-kill-

me-attitude, but they don't realize that before THIS stuff kills they are going to
have a miserable declining existence with LOTS of pain and other problems (not
to mention cancer, tumors, and maybe even Alzheimer or similar things) before
death solves the problem." Signed, "An Aspartame Victim" (holisticmed.com)

On October 1, 1982, in the U.S. Senate, an amendment to the Orphan Drug Act
extended the patent on only one product-aspartame-by 6 years. The amendment
did not mention aspartame or G.D. Searle by name and there was no debate or
discussion on the amendment that was pushed through by Representative Henry
Waxman and Senator Orrin Hatch. Waxman received contributions from the soft
drink political action committee.

Senator Orrin Hatch received $2,500 from the soft drink political action committee
for his reelection and $1,000 each from Daniel Searle, past president of the
company, Wesley Dixon (Daniel Searle's brother-in- law), and William Searle.

Hatch of Utah repeatedly blocked hearings looking into the safety of aspartame
(Equal, NutraSweet).  (et al.)
In October 15, 1982, G.D. Searle petitioned the FDA for approval to use aspartame
in soft drinks and children's vitamins. (mgold, Gorden, Graves, US Senate)

In August, 1983 the NSDA, National Soft Drink Association raised:OBJECTIONS

TO A FINAL RULE PERMITTING THE USE OF ASPARTAME IN CARBONATED
BEVERAGES AND CARBONATED BEVERAGE SYRUP

The NSDA cited serious and unresolved problems about the public health finding
"a startling deficiency " in the stability studies of aspartame which they found to
be  "inherently, markedly unstable in liquid."

The NSDA pointed to Searle's own stability tests. An orange beverage held at 104
degrees (average daily high for Phoenix during July) for eight weeks contained
only 50 % of the original amount of aspartame.

NSDA also strongly objected to the inability of Searle to account for and identify
adequately as much as thirty-nine percent of the decomposition products.

The studies were described as  "inadequate and unreliable" ... " the safety of the
major degradation products must be determined-reliable and competent data
must be provided by the petitioner. "(NSDA text, DORway.com )

Market analysts later interpreted the National Soft Drink Association's actions as
a ploy to drive down the price of the sweetener (Alex Constantine, Nutrapoison)
PepsiCo did halt any effort to block approval of aspartame because of health
concerns and never filed its 30 page objections.  The members of the Soft Drink
Association followed PepsiCo,; turned around and lobbied for NutraSweet.;

"You can sweeten a product for less with artificial sweeteners," said Bill Miller,
director of the Beverage Research Center and the man widely credited with
developing the first diet soft drink, Diet Rite (with Cyclamate) in the mid-1950's.
(Jan 26, 1997 Omaha World-Herald)

; In 1983, aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) was approved for use in carbonated

beverages.; Shortly after approval, Commissioner Arthur Hull Hayes left the FDA
under investigation for accepting a bribe from General Foods, a major user of
aspartame. Dr, Hayes was hired as Dean of New York Medical College and
consultant, with G.D. Searle's public relations firm, for $1,000 a day. (mgold,
Gordon, US Senate.)

Dr. Hayes refuses to speak with the press. (That's what grand juries are for.)

On July 8, 1983, James Turner filed a petition with the FDA on behalf of himself
and Community Nutrition Institute objecting to the approval of aspartame .(Equal,
NutraSweet)
On November 23, the FDA denied the request to put the approval on hold
"because public interest did not require it." (mgold, Federal Register)

The people of this country expect and require a great deal more from that agency
(FDA) charged with protecting their public health-in addition to mere façade of
window-dressing... they require a thorough and scientifically based evaluation by
the Agency of the safety of the products it regulates. (Dr. Adrian Gross in a Nov.
3, 1987 letter to Senator Howard Metzenbaum).

In 1984, Dr. Richard Wurtman, MIT, and Dr. Woodrow Monte, Director of Science
and Nutrition at Arizona State University, received over 1,000 complaints about
aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet.); The most numerous complaints were dizziness,
visual impairment, disorientation, ear buzzing, pancreatitus, tunnel vision, loss of
equilibrium, severe retinal hemorrhaging, menstrual flow changes and
depression. (Leading Edge Research)

A car would be recalled for much less. (Cg)

In 1984, diet Pepsi, restructured with aspartame, is in the market.

Monsanto bought G.D. Searle in 1985.; Monsanto, a corporate criminal, has been
identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as the "potentially
responsible party" for no fewer than 93 contaminated sites in the U.S.

Monsanto's Sauget, Illinois plant discharges an estimated 34 million pounds of

toxins into the Mississippi River; its Muscatine, Iowa plant dumps 265,000
pounds of chemicals per year directly into the Mississippi.

In 1985, 6,900,000 pounds of aspartame were "eaten." Monsanto calls their

customers aspartame "eaters."

In 1985, the U.S. Senate heard testimony relating to an amendment by Senator

Howard Metzenbaum which would require the quantity of aspartame in a product
to be labeled.

Senator Metzenbaum berated Searle's flawed and fabricated tests and also
faulted the AMA whose journal (JAMA) reported, with some significant
disclaimers, that aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) was safe for most people.

Senator Metzenbaum, referring to the report said, " I wish that this (JAMA) report
could ease my concerns. It does not.; It merely restates the FDA position, which
relies solely on the Searle tests.; As I have indicated these tests are under a
cloud.; In addition, the concerns raised recently by the scientists... were not even
included in the report."
The senators heard testimony from scientists including Dr. Louis J. Elsas,
Division of Medical Genetics at Emory University School of Medicine, Dept. of
Pediatrics. Dr. Elsas explained that in the developing fetus a rise in maternal
blood phenylalanine (50% of aspartame) and the effect of such an increased fetal
concentration would express potential certain birth defects. (DORway.com)

Executives of Searle countered that aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) had been

approved by foreign regulatory agencies and the World Health Organization.; But
Dr. H.J. Roberts reviewed the foreign studies and found that these agencies
accepted the word of the FDA and Searle-sponsored research without doing
independent, confirmatory studies (Alex Constantine, Nutrapoison)

Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah along with G.D.Searle led the fight against the
labeling amendment. The amendment was defeated.

Those voting against the amendment included:

Abdnor, Armstrong, Baucus, Bentsen, Biden, Bingaman, Boren, Boschwitz,

Bradley, Bumpers, Cochran, Cohen, D'Amato, Danforth, DeConcini, Denton,
Dixon, Dole, Domenici, Durenberger, Evans,; Ford, Garn, Goldwater, Gore,
Gorton, Gramm, Gassley, Hatch, Hawkins, Hecht, Heflin, Heinz, Helms, Hollings,
Humphrey, Inouye, Kassebaum, Kasten, Laxalt, Leahy, Levin, Lugar, Mattingly,
McClure, McConnell, Mitchell,   Murkowski, Nickles, Nunn, Packwood, Pressler,
Pryor, Quayle, Riegle, Roth, Rudman, Sasser, Simpson, Stafford, Stevens Symms,
Thurmond, Tribe, Wallop, Warner, Wilson, Zorinsky.

Those voting for the amendment were:

Burdick, Byrd, Chafee, Chiles, Cranston, Dodd, Eagleton, Glenn, Harkin, Hart,
Hatfield Johnston, Kennedy, Kerry, Lautenberg, Long, Mathias, Natsunaga,
Melcher, Metzenbaum, Moynihan, Pell, Proxmire, Rockefeller, Sarbanes, Simon,
Specter.

In August, 1985, Senator Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio introduced a bill,

"Aspartame Safety Act of 1985" which required a moratorium on new uses of
aspartame until independent tests could be conducted. The bill was submitted to
a Senate committee where it died under Orrin Hatch.(mgold)

Between 1985-1988 Eli Lily, the Drug Company, contributed 17,500 to Orrin
Hatch's campaign. "Hatch", reports the Wall Street Journal has "given his strong
support of the pharmaceutical industries."(Alex Constantine, Nutrapoison)

Mary Nash Stoddard who founded the Aspartame Consumer Safety Network,
talked to students at Southwestern Medical School about her experience with
aspartame.
My youngest child began to use the sweetener in a drink called, Crystal Light. It
came in the mail as sample packets to mix with water. She began to develop
headaches (migraines), then she developed heart attack like symptoms.  I took
her to a heart specialist.; Finally, they carried her in from a school field trip after
she had suffered a grand mal seizure. (When) we discovered aspartame as a
possible cause.... I eliminated that from her diet; She got well.

Aspartame Safety Network has taken over 10,000 calls, and provides a "pilots
hotline."  Pilots have reported having grand mal seizures in the cockpit, just like
Rhesus monkeys who had grand mal seizures during Dr. Waisman's pivotal
safety test for phenylalanine (50 % of aspartame) toxicity.

Some pilots have lost their license to fly. USAF Flying Safety magazine published
aspartame warnings to military pilots in August 1992.

In 1985, 14,400,000 pounds of aspartame were "eaten" in the United States.

(USDA).

In 1986, Community Nutrition Institute (CNI) filed suit against the FDA in District
Court claiming that the FDA did not follow proper procedure in approving
aspartame for beverages.; The District Court dismissed their suit and the D.C.
Circuit Court of Appeals denied their request for a hearing stating they failed to
"raise any material issues of fact." (mgold)

15,700,000 pounds of aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) were consumed in the U.S.

in 1986 (USDA, 1988)

In 1987, diet 7-up with aspartame, is in the market.

The United Press reports on October 12, 1987 that more than 10 federal officials
involved in the NutraSweet approval decision took jobs in the private sector
linked to the aspartame industry. (mgold, Gordon,U.S. Senate, 1987)

In 1987, Betty Martini founded Mission Possible, an anti-aspartame grass-roots

movement involving people all over the world who, one by one, pass the word
about the poison that is destroying human life and society.

At a recent conference, Betty approached Donna Shalala, the Secretary of Human

and Health Services and handed her a packet of information on aspartame.
Secretary Shalala took the packet but did not speak.; Dr. Shalala should speak,
especially to the 280 federally funded investigators who are looking for the cause
of Gulf War Syndrome.

In 1987, 17,100,000 pounds of aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) are eaten. (USDA,

1988)
After 1987, NutraSweet stopped providing aspartame consumption data. (mgold)

In 1988, Pepsi's diet Wild Cherry with aspartame is in the market.

In 1989, diet Mello Yellow, with aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) is in the market.

In 1990, Dr. David Kessler who once was an aide to Orrin Hatch is appointed FDA
Commissioner.

In 1992, Dr. Kessler approved aspartame for use in heated food such as baked
goods.

Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi is in the market, with aspartame.

The FDA issues an import ban on Stevia, a safe, herbal sweetener used in many
countries including Japan-a country with a breast cancer incidence, three-
quarters less than that of the U.S.

In 1993, Pepsi Max with aspartame is in the market.

In 1995, the FDA revises its ban on the import of Stevia and allows it to be sold as
a food supplement, not as a sweetener.; The revision represents a political
compromise between the artificial sweetener aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) and
sugar lobbyists and the Natural Foods Industry and its representatives, mediated
by the FDA (Ann Halloran, Bamboo Market, www)

In 1995, a Harvard Group affirmed a mistake by the CDC, Center for Disease
Control, in counting CFS, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients. An upsurge in CFS
has occurred since aspartame has been in our food and it is one of the most
frequent syndromes recognized in Gulf War veterans. The "gross
underestimation" by CDC at Congressional hearings was 4-9 cases per 100,000
Americans. The Harvard research study led by Dr. Antony L. Komaroff, estimated
that there are 75-267 cases of CFS per 100,000 people in the general population of
the United States. The CDC admitted their mistake, praised the Harvard study and
immediately (in a new study) revised its CFS count to 76-220 individuals per
100,000. (Neenya Ostrom Online News Index)

Aspartame was given approval for use in all foods in 1996. FDA Commissioner,
Dr. David Kessler, signed the blanket approval, in what health writer/researcher
Mark Gold calls an "unconscionable act."

After the "act", Dr. Kessler resigned from the FDA to take a position as Dean of
the Yale School of Medicine.

Julie Kelly admonished Dr. Kessler before his resignation.

Dear Dr. Kessler:

How could you do it?  How could you approve this poison in everything in the
supermarket when you receive more complaints on aspartame than all other food
additives combined, almost 80%. Is your loyalty to Monsanto so strong that the
health of the American public and almost 100 countries means nothing to you?

I am a diabetic and when aspartame was approved, I tried it.   I had severe
headaches, nausea, and vomiting, blurred vision, was incoherent, couldn't
remember and my blood sugar climbed as I lost my equilibrium. I became deathly
ill. I realized it was NutraSweet and got off of it.

How could you, Dr. Kessler?  How could you be party to this massacre?

I know that the distribution of the Killer Kola brochure has warned a lot of
pregnant mothers.

Naomi Lawrence was so addicted to diet Coke she always had a bottle- nobody
could tell her. Eventually she went into diabetic convulsions and died.   She had a
very large abdomen and doctors decided to do an autopsy. They found an 85-
pound tumor. I couldn't help thinking about all the material I read from Mission
Possible about all the tumors in lab animals that consumed aspartame.

No wonder the GAO did an investigation of the relationship of the FDA and
Monsanto over the bovine growth hormone. Why don't you just put Monsanto's
address on your stationery with a quote, "We give them what they want, we are
their loyal fan!"

We have no use for an FDA Commissioner who would violate the trust of the
people and commit the crime of approving poison in all food and drink in the
marketplace, so it can be consumed by men, women, children, infants, pregnant
women and the very sick and aged. I wonder if we will ever know how many
thousands have died from symptoms and diseases.

May God have mercy on you soul, Dr. Kessler- I doubt anyone else will! (Mission
Possible, DORway.com)

In 1996, Donald Rumsfeld who was responsible for the approval of aspartame as
Searle's CEO, was chairman of Bob Dole's presidential campaign.

Incidentally,; while Rumsfeld was working for Searle in 1984, he participated in a

covert operation involving an Israeli secret offer of arms to Iraq. (Howard Teicher
affidavit, on Iraqgate)

In 1996, Dr. John Olney, having fought aspartame for 20 years, published an
analysis of National Cancer Institute data that found that the number of brain
tumors jumped by 10 percent in 1984, a year after the FDA approved aspartame
for widespread use in food and soft drinks. The U.S. increase-about 1,310 cases
per year-was marked by rising diagnoses of the same type of highly malignant
tumor found in laboratory rats in an aspartame study in the 1970's.

Dr. Michael Friedman, the FDA's deputy commissioner since Commissioner

Kessler's departure, says there are "serious methodological questions about Dr.
Olney's conclusions. Neither the NCI nor the FDA's own scientists who reviewed
the data find even a weak association between aspartame and brain tumor
incidence in the United States. No further study is needed."

A spokesman for the Illinois-based NutraSweet Kelco Co. that sells close to $1
billion of aspartame annually said the researchers (Dr. Olney), "manipulated the
data to make their point."

On November 22, 1996, a news story by Gregg Gordon reported: that "Food and
Drug Administration officials have for years resisted proposals from government
scientists for comprehensive studies of the safety of the artificial sweetener
aspartame, which 100 million Americans consume as NutraSweet."

Between the early 1980's and 1994, scientists at the National Institutes of
Environment Health Sciences (NIEHS) proposed at least four times that the
government's leading program for toxicology research fund such studies.

After each of these "nominations" NIEHS officials elected not to pursue the
research at the urging of FDA officials, who said they were satisfied with
industry-sponsored research that found no health risks. "It's a wonderful way to
ensure that it isn't tested," said David Rall, who retired in 1990 after directing
NIEHS and overseeing the National Toxicology Program for 19 years. "Discourage
the testing group from testing it and then say it's safe."

Rall said he personally took one of the proposals to the FDA, but that Sanford
Miller, then chief of the Center for Food, Safety and Applied Nutrition, asked him
"to put if off a year or two.'

On December 29, 1996, 60 minutes aired a segment about aspartame and brain
tumors.

Excerpts from 60 Minutes:

Wallace: (Voiceover) Dr. Debra Davis is a leading epidemiologist who serves on

the faculty of the Strang-Cornell Cancer Prevention Center. She's published
widely on the environmental causes of brain cancer. Wallace: (on camera) Is brain
cancer mortality increasing in industrial countries?

Dr Davis: Without any question, it is.

Wallace: Why?

Dr. Davis: There are multiple factors we have to look at, but one of them may be,
for some people, increased consumption of aspartame. (Close-up of products
containing aspartame including Lipton iced tea, Equal, Dannon yogurt, Vermont
syrup, Kellogg's All Bran cereal, Ocean Spray juice, Riccola cough drops, Diet Dr.
Pepper, Diet Schweppes Ginger Ale, Welch's fruit juice bars, Jell-O gelatin,
Carnation cocoa mix, Weight Watchers Chocolate Mousse; crystal Light iced tea
and lemonade mixes, child drinking Diet Sprite.)

Dr. Virginia Weldon (Monsanto): I believe that aspartame is one of the safest food
ingredients ever approved by the Food and Drug Administration.; I believe it's
safe for any American or anyone around the world to drink products containing
aspartame.

Wallace (Voiceover): Former Senator Howard Metzenbaum's staff investigated the

aspartame approval process. Since he's retired from the Senate, he has become
chairman of the Consumer Federation of America.

Senator Metzenbaum: The FDA officials themselves were so upset they sent the
file the US attorney's office in Chicago for the purpose of presenting it to the
grand jury as to whether or not there should be indictments. It wasn't presented.
It was delayed.

Wallace (Voiceover): Dr. Michael Friedman is a FDA deputy commissioner.

Dr. Friedman: There's no evidence there that challenges in my mind the safety of
aspartame.

Wallace: The critics say that because aspartame's approval is based on Searle's
flawed tests, they say, "Well, then, how can we be certain that aspartame is safe?'

Dr. Friedman: And the scientists looking at that information decided that the
basic strength of the conclusions remains intact.

Wallace: So even though they mixed up the animals, even though they failed to
tag the animals, even though they-they-they used decomposed tissue: even
though even though?

Dr. Friedman: I-I don't think you're characterizing that exactly correctly. But the
question really is--Do those issues detract from the basic solidity of the
conclusion?

Wallace: ...Dr. Ralph Walton found that the results of industry-sponsored

research turned out very differently form the non-industry-sponsored studies.
Dr. Walton (Northeastern Ohio University's College of Medicine): I looked at the
medical literature addressing the safety of aspartame. I found 164 studies.

Seventy-four were funded by the NutraSweet industry. Every single one of them
attested to the safety of aspartame. Of the 90 independently funded studies, 83
identified a problem.

Wallace: The FDA says they will carefully consider any future adverse data on
aspartame that they find convincing enough to warrant investigation. Meantime,
NutraSweet is being test-marketed in China, a potential market of about a billion
people.

In 1998, Hansen's put their new low-calorie cola on the market, sweetened with
aspartame. And in late 1998, Pepsi flooded the market with Pepsi One, sweetened
with aspartame.

Also in 1998, President Bill Clinton, a diet Coke drinker complained publicly about
vision and memory loss, two common symptoms of aspartame disease.

The poisoning of the world food supply with aspartame is the crime of the
century.

Carol Guilford is the author of: The New Cook's Cookbook (Macmillan, 1969), The
Diet Book (Pinnacle, 1973), Carol Guilford's Main Course Cookbook (Hawthorn,
1974), and The Easiest Cookbook (Lippincott, 1981).

Field Code Field Name Syntax Example

ABST Abstract ABST/"cardboard box"

APD Application Date APD/12/13/1790->12/31/2001

APN Application Number APN/000001

AC Assignee City AC/"New York"

ACN Assignee Country ACN/JP

AN Assignee Name AN/Sanyo

AS Assignee State AS/NY

ASEX Assistant Examiner ASEX/"Stevens Robert"

AGT Attorney or Agent AGT/"Bacon & Thomas"

ACLM Claim(s) ACLM/"cardboard box"

CCL Current US Classification CCL/100/50

SPEC Description/Specification SPEC/"hand-held telephone"

PRIR Foreign Priority PRIR/9/16/1990

FREF Foreign References FREF/EP0628292

ICL International Classification ICL/G06F019/00

IC Inventor City IC/"New York"

ICN Inventor Country ICN/JP

IN Inventor Name IN/"Jones Mark"

ISD or PD Publication Date ISD/1/31/2000->12/31/2000

KCOD Kind Code KCOD/A KCOD/B

IS Inventor State IS/NY

OREF Other References OREF/"patent law"

PARN Parent Case Information PARN/594,858

PN or DN Patent Number or Application Publication Number PN/6954235; DN/20070220636

PEX Primary Examiner PEX/"Jones David"

TTL Title TTL/"metal detector"

REF Domestic References REF/5796187

1 ezsrch

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Hydroxypropyl cellulose
 

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highly cross-linked modification of PVP. PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. In
water it has the useful property of Newtonian viscosity. When dry it is a light flaky powder,...

More from Wikipedia.org »

Basics ›
From: RightHealth • RightHealth

Top Websites for Povidone from RightHealth

 Povidone-iodine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a stable chemical complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone (

povidone, PVP) and elemental iodine. It contains from 9.0% to 12.0% available ...

en.wikipedia.org

 Polyvinylpyrrolidone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

PVP added to Iodine forms a complex called (Povidone-iodine) that possesses ...
Excipients for Pharmaceuticals - Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone. ...

en.wikipedia.org

More from RightHealth »

Editor's Picks from RightHealth

  Chlorhexidine vs. Povidone-Iodine Skin Antisepsis for Blood ...

Apr 1, 2000 ... An explanation for a higher rate of contamination when povidone-iodine
is used
may be its slower rate of action. Povidone-iodine is ...

American Academy of Family Physicians

More from RightHealth »

Video ›
From: YouTube • Videosurf • Truveo

YouTube Videos from YouTube

Audio Impulsion - Povidone

07:51

Pt 5: "Level 2" First Aid...

22:41

SWINE FLU MEXICO DO NOT TAKE TAMIFLU...

01:17

First aid kits

05:22

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Featured Articles
Sponsored by Health.com

 Blood Alcohol - How It Is Done

... to put a needle into the vein. Clean the needle site with a non-alcohol solution such as
povidone-iodine or antiseptic soap. Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle
stick may be needed....

 Folliculitis - Treatment Overview

... polymyxin B sulfate (Polysporin), clindamycin, erythromycin, or mupirocin

(Bactroban). You may also use an antiseptic cleanser, such as povidone-iodine (for
example, Betadine) or chlorhexidine. Deeper or more severe, you will need to take
antibiotic pills....

 Ringworm of the Scalp or Beard - Medications

... (available without a prescription, such as Nizoral). Antifungal shampoo with

ketoconazole 2% (prescription only). Antifungal shampoo with povidone (prescription
only). What To Think About Griseofulvin works to treat ringworm of the scalp. It is
effective,...

More from Health.com »

 
From Experts ›
Clinical Reference Articles from emedicine

 Extensor Tendon Repair: Multimedia

Multimedia ...

 Thrombosed External Hemorrhoid Excision: ...

... ...

More from emedicine »

Patient Experiences ›
From: HealthBoards • Omgili Forum Search • Yahoo! Answers

Health Forums from HealthBoards

 Re: Burn Question

leave it alone. paint it with Betadine (povidone iodine 10% solution, avaliable from your
pharmacist), and cover with a clean, non stick dressing (tulle gauze is excelent) repeat
each day until healed taking zinc and...

 ... warm pad or water device to stimulate removal of pus. Then gently squeeze the pus
out. Then apply povidone iodine generously to kill infection. Cover with 4x4 gaze before
retiring. Do this nightly and hope...

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Images ›
From: Google • Yahoo!

Images for Povidone from Google







 

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News & Blogs ›

From: Meehive News Search • Google Blog Search • Medical News Today

News from Meehive News Search

 CiteULike: Comparison of the effect of water vs. povidone-iodine solution...

2 days ago - citeulike.org

... 60 women randomized to periurethral area cleansing with water or povidone-iodine

solution prior to insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter....

More from Meehive News Search »

 
Guides & Articles ›
From: Helium.com • Howcast

Articles from Helium.com

 Assembling a first aid kit for babies

Thu Mar 29, 2007 12:00 AM GMT

Author: Joyce Priddy

... 12. 3 inch by 3 inch Teflon Non-Stick Pad 13. 4 inch by 4 inch Gauze Dressing Pads
(qty 4) 14. 3 inch elastic Ace type bandage 15. Alcohol Wipes Pads (qty 10) 16.
Povidone Iodine (betadine) swabstick 17. Povidone Iodine (betadine) pads (qty 3) 18.
Hand Sanitizer Wipes (qty 10) 19. Flexible Digital Thermometer (for oral and rectal use)
20. 3" Needle Nose Metal Tweezers 21. 5" Metal Bandage Scissors 22. Instant Cold
Pak...

 Equine health: Foot puncture wound treatment

Thu Jan 10, 2008 12:00 AM GMT

Author: Toby Raymond

Commonly occurring in the bottom of the foot and typically caused by a sharp object
(nail, broken glass, metal pieces or stakes), puncture wounds should not be taken lightly
even though they generally don't produce a lot of blood. They are a frequent cause of
immediate lameness and can be extremely serious. If you're lucky, the object will be
visible, making for easy identification and a subsequent treatment plan. However, if it is
not apparent,...

More from Helium.com »

References ›
From: Drugs.com • Medicinenet

Pharmaceutical References from Drugs.com

 Glycyrrhetinic Acid/ Povidone/ Sodium Hyaluronate Gel

 Managing and relieving mouth pain and irritation that may occur as a result of oral
surgery, braces, dentures, disease, or following cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
It may also be used to treat mouth ulcers...

 SODIUM IODIDE (Systemic)†

Some commonly used brand names are: In the U.S.— Generic name product may be
available in the U.S. † Not commercially available in Canada. Sodium iodide (SOE-dee-
um EYE-oh-dide) is used to prevent or treat iodine...

Material Safety Data Sheet Listing

The following is a listing of MSDS documents for chemicals available for purchase via
ScienceLab.com.

There are 4656 MSDS documents currently available.

(+)-5Fluorodeoxyuridine MSDS
(+)-Catechin, Hydrate MSDS
(+/-)-10-Camphorsulfonic Acid MSDS
(2R,4R)-4-Methylglutamic acid
hydrochloride MSDS
(2S)-(+)-2,5-Dihydro-3,6-dimethoxy-2-
isopropylpyrazin MSDS
(4-Chlorophenylthio)Acetic Acid MSDS
(D)(+)-galactose MSDS
(RS)-4-Bromo-homo-ibotenic acid MSDS
(S)-(+)-2-Methylpiperazine MSDS
(S)-(+)-Camptothecin MSDS
(S)-(-)-2-Amino-4-Pentenoic Acid, 98%
MSDS
(Triethylsilyl)acetylene MSDS
(Triisopropylsilyl)acetylene MSDS
+ Usnic Acid MSDS
+--Abscisic acid MSDS
+/-Limonene MSDS
1,1'-Bi-2-Naphthol MSDS
1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene MSDS
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol MSDS
1,1,1-Trichloroethane MSDS
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane MSDS
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane MSDS
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethane MSDS
1,1,2-Trichloroethane MSDS
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylurea MSDS
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane MSDS
1,1-Dichloroethane MSDS
1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate MSDS
1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrochloride
MSDS
1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane,gamma-
Isomer MSDS
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene MSDS
1,2,3- Trimethoxybenzene MSDS
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene MSDS
1,2,6-Trihydroxyhexane MSDS
1,2-Benzodihydropyrone MSDS
1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane MSDS
1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Anhydride
MSDS
1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid
MSDS
1,2-Dibromoethane MSDS
1,2-Dichlorobenzene MSDS
1,2-Dichloroethane MSDS
1,2-Dimethoxyethane MSDS
1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acidsodium
salt MSDS
1,2-Octanediol MSDS
1,3-Butanediol MSDS
1,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene MSDS
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene MSDS
1,3-dimethylurea MSDS
1,3-Dinitrobenzene MSDS
1,3-Dioxolane MSDS
1,3-Diphenyl-2-thiourea MSDS
1,3-Propanediol MSDS
1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol MSDS
1,4-Diaminobutane MSDS
1,4-Diaminobutane Dihydrochloride MSDS
1,4-Dibromobutane MSDS
1,4-Dibromonaphthalene MSDS
1,4-Dichlorobenzene MSDS
1,4-Diiodobutane MSDS
1,4-Napththoquinone MSDS
1,5-Diphenylcarbazone MSDS
1,5-Diphenylcarbohydrazide MSDS
1,5-Isoquinolinediol MSDS
1,5-Pentanediol MSDS
1,6-hexanediamine MSDS
1,6-Hexanediol MSDS
1,8-Diaminonaphthalene MSDS
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene MSDS
1- Aminoguanidinium Hydrogen Carbonate
MSDS
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methoxybenzene MSDS
1-(3-Chloropropyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-
benzimidazol-2-one MSDS
1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-
ethylcarbodiimide Hydrochloride MSDS
1-(Diphenylmethyl)piperazine MSDS
1-Adamantanecarboxylic Acid MSDS
1-Aminocyclopropane-1carboxylic acid
MSDS
1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene MSDS
1-Bromo-3-chloropropane MSDS
1-Bromobutane MSDS
1-Bromonaphthalene MSDS
1-Bromopropane MSDS
1-Butanesulfonic Acid, Sodium Salt MSDS
1-Butanethiol MSDS
1-Butanol MSDS
1-Chloro-2-Methylpropane MSDS
1-Chloro-n-butane MSDS
1-Chloronaphtalene MSDS
1-Decanesulfonic acid, sodium salt MSDS
1-Heptanesulfonic acid, sodium salt MSDS
1-Hexanesulfonic Acid, Sodium Salt, Hydrate
MSDS
1-Hexene MSDS
1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate MSDS
1-Iodobutane MSDS
1-Methoxy-2-propanol Acetate MSDS
1-Methyladenine MSDS
1-Methylimidazole MSDS
1-Methylnaphthalene MSDS
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid MSDS
1-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid disodiumsalt
MSDS
1-Naphthyl phosphate, monosodium salt,
monohydrate MSDS
1-Naphthylamine Hydrochloride MSDS
1-Nitroso-2-Naphthol MSDS
1-Nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid
disodium salt MSDS
1-Octanesulfonic acid sodium salt MSDS
1-Octanol MSDS
1-Octen-3-ol MSDS
1-Octene MSDS
1-Pentanesulfonic Acid, sodium salt,
monohydrate MSDS
1-Phenoxypropan-2-ol MSDS
1-Propanesulfonic Acid, sodium salt,
monohydrate MSDS
1-Propanethiol MSDS
1.4-Butanediol MSDS
10,12-Pentacosadiynoic Acid MSDS
13-cis-Retinoic acid MSDS
15-Crown-5 MSDS
15-Hydroxypentadecanoic Acid MSDS
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone MSDS
1H-1,2,4-Triazole MSDS
2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein MSDS
2'-Deoxyadenosine, monohydrate MSDS
2'-Deoxyguanosine MSDS
2'-Fluoroacetophenone MSDS
2'-Hydroxyacetophone MSDS
2'6'-Dihydroxyacetophenone MSDS
2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) MSDS
2,2'-Bipyridine MSDS
2,2'-Dithiodipyridine MSDS
2,2'-Thiodiethanol MSDS
2,2,2- Trifluoroethanol MSDS
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol MSDS
2,2,4-trimethylpentane MSDS
2,2-Dichloroacetyl chloride MSDS
2,2-Dimethoxypropane MSDS
2,3,4-Tri-O-benzyl-L-fucopyranose MSDS
2,3-Butanedione monoxime MSDS
2,3-Butylene Glycol MSDS
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone
MSDS
2,3-Dihydrofuran MSDS
2,3-dimercaptopropanol MSDS
2,3-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol MSDS
2,3-Naphthalenediamine MSDS
2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene MSDS
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol MSDS
2,4,6-Collidine MSDS
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol MSDS
2,4,6-Tripyridyl-S-triazine MSDS
2,4-Diaminophenol HCl MSDS
2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol MSDS
2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde MSDS
2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid MSDS
2,4-Dichlorobenzyl Chloride MSDS
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid MSDS
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde MSDS
2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene MSDS
2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene MSDS
2,4-Dinitrophenol, moist MSDS
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine MSDS
2,4-Dinitrotoluene MSDS
2,4-Pentanedione MSDS
2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone MSDS
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid MSDS
2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde MSDS
2,5-Dimethoxytetrahydrofuran MSDS
2,6-Diaminopurine MSDS
2,6-Dichloroindophenol sodium salt MSDS
2,6-Dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide MSDS
2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid MSDS
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol MSDS
2,6-Dimethyl-4-Heptanone MSDS
2,6-Dimethylaniline MSDS
2,6-Dimethylphenol MSDS
2,6-Ditert-butylphenol MSDS
2,6-Lutidine MSDS
2,7-Diaminofluorene Dihydrochloride MSDS
2,7-Naphthalenediol MSDS
2-(2-Bromoethyl)-1,3-dioxane MSDS
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate MSDS
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol MSDS
2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate MSDS
2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol MSDS
2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol MSDS
2-(2-Thienyl)Ethanol MSDS
2-Acrylamido-2-MethylpropanesulfonicAcid
MSDS
2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol MSDS
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol MSDS
2-Amino-2-thiazoline MSDS
2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid MSDS
2-Aminobenzophenone MSDS
2-Aminoethyl Methacrylate Hydrochloride
MSDS
2-Aminoheptane MSDS
2-Aminophenol MSDS
2-Aminothiazole MSDS
2-Aminothiophenol MSDS
2-Biphenylcarboxylic Acid MSDS
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane MSDS
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol MSDS
2-Bromobutane MSDS
2-Bromoethylamine Hydrobromide MSDS
2-Bromopropane MSDS
2-Bromopropionic Acid MSDS
2-Butoxyacetic acid MSDS
2-Butoxyethanol MSDS
2-Butoxyethyl acetate MSDS
2-Butyne-1,4-diol MSDS
2-Carboxybenzaldehyde MSDS
2-Chloro-2-methylpropane MSDS
2-Chloro-5-methylphenol MSDS
2-Chloroacetamide MSDS
2-Chloroanthraquinone MSDS
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde MSDS
2-Chlorobenzoic acid MSDS
2-Chlorobutane MSDS
2-Chloroethanol MSDS
2-Chloroethylamine Hydrochloride MSDS
2-Chloropropane MSDS
2-Deoxy-d-glucose MSDS
2-Deoxy-D-ribose MSDS
2-Ethoxybenzoic acid MSDS
2-Ethoxyethanol MSDS
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate MSDS
2-Ethyl-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
MSDS
2-Ethylaminoethanol MSDS
2-Ethylbenzoic acid MSDS
2-Ethylbutyric Acid MSDS
2-Ethylhexanoic Acid, Calcium Salt MSDS
2-Furancarboxyaldehyde MSDS
2-Furoic Acid MSDS
2-Heptanol MSDS
2-Heptanone MSDS
2-Hexanol MSDS
2-Hexanone MSDS
2-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol MSDS
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose, 100 cps MSDS
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose, 3400 cps MSDS
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose, 5000 cps MSDS
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Stblzd w
250ppm MEHQ MSDS
2-Hydroxyhippuric Acid MSDS
2-Hydroxypyridine MSDS
2-Iodoacetamide MSDS
2-Iodobenzoic acid MSDS
2-Iodopropane MSDS
2-Mercaptobenothiazole MSDS
2-Mercaptoethanol MSDS
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol MSDS
2-Methoxyethanol MSDS
2-Methoxyethyl acetate MSDS
2-Methylindole MSDS
2-Methylthiophene MSDS
2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid, Hydrate MSDS
2-Naphthoxyacetic acid MSDS
2-Naphthoyl chloride MSDS
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde MSDS
2-Nitropropane MSDS
2-Octanol MSDS
2-Pentanol MSDS
2-Pentanone MSDS
2-Phenethyl alcohol MSDS
2-Phenoxyethanol MSDS
2-Phenylphenol MSDS
2-Picoline MSDS
2-Propylpentanoic acid MSDS
2-Pyrazinecarboxylic acid, 99% MSDS
2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde MSDS
2-Pyrrolidinone MSDS
2-sec-Butylphenol MSDS
2-Thiobarbituric Acid MSDS
2-Thiophenecarbonyl Chloride MSDS
2-Thiophenemethylamine MSDS
2-Vinyl-1,3-Dioxolane MSDS
3'-Bromoacetophenone MSDS
3'-Methoxyacetophenone MSDS
3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine MSDS
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine MSDS
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride
MSDS
3,3'-Diindolylmethane MSDS
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine MSDS
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine Dihydrochloride
MSDS
3,4-Diaminopyridine MSDS
3,4-Dichlorobenzophenone MSDS
3,4-Dichlorodiphenylacetonitrile MSDS
3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran MSDS
3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde MSDS
3,5- Dinitrosalicylic Acid MSDS
3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid dihydrochloride
MSDS
3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonicAcid,
Sodium Salt MSDS
3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine MSDS
3,5-Dimethylphenyl Isocyanate MSDS
3,5-Dinitroaniline MSDS
3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid MSDS
3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride MSDS
3,9-Divinyl-2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro-
[5,5]undecane MSDS
3- Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone
HydrazoneHCl MSDS
3-alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin
MSDS
3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole MSDS
3-Amino-4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid MSDS
3-Amino-6-chlorobenzoic acid MSDS
3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole MSDS
3-Aminoacetophenone MSDS
3-Aminobenzoic acid MSDS
3-Aminobenzonitrile MSDS
3-Aminophenol MSDS
3-Aminophthalhydrazide, (AKA) Sodium
luminol MSDS
3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane MSDS
3-Bromo-2-Chlorothiophene MSDS
3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole MSDS
3-Bromobenzaldehyde MSDS
3-Bromopropene MSDS
3-Carboxybenzaldehyde MSDS
3-Chlorobenzoic acid MSDS
3-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid MSDS
3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde MSDS
3-Hydroxypyridine MSDS
3-Iodo-L-Tyrosine MSDS
3-Methoxyphenol MSDS
3-Methyl-2-butenal MSDS
3-Methyl-3-Pentanol MSDS
3-Methylcholanthrene MSDS
3-Methylindole MSDS
3-Methylpentane MSDS
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde MSDS
3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
MSDS
3-Pentanol MSDS
3-Pentanone MSDS
3-Phenoxytoluene MSDS
3-Pyrazolidinone Hydrochloride MSDS
3-Sulfolene MSDS
4',6-Diamidino-2-
phenylindoleDihydrochloride MSDS
4'-Bromoacetophenone MSDS
4'-Fluoroacetophenone MSDS
4'-Hydroxyacetophone MSDS
4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'-
stilbenedisulfonicAcid MSDS
4,4'-Dihydroxystilbene MSDS
4,4'-Dimethoxybenzophenone MSDS
4,4'-Dimethoxystilbene MSDS
4,4-Bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane
MSDS
4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine
MSDS
4-(4-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine MSDS
4-(Benzyloxy)phenol MSDS
4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-
napththalenesulfonicacid MSDS
4-Aminoacetophenone MSDS
4-Aminoantipyrine MSDS
4-Aminobenzoic acid MSDS
4-Aminobutyric acid MSDS
4-Aminophenylacetonitrile MSDS
4-Aminopyridine MSDS
4-Benzoylbiphenyl MSDS
4-beta-Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate
MSDS
4-Bromobenzaldehyde MSDS
4-Bromofluorobenzene MSDS
4-Bromoindole MSDS
4-Bromomandelic acid MSDS
4-Carboxybenzaldehyde MSDS
4-Chloro-1-naphthol MSDS
4-Chloro-2-Nitrophenol MSDS
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoylchloride MSDS
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde MSDS
4-Chlorobenzophenone MSDS
4-Chlorobenzyl cyanide MSDS
4-Chlorophenol MSDS
4-Chlorophenylacetic acid MSDS
4-Cyanobenzaldehyde MSDS
4-Cyanobenzoyl chloride MSDS
4-Cyanophenol MSDS
4-Dimethylaminopyridine MSDS
4-Ethoxyphenylacetic acid MSDS
4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-
piperazinecarbonylchloride MSDS
4-Fluorobenzophenone MSDS
4-Fluorocinnamic acid MSDS
4-Hexylresorcinol MSDS
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid MSDS
4-Hydroxy-6-mercaptopyrazolo[3,4-
d]pyrimidine MSDS
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde MSDS
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol MSDS
4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid MSDS
4-Hydroxyphenylacetamide MSDS
4-Hydroxypyridine MSDS
4-Iodoaniline MSDS
4-Iodophenol MSDS
4-Methoxyphenol MSDS
4-Methyl Pentanoic Acid MSDS
4-Methyl-2-pentanol MSDS
4-Methylmorpholine MSDS
4-MethylumbelliferylN-Acetyl-beta-D-
galactosaminide MSDS
4-Methythio Phenyl Isocyanate MSDS
4-Nitroaniline MSDS
4-Nitroanisole MSDS
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde MSDS
4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol MSDS
4-Nitrobenzyl bromide MSDS
4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate MSDS
4-Nitrophenyl Chloroformate MSDS
4-Nitropyridine N-oxide MSDS
4-Phenylphenol MSDS
4-Picoline MSDS
4-Pyrrolidinopyridine MSDS
4-tert-Butylcatechol MSDS
4-Valerolactone MSDS
4-Vinylpyridine MSDS
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) MSDS
5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione MSDS
5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane MSDS
5-Carbethoxyuracil MSDS
5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde MSDS
5-Chlorosalicylic acid MSDS
5-Dimethylamino-1-
naphthalenesulfonylchloride MSDS
5-Fluorouracil MSDS
5-Hydroxy-DL-lysine hydrochloride MSDS
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde MSDS
5-Hydroxytryptamine Hydrochloride MSDS
5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine MSDS
5-Methoxyisatin MSDS
5-Methyl-2-Hexanone MSDS
5-Nitrobenzimidazole MSDS
5-Nitroorotic Acid Potassium Salt
Monohydrate MSDS
5-Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate MSDS
6-Aminocaproic acid MSDS
6-Benzylaminopurine Ribose MSDS
6-Bromo-1-Hexene, 97% MSDS
6-Chloro-1,3-Dimethyluracil MSDS
6-Methoxyindole MSDS
6-Methyl-2-thiouracil MSDS
6-Quinolinecarboxylic Acid MSDS
7-(p-Methoxybenzylamino)-4-nitrobenz-2-
oxa-1,3-diazole MSDS
7-Hydroxy-4-methylcourmarin MSDS
7-Hydroxyquinoline MSDS
7-Methoxy-4-Methylcoumarin MSDS
7-Nitroindazole MSDS
8-Bromooctanoic acid MSDS
8-Hydroxyquinoline MSDS
8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate MSDS
8-Hydroxyquinoline, Copper Salt MSDS
9,10-Diphenylanthracene MSDS
9-Aminoacridine MSDS
9-Aminoacridine HCl MSDS
9-Fluorenone MSDS
9-Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate MSDS
Acebutelol HCl MSDS
Acenaphthene MSDS
Acerola Extract, 25% Vitamin C MSDS
ACES MSDS
Acesulfame Potassium MSDS
Acetal MSDS
Acetaldehyde MSDS
Acetamide MSDS
Acetaminophen MSDS
Acetanilide MSDS
Acetate Buffer, Dithizone Method MSDS
Acetate Buffer, pH 4.0 MSDS
Acetazolamide MSDS
Acetic acid MSDS
Acetic Acid - Trimethylpentane 60% MSDS
Acetic Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Acetic Acid, 1% MSDS
Acetic Acid, 10% (v/v) MSDS
Acetic Acid, 10% (w/v) MSDS
Acetic Acid, 1N MSDS
Acetic Acid, 2N MSDS
Acetic Acid, 3%(v/v) MSDS
Acetic Acid, 3%(w/v) MSDS
Acetic Acid, 36% MSDS
Acetic Acid, 5% MSDS
Acetic Acid, 5%(v/v) MSDS
Acetic acid, 90% MSDS
Acetic Acid-Chloroform v/v Solution MSDS
Acetic anhydride MSDS
Acetic Buffer Solution MSDS
Aceto Orcein, 2% MSDS
Acetohydroxamic Acid MSDS
Acetone MSDS
Acetone-Alcohol, 1:1, Decolorizer MSDS
Acetone-d6 MSDS
Acetonitrile MSDS
Acetophenone MSDS
Acetyl chloride MSDS
Acetylcholine Bromide MSDS
Acetylcholine chloride MSDS
Acetylcholine iodide MSDS
Acetylsalicylic acid MSDS
Acid Alcohol MSDS
Acid Alcohol Strong, 5% HCl in 95%Alcohol
MSDS
Acid fuchsin MSDS
Acid Fuchsin Solution MSDS
Acid Red 52 MSDS
Acid Zirconyl SPADNS Reagent MSDS
Acidophilus Lactobacillus, Powder MSDS
Acridine orange MSDS
Acriflavine hydrochloride MSDS
Acriflavine Neutral MSDS
Acrolein MSDS
Acrylamide MSDS
Acrylamide-Bis 29:1 MSDS
Acrylic Acid MSDS
Acrylonitrile MSDS
Acyclovir MSDS
ADA buffer MSDS
ADA buffer, monosodium salt MSDS
Adenine MSDS
Adenine Hydrochloride MSDS
Adenine sulfate dihydrate MSDS
Adenosine MSDS
Adenosine triphosphate disodium MSDS
Adenosine-5'-diphosphate disodium salt
MSDS
Adenosine-5'-monophosphate MSDS
Adipic acid MSDS
Adipyl chloride MSDS
Adonitol MSDS
Aerosil 200 MSDS
Aerosol 22 Surfactant MSDS
Aerosol OT 10% MSDS
Aerosol OT-75% MSDS
Agar-agar MSDS
Agarose MSDS
Albendazole MSDS
Albumin Bovine, 30% MSDS
Albumin, bovine, Fraction V MSDS
Albumin, egg MSDS
Albuterol MSDS
Albuterol sulfate MSDS
Alchol-Ether Mixture MSDS
Alcian Blue 8GX MSDS
Alcohol denatured 190 proof MSDS
Alcohol denatured with IPA and MeOH
MSDS
Alcohol, Anhydrous, Completely Denatured
MSDS
Alfalfa Powder MSDS
Alginic acid MSDS
Alizarin MSDS
Alizarin Fluorine Blue dihydrate MSDS
Alizarin Red S, 1% MSDS
Alizarin yellow R MSDS
Alizarine red S MSDS
Alkaline Iodide Reagent, Winkler MSDS
Alkaline Iodide-Azide Reagent, Alsterberg
MSDS
Alkaline Phosphatase MSDS
all-trans-Retinoic acid MSDS
Allantoin MSDS
Allethrin MSDS
Allopurinol MSDS
Alloxan, monohydrate MSDS
Allyl alcohol MSDS
Allyl Chloride MSDS
Allyl Sulfide MSDS
Allylamine MSDS
Allylthiourea MSDS
Almond oil, sweet MSDS
Aloe Vera MSDS
Aloe Vera 200:1 MSDS
Aloe Vera Oil MSDS
Aloe, cape MSDS
Aloin MSDS
alpha-Acetylmandelic acid MSDS
alpha-Chloralose MSDS
alpha-Cyclodextrin MSDS
alpha-D-Glucose-1-phosphate, DisodiumSalt,
Tetrahydrate MSDS
alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid MSDS
alpha-Ketobutyric acid - sodium salt MSDS
alpha-Ketoglutaric acid MSDS
alpha-Ketoglutaric acid sodium
saltanhydrous MSDS
alpha-Ketoglutaric acid sodium saltdihydrate
MSDS
alpha-Methylstyrene MSDS
alpha-N-p-Tosyl-L-arginine Methyl
EsterHydrochloride MSDS
alpha-Naphtholbenzein MSDS
alpha-Naphthyl Acetate MSDS
alpha-Naphthyl Butyrate MSDS
Alpha-Pinene MSDS
Alpha-Terpineol MSDS
alpha.alpha.alpha-Trifluoro-4-cresol MSDS
Alprostadil MSDS
Altman's Acid Fuchsin MSDS
Alumina MSDS
Aluminum MSDS
Aluminum AA Standard MSDS
Aluminum Acetate Solution MSDS
Aluminum Acetate, Dibasic MSDS
Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate MSDS
Aluminum Bromide, anhydrous MSDS
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate MSDS
Aluminum Chloride Solution MSDS
Aluminum Chloride, 0.1 M Solution MSDS
Aluminum chloride, anhydrous MSDS
Aluminum chlorohydrate MSDS
Aluminum fluoride hydrate MSDS
Aluminum hydroxide MSDS
Aluminum Hydroxide Suspension
forChloride MSDS
Aluminum isopropoxide MSDS
Aluminum lactate MSDS
Aluminum Metaphosphate MSDS
Aluminum monostearate MSDS
Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate MSDS
Aluminum oxide MSDS
Aluminum oxide, activated, neutral,
Brockmann I MSDS
Aluminum Phosphate MSDS
Aluminum potassium sulfate MSDS
Aluminum sodium sulfate MSDS
Aluminum stearate MSDS
Aluminum sulfate USP & Purified MSDS
Aluminum Sulfate, Hydrated (ACS & FCC)
MSDS
Aluminum tri-sec-Butoxide MSDS
Aluminum-Nickel Catalyst, Raney-typeAlloy,
Powder, Al-Ni 50/50 MSDS
Amantadine Hydrochloride MSDS
Amaranth MSDS
AMBERLYST® (All) MSDS
Ambrette Seed Oil MSDS
Ambroxol Hydrochloride MSDS
Amido black 10B MSDS
Amikacin MSDS
Amikacin sulfate MSDS
Amine-Sulfuric Acid Reagent MSDS
Aminoacetic acid MSDS
Aminoguanidine hydrochloride MSDS
Aminomethylbenzenesulfonamide HCl
MSDS
Aminophylline, anhydrous MSDS
Amitriptyline hydrochloride MSDS
Amlodipine Besylate MSDS
Ammonia-Ammonium Chloride Buffer TS
MSDS
Ammoniated mercury MSDS
Ammonium acetate MSDS
Ammonium Acetate, 3.0 M MSDS
Ammonium Acetate, 40% MSDS
Ammonium alginate MSDS
Ammonium Alum, Dodecahydrate MSDS
Ammonium benzoate MSDS
Ammonium biborate tetrahydrate MSDS
Ammonium bicarbonate MSDS
Ammonium bifluoride MSDS
Ammonium bisulfate MSDS
Ammonium Bisulfite, 45% MSDS
Ammonium bromide MSDS
Ammonium carbonate MSDS
Ammonium Carbonate TS MSDS
Ammonium chloride MSDS
Ammonium Chloride TS MSDS
Ammonium Chloride, 1.15 g/L MSDS
Ammonium Chloride, 2% MSDS
Ammonium Chloride, 2.0 M MSDS
Ammonium Chloride, 5% MSDS
Ammonium Chloride/Hydroxide Buffer,
pH10 MSDS
Ammonium chromate MSDS
Ammonium citrate dibasic MSDS
Ammonium dichromate MSDS
Ammonium fluoborate MSDS
Ammonium fluoride MSDS
Ammonium Fluoride 40% MSDS
Ammonium formate MSDS
Ammonium hydroxide MSDS
Ammonium Hydroxide, (1 + 9), for Lead,
APHA Solution MSDS
Ammonium Hydroxide, 10% MSDS
Ammonium Hydroxide, 14% MSDS
Ammonium hydroxide, 26 deg. Be MSDS
Ammonium Hydroxide, 3% MSDS
Ammonium Hydroxide, 5N MSDS
Ammonium iodide MSDS
Ammonium Lactate, 70% MSDS
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, 28% MSDS
Ammonium metatungstate MSDS
Ammonium metavanadate MSDS
Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate MSDS
Ammonium Molybdate, 10% MSDS
Ammonium Molybdate, 4% MSDS
Ammonium Molybdate-Vanadate MSDS
Ammonium nitrate MSDS
Ammonium oxalate monohydrate MSDS
Ammonium Oxalate, 3.5% MSDS
Ammonium Paratungstate MSDS
Ammonium pentaborate octahydrate MSDS
Ammonium perchlorate MSDS
Ammonium persulfate MSDS
Ammonium phosphate dibasic MSDS
Ammonium phosphate monobasic MSDS
Ammonium sulfamate MSDS
Ammonium sulfate MSDS
Ammonium Sulfide Solution MSDS
Ammonium sulfite MSDS
Ammonium tartrate MSDS
Ammonium thiocyanate MSDS
Ammonium Thiocyanate TS MSDS
Ammonium Thiocyanate, 0.1N MSDS
Ammonium Thiocyanate, 0.5N MSDS
Ammonium Thiocyanate, 1.0N MSDS
Ammonium Thiosulfate MSDS
Ammonium Thiosulfate, 60% MSDS
Amoxicillin Trihydrate MSDS
Amphotericin B MSDS
Ampicillin trihydrate MSDS
Ampicillin, sodium salt MSDS
Amyl acetate MSDS
Amylose MSDS
Anethole MSDS
Anhydrotetracycline HCl MSDS
Aniline MSDS
Aniline blue MSDS
Aniline hydrochloride MSDS
Aniline Sulfate MSDS
Anise Oil MSDS
Anisole MSDS
Anisoyl chloride MSDS
Anthracene MSDS
Anthralin MSDS
Anthraquinone MSDS
Anthrone MSDS
Antifoam A MSDS
Antifoam AF MSDS
Antimony MSDS
Antimony AA Standard MSDS
Antimony pentachloride MSDS
Antimony potassium tartrate MSDS
Antimony trichloride MSDS
Antimony Trichloride TS MSDS
Antimony trioxide MSDS
Antimony trisulfide MSDS
Antipyrine MSDS
Apple Flavor, Powder MSDS
Apricot Flavor MSDS
Arabic gum MSDS
Arabinogalactan MSDS
Arachidonic Acid MSDS
Arbutin MSDS
Arlacel 186 MSDS
Arlatone G MSDS
Aromatic elixir MSDS
Arsenazo III MSDS
Arsenazo III, disodium salt MSDS
Arsenic MSDS
Arsenic AA Standard MSDS
Arsenic pentoxide MSDS
Arsenic trichloride MSDS
Arsenic trioxide MSDS
Arsenite Standard, 0.100 N Solution MSDS
Ascorbic acid MSDS
Ascorbyl palmitate MSDS
Aspartame MSDS
Astaxanthin MSDS
Astragalus Extract Powder 5:1 MSDS
Astragalus Root Powder MSDS
Atenolol MSDS
Atropine MSDS
Atropine sulfate monohydrate MSDS
Auramine O MSDS
Aurin tricarboxylic acid MSDS
Azathioprine MSDS
Azelaic Acid MSDS
Azithromycin MSDS
Azo violet MSDS
Azobenzene MSDS
Azodicarbonamide, F.C.C MSDS
Azomethine-H MSDS
Azure A MSDS
Azure A eosinate MSDS
Azure B MSDS
Azure B eosinate MSDS
Azure II MSDS
Azure II eosinate MSDS
b-Cyclodextrin MSDS
b-Estradiol Diacetate MSDS
B-Glycerophosphoric Acid Disodium Salt
MSDS
B-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide,
disodium salt MSDS
B-Sitosterol MSDS
Bacitracin MSDS
Bacitracin zinc MSDS
Baclofen MSDS
Bafilomycin A1 MSDS
Banana Concentrate (Flavour) MSDS
Barium AA Standard MSDS
Barium acetate MSDS
Barium carbonate MSDS
Barium Chloranilate, Trihydrate MSDS
Barium chloride dihydrate MSDS
Barium Chloride TS MSDS
Barium Chloride, 10% MSDS
Barium Chloride, 10% (w/w) MSDS
Barium Chloride, 11.8% MSDS
Barium Chloride, 20% (w/v) MSDS
Barium Chloride, 30% (w/v) MSDS
Barium chloride, anhydrous MSDS
Barium chromate MSDS
Barium diphenylaminesulfonate MSDS
Barium Diphenylaminesulfonate, 0.1%(w/v)
MSDS
Barium fluoride MSDS
Barium hydroxide monohydrate MSDS
Barium hydroxide octahydrate MSDS
Barium nitrate MSDS
Barium Nitrate, TS MSDS
Barium oxide MSDS
Barium Perchlorate, anhydrous MSDS
Barium Perchlorate, trihydrate MSDS
Barium peroxide MSDS
Barium sulfate MSDS
Barium sulfide MSDS
Barley grass MSDS
Base - 10% Carbamide Ointment
w/10%Urea MSDS
Base - 20% Carbamide Ointment
w/20%Urea MSDS
Base - Coal Tar Ointment / 1% Coal Tar
MSDS
Base - Lanolin /10% Carbamide Ointment
MSDS
Base - Lanolin /20% Carbamide Ointment
MSDS
Base - Lanolin Ointment/2% Lanolin MSDS
Base - Ointment, Hydrated, Hydrophilic
MSDS
Base - PEG Ointment MSDS
Base - Vanishing Cream MSDS
Base - Washable Coal Tar Ointment MSDS
Base - Water in Oil Ointment MSDS
Base, Cream with Liposome MSDS
Base, Water Gel MSDS
Basic fuchsin MSDS
Basic fuchsin hydrochloride MSDS
Basil oil, Comoros MSDS
Basil oil, European MSDS
Bathocuproine MSDS
Bathocuproine, sulfonated, sodium salt
MSDS
Bathophenanthroline MSDS
Bathophenanthroline Ruthenium Chloride
MSDS
Bathophenanthroline, Sulfonated,
SodiumSalt MSDS
Bay 11-7082 MSDS
Bay oil MSDS
Bayberry wax MSDS
BCIP, Disodium Salt MSDS
Beclomethasone dipropionate, micronized,
U.S.P. MSDS
Bee Pollen MSDS
Beef extract MSDS
Beeswax MSDS
Beet Root, Powder MSDS
Belladonna MSDS
Belladonna Tincture MSDS
Bendroflumethiazide MSDS
Benedict's Reagent MSDS
Benedict's Reagent Quantitative MSDS
Benoxinate Hydrochloride MSDS
Bentonite MSDS
Benzalacetone MSDS
Benzalkonium chloride MSDS
Benzalkonium Chloride Solution, 17%
MSDS
Benzalkonium Chloride Solution, 50%
MSDS
Benzamide MSDS
Benzamidine hydrochloride MSDS
Benzene MSDS
Benzene-d6 MSDS
Benzene-Isobutanol Solution MSDS
Benzenesulfonic Acid, Hydrate MSDS
Benzenesulfonyl Chloride MSDS
Benzethonium chloride MSDS
Benzhydrol MSDS
Benzidine dihydrochloride MSDS
Benzil MSDS
Benzilic Acid MSDS
Benzo Fast Pink 2BL MSDS
Benzocaine MSDS
Benzoic acid MSDS
Benzoic Anhydride MSDS
Benzoin MSDS
Benzoin Gum MSDS
Benzoin oxime MSDS
Benzoin Tincture MSDS
Benzonitrile MSDS
Benzophenone MSDS
Benzophenone-3 MSDS
Benzophenone-3, USP MSDS
Benzopurpurin 4B MSDS
Benzoquinone (para-) MSDS
Benzotriazole-1,2,3 MSDS
Benzoyl chloride MSDS
Benzoyl peroxide MSDS
Benztropine Mesylate MSDS
Benzyl Acetate MSDS
Benzyl Acetoacetate MSDS
Benzyl alcohol MSDS
Benzyl benzoate MSDS
Benzyl bromide MSDS
Benzyl chloride MSDS
Benzyl Paraben MSDS
Benzyl2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-
glucopyranoside MSDS
Benzylamine MSDS
Benzyltriethylammonium chloride MSDS
Benzyltrimethylammonium Bromide MSDS
Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride MSDS
Bergamot oil MSDS
Beryllium AA Standard MSDS
Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate MSDS
BES MSDS
Beta-Alanine MSDS
beta-Apo-8'-carotenal, 20% Suspension in
Corn Oil MSDS
beta-Carotene MSDS
beta-Glucan MSDS
Beta-Naphthly Laurate MSDS
beta-Naphthoflavone MSDS
beta-Naphthylacetic acid MSDS
beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
MSDS
beta-Propiolactone MSDS
Betaine HCl MSDS
Betaine, Anhydrous MSDS
Betamethasone MSDS
Betamethasone sodium phosphate MSDS
Bethanechol Chloride MSDS
BHA MSDS
Bicine MSDS
Biebrich Scarlet, Sodium Salt MSDS
Bilberry Leaf Powder MSDS
Bile salts MSDS
Bilirubin MSDS
Biotin MSDS
Biphenyl MSDS
Bis(2-Butoxyethyl) Ether MSDS
Bis(2-Methoxyethyl) ether MSDS
Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide MSDS
Bis(Trimethylsilyl)Trifluoroacetamide MSDS
BIS-TRIS MSDS
BIS-TRIS PROPANE MSDS
Bisacodyl MSDS
Bismarck brown Y MSDS
Bismuth MSDS
Bismuth AA Standard MSDS
Bismuth Chloride MSDS
Bismuth citrate MSDS
Bismuth hydroxide MSDS
Bismuth Iodide MSDS
Bismuth nitrate MSDS
Bismuth oxychloride MSDS
Bismuth subcarbonate MSDS
Bismuth subgallate MSDS
Bismuth subiodide MSDS
Bismuth subnitrate MSDS
Bismuth subsalicylate MSDS
Bismuth tribromophenate MSDS
Bismuth trioxide MSDS
Biuret MSDS
Biuret Reagent (G, B. & D) MSDS
Biuret Reagent TS MSDS
BIXIN MSDS
Black Cohosh Extract, 2.5% Powder MSDS
Black Cohosh Root, Powder MSDS
Black pepper oil MSDS
Black Walnut Hull, Powder MSDS
Blackberry Flavor MSDS
Bladderwrack Powder MSDS
Blue-Green Algae Powder MSDS
Blueberry Flavor MSDS
Boiling chips MSDS
Bois de rose oil MSDS
Bonemeal MSDS
Borane-Dimethylamine MSDS
Borate Buffer MSDS
Borax Solution 1% (w/v) MSDS
Bordeaux R MSDS
Boric acid MSDS
Boric Acid, 2% APHA MSDS
Boric Acid, 4% w/indicator MSDS
Boric anhydride MSDS
Boron MSDS
Boron AA Standard MSDS
Boron Citrate 5%, Powder MSDS
Boron Standard, .001mg/ml MSDS
Boron tribromide MSDS
Boron Trifluoride 10-15% in MeOH MSDS
Boron trifluoride etherate MSDS
Boron trifluoride-monoethylamine complex
MSDS
Boswellia Powder MSDS
Boswellia Serrata Extract MSDS
Branched Chain Ammino Acids MSDS
Bretylium Tosylate MSDS
BRIJ 30 MSDS
BRIJ 35 MSDS
BRIJ 35 Solution, 30% MSDS
BRIJ 52 MSDS
BRIJ 58 MSDS
Brij 700 MSDS
Brij 72 MSDS
Brij 721 MSDS
Brij 721,spray-dried MSDS
Brij 76 MSDS
BRIJ 78 MSDS
Brij 93 MSDS
BRIJ 97 MSDS
BRIJ 98 MSDS
Brilliant Black BN MSDS
Brilliant blue R-250 MSDS
Brilliant Cyanine Blue G-250 MSDS
Brilliant Green MSDS
Brilliant Green Solution, 1% MSDS
Brilliant Yellow MSDS
Broccoli Powder, Soluble MSDS
Bromate - Bromide, 0.1N MSDS
Bromelain MSDS
Bromhexine Hydrochloride MSDS
Bromine MSDS
Bromine Water - Saturated MSDS
Bromoaniline (para-) MSDS
Bromobenzene MSDS
Bromochlorophenol blue MSDS
Bromocresol green MSDS
Bromocresol Green - Methyl Red MSDS
Bromocresol Green TS MSDS
Bromocresol Green, 0.04% MSDS
Bromocresol Green, 0.1% MSDS
Bromocresol Green, 0.1% in IPA MSDS
Bromocresol green, sodium salt MSDS
Bromocresol purple MSDS
Bromocresol Purple Indicator, 0.2%Alcoholic
Solution MSDS
Bromocresol Purple TS MSDS
Bromocresol Purple, 0.04% w/v MSDS
Bromocresol Purple, 0.4% MSDS
Bromocresol purple, sodium salt MSDS
Bromoform MSDS
Bromonitromethane MSDS
Bromophenol blue MSDS
Bromophenol Blue TS MSDS
Bromophenol Blue, 0.04% MSDS
Bromophenol Blue, 0.1% MSDS
Bromophenol Blue, 0.4% MSDS
Bromophenol blue, sodium salt MSDS
Bromophenol red MSDS
Bromothymol blue MSDS
Bromothymol blue sodium salt MSDS
Bromothymol Blue, 0.04% MSDS
Bromothymol Blue, 1% MSDS
Brompheniramine maleate MSDS
Brucine MSDS
Brucine sulfate MSDS
Bubble Gum Flavor MSDS
Budesonide MSDS
Buffer Red High-Accuracy pH 4.000 MSDS
Buffer Solution - Phosphate - pH 7.2 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 1.68 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 10.00/BLUE MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 10.00/CLEAR MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 11.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 12.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 12.72 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 2.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 3.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 4.0/RED MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 4.01/CLEAR MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 5.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 6.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 6.86 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 7.0, Phosphate MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 7.00/CLEAR MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 8.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH 9.00 MSDS
Buffer Solution, pH7.00/YELLOW MSDS
Bumetanide MSDS
Bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate
MSDS
Buspirone Hydrochloride MSDS
Butamben MSDS
Butyl Acrylate MSDS
Butyl butyrate MSDS
Butyl chloroformate MSDS
Butyl ether MSDS
Butyl Methacrylate MSDS
Butyl Oleate MSDS
Butyl paraben MSDS
Butyl stearate MSDS
Butyl Sulfide MSDS
Butylated hydroxytoluene MSDS
Butylin Trichloride MSDS
Butyraldehyde MSDS
Butyric acid MSDS
Butyric Acid, Sodium Salt MSDS
Cab-O-Sil MSDS
Cacodylic acid MSDS
Cacodylic acid, sodium salt MSDS
Cadmium MSDS
Cadmium AA Standard MSDS
Cadmium acetate MSDS
Cadmium bromide MSDS
Cadmium carbonate MSDS
Cadmium chloride MSDS
Cadmium chloride, anhydrous MSDS
Cadmium iodide MSDS
Cadmium nitrate MSDS
Cadmium oxide MSDS
Cadmium Std., 0.1mg/ml MSDS
Cadmium sulfate, anhydrous MSDS
Cadmium sulfate, hydrate MSDS
Cadmium sulfide MSDS
Caffeic acid MSDS
Caffeine MSDS
Caffeine - Citrated MSDS
Caffeine - Sodium Benzoate MSDS
Cajeput oil MSDS
Calamine MSDS
Calcein MSDS
Calcein blue MSDS
Calcitriol MSDS
Calcium MSDS
Calcium AA Standard MSDS
Calcium acetate MSDS
Calcium acetate hydrate MSDS
Calcium ascorbate dihydrate MSDS
Calcium Ascorbate, 20% MSDS
Calcium Aspartate, 20% MSDS
Calcium bromide MSDS
Calcium Caprylate, monohydrate, 11.6%
MSDS
Calcium carbide MSDS
Calcium carbonate MSDS
Calcium Carbonate, precipated MSDS
Calcium caseinate MSDS
Calcium chloride dihydrate MSDS
Calcium Chloride Standard- 1mg/ml MSDS
Calcium Chloride, 0.02M MSDS
Calcium Chloride, 2.75% MSDS
Calcium chloride, Anhydrous MSDS
Calcium chloride, Anhydrous, 4 mesh MSDS
Calcium citrate, Tetrahydrate MSDS
Calcium fluoride MSDS
Calcium Gluconate, anhydrous MSDS
Calcium Gluconate, monohydrate MSDS
Calcium glycerophosphate MSDS
Calcium hydride MSDS
Calcium hydroxide MSDS
Calcium Hydroxide - Saturated MSDS
Calcium Hydroxide, Saturated, Test for pH
Solution MSDS
Calcium Hydroxyapatite MSDS
Calcium hypochlorite MSDS
Calcium iodate MSDS
Calcium iodide MSDS
Calcium Ionophore, free acid MSDS
Calcium lactate mono/trihydrate MSDS
Calcium lactate pentahydrate MSDS
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate MSDS
Calcium oxide MSDS
Calcium oxide, USP MSDS
Calcium pantothenate MSDS
Calcium Periodate MSDS
Calcium peroxide MSDS
Calcium phosphate dibasic MSDS
Calcium phosphate monobasic MSDS
Calcium phosphate tribasic MSDS
Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic, Dihydrate
MSDS
Calcium propionate MSDS
Calcium Saccharate MSDS
Calcium saccharin MSDS
Calcium Silicate MSDS
Calcium stearate MSDS
Calcium succinate monohydrate MSDS
Calcium sulfate dihydrate MSDS
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate MSDS
Calcium sulfate, anhydrous MSDS
Calcium sulfate, anhydrous FCC MSDS
Calcium Sulfide MSDS
Calcium Thioglycolate, Trihydrate MSDS
Calcium undecylenate MSDS
Calmagite MSDS
Calmagite, 0.1% MSDS
Calmidazolium chloride MSDS
Calpain Inhibitor I MSDS
Calpain Inhibitor II MSDS
Calpeptin MSDS
Calphostin C MSDS
Camphor (D+) MSDS
Camphor (DL) MSDS
Camphor Oil White MSDS
Canada balsam MSDS
Canadian Balsam in Xylenes MSDS
Cananga oil MSDS
Candalilla wax MSDS
Canrenone MSDS
Cantharidin MSDS
Canthaxanthin 10% MSDS
CAPS MSDS
Capsaicin, Natural MSDS
Capsaicin, Synthetic MSDS
Capsazepine MSDS
Capsicum Extract MSDS
Capsicum tincture MSDS
Caramel color MSDS
Caraway oil MSDS
Carbamazepine MSDS
Carbamide peroxide MSDS
Carbazochrome MSDS
Carbazochrome Salicylate MSDS
Carbazole MSDS
Carbetapentane Citrate MSDS
Carbidopa MSDS
Carbinoxamine, Maleate Salt MSDS
Carbol Fuchsin - Kinyoun MSDS
Carbol Fuchsin - Ziehl-Neelsen MSDS
Carbomer 672, 690, 1342, 1622 MSDS
Carbomer 910, 934, 934P, 940, 941 MSDS
Carbon disulfide MSDS
Carbon Tetrabromide MSDS
Carboplatin MSDS
Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium MSDS
Cardamom oil MSDS
Carisoprodol MSDS
Carmine MSDS
Carnauba wax MSDS
Carnoy's Fixation Fluid MSDS
Carrageenan MSDS
Casanthranol MSDS
Cascara Sagrada Bark Powder MSDS
Cascara Sagrada Extract, 1:3 Powder MSDS
Cascarrilla Oil MSDS
Casein MSDS
Casein Hydrolysate MSDS
Casein-Hammersten MSDS
Castile soap MSDS
Castor oil MSDS
Cat's Claw Extract MSDS
Catalase MSDS
Catnip Oil, Immitation MSDS
Cedar leaf oil MSDS
Cedarwood oil MSDS
Celery Seed Extract 6:1 MSDS
Celery seed oil MSDS
Celite 501 MSDS
Celite 503 MSDS
Celite 521 MSDS
Celite 545 MSDS
Cellacefate MSDS
Cellulase MSDS
Cellulose MSDS
Cellulose Acetate MSDS
Cellulose DEAE MSDS
Cellulose nitrate MSDS
Cellulose sulfate, sodium salt MSDS
Cellulose, partially depolymerized,
microcrystalline MSDS
Centrophenoxine Hydrochloride MSDS
Ceresin wax MSDS
Ceric ammonium nitrate MSDS
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate, 0.05N MSDS
Ceric ammonium sulfate dihydrate MSDS
Ceric oxide MSDS
Ceric sulfate MSDS
Ceric Sulfate, 0.05N MSDS
Ceric Sulfate, 0.1N MSDS
Cerium (III) Nitrate MSDS
Cerium (IV) Oxide MSDS
Cerium AA Standard MSDS
Cerous nitrate MSDS
Cerous sulfate MSDS
Cesium AA Standard MSDS
Cesium Bromide MSDS
Cesium carbonate MSDS
Cesium chloride MSDS
Cesium fluoride MSDS
Cesium hydroxide monohydrate MSDS
Cesium Iodide MSDS
Cesium Nitrate MSDS
Cesium sulfate MSDS
Cesium, 99+% MSDS
Cetostearyl Alcohols MSDS
Cetyl alcohol MSDS
Cetyl Myristoleate MSDS
Cetyl palmitate MSDS
Cetylpyridinium Bromide MSDS
Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate
MSDS
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide MSDS
Chalcone MSDS
Chamomile Flower Extract MSDS
Chamomile Oil Blue MSDS
Chamomile PE 4:1 MSDS
Chamomile, Powder MSDS
Chamomille Oil Roman MSDS
Chaparral Leaf Powder MSDS
CHAPS MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, 100-325 mesh MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, 12-20 mesh MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, 20-40 mesh MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, 4-12 mesh MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, Aquarium MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, CA1 MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, CA3 MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, Coconut, 8-30 mesh
MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, Powder MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, RBHG3, 3mm Pellets
MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, RO, 0.8 MSDS
Charcoal, Activated, ROX, 0.8 MSDS
Charcoal, Animal, Powder MSDS
Charcoal, Wood Powder MSDS
Chaste Berries, Powder MSDS
Chelerythrine chloride MSDS
Cherry Flavor, Anhydrous, artificial MSDS
Cherry Syrup MSDS
Chicory Extract Powder MSDS
Chitosan MSDS
Chlorambucil MSDS
Chloramin-T MSDS
Chloramphenicol MSDS
Chloramphenicol palmitate MSDS
Chloranilic Acid MSDS
Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride MSDS
Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride MSDS
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution MSDS
Chloride Standard - 0.5mg/ml MSDS
Chlorine Standard Solution MSDS
Chlorine Water - Saturated MSDS
Chloroacetic acid, monosodium salt MSDS
Chloroacetyl Chloride MSDS
Chlorobenzene MSDS
Chlorobutanol MSDS
Chlorobutanol hemihydrate MSDS
Chloroform MSDS
Chloroform Stabilized w/Ethanol MSDS
Chloroform-d "99.8%" MSDS
Chlorogenic Acid MSDS
Chlorohexidine Diacetate MSDS
Chlorophenol red MSDS
Chlorophenol Red, 0.04% MSDS
Chlorophenol red, sodium salt MSDS
Chlorophyll extract MSDS
Chlorophyll, Natural, uncoppered MSDS
Chlorophyllin MSDS
Chloroplatinic acid MSDS
Chloroquine phosphate MSDS
Chlorosulfonic acid MSDS
Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate MSDS
Chlorotrimethylsilane MSDS
Chloroxylenol MSDS
Chlorpheniramine maleate MSDS
Chlorpromazine MSDS
Chlorpromazine HCl MSDS
Chlortetracylcine Hydrochloride MSDS
Cholecalciferol MSDS
Cholesterol MSDS
Cholesterol Acetate MSDS
Cholestyramine Resin MSDS
Cholic acid MSDS
Choline bitartrate MSDS
Choline chloride MSDS
Choline dihydrogen citrate MSDS
Choline Hydroxide MSDS
Chondroitin sulfate, sodium salt MSDS
Chromic acetate MSDS
Chromic Acid, 10% MSDS
Chromic Acid, 5% (w/v) MSDS
Chromic chloride hexahydrate MSDS
Chromic-Sulfuric Acid Solution MSDS
Chromium MSDS
Chromium AA Standard MSDS
Chromium Amino Acid Chelate, 10%,
Powder MSDS
Chromium Amino Acid Chelate, 2%, Powder
MSDS
Chromium Chloride, Anhydrous MSDS
Chromium GTF Polynicotinate, 0.2% MSDS
Chromium nicotinate MSDS
Chromium Nitrate Nonahydrate MSDS
Chromium oxide MSDS
Chromium picolinate MSDS
Chromium potassium sulfate MSDS
Chromium sulfate MSDS
Chromium Trioxide MSDS
Chromotrope 2B MSDS
Chromotrope 2R MSDS
Chromotropic Acid TS MSDS
Chromotropic acid, disodium salt MSDS
Chrysin MSDS
Chymotrypsin MSDS
Ciclopirox Olamine MSDS
Cimetidine MSDS
Cinchonine MSDS
Cineole MSDS
Cinnamon Bark Oil, Ceylon Type MSDS
Cinnamon Bark Oil, Ceylon Type, FCC
MSDS
Cinnamon Leaf Oil MSDS
Cinnamon oil MSDS
Cinnamon oil, immitation MSDS
Cinnamoyl chloride MSDS
Cinnamyl Alcohol MSDS
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride MSDS
cis-1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Anhydride
MSDS
Cisapride Monohydrate MSDS
Cisplatin MSDS
Citral MSDS
Citric acid MSDS
Citric acid, monohydrate MSDS
Citronella oil MSDS
Citronellal MSDS
Citrus Bioflavinoids Complex, 13% MSDS
Citrus Bioflavinoids Complex, 35% MSDS
Clary Sage Oil MSDS
Clayton yellow MSDS
Cleaning Solution MSDS
Clemastine Fumarate MSDS
Clenbuterol Hydrochloride MSDS
Clindamycin HCl MSDS
Clindamycin phosphate MSDS
Clioquinol MSDS
Clobetasol propionate MSDS
Clofazimine MSDS
Clomipramine Hydrochloride MSDS
Clonidine HCl MSDS
Clotrimazole MSDS
Clove leaf oil MSDS
Clove oil MSDS
Clove stem oil MSDS
Coal tar MSDS
Coal Tar Solution MSDS
Cobalt MSDS
Cobalt (II) fluoride MSDS
Cobalt AA Standard MSDS
Cobalt acetate tetrahydrate MSDS
Cobalt Carbonate MSDS
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate MSDS
Cobalt Chloride Solution MSDS
Cobalt gluconate MSDS
Cobalt gluconate dihydrate MSDS
Cobalt naphthenate, 53% in mineral spirits
MSDS
Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate MSDS
Cobalt oxide MSDS
Cobaltous carbonate MSDS
Cobaltous Chloride Colorimetric Solution
MSDS
Cobaltous Chloride TS MSDS
Cobaltous sulfate heptahydrate MSDS
Cobamamide MSDS
Cochineal red A MSDS
Cocoa Butter MSDS
Coconut oil, refined MSDS
Cod liver oil MSDS
Colchicine MSDS
Colistin methanesulfonate, sodium salt
MSDS
Colistin sulfate MSDS
Collagen MSDS
Collagenase MSDS
Collodion MSDS
Collodion, flexible MSDS
Colloidal Silver MSDS
Color Standard MSDS
Comfrey Leaf Powder MSDS
Comfrey Root Powder MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard 10,000
Solution MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard 100,000
Solution MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard
1000Solution MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard
100Solution MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard
10Solution MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard
147Solution MSDS
Conductivity Calibration Standard
718Solution MSDS
Congo red MSDS
Congo Red, 0.1% Indicator Solution MSDS
Copaiba balsam MSDS
Copaiba oil MSDS
Copal gum MSDS
Copper MSDS
Copper AA Standard MSDS
Copper Amino Acid Chelate 20% MSDS
Copper Aspartate 6% MSDS
Copper gluconate MSDS
Copper Naphthenate, 8% Cu MSDS
Copper phthalocyanine MSDS
Copper Standard Solution, .02mg/ml MSDS
Copper Sulfate - Sulfamic Acid
InhibitorSolution MSDS
Copper Sulfate 10% (w/v) solution MSDS
Copper sulfate pentahydrate MSDS
Copper Sulfate solution MSDS
Copper Sulfate, 0.2 M solution MSDS
Copper Sulfate, 0.5 M solution MSDS
Copper Sulfate, s.g. = 1.055 MSDS
Copper undecylenate MSDS
Coriander herb (Cilantro) Oil MSDS
Coriander oil MSDS
Corn oil MSDS
Corticotropin MSDS
Cortisone MSDS
Cortisone acetate MSDS
Cotton blue MSDS
Cottonseed oil MSDS
Couch Grass Powder MSDS
Coumarin MSDS
Coumestrol MSDS
Creatine monohydrate MSDS
Creatine, Anhydrous MSDS
Creatinine MSDS
Creme de Menthe MSDS
Cresol red MSDS
Cresol red, sodium salt MSDS
Cresols MSDS
Cresyl violet acetate MSDS
Crocein scarlet 3B MSDS
Cromolyn sodium MSDS
Croscarmellose Sodium MSDS
Croton Oil MSDS
Crotonaldehyde MSDS
Crotonic acid MSDS
Crotyl chloride MSDS
Crystal Violet MSDS
Crystal Violet TS MSDS
Cubeb Oil MSDS
Cumene MSDS
Cupferron MSDS
Cupric acetate monohydrate MSDS
Cupric bromide MSDS
Cupric carbonate, basic MSDS
Cupric chloride dihydrate MSDS
Cupric Citrate TS, Alkaline MSDS
Cupric Fluoborate - 45% MSDS
Cupric Hydroxide MSDS
Cupric nitrate trihydrate MSDS
Cupric Nitrate, 0.1 M MSDS
Cupric oxide MSDS
Cupric potassium chloride MSDS
Cupric Sulfate Colorimetric Solution MSDS
Cupric Sulfate, 0.1M MSDS
Cupric Sulfate, anhydrous MSDS
Cupric Sulfate, monohydrate MSDS
Cupriethylene diamine, 0.5M MSDS
Cupriethylene diamine, 1.0M MSDS
Cuprous Bromide MSDS
Cuprous chloride MSDS
Cuprous cyanide MSDS
Cuprous iodide MSDS
Cuprous oxide MSDS
Curcumin MSDS
Curcumin Extract, 95% Powder MSDS
Cyanamide MSDS
Cyanoacetic acid MSDS
Cyanocobalamin MSDS
Cyanogen bromide MSDS
Cyanuric Acid MSDS
Cyanuric Chloride MSDS
Cyclandelate MSDS
Cyclobenzaprine HCl MSDS
Cyclohexane MSDS
Cyclohexane-d12 MSDS
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Chloride MSDS
Cyclohexanone MSDS
Cyclohexene MSDS
Cycloheximide MSDS
Cyclohexyl alcohol MSDS
Cyclohexylamine MSDS
Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride MSDS
Cyclooctene MSDS
Cyclopentane MSDS
Cyclopentanol MSDS
Cyclopentanone MSDS
Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride MSDS
Cyclopentyl Bomide MSDS
Cyclophosphamide, Monohydrate MSDS
Cyclopiazonic Acid MSDS
Cycloserine MSDS
Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride MSDS
Cystamine Dihydrochloride MSDS
Cysteamine Hydrochloride MSDS
Cytidine MSDS
Cytochrome C, Bovine MSDS
Cytosine MSDS
D & C Green #5 MSDS
D & C Green #6 MSDS
D & C Orange #4 MSDS
D & C Red #6 MSDS
D (+)-Pantothenyl Alcohol MSDS
D&C Red #22 MSDS
D&C Red #28 MSDS
D&C Red #33 MSDS
D&C Red #4 MSDS
D&C Violet #2 MSDS
D&C Yellow #10 MSDS
D&C Yellow #11 MSDS
D&C Yellow #8 MSDS
D(+)-Galactosamine Hydrochloride MSDS
D(+)-Galacturonic Acid Monohydrate MSDS
D(+)Fucose MSDS
D+Trehalose, dihydrate MSDS
D,L-Anatabine MSDS
D- Pantothenic Acid, Sodium Salt MSDS
D-(-)-Erythrose MSDS
D-Alanine MSDS
D-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate MSDS
D-Arabinose MSDS
d-Cellobiose MSDS
D-delta-Tocopherol MSDS
D-fructose MSDS
D-Galactal MSDS
D-gamma-Tocopherol MSDS
D-Glucosamine HCl MSDS
D-Glucosamine sulfate MSDS
D-Glucuronic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate
MSDS
D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone MSDS
D-Glutamic Acid MSDS
D-Homoserine MSDS
D-Mannosamine Hydrochloride MSDS
D-Mannose MSDS
D-Pantethine MSDS
D-Phenylalanine MSDS
D-Ribonolactone MSDS
D-Ribose MSDS
D-Saccharic acid, calcium salt MSDS
d-Serine MSDS
D-Xylitol MSDS
D-xylose MSDS
Daidzein MSDS
Damar gum MSDS
Damiana Leaves, Powder MSDS
Danazol MSDS
Dandelion Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Danthron BP MSDS
Decahydro-2-naphthol MSDS
Decahydronaphthalene MSDS
Decanoic Acid MSDS
Decyl alcohol, 99% MSDS
Decyltrimethylammonium Bromide MSDS
Dehydroacetic Acid MSDS
Dehydroascorbic acid MSDS
Dehydroepiandrosterone MSDS
Delta-Gluconolactone MSDS
Denatonium benzoate MSDS
Denatonium Saccharide MSDS
Deoxycholic acid MSDS
Deoxycytidine-2' HCl MSDS
Deoxyribonucleic acid MSDS
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sodium Salt MSDS
Desipramine Hydrochloride MSDS
Deuterium oxide, 99.8 atom % MSDS
Devarda's alloy MSDS
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate MSDS
Dexchlorpheniramine maleate MSDS
Dexpanthenol MSDS
Dextran 40,000 MSDS
Dextran 70,000 MSDS
Dextran sulfate, sodium salt MSDS
Dextrates, Hydrated MSDS
Dextrin MSDS
Dextromethorphan MSDS
Dextrose anhydrous MSDS
Dextrose monohydrate MSDS
Di-tert-butyl Dicarbonate MSDS
Di-tert-butyl4-hydroxybenzoic acid MSDS
Diacetone alcohol MSDS
Diallyl Phthalate MSDS
Diastase MSDS
Diatomaceous earth MSDS
Diatrizoate Sodium MSDS
Diazo blue B MSDS
Diazolidinyl Urea MSDS
Diazoxide MSDS
Dibucaine MSDS
Dibucaine HCl MSDS
Dibutyl phthalate MSDS
Dibutylamine MSDS
Dichloroacetic acid MSDS
Dichlorodimethylsilane MSDS
Dichlorofluorescein Indicator, 0.1% in
Ethanol MSDS
Dichlorofluorescein TS Solution MSDS
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid Sodium Salt MSDS
Dichloromethylsilane MSDS
Dichlorophene MSDS
Diclofenac sodium MSDS
Dicyclohexylamine MSDS
Dicyclopentadiene MSDS
Dienestrol MSDS
Diethanolamine MSDS
Diethyl Carbonate MSDS
Diethyl oxalate MSDS
Diethyl phthalate MSDS
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate MSDS
Diethyl Sebacate MSDS
Diethyl Succinate MSDS
Diethyl-2-hydroxybutanedioate MSDS
Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine Oxalate MSDS
Diethylamine MSDS
Diethylamine HCl MSDS
Diethylaminoethanol MSDS
Diethylene glycol MSDS
Diethylenetriamine MSDS
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid MSDS
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,
pentasodium salt, 41% MSDS
Diethylstilbestrol MSDS
Diflorosone Diacetate MSDS
Diflunisal MSDS
Digestion Reagent - APHA 19 MSDS
Digitonin MSDS
Digitoxin MSDS
Diglycolic Acid MSDS
Digoxin MSDS
Dihydrocapsaicin MSDS
Dihydrogen Magnesium
EthylenediamineTetraacetate MSDS
Dihydroxyacetone dimer MSDS
Dihydroxyaluminum Sodium Carbonate
MSDS
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate MSDS
Diisopropyl Phosphorochloridate MSDS
Diisopropylamine MSDS
Dillweed oil MSDS
Diltiazem Hydrochloride MSDS
Dimenhydrinate MSDS
Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate MSDS
Dimethyl carbonate MSDS
Dimethyl Dicarbonate MSDS
Dimethyl Maleate MSDS
Dimethyl Malonate MSDS
Dimethyl Methylphosphonate MSDS
Dimethyl phthalate MSDS
Dimethyl sulfate MSDS
Dimethyl sulfoxide MSDS
Dimethyl sulfoxide, anhydrous MSDS
Dimethyl Sulfoxide, USP &
DimethylSulfoxide, 98% MSDS
Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, 100 atom% MSDS
Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, 99.9 atom%
w/0.05%TMS MSDS
Dimethyl-POPOP MSDS
Dimethylamine Hydrochloride MSDS
Dimethylamine, 40% MSDS
Dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate MSDS
Dimethylchlorosilane MSDS
Dimethyldimethoxysilane MSDS
Dimethylglyoxime MSDS
Dimethylglyoxime, sodium salt MSDS
Dimidium Bromide MSDS
Dioctyl Adipate MSDS
Dioctyl phthalate MSDS
Dioxybenzone MSDS
Dipentylphthalate MSDS
Diphenhydramine HCl MSDS
Diphenidol Hydrochloride MSDS
Diphenylacetic acid MSDS
Diphenylacetonitrile MSDS
Diphenylamine MSDS
Diphenylamine Sulfonic Acid, 0.005 M MSDS
Diphenylaminesulfonic acid, sodium salt
MSDS
Diphenylboric Acid 2-Aminoethyl Ester
MSDS
Diphenylcarbazone TS MSDS
Diphenylcarbazone-Bromophenol Blue
Solution MSDS
Diphenylcarbazone-Xylene Cyanol FF MSDS
Diphenylcyclopropenone MSDS
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride MSDS
Diphenylglyoxime MSDS
Dipropylene Glycol MSDS
Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether MSDS
Dipropylene glycol monomethyl etheracetate
MSDS
Dipyridamole MSDS
Dipyrone, Monohydrate MSDS
Dithioerythritol MSDS
Dithiotreitol MSDS
Dithizone MSDS
Divinylbenzene, Practical MSDS
DL- Phenylsuccinic Acid MSDS
DL-1,2-Hexanediol MSDS
DL-2-Aminobutyric Acid MSDS
DL-3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic Acid
MSDS
DL-Alanine MSDS
DL-Alanine-beta-
naphthylamideHydrochloride MSDS
DL-alphaLipoic acid MSDS
DL-asparagine monohydrate MSDS
DL-Aspartic acid MSDS
DL-Camphorquinone MSDS
DL-Carnitine HCl MSDS
DL-Dithiothreitol MSDS
DL-Glutamic acid monohydrate MSDS
DL-Leucine MSDS
DL-Leucylglycine MSDS
DL-Malic acid MSDS
DL-Mandelic acid MSDS
DL-methionine MSDS
DL-Methioninol MSDS
DL-Norleucine MSDS
DL-Pantothenyl alcohol MSDS
DL-Phenylalanine MSDS
DL-Selenomethionine MSDS
DL-Serine MSDS
DL-Sulforaphane MSDS
DL-Tryptophan MSDS
DL-Valine MSDS
DLimonene MSDS
DNase I MSDS
Docosane MSDS
Docusate sodium MSDS
Dodecane, 99% MSDS
Dodecyl alcohol MSDS
Dodecylamine MSDS
Dodecylbenzene sodium sulfonate MSDS
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid MSDS
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 50%
MSDS
Dolomite MSDS
Dolomite, 200 mesh MSDS
Domperidone MSDS
Dong Quai Root Powder MSDS
Dowfrost MSDS
Dowtherm SR1 MSDS
Doxepin hydrochloride MSDS
Doxorubicin hydrochloride MSDS
Doxylamine succinate MSDS
DPD Indicator MSDS
Dragon's Blood Powder MSDS
Drierite, indicating 8 mesh MSDS
Drierite, regular 20-40 mesh MSDS
Droperidol MSDS
Dulcitol MSDS
Dyclonine Hydrochloride MSDS
Dysprosium AA Standard MSDS
Echinacea Angustifolia Herb Powder MSDS
Echinacea juice extract 16:1 MSDS
Econazole nitrate MSDS
Edetate Disodium Dihydrogen MSDS
Edetate disodium, dihydrate MSDS
EDTA Diammonium Dihydrogen Salt MSDS
EDTA Disodium 0.01M w/Magnesium MSDS
EDTA Disodium 10% (w/v) Solution MSDS
EDTA Disodium Salt, 0.015 M MSDS
EDTA Disodium Solution, 0.01M MSDS
EDTA Disodium Solution, 0.0575M MSDS
EDTA Disodium Solution, 0.0575N MSDS
EDTA Disodium Solution, 0.05M MSDS
EDTA Disodium Solution, 0.1M MSDS
EDTA disodium solution, 2.5% MSDS
EDTA Disodium, 0.5 M Solution MSDS
EDTA Stabilizer MSDS
EDTA, calcium disodium salt MSDS
EDTA, Iron (III) Sodium Salt MSDS
EGTA MSDS
Eicosane MSDS
Elastin, 10% Solution MSDS
Electrode Cleaner MSDS
Electrode Storage Solution MSDS
Elemi gum MSDS
Ellagic Acid MSDS
Emu Oil MSDS
Eosin B MSDS
Eosin B, water soluble MSDS
Eosin Y free acid MSDS
Eosin Y, 1% MSDS
Eosin Y, Reagent A.C.S. MSDS
Epichlorohyrin MSDS
Epinephrine MSDS
Epinephrine bitartrate MSDS
Epinephrine Hydrochloride MSDS
Equilin MSDS
Erbium AA Standard MSDS
Ergocalciferol MSDS
Ergoloid mesylates MSDS
Eriochrome black A MSDS
Eriochrome black T MSDS
Eriochrome Black T in NaCl MSDS
Eriochrome Black T, 0.5% in Isopropanol
MSDS
Eriochrome Black T, 0.5% in
Triethanolamine MSDS
Eriochrome Black TS MSDS
Eriochrome blue black R MSDS
Eriochrome Blue Black R Indicator MSDS
Eriochrome cyanine R MSDS
Erioglaucine MSDS
Erythromycin MSDS
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate MSDS
Erythromycin Phosphate MSDS
Erythromycin stearate MSDS
Erythrosin B MSDS
Eschka's Mixture MSDS
Esculin MSDS
Estradiol benzoate MSDS
Estradiol Cypionate MSDS
Estradiol valerate MSDS
Estradiol, milled powder MSDS
Estriol MSDS
Estrogens, Conjugated MSDS
Estrone MSDS
Etchant - Buffered 15:1 MSDS
Etchant - Buffered 35:4 MSDS
Etchant - Buffered 6:1 MSDS
Ethacrynic Acid MSDS
Ethambutol Hydrochloride MSDS
Ethanethiol MSDS
Ethaverine Hydrochloride MSDS
Ethidium bromide MSDS
Ethidium Bromide, 1% MSDS
Ethinyl estradiol MSDS
Ethopropazine Hydrochloride MSDS
Ethosuximide MSDS
Ethoxyquin MSDS
Ethyl 3-Ethoxypropionate MSDS
Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoylacetate MSDS
Ethyl acetate MSDS
Ethyl acetate, Anhydrous MSDS
Ethyl acetoacetate MSDS
Ethyl acrylate MSDS
Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof MSDS
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof MSDS
Ethyl benzoate MSDS
Ethyl benzoylacetate MSDS
Ethyl bromide MSDS
Ethyl Butyrate MSDS
Ethyl cellulose ether MSDS
Ethyl chloride MSDS
Ethyl Chloroacetate MSDS
Ethyl chloroformate MSDS
Ethyl eosin MSDS
Ethyl ether MSDS
Ethyl ether, Anhydrous Reagent MSDS
Ethyl formate MSDS
Ethyl iodide MSDS
Ethyl L-lactate MSDS
Ethyl linolenate MSDS
Ethyl Malonyl Chloride, Technical MSDS
Ethyl maltol MSDS
Ethyl methylphenylglycidate MSDS
Ethyl nicotinate MSDS
Ethyl nitroacetate MSDS
Ethyl Oleate MSDS
Ethyl Orange, Sodium Salt MSDS
Ethyl Palmitate MSDS
Ethyl paraben MSDS
Ethyl pyruvate MSDS
Ethyl Red MSDS
Ethyl Salicylate MSDS
Ethyl silicate MSDS
Ethyl vanillin MSDS
Ethyl violet MSDS
Ethyl-4-Dimethylaminobenzoate MSDS
Ethyl-trans-Cinnamate MSDS
Ethylbenzene MSDS
Ethylene carbonate MSDS
Ethylene glycol MSDS
Ethylenediamine MSDS
Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride MSDS
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid MSDS
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, N.F. MSDS
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate Dipotassium
Salt MSDS
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
FerricAmmonium Salt, Solution MSDS
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Magnesium
Disodium Salt MSDS
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
Tetrasodium Salt MSDS
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
TrisodiumSalt MSDS
Ethylhexadecyldimethylammoniumbromide
MSDS
Ethylxantic Acid MSDS
Eucalyptus oil MSDS
Eugenol MSDS
Europium AA Standard MSDS
Evans blue MSDS
Evening Primrose Oil MSDS
Famotidine MSDS
Famprofazone MSDS
Fast green #3 MSDS
Fast Sulphon Black F MSDS
FD&C Black Shade MSDS
FD&C Blue #2 MSDS
FD&C Blue 1 MSDS
FD&C Carmine MSDS
FD&C Emerald Green MSDS
FD&C Green 3 MSDS
FD&C Red 3 MSDS
FD&C Red 40 MSDS
FD&C Yellow 5 MSDS
FD&C Yellow 6 MSDS
Fehling Solution "A" MSDS
Fehling Solution "B" MSDS
Fenbendazole MSDS
Fennel oil MSDS
Fennel Seed Powder MSDS
Fentanyl citrate MSDS
Fenugreek Extract, 4:1 MSDS
Fenugreek Seed, Powder MSDS
Fenvalerate MSDS
Ferric ammonium citrate, brown MSDS
Ferric ammonium citrate, green MSDS
Ferric ammonium oxalate MSDS
Ferric ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate
MSDS
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate TS MSDS
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate, 0.1 N MSDS
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate, 6% MSDS
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate, Saturated,Aq.Sol.
MSDS
Ferric chloride MSDS
Ferric Chloride Colorimetric Solution MSDS
Ferric chloride hexahydrate MSDS
Ferric Chloride TS MSDS
Ferric Chloride, 0.025% MSDS
Ferric Chloride, 10% MSDS
Ferric Chloride, 41 Be' (40% w/v) MSDS
Ferric Chloride, 60% w/w MSDS
Ferric Chloride, Solution for Sulfide Solution
MSDS
Ferric Citrate MSDS
Ferric Citrate, 17% Powder MSDS
Ferric Nitrate for APHA Chloride MSDS
Ferric nitrate nonahydrate MSDS
Ferric oxide MSDS
Ferric phosphate MSDS
Ferric pyrophosphate MSDS
Ferric subsulfate MSDS
Ferric Subsulfate Solution MSDS
Ferric sulfate MSDS
Ferric sulfide MSDS
Ferrocene MSDS
Ferrocenecarboxylic acid MSDS
Ferroin Indicator, 0.025M MSDS
Ferrosoferric Oxide, Black Powder MSDS
Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate (FAS
Titrant).0.00282 N MSDS
Ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate
MSDS
Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate, 0.1N MSDS
Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate, 0.25N MSDS
Ferrous chloride MSDS
Ferrous ethylenediammonium sulfate MSDS
Ferrous fumarate MSDS
Ferrous gluconate dihydrate MSDS
Ferrous lactate MSDS
Ferrous oxalate MSDS
Ferrous sulfate MSDS
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate MSDS
Ferrous sulfide MSDS
Ficin MSDS
Fig Powder MSDS
Fir needle oil - Canadian MSDS
Fir needle oil - Siberian MSDS
Fish Oil, from Menhaden MSDS
Flavone MSDS
Florisil 100-200 mesh MSDS
Florisil 60-100 mesh MSDS
Fluconazole MSDS
Fludrocortisone acetate MSDS
Flunisolide, Anhydrous MSDS
Flunixin Meglumine MSDS
Fluoboric acid MSDS
Fluocinonide MSDS
Fluorene MSDS
Fluorescamine MSDS
Fluorescein MSDS
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate MSDS
Fluorescein sodium MSDS
Fluorescein, 2% MSDS
Fluorescein, 40% MSDS
Fluorescent Brightner 28 MSDS
Fluoride Standard, 0.01mg F/1ml MSDS
Fluoride Standard, 0.1mg F/1ml MSDS
Fluoride Standard, 1ml/1mg F MSDS
Fluorometholone MSDS
Fluosilicic acid MSDS
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride MSDS
Fluoxymesterone MSDS
Flurbiprofen MSDS
Folic acid MSDS
Folin and Denis Reagent (Tyrosine)(Special
Reagent) MSDS
Folin-Ciocalteau Phenol TS MSDS
Food Color, Black, Powder MSDS
Food Color, Blue Powder MSDS
Food Color, Green Powder MSDS
Food Color, Orange, Powder MSDS
Food Color, Red Powder MSDS
Food Color, Violet Powder MSDS
Food Color, Yellow Powder MSDS
Formaldehyde 37% solution MSDS
Formaldehyde Solution, Reagnt, ACS MSDS
Formaldehyde, 10% (v/v) MSDS
Formaldehyde, 10% (v/v) Neutralized MSDS
Formaldehyde, 10% Neutralized and
Buffered MSDS
Formaldehyde, 8% (v/v) MSDS
Formamide MSDS
Formamidine acetate MSDS
Formic acid, 85%, F.C.C MSDS
Formic acid, 88% Reagent A.C.S MSDS
Formic acid, 90%, Technical MSDS
Formic acid, 96% Reagent A.C.S MSDS
Forskolin MSDS
Fuller's Earth MSDS
Fumaric acid MSDS
Fumonisin B1 MSDS
Fumonisin B2 MSDS
Furan MSDS
Furazolidone MSDS
Furfuryl Alcohol MSDS
Furildioxime MSDS
Furosemide MSDS
Gabapentin MSDS
Gadolinium AA Standard MSDS
Gallic acid anhydrous MSDS
Gallic acid monohydrate MSDS
Gallium AA Standard MSDS
gamma-Cyclodextrin MSDS
Gamma-Oryzanol MSDS
Garcinia Cambogia Extract Powder MSDS
Garlic Extract Powder 100:1 MSDS
Garlic oil MSDS
Gelatin Powder MSDS
Gelatin Powder, N.F MSDS
Gellan gum MSDS
Gemfibrozil MSDS
Genistein MSDS
Gentamycin sulfate MSDS
Gentian Violet - Hucker MSDS
Gentian Violet, 0.1% in Glacial Acetic Acid
MSDS
Gentian Violet, 1% MSDS
Gentian Violet, 1% (Alcoholic) MSDS
Gentian Violet, 2% MSDS
Gentian Violet, 2% (Alcoholic) MSDS
Gentian Violet, USP MSDS
Geraniol MSDS
Geranium oil MSDS
Geranium Oil, Chinese type MSDS
Germanium AA Standard MSDS
Germanium sesquioxide MSDS
Germanium Tetrachloride MSDS
Ghatti gum MSDS
Gibberellic acid MSDS
Gibberellic acid, potassium salt MSDS
Giemsa Stain MSDS
Giemsa Stain - Stock MSDS
Ginger oil MSDS
Ginger Root Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Ginger Root Extract, 5% Gingerols MSDS
Ginkgo Biloba MSDS
Ginseng (Korean), Powder, 40-80 mesh
MSDS
Ginseng Powder(Korean) MSDS
Girard's Reagent T MSDS
Glass wool MSDS
Glipizide MSDS
Glucomannan MSDS
Glucomannan, Chinese MSDS
Gluconic Acid, 50% MSDS
Glucose-6-phosphate, Disodium Salt MSDS
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 24% MSDS
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 50% MSDS
Glutaric acid MSDS
Glutathione MSDS
Glutathione, oxidized hydrate MSDS
Gluten MSDS
Glyburide MSDS
Glycerin MSDS
Glycerin 50% MSDS
Glycerol Formal MSDS
Glyceryl Behenate MSDS
Glyceryl mono-p-aminobenzoate MSDS
Glyceryl monooleate MSDS
Glyceryl Monostearate MSDS
Glycidol MSDS
Glycine MSDS
Glycine, 20% MSDS
Glycine, Sodium Salt Hydrate 99% MSDS
Glycogen MSDS
Glycolic acid MSDS
Glycolic acid, 70% MSDS
Glycopyrrolate MSDS
Glycylglycine MSDS
Glycyrrhizic Acid MSDS
Glyoxal,40% MSDS
Glyoxal-Sodium Bisulfite, Hydrate MSDS
Glyoxylic Acid, Monohydrate MSDS
Gold (I) Iodide MSDS
Gold (III) Oxide MSDS
Gold AA Standard MSDS
Gold chloride MSDS
Gold Foil, 0.1mm MSDS
Gold potassium cyanide MSDS
Gold Powder MSDS
Gold sodium thiomalate MSDS
Gold Wire, .005 MSDS
Gold Wire, 0.010" MSDS
Gold Wire, 0.020 MSDS
Gold Wire, 0.025 mm MSDS
Gold Wire, 0.040 MSDS
Gram's Iodine Solution MSDS
Gramicidin D MSDS
Grape Concentrate (Flavor) MSDS
Grape Flavor, Artifical MSDS
Grape Seed Extract, 95% Powder MSDS
Grape Seed Oil MSDS
Grape, Flavor, Concentrate, Colorless MSDS
Grapefruit Extract, 40:1, Powder MSDS
Grapefruit oil MSDS
Graphite MSDS
Green Soap Tincture MSDS
Green Tea Extract MSDS
Green Tea Powder MSDS
Griseofulvin MSDS
Guaiac gum MSDS
Guaiacol MSDS
Guaifenesin MSDS
Guanethidine Monosulfate MSDS
Guanidine carbonate MSDS
Guanidine hydrochloride MSDS
Guanidine nitrate MSDS
Guanidine thiocyanate MSDS
Guanine MSDS
Guanine Hydrochloride MSDS
Guanosine MSDS
Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Disodium Salt,
Hydrate MSDS
Guanosine-3,5'-cyclic
Monophosphate,Sodium Salt MSDS
Guar gum MSDS
Guarana Extract, 30% Caffeine, Powder
MSDS
Guarana Powder, 40-80 MSDS
Guggul Standard Extact, 10% Powder MSDS
Gymnema Sylvestrie Powder MSDS
Hafnium AA Standard MSDS
Halazone MSDS
Haloperidol MSDS
HBTU MSDS
Hecogenin acetate MSDS
Hematein MSDS
Hematin MSDS
Hematoxylin MSDS
Hematoxylin, Harris Solution MSDS
Hemin, bovine MSDS
Hemoglobin, Bovine, powder MSDS
Hengar Granules, Plain MSDS
Heparin Lithium Salt MSDS
Heparin sodium MSDS
HEPES MSDS
HEPES, Sodium salt MSDS
HEPPS MSDS
Heptadecane MSDS
Heptafluorobutyric Anhydride MSDS
Heptaldehyde MSDS
Heptanoic Acid MSDS
Heptanol MSDS
Hesperidin MSDS
Hexachlorophene MSDS
Hexachloropropene MSDS
Hexacosane MSDS
Hexadecane MSDS
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Chloride
MSDS
Hexamethyl-1,1,1,3,3,3 disilazane MSDS
Hexamethyldisiloxane MSDS
Hexanediamine, 70% MSDS
Hexanes MSDS
Hexanoic acid MSDS
Hexanoic Acid, Sodium Salt MSDS
Hexanol MSDS
Hexylamine MSDS
Hexylene Glycol MSDS
Hippuric acid MSDS
Histamine MSDS
Histamine Dihydrochloride MSDS
Histamine Diphosphate MSDS
Holmium AA Standard MSDS
Homatropine HBr MSDS
Homatropine methylbromide MSDS
Homosalate MSDS
Homovanillic Acid MSDS
Homoveratronitrile MSDS
Hopkins-Cole Reagent, Benedicts's
Modification MSDS
Horehound Flavor MSDS
Horsechestnut Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Hyaluronic Acid, Sodium Salt MSDS
Hyaluronidase MSDS
Hydralazine HCl MSDS
Hydrazine MSDS
Hydrazine dihydrochloride MSDS
Hydrazine hydrate MSDS
Hydrazine sulfate MSDS
Hydrobromic Acid, 33% Solution in
AceticAcid MSDS
Hydrobromic acid, 48% MSDS
Hydrochloric acid MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.01N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.02N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.05N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.1N in IPA MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.25N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.2N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.5 N in Methanol MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.5N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.5N in IPA MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 0.6N MSDS
Hydrochloric acid, 1% MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 1.00N MSDS
Hydrochloric acid, 10% MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 2% (1 + 49) MSDS
Hydrochloric acid, 20 deg. Be MSDS
Hydrochloric acid, 20%(v/v) MSDS
Hydrochloric acid, 25% MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 2N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 30% MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 33.3% MSDS
Hydrochloric acid, 37% MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 5% (1+19) MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 5.0N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 50% MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 6.0N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 6.25N MSDS
Hydrochloric Acid, 8 N MSDS
Hydrochlorothiazide MSDS
Hydrocinnamic Acid MSDS
Hydrocortisone MSDS
Hydrocortisone acetate MSDS
Hydrocortosine Sodium Phosphate MSDS
Hydrofluoric Acid, 48% MSDS
Hydrofluoric Acid, 48% - 52% MSDS
Hydrofluoric Acid, 49% MSDS
Hydrogen bromide, 33% Solution in
AceticAcid MSDS
Hydrogen Peroxide - 3% MSDS
Hydrogen Peroxide - 4% MSDS
Hydrogen Peroxide - 5% MSDS
Hydrogen Peroxide 30% MSDS
Hydrogen Peroxide 35% MSDS
Hydrogen Peroxide, 50% MSDS
Hydroquinone MSDS
Hydroxocobalamin MSDS
Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate MSDS
Hydroxylamine - 50% MSDS
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride MSDS
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride, 10%
(w/w)Aqueous MSDS
Hydroxylamine Nitrate - 18% MSDS
Hydroxylamine phosphate salt (3:1) MSDS
Hydroxylamine sulfate MSDS
Hydroxynaphthol blue disodium salt MSDS
Hydroxypropyl cellulose MSDS
Hydroxyquinoline, 2% MSDS
Hydroxyurea MSDS
Hydroxyzine HCl MSDS
Hydroxyzine pamoate MSDS
Hyoscyamine MSDS
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide MSDS
Hyoscyamine sulfate MSDS
Ibuprofen MSDS
Ichtammol MSDS
ICP Instrument Check MSDS
ICP-MS Calibration Standard Solution V
MSDS
ICP-MS Calibration Std. - Solution II,
Alkali,Alkaline, Non-transition Group MSDS
Idebenone MSDS
Idoxuridine MSDS
Igepal CA-630 MSDS
Igepal CA-720 MSDS
Imidazole MSDS
Imidurea MSDS
Iminodiacetic Acid MSDS
Imipramine HCl MSDS
Immersion Oil, 1250 CS MSDS
Immersion Oil, 150 CS MSDS
Indapamide MSDS
Indene MSDS
Indigo MSDS
Indigo carmine MSDS
Indium MSDS
Indium AA Standard MSDS
Indium Oxide, 99.99% MSDS
Indocyanine green MSDS
Indole MSDS
Indole-3-acetic acid MSDS
Indole-3-butyric acid MSDS
Indole-3-carbinol MSDS
Indomethacin MSDS
Indophenol blue MSDS
Indophenol, sodium salt MSDS
Inosine MSDS
Inositol MSDS
Inositol hexanicotinate MSDS
Inositol Hexaphosphate Calcium salt MSDS
Inositol Hexaphosphoric Acid, 40-50 wt
%Solution MSDS
Insulin, Human MSDS
Inulin MSDS
Iodic acid MSDS
Iodine MSDS
Iodine monochloride MSDS
Iodine Pentoxide MSDS
Iodine Potassium Iodide TS MSDS
Iodine Solution, 0.025N MSDS
Iodine Solution, 0.0282N MSDS
Iodine Solution, 0.02N MSDS
Iodine Solution, 0.1N MSDS
Iodine Solution, 2% MSDS
Iodine Solution, 5% MSDS
Iodine Tincture, 2% MSDS
Iodine Tincture, 7% MSDS
Iodine, 0.2 N MSDS
Iodine, 1% (alcoholic) MSDS
Iodoacetic acid MSDS
Iodoacetic acid, sodium salt MSDS
Iodobenzene MSDS
Iodobenzene Diacetate MSDS
Iodoform MSDS
Iodonitrotetrazolium violet MSDS
Iodoquinol MSDS
Ipecac syrup MSDS
Ipratropium bromide monohydrate MSDS
Iridium (IV) Oxide MSDS
Iridium AA Standard MSDS
Iron AA Standard MSDS
Iron Metal MSDS
Iron Metal, powder, reduced MSDS
Iron Peptonate MSDS
iso-Pentanoic Acid MSDS
Isoamyl acetate MSDS
Isoamyl alcohol MSDS
Isoamyl nitrite MSDS
Isobutyl acetate MSDS
Isobutyl alcohol MSDS
Isobutyl Isobutyrate MSDS
Isobutyramide MSDS
Isobutyric Acid MSDS
Isoflavones MSDS
Isometheptene Mucate MSDS
Isoniazid MSDS
Isonicotinic Acid MSDS
Isopentane MSDS
Isoprene MSDS
Isopropamide Iodide MSDS
Isopropyl acetate MSDS
Isopropyl alcohol MSDS
Isopropyl Alcohol, 10% MSDS
Isopropyl Alcohol, 70% MSDS
Isopropyl alcohol, 99% MSDS
Isopropyl ether MSDS
Isopropyl myristate MSDS
Isopropyl palmitate MSDS
Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside
MSDS
Isopropylamine MSDS
Isoproterenol HCl MSDS
Isoproterenol sulfate MSDS
Isosorbide dimethyl ether MSDS
Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride MSDS
Itraconazole MSDS
Ivermectin MSDS
Janus green B MSDS
Jasmine oil MSDS
Jenner stain MSDS
Jojoba Oil MSDS
Juniper oil MSDS
Juniper tar MSDS
K-252a MSDS
Kaempferol MSDS
Kanamycin sulfate MSDS
Kaolin MSDS
Kaolin Colloidal Powder MSDS
Karaya gum MSDS
Karl Fischer Reagent MSDS
Kauri-Butanol MSDS
Kava Kava Powder MSDS
Kava Kava Root Extract 30%, Powder
MSDS
Keratin Powder MSDS
Kerosene MSDS
Ketoconazole MSDS
Ketoprofen MSDS
Ketorolac Tromethamine MSDS
Kinetin MSDS
Kjeldahl Mixture MSDS
Kojic acid MSDS
Kola Nut, 10% Caffeine Alkaloid Powder
MSDS
L(+)-Calcium Tartrate Hydrate MSDS
L(-)Fucose MSDS
L-(+)-Lactic acid MSDS
L-(+)-Lysine hydrate MSDS
L-(-)-Hydroxyproline MSDS
L-5-Hydroxytryptophan MSDS
L-Alanine MSDS
L-Arabinose MSDS
L-Arginine MSDS
L-Arginine hydrochloride MSDS
L-Arginine-L-pyroglutamate MSDS
L-asparagine monohydrate MSDS
L-Aspartic acid MSDS
L-Aspartic acid, sodium salt MSDS
L-Carnitine MSDS
L-Carnitine HCl MSDS
L-Carnitine Tartrate MSDS
L-Carnosine MSDS
L-Carvone MSDS
L-Citrulline MSDS
L-Cysteine MSDS
L-Cysteine HCl monohydrate MSDS
L-Cystine MSDS
L-Cystine Dihydrochloride MSDS
L-DOPA MSDS
L-Dopamine HCl MSDS
L-Glutamic acid MSDS
L-Glutamic acid hydrochloride MSDS
L-Glutamic acid, potassium salt MSDS
L-Glutamic acid, sodium salt MSDS
L-Glutamine MSDS
L-Histidine MSDS
L-Histidine HCl MSDS
L-Isoleucine MSDS
L-Leucine MSDS
L-Lysine acetate MSDS
L-Lysine monohydrochloride MSDS
L-Malic acid MSDS
L-methionine MSDS
L-Methionine Sulfoxide MSDS
L-Nicotine MSDS
L-Ornithine HCl MSDS
L-Ornithine-a-Ketoglutarate MSDS
L-Phenylalanine MSDS
L-Proline MSDS
L-Rhamnose MSDS
L-Selenomethionine MSDS
L-Selenomethionine Blend, 5000 ug/g MSDS
L-Serine MSDS
L-Tartaric acid MSDS
L-Thiocitrulline MSDS
L-Threonine MSDS
L-Thyroxine, sodium salt MSDS
L-Tryptophan MSDS
L-Tryptophan ethyl ester hydrochloride
MSDS
L-tyrosine MSDS
L-Tyrosine Disodium Salt MSDS
L-Tyrosine Hydrochloride MSDS
L-Tyrosinol hydrochloride MSDS
L-Valine MSDS
Lactalbumin MSDS
Lactalbumin Hydrolysate MSDS
Lactic Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Lactic Acid, 85% MSDS
Lactic Acid, Racemic, USP MSDS
Lactose, anhydrous MSDS
Lactose, monohydrate MSDS
Lactulose MSDS
Lactulose Solution MSDS
Lamp black MSDS
Lanolin oil MSDS
Lanthanum AA Standard MSDS
Lanthanum acetate MSDS
Lanthanum chloride MSDS
Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate MSDS
Lanthanum oxide MSDS
Lard Oil MSDS
Lard, Stripped MSDS
Lauric acid MSDS
Lauric Acid Sodium Salt MSDS
Lauric Acid, Methyl Ester MSDS
Lavandin oil - Abrial MSDS
Lavender oil MSDS
Lead MSDS
Lead AA Standard MSDS
Lead Acetate 5% MSDS
Lead acetate trihydrate MSDS
Lead Acetate TS MSDS
Lead bromide MSDS
Lead carbonate MSDS
Lead carbonate, basic MSDS
Lead chloride MSDS
Lead chromate MSDS
Lead dioxide MSDS
Lead Fluoborate, 51% MSDS
Lead iodide MSDS
Lead nitrate MSDS
Lead oxide, red MSDS
Lead oxide, yellow MSDS
Lead perchlorate MSDS
Lead Standard - .1mg/ml MSDS
Lead subacetate MSDS
Lead sulfate MSDS
Lead sulfide MSDS
Lecithin MSDS
Lemon Flavor Extact, pure MSDS
Lemon oil, California Type, Cold Pressed
MSDS
Lemon oil, Italian Type MSDS
Lemon oil, Italian Type, Cold Pressed MSDS
Lemongrass oil MSDS
Leucovorin calcium MSDS
Levamisole Hydrochloride MSDS
Levulinic acid MSDS
Levulinic Acid, Calcium Salt MSDS
Licorice Extract, 17% MSDS
Licorice root extract MSDS
Lidocaine MSDS
Lidocaine Hydrochloride monohydrate
MSDS
Light Green SF, Yellowish MSDS
Light's Solution, for ORP, APHA MSDS
Lime oil MSDS
Lincomycin Hydrochloride, Monohydrate
MSDS
Linear Aklylate Sulfonate MSDS
Linoleic acid MSDS
Linolenic acid MSDS
Linseed oil MSDS
Liothyronine, sodium MSDS
Lipase MSDS
Lithium MSDS
Lithium AA Standard MSDS
Lithium acetate, dihydrate MSDS
Lithium aluminum hydride MSDS
Lithium Benzoate MSDS
Lithium Borohydride MSDS
Lithium bromide MSDS
Lithium carbonate MSDS
Lithium chloride MSDS
Lithium chromate MSDS
Lithium citrate MSDS
Lithium Dodecyl Sulfate MSDS
Lithium fluoride MSDS
Lithium hydroxide MSDS
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate MSDS
Lithium Hypochlorite, mixture, dry MSDS
Lithium Iodide MSDS
Lithium lactate MSDS
Lithium metaborate MSDS
Lithium nitrate MSDS
Lithium Oxalate MSDS
Lithium perchlorate anhydrous MSDS
Lithium sulfate anhydrous MSDS
Lithium sulfate monohydrate MSDS
Lithium tetraborate anhydrous MSDS
Litmus MSDS
Litmus Paper (All Colors) MSDS
Liver Powder-defatted MSDS
Lobeline sulfate MSDS
Locust bean gum MSDS
Loperamide hydrochloride MSDS
Luminol MSDS
Luteolin MSDS
Lutetium AA Standard MSDS
Lycopodium MSDS
Lysergol MSDS
m-Bromobenzoic acid MSDS
m-Chlorophenol MSDS
m-Cresol Acetate MSDS
m-Cresol Red 0.04% MSDS
m-Nitrobenzoic Acid MSDS
m-Nitrophenol MSDS
m-Phenylenediamine MSDS
m-Toluidine MSDS
m-Xylene MSDS
Magnesium MSDS
Magnesium AA Standard MSDS
Magnesium aluminum silicate MSDS
Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate MSDS
Magnesium Ascorbate, 6.5, Powder MSDS
Magnesium Aspartate, 20% MSDS
Magnesium bromide MSDS
Magnesium carbonate, basic MSDS
Magnesium carbonate, heavy FCC MSDS
Magnesium carbonate, light FCC MSDS
Magnesium carbonate, USP MSDS
Magnesium Chloride - 51% MSDS
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate MSDS
Magnesium citrate anhydrous USP MSDS
Magnesium citrate 16% MSDS
Magnesium citrate tribasic MSDS
Magnesium Dipotassium EDTA, Dihydrate
MSDS
Magnesium EDTA, 0.02% MSDS
Magnesium fluoride MSDS
Magnesium gluconate MSDS
Magnesium gluconate, dihydrate MSDS
Magnesium glycerophosphate MSDS
Magnesium hydroxide MSDS
Magnesium Lactate MSDS
Magnesium Lysinate, 20% Powder MSDS
Magnesium Malate Dihydrate, 12.6% MSDS
Magnesium Metal, Powder MSDS
Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate MSDS
Magnesium oxide MSDS
Magnesium perchlorate MSDS
Magnesium phosphate dibasic trihydrate
MSDS
Magnesium phosphate tribasic MSDS
Magnesium salicylate MSDS
Magnesium silicate MSDS
Magnesium stearate MSDS
Magnesium Sulfate - 2.25% MSDS
Magnesium sulfate anhydrous MSDS
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate MSDS
Magnesium Sulfate, 0.02 N Solution MSDS
Magnesium Sulfate, 0.1 N Solution MSDS
Magnesium trisilicate MSDS
Magnesium valproate MSDS
Maitake Mushroom Powder MSDS
Malachite green MSDS
Malachite Green Hydrochloride MSDS
Malachite green oxalate MSDS
Malachite Green TS MSDS
Maleic acid MSDS
Maleic Acid, disodium salt MSDS
Maleic Acid, Monosodium Salt MSDS
Maleic anhydride MSDS
Malonic acid MSDS
Malonic Acid, disodium salt, monohydrate
MSDS
Malt Extract MSDS
Maltodextrin MSDS
Maltol MSDS
Maltose monohydrate MSDS
Mandarin oil MSDS
Manganese MSDS
Manganese AA Standard MSDS
Manganese acetate MSDS
Manganese Amino Acid Chelate, 15% MSDS
Manganese Amino Acid Chelate, 20% MSDS
Manganese Aspartate, 17%, Powder MSDS
Manganese carbonate MSDS
Manganese chloride tetrahydrate MSDS
Manganese Citrate 30%, Powder MSDS
Manganese dioxide MSDS
Manganese glycerophosphate MSDS
Manganese Metal Powder MSDS
Manganese Nitrate, 50% MSDS
Manganese Standard Solution, 1 ml = 0.05mg
Mn MSDS
ManganeseII sulfate monohydrate MSDS
Manganous Sulfate solution, 1.27 Sp.Gr.
MSDS
Mannitol MSDS
Margarita Flavor Concentrate MSDS
Marigold Extract MSDS
Marigold Extract, 4:1 Powder MSDS
Marjoram oil, Spanish MSDS
Mastic gum, tears MSDS
Mebendazole MSDS
Meclofenamate Sodium MSDS
Megestrol acetate MSDS
Meglumine MSDS
Melamine MSDS
Melatonin MSDS
Meldola's Blue MSDS
Melibiose, hydrate MSDS
Menadione MSDS
Menadione-sodium bisulfite MSDS
Mentha Arvensis Oil, Redistilled MSDS
Menthol, DL MSDS
Menthol, L MSDS
Mephenesin MSDS
Mepivacaine HCl MSDS
Merbromin MSDS
Mercaptoacetic acid MSDS
Mercaptopurine Monohydrate MSDS
Mercuric acetate MSDS
Mercuric bromide MSDS
Mercuric chloride MSDS
Mercuric iodide MSDS
Mercuric nitrate monohydrate MSDS
Mercuric Nitrate, 0 - 1.4N MSDS
Mercuric Nitrate, 0.0141N MSDS
Mercuric Nitrate, 0.01N MSDS
Mercuric oxide MSDS
Mercuric sulfate MSDS
Mercuric sulfide MSDS
Mercuric thiocyanate MSDS
Mercurous chloride MSDS
Mercurous nitrate hydrated MSDS
Mercurous sulfate MSDS
Mercury MSDS
Mercury AA Standard MSDS
MES MSDS
Mesalamine MSDS
Mesitylene MSDS
meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid MSDS
meso-Erythritol MSDS
Meta-cresol MSDS
meta-Cresol purple MSDS
meta-Cresol Purple - 0.1% MSDS
meta-Cresol purple sodium salt MSDS
Metanil yellow MSDS
Metaproterenol sulfate MSDS
Metergoline MSDS
Metformin Hydrochloride MSDS
Methacholine chloride MSDS
Methacrylic Acid MSDS
Methacryolyl Chloride MSDS
Methanesulfonic acid 70% MSDS
Methanesulfonic Acid Ethyl Ester MSDS
Methanesulfonic Acid Methyl Ester MSDS
Methanesulfonyl chloride MSDS
Methenamine MSDS
Methimazole MSDS
Methotrexate MSDS
Methoxsalen MSDS
Methyclothiazide MSDS
Methyl 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoate MSDS
Methyl 2-anthranilate MSDS
Methyl 2-Hydroxy-2-Methoxyacetate MSDS
Methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
MSDS
Methyl acetate MSDS
Methyl Acrylate MSDS
Methyl alcohol MSDS
Methyl Alcohol, 50% MSDS
Methyl alcohol, Absolute MSDS
Methyl alcohol, Anhydrous MSDS
Methyl Anhydride MSDS
Methyl Anisate MSDS
Methyl benzoate MSDS
Methyl caffeate MSDS
Methyl Caprate MSDS
Methyl Chloroformate MSDS
Methyl ethyl ketone MSDS
Methyl formate MSDS
Methyl gallate MSDS
Methyl green MSDS
Methyl Green, 0.1% MSDS
Methyl green, zinc chloride salt MSDS
Methyl Hydroquinone MSDS
Methyl iodide MSDS
Methyl iodide MSDS
Methyl ionone MSDS
Methyl isobutyl ketone MSDS
Methyl Isoeugenol MSDS
Methyl Isothiocyanate MSDS
Methyl linolenate MSDS
Methyl methacrylate MSDS
Methyl nicotinate MSDS
Methyl Nonylketone MSDS
Methyl orange MSDS
Methyl Orange - Xylene Cyanol Indicator
MSDS
Methyl Orange Solution, 0.05% MSDS
Methyl Orange Solution, 0.1% MSDS
Methyl Orange, 1% MSDS
Methyl paraben MSDS
Methyl paraben sodium MSDS
Methyl Purple Indicator MSDS
Methyl red MSDS
Methyl Red, .02% (w/v) indicator MSDS
Methyl Red, 0.1% MSDS
Methyl Red, 0.1% in 60% Ethanol MSDS
Methyl Red, 0.1% Solution in Methanol
MSDS
Methyl Red, 1% MSDS
Methyl red, HCl MSDS
Methyl red, sodium salt MSDS
Methyl Red-Methylene Blue TS MSDS
Methyl salicylate MSDS
Methyl sulfide MSDS
Methyl sulfone MSDS
Methyl tert-butyl ether MSDS
Methyl violet (2B) MSDS
Methyl Violet, 0.02% MSDS
Methyl-d3 Alcohol-d MSDS
Methyl-p-toluenesulfonate MSDS
Methylal MSDS
Methylbenzethonium chloride MSDS
Methylcellulose, 15 cps MSDS
Methylcellulose, 1500 cps MSDS
Methylcellulose, 25 cps MSDS
Methylcellulose, 400 cps MSDS
Methylcellulose, 4000 cps MSDS
Methylcobalamin MSDS
Methylcyclohexane MSDS
Methylene Blue Chloride MSDS
Methylene Blue Reagent APHA MSDS
Methylene Blue Solution I MSDS
Methylene Blue Solution II MSDS
Methylene Blue Solution, 1% MSDS
Methylene Blue Solution, Loeffler MSDS
Methylene Blue TS MSDS
Methylene Blue USP MSDS
Methylene bromide MSDS
Methylene chloride MSDS
Methylene Green MSDS
Methylene iodide MSDS
Methylmercuric chloride MSDS
Methylprednisolone MSDS
Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate MSDS
Methyltributylammonium Chloride, 75%
MSDS
Metoclopramide HCl MSDS
Metoprolol Tartrate MSDS
Metronidazole MSDS
Metronidazole benzoate MSDS
Mica MSDS
Miconazole MSDS
Miconazole nitrate MSDS
Microcystin-LR MSDS
Mineral oil MSDS
Mineral spirits MSDS
Mink oil MSDS
Minocycline Hydrochloride MSDS
Minoxidil MSDS
Mitomycin c MSDS
Molecular Sieve, 5A 1/16" MSDS
Molecular Sieve, activated type 3a, 1.0-
2.0mm MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Activated,
MoistureIndicating, Type 4a, 4-8 mesh MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Activated, Type 3a,
1/16"Pellets MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 13X 1/16" Pellets
MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 13X, 4-8 mesh MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 3a, 4-8 mesh MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 3a, 8-12 mesh MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 4a 1/16" Pellets MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 4a, 4-8 mesh MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 4a, 8-12 mesh MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 4a, Powder MSDS
Molecular Sieve, Type 5A, 8-12 mesh MSDS
Molybdenum AA Standard MSDS
Molybdenum Amino Acid Chelate,2% MSDS
Molybdenum Aspartate, .1% Powder MSDS
Molybdenum Citrate 0.2%, Powder MSDS
Molybdenum trioxide MSDS
Molybdic acid MSDS
mono-Methyl Succinate MSDS
Monochloroacetic acid MSDS
Monoethanolamine MSDS
Monoethanolamine Hydrochloride MSDS
Monothioglycerol MSDS
MOPS MSDS
Morin MSDS
Morpholine MSDS
Mounting Medium-Spectrum Entellan MSDS
MTT MSDS
MTT Formazan MSDS
Muira Pauma Extract 4:1 MSDS
Murexide MSDS
Murexide, 0.2% MSDS
Musk ketone MSDS
Mustard oil, synthetic MSDS
Mustard Powder MSDS
Mycophenolic Acid MSDS
Mycozyme Equivalent MSDS
Myristic acid MSDS
Myristic alcohol MSDS
Myrj 45 MSDS
Myrrh oil MSDS
Myrrh Tincture MSDS
N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole MSDS
N,n'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide MSDS
N,N'-Diphenylbenzidine MSDS
N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide MSDS
N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
dihydrochloride MSDS
N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylenediamine MSDS
N,N- Dimethylethanolamine MSDS
n,n-Butyldiethanolamine MSDS
N,N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine Sulfate
MSDS
n,n-Diethylaniline MSDS
N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine MSDS
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine MSDS
N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine MSDS
N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxalate
MSDS
N,N-Dimethyl-p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate
MSDS
N,N-Dimethyl-p-
phenylenediaminedihydrochloride MSDS
N,N-Dimethyl-p-
phenylenediaminemonohydrochloride MSDS
N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine MSDS
N,N-Dimethylacetamide MSDS
N,N-Dimethylaniline MSDS
N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine MSDS
N,N-Dimethylformamide MSDS
N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal
MSDS
N,N-Dimethylglycine hydrochloride MSDS
N,N-Dimethyloctylamine MSDS
N-(1-Naphthyl) Ethylenediamine
Dihydrochloride MSDS
N-(1-
Naphthyl)ethylenediamineDihydrochloride
TS MSDS
N-(2-
Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriaceticAcid
MSDS
N-(2-
Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriaceticAcid
Trisodium salt, Hydrate MSDS
N-(Tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-4-Piperidone, 95%
MSDS
N-6-Benzylaminopurine MSDS
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine MSDS
N-Acetyl-DL-tryptophan MSDS
N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine MSDS
n-Amyl alcohol MSDS
n-Amylamine MSDS
N-Bromoacetamide MSDS
N-Bromosuccinimide MSDS
n-Butyl acetate MSDS
n-Butyl p-aminobenzoate MSDS
n-Butylamine MSDS
n-Butyllithium, 1.6M In Hexane MSDS
n-Butyllithium, 2.5M In Hexane MSDS
n-Butyric Anhydride MSDS
n-Butyrophenone MSDS
n-Carbethoxy-2-Piperidone MSDS
n-Chlorosuccinimide MSDS
n-Decane MSDS
N-Decanoic Acid Sodium Salt MSDS
N-Ethylmaleimide MSDS
N-Ethylmorpholine MSDS
n-heptane MSDS
n-HexadecyltrimethylammoniumHydroxide
10% aqueous solution MSDS
N-Hydroxysuccinimide MSDS
n-Isopropylacrylamide MSDS
N-Lauroylsarcosine, Sodium salt MSDS
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone MSDS
N-Methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) MSDS
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid MSDS
N-Methyl-L-Aspartic Acid MSDS
N-Methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide
MSDS
N-Methylmaleimide MSDS
N-Methylthymol blue sodium salt MSDS
n-Nonane MSDS
N-o-
NitrophenylsulfenylglycineDi(cyclohexyl)am
monium salt MSDS
n-Pentane 99+% mol MSDS
n-Propyl alcohol MSDS
n-Tricosane MSDS
N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone MSDS
N6,O2'-Dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-
cyclicmonophosphate, Sodium Salt MSDS
Nadolol MSDS
Nalbuphine Hydrochloride MSDS
Nalidixic acid MSDS
Nalidixic Acid, Sodium Salt MSDS
Naloxone Hydrochloride, Dihydrate MSDS
Naltrexone Hydrochloride MSDS
Naphazoline HCl MSDS
Naphtha, VM&P MSDS
Naphthalene MSDS
Naphthenic Acids MSDS
Naphthol green B MSDS
Naphthol-1 MSDS
Naphthol-2 MSDS
Naproxen MSDS
Naproxen sodium MSDS
Naringenin MSDS
Naringin MSDS
Neatsfoot oil MSDS
Neocuproine MSDS
Neocuproine HCl MSDS
Neodymium (III) Oxide MSDS
Neodymium AA Standard MSDS
Neomycin sulfate MSDS
Neopentyl glycol MSDS
Neostigmine Bromide MSDS
Neostigmine Methyl Sulfate MSDS
Nessler Reagent MSDS
Nettle Leaf Powder MSDS
Neutral red MSDS
New Fuchsin MSDS
New Methylene Blue N MSDS
NG-Nitro-L-Arginine MSDS
NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester
hydrochloride MSDS
Niacin MSDS
Niacinamide ascorbate MSDS
Nickel AA Standard MSDS
Nickel acetate MSDS
Nickel ammonium sulfate MSDS
Nickel carbonate, basic MSDS
Nickel chloride MSDS
Nickel Fluoborate 45% MSDS
Nickel metal MSDS
Nickel nitrate MSDS
Nickel oxide, black MSDS
Nickel oxide, green MSDS
Nickel potassium cyanide MSDS
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate MSDS
Nicotinamide MSDS
Nicotine Sulfate (40% in aqueous solution)
MSDS
Nifedipine MSDS
Niflumic acid MSDS
Nigrosin MSDS
Nigrosin B MSDS
Nile blue A MSDS
Nile red MSDS
Nimodipine MSDS
Ninhydrin MSDS
Ninhydrin Solution MSDS
Niobium AA Standard MSDS
Niobium Selenide MSDS
Nipecotic acid MSDS
Nitric Acid, (1+4) MSDS
Nitric Acid, 0.02N MSDS
Nitric Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Nitric Acid, 1.0N MSDS
Nitric Acid, 10% w/w MSDS
Nitric Acid, 15% (v/v) MSDS
Nitric Acid, 2 N MSDS
Nitric Acid, 20% w/w MSDS
Nitric Acid, 30% MSDS
Nitric acid, 65% MSDS
Nitric acid, 70% MSDS
Nitric acid, 70%, Redistilled MSDS
Nitrilotriacetic acid MSDS
Nitrilotriacetic acid, Trisodium salt MSDS
Nitrobenzene MSDS
Nitrofurantoin MSDS
Nitrofurazone MSDS
Nitrogen Standard, 0.010mgN/ml MSDS
Nitrogen Standard, 0.1 mgNO3/ml MSDS
Nitrogen Standard, 0.1mgN/ml MSDS
Nitrogen Standard, 1mgN/ml MSDS
Nitrogen Standard, 1mgNO3/ml MSDS
Nitromethane MSDS
Nitron MSDS
Nonadecane MSDS
Nonidet P40 MSDS
Nonoxynol-9 MSDS
Nonyltrimethylammonium Bromide MSDS
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid MSDS
Norethindrone MSDS
Norethindrone Acetate MSDS
Novobiocin Sodium MSDS
Nuclear fast red MSDS
Nutmeg oil MSDS
Nylidrin Hydrochloride MSDS
Nystatin MSDS
o-Anisaldehyde MSDS
o-Chlorophenol MSDS
o-Cresol MSDS
o-Cresolphthalein MSDS
o-Cresolphthalein complexone MSDS
o-Cresolphthalein complexone disodiumsalt
MSDS
O-Nitrophenol MSDS
o-Nitrophenyl-B-D-galactopyranoside MSDS
O-Phenylenediamine MSDS
O-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride MSDS
o-Phthalaldehyde MSDS
O-Tolidine MSDS
o-Tolidine dihydrochloride MSDS
o-Toluic acid MSDS
o-Xylene MSDS
Oat Bran SCM 250 MSDS
Obermeyer Reagent MSDS
Ochratoxin A MSDS
Octacosane MSDS
Octacosanol MSDS
Octadecane MSDS
Octadecyltrichlorosilane MSDS
Octanal MSDS
Octane MSDS
Octanoic acid MSDS
Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane MSDS
Octyl Methoxycinnamate MSDS
Octyl Salicylate MSDS
Octyl-B-D-glucopyranoside MSDS
Octylamine MSDS
Oil for Heat Transfer MSDS
Oil red O MSDS
Oleic acid MSDS
Oleic acid sodium salt MSDS
Oleoresin capsicum MSDS
Oleyl Alcohol MSDS
Olibanum oil MSDS
Olive Leaf Extract MSDS
Olive oil MSDS
Omega-Undecylenyl Alcohol MSDS
Omeprazole MSDS
Onion oil MSDS
Orange Concentrate, Colorless,
Natural,Flavor MSDS
Orange G MSDS
Orange II MSDS
Orange IV MSDS
Orange oil, Bitter, cold pressed MSDS
Orange oil, California Type MSDS
Orange oil, California Type, cold pressed
MSDS
Orange oil, Florida Type MSDS
Orange oil, Florida Type, cold pressed MSDS
Orange oil, Sweet MSDS
Orange Peel Powder MSDS
Orcein MSDS
Orcinol monohydrate MSDS
Orgotein MSDS
Origanum oil MSDS
Orotic Acid, anhydrous MSDS
Orphenadrine Citrate MSDS
ortho-Toluidine MSDS
Osmium AA Standard MSDS
Osmium tetroxide MSDS
Osmium Tetroxide, 4% MSDS
Ox Gall MSDS
Oxalic Acid - 10% Solution MSDS
Oxalic acid anhydrous MSDS
Oxalic acid dihydrate MSDS
Oxalic Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Oxalic Acid, 5% MSDS
Oxalic Acid, 7.5% MSDS
Oxalyl bromide MSDS
Oxalyl chloride MSDS
Oxamic Hydrazide MSDS
Oxamide MSDS
Oxfendazole MSDS
Oxolinic Acid MSDS
Oxone, Monopersulfate Compound MSDS
Oxybutynin MSDS
Oxybutynin Chloride MSDS
Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride MSDS
Oxytetracycline dihydrate MSDS
Oxytriphylline MSDS
p-Aminohippuric acid MSDS
p-Aminosalicylic acid MSDS
P-Anisaldehyde MSDS
p-Anisic Acid MSDS
p-Anisidine MSDS
p-Chloroacetanilide MSDS
p-Chloroaniline MSDS
p-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid MSDS
p-Cymene MSDS
p-Dibromobenzene MSDS
p-Dimethoxybenzene MSDS
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene MSDS
P-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde MSDS
p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde MSDS
p-Dioxane MSDS
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid MSDS
p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate MSDS
p-Naphtholbenzein MSDS
p-Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride MSDS
P-nitrobenzoic acid MSDS
P-Nitrophenol MSDS
p-Nitrophenyl phosphate, disodium salt
MSDS
p-Nitrophenylhydrazine MSDS
p-Phenolsulfonic acid, sodium salt,dihydrate
MSDS
p-Phenylenediamine MSDS
p-Terphenyl MSDS
P-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate MSDS
p-Toluenesulfonic acid sodium salt MSDS
p-Toluenesulfonic Acid TS MSDS
p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride MSDS
p-Toluic acid MSDS
p-Toluidine Hydrochloride MSDS
p-Xylene MSDS
Paclitaxel MSDS
Padimate O MSDS
Page 4% Solution, Electrophoretic MSDS
Page, 8% Solution MSDS
Palladium MSDS
Palladium (II) Nitrate MSDS
Palladium AA Standard MSDS
Palladium chloride MSDS
Palladium Chloride, 5% MSDS
Palladium Foil .25mm thick MSDS
Palladium on Alumina - 5% MSDS
Palladium on Charcoal (5-10%) MSDS
Palladium oxide MSDS
Palm oil MSDS
Palmarosa oil MSDS
Palmitic acid MSDS
Palmitic Anhydride MSDS
Pamabrom MSDS
PAN MSDS
PAN Indicator 0.1% in Ethanol MSDS
PAN Indicator 0.1% in Methanol MSDS
PAN Indicator 1% in Methanol MSDS
Pancreatin MSDS
Pangamic Acid, Sodium MSDS
Panthenol MSDS
Papain, 100 mcu MSDS
Papain, 200 mcu MSDS
Papanicolaou Stain EA-36-50 MSDS
Papanicolaou Stain EA-65 MSDS
Papanicolaou Stain OG-6 MSDS
Papaverine monohydrochloride MSDS
Papaya Leaf, powder MSDS
PAR MSDS
PAR, Reagent, ACS MSDS
para-Aminophenol MSDS
Para-Cresol MSDS
para-Dimethylaminobenzalrhodanine MSDS
para-
DimethylaminobenzalrhodanineIndicator
MSDS
Paraffin MSDS
Paraformaldehyde MSDS
Paraldehyde MSDS
Parsley Herb Oil MSDS
Parsley Seed Oil MSDS
Passion Flower Herb Extract, 4:1, Powder
MSDS
Passion Flower Powder Extract MSDS
Patchouli oil MSDS
Patent blue MSDS
Peanut oil MSDS
Pectin MSDS
Pectin (Apple) MSDS
Pemoline MSDS
Pennyroyal oil MSDS
Pentachlorophenol MSDS
Pentacosane MSDS
Pentadecane MSDS
Pentaerythritol MSDS
Pentafluorophenol MSDS
Pentane MSDS
Pentenes MSDS
Pentoxifylline MSDS
Pentylenetetrazole MSDS
Peony Root Powder MSDS
Peppermint Leaf Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Peppermint Leaf Powder MSDS
Peppermint oil MSDS
Peppermint Spirit MSDS
Pepsin 1:10,000 MSDS
Pepsin 1:15,000 MSDS
Pepsin 1:3,000 MSDS
Pepstatin A MSDS
Peptone MSDS
Peptone Solution MSDS
Peracetic Acid, 35% MSDS
Perchloric Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Perchloric acid, 60% MSDS
Perchloric acid, 70% MSDS
Perfluorodecalin MSDS
Perfluorooctane MSDS
Perfluorooctyl Bromide MSDS
Pergolide Mesylate MSDS
Periodic acid MSDS
Perphenazine MSDS
Persic Oil, refined MSDS
Peruvian balsam MSDS
Petrolatum, white MSDS
Petrolatum, yellow MSDS
Petroleum ether MSDS
Petroleum Ether, Boiling Range 90 -120 C
MSDS
Phenacetin MSDS
Phenanthrene MSDS
Phenanthroline 0.1% Solution MSDS
Phenazine methosulfate MSDS
Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride MSDS
Phenethyl Bromide MSDS
phenethyl isothiocyanate MSDS
Phenethylamine MSDS
Phenethylamine hydrochloride MSDS
Pheniramine maleate MSDS
Phenol MSDS
Phenol - Folin Reagent 2N MSDS
Phenol red MSDS
Phenol Red, 0.02% MSDS
Phenol Red, 0.04% MSDS
Phenol red, water soluble MSDS
Phenol Standard, 1mg/ml MSDS
Phenol, Liquified MSDS
Phenol, Liquified, neutralized, for molecular
biology MSDS
Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl Alcohol,25:24:1
MSDS
Phenolphthalein 0.5% in 50% Isopropanol
MSDS
Phenolphthalein Diphosphate MSDS
Phenolphthalein Indicator, 0.08% in
Methanol MSDS
Phenolphthalein Solution, 1% MSDS
Phenolphthalein TS MSDS
Phenolphthalein, powder MSDS
Phenolphthalein, 0.5% in 50% alcohol MSDS
Phenolphthalein, 1% in 70% alcohol MSDS
Phenolphthalin MSDS
Phenolsulfonic acid MSDS
Phenosafranin MSDS
Phenothiazine MSDS
Phenoxathiin MSDS
Phenoxyacetic acid MSDS
Phenoxybenzamine HCl MSDS
Phentolamine Mesylate MSDS
Phenyl Acetate MSDS
Phenyl ether MSDS
Phenyl Isocyanate MSDS
Phenyl isothiocyanate MSDS
Phenyl mercury acetate MSDS
Phenyl mercury salicylate MSDS
Phenyl salicylate MSDS
Phenylacetyl chloride MSDS
Phenylacetylene MSDS
Phenylarsine oxide MSDS
Phenylarsine Oxide, 0.00564N MSDS
Phenylarsine Oxide, 0.0250 N MSDS
Phenylbutazone MSDS
Phenylephrine hydrochloride MSDS
Phenylhydrazine MSDS
Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride MSDS
Phenylmercuric borate MSDS
Phenylmercuric chloride MSDS
Phenylmercuric nitrate MSDS
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride MSDS
Phenyloxirane MSDS
Phenylphosphinic acid sodium salt (50%
aqueous solution), 46% (titr.) MSDS
Phenylpyruvic Acid, Sodium Salt
Monohydrate MSDS
Phenylthiocarbamide MSDS
Phenyltoloxamine Citrate MSDS
Phenylurea MSDS
Phenytoin MSDS
Phenytoin sodium MSDS
Phloretin MSDS
Phloroglucinol dihydrate MSDS
Phloxine B MSDS
Phosphate Buffer Solution for chlorine
MSDS
Phosphatidyl Choline MSDS
Phosphatidyl Serine, 20% Powder MSDS
Phosphomolybdic acid MSDS
Phosphoric Acid 10% MSDS
Phosphoric Acid, 1.0 N MSDS
Phosphoric Acid, 25% MSDS
Phosphoric acid, 75% MSDS
Phosphoric acid, 85% MSDS
Phosphoric acid, 85% Electronic
RoomGrade MSDS
Phosphoric acid, meta MSDS
Phosphorous acid MSDS
Phosphorus AA Standard MSDS
Phosphorus Amino Acid Chelate 20% MSDS
Phosphorus oxychloride MSDS
Phosphorus pentachloride MSDS
Phosphorus pentoxide MSDS
Phosphorus tribromide MSDS
Phosphorus trichloride MSDS
Phosphotungstic acid MSDS
Phthalic acid MSDS
Phthalic anhydride MSDS
Phthalimide MSDS
Phthalimide, Potassium Derivative MSDS
Phthalylsulfathiazole MSDS
Physostigmine MSDS
Physostigmine salicylate MSDS
Phytonadione MSDS
Piceatannol MSDS
Picolinic acid MSDS
Picric acid MSDS
Picric Acid, Saturated MSDS
Picrolonic Acid MSDS
Picrotoxin MSDS
Picrylsulfonic Acid, 10% (w/v) in Methanol
MSDS
Picrylsulfonic Acid, 10% Aqueous Solution
MSDS
Pilocarpine HCl MSDS
Pilocarpine nitrate MSDS
Pimelic acid MSDS
Pimenta berry oil MSDS
Pimenta leaf oil MSDS
Pina Colada flavor concentrate MSDS
Pinacolone MSDS
Pindolol MSDS
Pine needle oil MSDS
Pine oil MSDS
Pine tar MSDS
Pineapple flavor concentrate MSDS
Piperazine citrate MSDS
Piperazine Hexahydrate MSDS
Piperazine, anhydrous MSDS
Piperine MSDS
Piperonyl Butoxide MSDS
PIPES MSDS
PIPES Buffer MSDS
PIPES, monosodium salt MSDS
Piracetam MSDS
Piroxicam MSDS
Platinic Chloride TS MSDS
Platinum (II) chloride, 73% pt MSDS
Platinum AA Standard MSDS
Platinum Chloride, 10% MSDS
Platinum Chloride, 5% MSDS
Platinum Foil, 0.001" thick MSDS
Platinum Foil, 0.004" thick MSDS
Platinum Metal, Powder MSDS
Platinum on Alumina (5%) MSDS
Platinum on Asbestos (5%) MSDS
Platinum on Charcoal (5%) MSDS
Platinum oxide MSDS
Platinum Wire, 2.0 mm diameter MSDS
Podophyllotoxin MSDS
Podophyllum resin MSDS
Poloxamer 124 MSDS
Poloxamer 181, Surfactant MSDS
Poloxamer 182 MSDS
Poloxamer 184, Surfactant MSDS
Poloxamer 188, N.F. MSDS
Poloxamer 188, Surfactant MSDS
Poloxamer 237, N.F. MSDS
Poloxamer 331 MSDS
Poloxamer 338, N.F. MSDS
Poloxamer 407 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 1000 MSDS
Polyethylene Glycol 1450 MSDS
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 200 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 20000 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 300 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 3350 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 400 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 600 MSDS
Polyethylene glycol 8000 MSDS
Polyethylenimine, 50 % Solution MSDS
Polyoxyl 20 cetostearyl ether MSDS
Polyoxyl 40 Stearate MSDS
Polyoxyl 50 Stearate MSDS
Polyphosphoric Acid MSDS
Polypropylene Glycol 2000 MSDS
Polysorbate 20 MSDS
POLYSORBATE 40 MSDS
POLYSORBATE 60 MSDS
Polysorbate 61 MSDS
Polysorbate 65 MSDS
POLYSORBATE 80 MSDS
Polysorbate 85 MSDS
Polyvinyl alcohol MSDS
Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-15 MSDS
Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 MSDS
Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 MSDS
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Cross-Linked MSDS
Polyvinylsulfuric Acid potassium salt MSDS
Ponceau 3R MSDS
Ponceau G, R, 2R MSDS
Ponceau S MSDS
Pontianak gum MSDS
POPOP MSDS
Potash sulfurated MSDS
Potassium MSDS
Potassium AA Standard MSDS
Potassium acetate MSDS
Potassium alginate MSDS
Potassium amino acid chelate 20% MSDS
Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate Solution
MSDS
Potassium Ascorbate, 15% MSDS
Potassium Ascorbate, 20%, Powder MSDS
Potassium Aspartate Dihydrate, 27%,
Powder MSDS
Potassium Aspartate Monobasic
Monohydrate MSDS
Potassium benzoate MSDS
Potassium bicarbonate MSDS
Potassium bifluoride MSDS
Potassium Biiodate 0.025N MSDS
Potassium binoxalate MSDS
Potassium biphthalate MSDS
Potassium Biphthalate, .05 N solution MSDS
Potassium bisulfate MSDS
Potassium bitartrate MSDS
Potassium borohydride MSDS
Potassium bromate MSDS
Potassium bromide MSDS
Potassium Bromide - 40% MSDS
Potassium Bromide, 10% MSDS
Potassium bromide, IR grade MSDS
Potassium carbonate Sesquihydrate MSDS
Potassium carbonate, anhydrous MSDS
Potassium chlorate MSDS
Potassium chloride MSDS
Potassium Chloride - Saturated MSDS
Potassium Chloride 10% (w/v) MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 0.01N MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 0.1 M MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 1.0 N MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 2M Silver Saturated
MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 3M Aqueous Solution
MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 3M Silver Saturated
MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 4M Aqueous Solution
MSDS
Potassium Chloride, 4M Silver Saturated
MSDS
Potassium Chloroplatinate 0.2% MSDS
Potassium chromate MSDS
Potassium Chromate, 0.063% w/v MSDS
Potassium Chromate, 1% (w/v) MSDS
Potassium Chromate, 5% MSDS
Potassium citrate monohydrate MSDS
Potassium cyanate MSDS
Potassium cyanide MSDS
Potassium Cyanide 10% MSDS
Potassium Cyanide, 5% (w/w) MSDS
Potassium dichromate MSDS
Potassium Dichromate, 0.025 N MSDS
Potassium Dichromate, 0.1N MSDS
Potassium Dichromate, 0.25N MSDS
Potassium ferricyanide MSDS
Potassium Ferricyanide, 10%(w/v) aqueous
MSDS
Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate MSDS
Potassium Ferrocyanide, 10% MSDS
Potassium fluoborate MSDS
Potassium fluoride anhydrous MSDS
Potassium fluoride dihydrate MSDS
Potassium Fluoride, 40% MSDS
Potassium gluconate MSDS
Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate MSDS
Potassium hexachloroplatinate (VI) MSDS
Potassium Hyaluronate MSDS
Potassium hydroxide MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide 0.5 N Alcoholic
Solution w/Ethanol MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 20% MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 0.1 N in Ethanol
MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 0.1N MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 0.1N in IPA MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 1.00N MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 10 N MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 10% MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 1N (alcoholic) MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 30% MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 45% MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide, 50% MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide. 0.1N Alcoholic
Solution in Methanol MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide. 0.5N (alcoholic) MSDS
Potassium iodate MSDS
Potassium Iodate 5% Solution MSDS
Potassium Iodate, 0.05 M MSDS
Potassium Iodate, 0.1N MSDS
Potassium Iodate/Iodide 0.0125N MSDS
Potassium Iodide MSDS
Potassium Iodide 0.5% w/v AqueousSolution
MSDS
Potassium Iodide Solution, 10% MSDS
Potassium Iodide Solution, 20% MSDS
Potassium Iodide Solution, 5% MSDS
Potassium Iodide Trituration 1% MSDS
Potassium Iodide TS MSDS
Potassium Iodide, 1.0 N MSDS
Potassium Magnesium L-Aspartate Dibasic
MSDS
Potassium metabisulfite MSDS
Potassium nitrate MSDS
Potassium NItrate, 1.0 M MSDS
Potassium Nitrate, 10% MSDS
Potassium nitrite MSDS
Potassium oxalate monhydrate MSDS
Potassium perchlorate MSDS
Potassium periodate MSDS
Potassium permanganate MSDS
Potassium Permanganate 0.2 N MSDS
Potassium Permanganate Solution MSDS
Potassium Permanganate, 0.05 N MSDS
Potassium Permanganate, 0.1N MSDS
Potassium Permanganate, 0.5N MSDS
Potassium Permanganate, 1.0N MSDS
Potassium Permanganate, 5% MSDS
Potassium persulfate MSDS
Potassium Persulfate, 5% MSDS
Potassium phosphate dibasic MSDS
Potassium phosphate monobasic MSDS
Potassium phosphate tribasic MSDS
Potassium pyrophosphate MSDS
Potassium pyrosulfate MSDS
Potassium sodium tartrate MSDS
Potassium sorbate MSDS
Potassium Standard Solution MSDS
Potassium stannate MSDS
Potassium Succinate, 31.5% MSDS
Potassium sulfamate MSDS
Potassium sulfate MSDS
Potassium Sulfite, 45% MSDS
Potassium Superoxide MSDS
Potassium tartrate MSDS
Potassium tellurite MSDS
Potassium tert-butoxide MSDS
Potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate MSDS
Potassium tetraoxalate MSDS
Potassium thioacetate MSDS
Potassium thiocyanate MSDS
Potassium Thiocyanate 20% (w/v) MSDS
Potassium Thiocyanate, 0.1N MSDS
Potassium Thiocyanate, 10% (w/v) MSDS
Potassium Thiosulfate MSDS
Potassium titanium fluoride MSDS
Potassium Tripolyphosphate MSDS
Povidone K-90 MSDS
Povidone-Iodine MSDS
PPO MSDS
Pralidoxime Chloride MSDS
Pramoxine hydrochloride MSDS
Praseodymium AA Standard MSDS
Praziquantel, USP MSDS
Precipitation Naptha, ASTM MSDS
Prednisolone acetate MSDS
Prednisolone sodium phosphate MSDS
Prednisone MSDS
Pregnenolone MSDS
Prilocaine HCl MSDS
Procainamide HCl MSDS
Procaine MSDS
Procaine hydrochloride MSDS
Prochlorperazine Edisylate MSDS
Prochlorperazine maleate MSDS
Proflavine HCl MSDS
Proflavine sulfate hydrate MSDS
Progesterone MSDS
Promethazine HCl MSDS
Propafenone HCl MSDS
Propantheline Bromide MSDS
Proparacaine Hydrochloride MSDS
Propargyl Alcohol MSDS
Propionaldehyde MSDS
Propionic acid MSDS
Propiophenone MSDS
Propolis MSDS
Propranolol HCl MSDS
Propyl acetate MSDS
Propyl gallate MSDS
Propyl paraben MSDS
Propyl paraben sodium MSDS
Propylamine MSDS
Propylene carbonate MSDS
Propylene glycol MSDS
Propylene glycol alginate MSDS
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether MSDS
Propylene Glycol Monostearate MSDS
Propylene oxide MSDS
Propylene phenoxytol MSDS
Protamine sulfate MSDS
Protease 300 MCU MSDS
Protein Markers, 15-150 kDa MSDS
Proteinase K MSDS
Prussian blue MSDS
Psyllium husk, 85% MSDS
Psyllium Husk, Powder, 95% MSDS
Psyllium Seed Powder MSDS
Pullulan MSDS
Pumice MSDS
Pumpkin Flavor MSDS
Pygeum Extract, 5:1, Powder MSDS
Pyrantel Pamoate, USP MSDS
Pyrazinamide MSDS
Pyrazine MSDS
Pyrazine-2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid MSDS
Pyrene MSDS
Pyridinium bromide perbromide MSDS
Pyridostigmine Bromide MSDS
Pyridoxal HCl MSDS
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate, Monohydrate MSDS
Pyridoxine HCl MSDS
Pyrilamine maleate MSDS
Pyrimethamine MSDS
Pyrocatechol MSDS
Pyrocatechol Violet MSDS
Pyrogallic acid MSDS
Pyrogallol red MSDS
Pyroglutamic Acid MSDS
Pyromellitic acid, Drycake MSDS
Pyronin Y MSDS
Pyrophosphoric acid MSDS
Pyrrole MSDS
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ammoniumsalt
MSDS
Pyruvic acid MSDS
Pyruvic Acid Standard MSDS
Pyruvic Aldehyde, 40 wt% Solutiion in Water
MSDS
Quaternium 15 MSDS
Quercetin Dihydrate MSDS
Quinacrine hydrochloride dihydrate MSDS
Quinaldine MSDS
Quinaldine Red MSDS
Quinaldine Sulfate MSDS
Quinhydrone MSDS
Quinidine Gluconate MSDS
Quinidine HCl monohydrate MSDS
Quinidine sulfate dihydrate MSDS
Quinine MSDS
Quinine HCl dihydrate MSDS
Quinine sulfate dihydrate MSDS
Quinoline MSDS
Quinoline Yellow MSDS
Quinolinic Acid MSDS
Raffinose MSDS
Ranitidine Hydrochloride MSDS
Raspberry Flavor MSDS
Raspberry Leaf Powder MSDS
Red Clover Tops Powder MSDS
Red Wine Extract Powder MSDS
Reinecke Salt MSDS
Reishi Mushroom Powder MSDS
Renex 30 MSDS
Resazurin, sodium salt MSDS
Reserpine MSDS
Resiniferatoxin MSDS
Resorcinol MSDS
Resorcinol monoacetate MSDS
Rhenium AA Standard MSDS
Rhodamine 6G MSDS
Rhodamine B, O MSDS
Rhodanine MSDS
Rhodinol MSDS
Rhodium AA Standard MSDS
Rhodium trichloride hydrate MSDS
Rhodium, 5% on Alumina MSDS
Rhodizonic acid dipotassium salt MSDS
Rhodizonic acid disodium salt MSDS
Rhubarb Fluid Extract MSDS
Riboflavin MSDS
Riboflavine phosphate sodium dihydrate
MSDS
Ribonucleic acid MSDS
Ribonucleic acid, sodium salt MSDS
Rice Bran MSDS
Rice Protein Powder MSDS
Rice Syrup Solids MSDS
Ricinoleic acid MSDS
Rifampicin MSDS
Rochelle Salt Stabilizer MSDS
Rolipram MSDS
Rose Bengal MSDS
Rose Hips Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Rose Hips w/50% Vitamin C, Powder MSDS
Rose oil MSDS
Rose water MSDS
Rose's Alloy MSDS
Rosemary Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Rosemary oil MSDS
Rosin (Gum) MSDS
Rosin With Diluent MSDS
Rosolic acid MSDS
Rottlerin MSDS
Royal Jelly 3.5:1 MSDS
Rubarb Powder MSDS
Rubidium AA Standard MSDS
Rubidium Bromide MSDS
Rubidium chloride MSDS
Rubidium Perchlorate MSDS
Rue oil MSDS
Ruthenium AA Standard MSDS
Ruthenium Red Tetrahydrate MSDS
Rutin MSDS
S-(+)-Mandelic acid MSDS
S-Mephenytoin MSDS
S-Nitroso-L-glutathione MSDS
S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine MSDS
s-Trioxane MSDS
Saccharin MSDS
Safflower oil MSDS
Saffron MSDS
Safranin 1%, Alcoholic Solution MSDS
Safranine O MSDS
Safranine O Solution MSDS
Sage Extract, water soluble MSDS
Sage oil, Dalmatian MSDS
Sage oil, Spanish MSDS
Salicin MSDS
Salicylaldehyde MSDS
Salicylamide MSDS
Salicylanilide MSDS
Salicylhydrazide MSDS
Salicylic acid MSDS
Saline-Sodium Phosphate-EDTA, 20xsolution
MSDS
Samarium AA Standard MSDS
Sand MSDS
Sandalwood oil MSDS
Saponin MSDS
Sarcosine MSDS
Sarsparilla Extract, 4:1 MSDS
Saw Palmetto Berries Extract, 25%, Powder
MSDS
Scandium AA Standard MSDS
Schiff's Reagent MSDS
Scopolamine methyl bromide MSDS
Scopoletin MSDS
Scullcap Herb Powder MSDS
Sebacic acid MSDS
Sebacoyl chloride MSDS
sec-Butyl alcohol MSDS
sec-Butylamine MSDS
Selegiline Hydrochloride MSDS
Selenious acid MSDS
Selenium MSDS
Selenium (VI) Std 1.00ml=1.00mg Se MSDS
Selenium AA Standard MSDS
Selenium Amino Acid Chelate, 0.25% MSDS
Selenium Amino Acid Chelate, Soluble,0.2%
MSDS
Selenium Chloride MSDS
Selenium dioxide MSDS
Selenium Lysinate, 0.1% MSDS
Selenium Proteinate, 2% MSDS
Selenium sulfide MSDS
Semicarbazide HCl MSDS
Senna leaves MSDS
Seratonin Creatinine Sulfate MSDS
Sesame oil MSDS
Shark cartilage MSDS
Shea Butter MSDS
Shellac gum MSDS
Shitake Mushroom Powder MSDS
Silica gel, 80-100 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 15, 30-60 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 22, 60-200 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 3, 8 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 30, 100-200 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 40, 6-12 mesh nominal
MSDS
Silica gel, grade 41, 3-8 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 58, 3-12 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 59, 3-8 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 60, -230 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 60, 230-400 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 60, 70-230 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade 62, 60-200 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 633, 200-425 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 634, 100-200 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 635, 60-100 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 636, 35-60 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 643, 200-425 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 644, 100-200 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 645, 60-100 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 646, 35-60 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 710, 4-20 mesh,
Chromatographic MSDS
Silica gel, grade 923, 100-200 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, grade, 922, 200 mesh MSDS
Silica gel, indicating, grade 43, 14-20 mesh
MSDS
Silica gel, indicating, grade 44, 3-8 mesh
MSDS
Silica gel, indicating, grade 47, 48, 6-16mesh
MSDS
Silica Standard, 0.1mg/ml MSDS
Silica Standard, 1mg/ml MSDS
Silicic acid MSDS
Silicon MSDS
Silicon AA Standard MSDS
Silicon Carbide MSDS
Silicon Dioxide, 325 mesh MSDS
Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous MSDS
Silicone and siloxane oil, (methyl hydrogen)
MSDS
Silicone Fluid (High Temperature
HeatTransfer Fluid) MSDS
Silicone Fluid 1000 MSDS
Silicone Fluid 500 MSDS
Silicone Tetrachloride MSDS
Silicotungstic acid MSDS
Silver MSDS
Silver AA Standard MSDS
Silver acetate MSDS
Silver bromide MSDS
Silver carbonate MSDS
Silver Chlorate MSDS
Silver chloride MSDS
Silver cyanide MSDS
Silver diethyldithiocarbamate MSDS
Silver iodate MSDS
Silver iodide MSDS
Silver lactate MSDS
Silver nitrate MSDS
Silver Nitrate 0.100N MSDS
Silver Nitrate Titrant 1ml=1mg CN MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.0141N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.0171N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.0192N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.01N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.0282N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.02N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.050 N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.141 N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.171N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.2 N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.282N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.348N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 0.5N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 1.000N MSDS
Silver Nitrate, 10% MSDS
Silver perchlorate, monohydrate MSDS
Silver potassium cyanide MSDS
Silver Protein, mild MSDS
Silver Protein, strong MSDS
Silver sulfadiazine MSDS
Silver sulfate MSDS
Silver Sulfate - Sulfuric Acid MSDS
Silver(I) oxide MSDS
Simethicone MSDS
Sirius Red F3B, C.I. 35780 MSDS
Slippery Elm Powder MSDS
Snowite Oat Fiber MSDS
Soda lime MSDS
Soda lime, Indicating MSDS
Sodium MSDS
Sodium AA Standard MSDS
Sodium acetate anhydrous MSDS
Sodium acetate trihydrate MSDS
Sodium acetate trihydrate USP & FCC
MSDS
Sodium Acetate TS MSDS
Sodium Acetate, 20% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Acetate, 30% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium acid pyrophosphate MSDS
Sodium alginate MSDS
Sodium aluminate MSDS
Sodium aluminosilicate MSDS
Sodium aluminum phosphate - acidic MSDS
Sodium aluminum phosphate - basic MSDS
Sodium Amide MSDS
Sodium ammonium phosphate MSDS
Sodium Arsenate Heptahydrate MSDS
Sodium arsenite 0.5% solution MSDS
Sodium Arsenite, 0.1N MSDS
Sodium arsenite, powder MSDS
Sodium ascorbate MSDS
Sodium azide MSDS
Sodium barbiturate MSDS
Sodium benzoate MSDS
Sodium bicarbonate MSDS
Sodium bifluoride MSDS
Sodium binoxalate MSDS
Sodium bismuthate MSDS
Sodium bisulfate MSDS
Sodium bisulfate monohydrate MSDS
Sodium bisulfite MSDS
Sodium Bisulfite 20% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Bisulfite, 10% MSDS
Sodium bitartrate monohydrate MSDS
Sodium borate MSDS
Sodium Borate (Borax, fused) MSDS
Sodium borohydride MSDS
Sodium bromate MSDS
Sodium bromide MSDS
Sodium Bromide, 0.1N MSDS
Sodium Bromide, 5.0 N MSDS
Sodium caprylate MSDS
Sodium carbonate MSDS
Sodium Carbonate 10% (w/v) Solution
MSDS
Sodium Carbonate 5% (w/v) Solution MSDS
Sodium carbonate monohydrate MSDS
Sodium carbonate, 0.02 N MSDS
Sodium Carbonate, 0.2N MSDS
Sodium Carbonate, 0.5N MSDS
Sodium Carbonate, 1N Solution MSDS
Sodium caseinate MSDS
Sodium chlorate MSDS
Sodium chloride MSDS
Sodium chloride (Rock Salt) MSDS
Sodium Chloride Solution, 0.85% MSDS
Sodium Chloride Solution, 0.9% MSDS
Sodium Chloride Solution, 0.9%, sterile
MSDS
Sodium Chloride Solution, 1% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Chloride, 0.1N MSDS
Sodium Chloride, 1.0 M MSDS
Sodium Chloride, 3% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Chloride, 5% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium chlorite MSDS
Sodium cholate MSDS
Sodium chromate anhydrous MSDS
Sodium chromate tetrahydrate MSDS
Sodium Chromate, 1% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Chromate, 2% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium citrate anhydrous MSDS
Sodium citrate dihydrate MSDS
Sodium Citrate, 10% MSDS
Sodium Citrate, 30% MSDS
Sodium cobaltinitrite MSDS
Sodium Cyanide MSDS
Sodium Cyanide, 10% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Cyanide, 2.5% MSDS
Sodium Cyanide, Technical MSDS
Sodium cyanoborohydride MSDS
Sodium cyclamate MSDS
Sodium Decyl Sulfate MSDS
Sodium dehydroacetate MSDS
Sodium deoxycholate MSDS
Sodium diacetate MSDS
Sodium dichromate MSDS
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate
MSDS
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 20% MSDS
Sodium erythorbate MSDS
Sodium Ethoxide MSDS
Sodium ferrocyanide MSDS
Sodium fluoborate MSDS
Sodium fluoride MSDS
Sodium Fluoride, 0.1 M Solution MSDS
Sodium fluoride, Technical Grade MSDS
Sodium Formaldehyde Bisulfite MSDS
Sodium Formaldehydesulfoxylate, Dihydrate
MSDS
Sodium formate MSDS
Sodium gluconate MSDS
Sodium Glycocholate MSDS
Sodium hexametaphosphate MSDS
Sodium Hydride, 60% MSDS
Sodium hydrosulfite MSDS
Sodium hydroxide MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide - Thiosulfate, 40% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide - Thiosulfate, 50% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide 5 % (W/V) Solution
MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.01N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.0227N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.025N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.02N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.05N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.0833N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.1142 N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.1N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.25N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.2N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.3125N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.313N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.4N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.5N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.866N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 1% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 1.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 10% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 10.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 15% (w/v) Solution
MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 18% (w/v) Solution
MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 18.0 N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 2.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 2.5N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 20% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 25% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 3% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 3.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 33% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 4% Solution MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 4.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 40% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 5.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 50% MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 6.0N MSDS
Sodium Hydroxide, 8.0N MSDS
Sodium hydroxide, Pellets, Reagent ACS
MSDS
Sodium Hypochlorite, 12% MSDS
Sodium Hypochlorite, 5% MSDS
Sodium iodate MSDS
Sodium iodide MSDS
Sodium Lactate, 60% MSDS
Sodium lauryl sulfate MSDS
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 1% MSDS
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 20% MSDS
Sodium Lignosulfonate MSDS
Sodium magnesium aluminosilicate MSDS
Sodium meta-Silicate, Nonahydrate MSDS
Sodium metabisulfite MSDS
Sodium Metabisulfite, 10% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium metabisulfite, Anhydrous MSDS
Sodium metaperiodate MSDS
Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate MSDS
Sodium metavanadate MSDS
Sodium methoxide MSDS
Sodium Methoxide 0.5 N in Methanol MSDS
Sodium Methoxide, 0.5 M in Methanol
MSDS
Sodium Methoxide, 25% in Methanol MSDS
Sodium molybdate (VI) dihydrate MSDS
Sodium monofluorophosphate MSDS
Sodium nitrate MSDS
Sodium Nitrate, 5M Ionic Strength Adjustor
MSDS
Sodium nitrite MSDS
Sodium Nitrite, 0.1 N Solution MSDS
Sodium nitroferricyanide MSDS
Sodium octyl sulfate MSDS
Sodium Orthovanadate, Pwd MSDS
Sodium oxalate MSDS
Sodium Oxalate, 0.1 M MSDS
Sodium perborate MSDS
Sodium perborate monohydrate MSDS
Sodium percarbonate MSDS
Sodium perchlorate MSDS
Sodium Perchlorate Monohydrate MSDS
Sodium permanganate monohydrate MSDS
Sodium peroxide MSDS
Sodium persulfate MSDS
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic TS MSDS
Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate
MSDS
Sodium phosphate monobasic, Anhydrous
MSDS
Sodium phosphate tribasic MSDS
Sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate
MSDS
Sodium phosphate, dibasic MSDS
Sodium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate MSDS
Sodium phosphate, dibasic dodecahydrate
MSDS
Sodium phosphate, dibasic heptahydrate
MSDS
Sodium phosphate, dibasic, U.S.P MSDS
Sodium propionate MSDS
Sodium pyrophosphate MSDS
Sodium pyruvate MSDS
Sodium saccharin dihydrate MSDS
Sodium salicylate MSDS
Sodium selenate MSDS
Sodium selenate decahydrate MSDS
Sodium selenite MSDS
Sodium sesquicarbonate MSDS
Sodium Silicate, 40 Be' MSDS
Sodium silicofluoride MSDS
Sodium stannate trihydrate MSDS
Sodium Starch Glycolate MSDS
Sodium stearate MSDS
Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate MSDS
Sodium stearyl fumarate MSDS
Sodium succinate anhydrous MSDS
Sodium succinate hexahydrate MSDS
Sodium sulfate anhydrous MSDS
Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous, Low inNitrogen
MSDS
Sodium sulfate decahydrate MSDS
Sodium Sulfate, 0.1 M MSDS
Sodium Sulfate, 22.2% (w/v) solution MSDS
Sodium sulfathiazole MSDS
Sodium sulfide MSDS
Sodium sulfide nonahydrate MSDS
Sodium sulfite MSDS
Sodium Sulfite 5% Solution MSDS
Sodium Sulfite, 1.0 M MSDS
Sodium tartrate dihydrate MSDS
Sodium taurocholate MSDS
Sodium Tetrachloroaurate (III) Dihydrate
MSDS
Sodium tetraphenylborate MSDS
Sodium thiocyanate MSDS
Sodium thioglycolate MSDS
Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous MSDS
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate MSDS
Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.01N MSDS
Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.025N MSDS
Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.0375N MSDS
Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.100N MSDS
Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.2N MSDS
Sodium Thiosulfate, 1.0N MSDS
Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride MSDS
Sodium Trimetaphosphate MSDS
Sodium tripolyphosphate MSDS
Sodium tungstate dihydrate MSDS
Sodium Tungstate, 10% (w/v) MSDS
Sodium Xylenesulfonate, 40% MSDS
Sorbic acid MSDS
Sorbitan monolaurate MSDS
Sorbitan monooleate MSDS
Sorbitan monopalmitate MSDS
Sorbitan monostearate MSDS
Sorbitan sesquioleate MSDS
Sorbitan trioleate MSDS
Sorbitan tristearate MSDS
Sorbitol MSDS
Sorbitol Solution, 70% MSDS
Soy Protein FP 940 MSDS
Soybean oil MSDS
SPADNS Reference Solution MSDS
Spearmint MSDS
Spearmint oil MSDS
Spermaceti MSDS
Spinach Powder MSDS
Spironolactone MSDS
Spirulina MSDS
Squalane MSDS
Squalene MSDS
Squaric acid MSDS
Squaric acid di-n-butyl ester MSDS
St. John's Wort Extract, 0.3%
HypericinPowder MSDS
Stannic chloride, anhydrous MSDS
Stannic chloride, pentahydrate MSDS
Stannic oxide MSDS
Stannous chloride MSDS
Stannous chloride anhydrous MSDS
Stannous Chloride Reagent Solution MSDS
Stannous Fluoborate, 50% MSDS
Stannous fluoride MSDS
Stannous octoate MSDS
Stannous oxide MSDS
Stannous sulfate MSDS
Starch Indicator Solution, 0.05% MSDS
Starch Indicator Solution, 0.5% MSDS
Starch Indicator Solution, 1% MSDS
Starch Indicator Solution, 2% MSDS
Starch Iodide MSDS
Starch soluble MSDS
Starch, Arrow Root MSDS
Starch, Wheat Powder MSDS
Starch, Corn MSDS
Starch, Potato MSDS
Starch, Rice MSDS
Starch, TS MSDS
Staurosporine MSDS
Stearic acid MSDS
Stearic Anhydride MSDS
Stearyl alcohol MSDS
Stearylamine MSDS
Stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
MSDS
Stevia Extract, Powder MSDS
Stevia Leaves Extract, 85% Powder MSDS
Stevia Liquid, 15% Extract MSDS
Stilbene yellow MSDS
Stoddard solvent MSDS
Storax gum MSDS
Strawberry concentrate, colorless (flavor)
MSDS
Strawberry, anhydrous (flavor) MSDS
Streptomycin sulfate MSDS
Streptozocin MSDS
Strong Acid Solution for Phosphate APHA
MSDS
Strontium AA Standard MSDS
Strontium Acetate MSDS
Strontium bromide MSDS
Strontium carbonate MSDS
Strontium chloride MSDS
Strontium chromate MSDS
Strontium nitrate MSDS
Strontium Sulfate MSDS
Strychnine HCl dihydrate MSDS
Strychnine sulfate pentahydrate MSDS
Styrene (monomer) MSDS
Suberic Acid MSDS
Succinic acid MSDS
Succinic anhydride MSDS
Succinimide MSDS
Succinonitrile MSDS
Succinylcholine chloride MSDS
Sucralfate MSDS
Sucrose MSDS
Sucrose octaacetate MSDS
Sudan Black B MSDS
Sudan I MSDS
Sudan II MSDS
Sudan III MSDS
Sudan IV MSDS
Sudan Orange G MSDS
Sudan Red 7B, C.I. 26050 MSDS
Sulfacetamide MSDS
Sulfacetamide sodium MSDS
Sulfachloropyridazine MSDS
Sulfadiazine MSDS
Sulfadiazine sodium MSDS
Sulfadimethoxine MSDS
Sulfaguanidine MSDS
Sulfamerazine MSDS
Sulfamethazine MSDS
Sulfamethizole MSDS
Sulfamic acid MSDS
Sulfamide MSDS
Sulfanilamide MSDS
Sulfanilic acid MSDS
Sulfanilic acid, sodium salt MSDS
Sulfaphenazole MSDS
Sulfapyridine MSDS
Sulfasalazine MSDS
Sulfate Standard (0.1mg/ml) MSDS
Sulfathiazole MSDS
Sulfisomidine MSDS
Sulfisoxazole MSDS
Sulfo Orange Indicator MSDS
Sulfobromophthalein, sodium salt MSDS
Sulfonazo III, Sodium salt MSDS
Sulfosalicylic Acid, 10% MSDS
Sulfosalicylic Acid, 20% (w/v) Solution
MSDS
Sulfosalicylic Acid, 3% MSDS
Sulfosalicylic Acid, 5% (w/v) Aqueous MSDS
Sulfur Flowers MSDS
Sulfur Lump MSDS
Sulfur Precipitated MSDS
Sulfur Sublimed MSDS
Sulfur trioxide MSDS
Sulfuric acid MSDS
Sulfuric Acid 50% (w/w) Solution MSDS
Sulfuric acid 66 Be MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.02N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.1142 N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.125N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.1N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.25N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.2N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 0.5N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 1.0N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 10% MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 10.0N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 16.0 N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 2.0N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 2.5N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 20% MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 25% (v/v) MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 40% (v/v) MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 5% v/v ASTM MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 5.0N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 50% (v/v) Solution, APHA
MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 6 .0N MSDS
Sulfuric Acid, 75% MSDS
Sulfuric acid, fuming, 15% MSDS
Sulfuric acid, fuming, 20% MSDS
Sulfuric acid, fuming, 30% MSDS
Sulfuric Acid-Dichromate Solution MSDS
Sulfurous Acid MSDS
Sulfuryl chloride MSDS
Sulindac MSDS
Sulisobenzone MSDS
Sulkowitch Reagent MSDS
Sunflower Seed Oil MSDS
Syringic Acid MSDS
Syrup MSDS
Talc MSDS
Tall Oil MSDS
Tamoxifen Citrate MSDS
Tangerine Flavor Oil MSDS
Tangerine Oil, Natural MSDS
Tannic acid MSDS
Tantalum AA Standard MSDS
TAPS MSDS
Tartrazine MSDS
Taurine MSDS
Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia)
Australian MSDS
Tellurium MSDS
Tellurium AA Standard MSDS
Tellurium dioxide MSDS
Terathane 2900 Polyether Glycol MSDS
Terbinafine Hydrochloride MSDS
Terbium AA Standard MSDS
Terbium Chloride, hydrous MSDS
Terbutaline sulfate MSDS
Terephthalic Acid MSDS
Terephthaloyl Chloride MSDS
Terfenadine MSDS
Terpin hydrate MSDS
Terpineol MSDS
Tert-Amyl Alcohol MSDS
tert-Butyl acetate MSDS
tert-Butyl alcohol MSDS
tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide 70% MSDS
tert-Butylbenzene MSDS
tert-Butylhydroquinone MSDS
tert-Butylnitrite MSDS
TES MSDS
Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide MSDS
Tetraammineplatinum (II) Hydroxide MSDS
Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester
MSDS
Tetrabutyl Orthotitanate MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Chloride hydrate
MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate
MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide, 0.4M
MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide, 1M MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide, 1M in
methanol MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide, 25% in
Methanol MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide, 40%
MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide, 55%
MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Iodide MSDS
Tetrabutylammonium Perchlorate MSDS
Tetracaine MSDS
Tetracaine HCl MSDS
Tetrachloroethylene MSDS
Tetracosane MSDS
Tetracycline MSDS
Tetracycline HCl MSDS
Tetradecane MSDS
Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide
MSDS
Tetraethylammonium Bromide MSDS
Tetraethylammonium chloride MSDS
Tetraethylammonium Hydroxide 25% (w/w)
Aqueous Solution MSDS
Tetraethylammonium Hydroxide 35% (w/w)
Aqueous Solution MSDS
Tetraethylammonium perchlorate MSDS
Tetraethyleneglycol monomethyl ether MSDS
Tetraethylenepentamine MSDS
Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide MSDS
Tetrahydrofuran MSDS
Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol MSDS
Tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-Dioxide MSDS
Tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone MSDS
Tetrahydrozoline HCl MSDS
Tetramethoxysilane MSDS
Tetramethylammonium chloride MSDS
Tetramethylammonium Hydrogen Phthalate
MSDS
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide
Pentahydrate MSDS
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide, 10%
MSDS
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, 25%
MSDS
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, Methanol
solution MSDS
Tetramethylsilane MSDS
Tetraphenylarsonium Chloride MSDS
Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
MSDS
Tetrazolium blue MSDS
Thallic nitrate MSDS
Thallium (I) Acetate MSDS
Thallium AA Standard MSDS
Thapsigargin MSDS
Theobromine MSDS
Theophylline MSDS
THERMIT® MSDS
Thiabendazole MSDS
Thiamine HCl MSDS
Thiamine mononitrate MSDS
Thiamine Pyrophosphate Chloride MSDS
Thiazolidine MSDS
Thimerosal MSDS
Thioacetamide MSDS
Thioacetamide, 0.25% (w/v) Solution MSDS
Thioacetic acid MSDS
Thiocarbohydrazide MSDS
Thioflavine T, TG MSDS
Thionin MSDS
Thiophene MSDS
Thiophenol MSDS
Thiosalicylic acid MSDS
Thiosemicarbazide MSDS
Thiourea MSDS
Thorin MSDS
Thorium AA Standard MSDS
Thulium AA Standard MSDS
Thyme oil MSDS
Thymidine MSDS
Thymine MSDS
Thymol MSDS
Thymol blue MSDS
Thymol Blue 1% MSDS
Thymol Blue, 0.04% MSDS
Thymol Blue, 0.4% MSDS
Thymol blue, sodium salt MSDS
Thymol iodide MSDS
Thymolphthalein MSDS
Thymolphthalein TS MSDS
Thymolphthalein, 0.04% (alcoholic) MSDS
Thymolphthalein, 0.05% (alcoholic) MSDS
Thymolphthalein, 0.1% in Methanol MSDS
Thymus Powder MSDS
Thyroid powder MSDS
Timolol Maleate MSDS
Tin MSDS
Tin AA Standard MSDS
Tin Metal, 20 mesh, Granular MSDS
Tin Metal, 30 mesh, Granular MSDS
Tin, .33 mm foil MSDS
Tinidazole MSDS
TIRON MSDS
Titanium (III) Chloride, 20% Solution MSDS
Titanium AA Standard MSDS
Titanium dioxide MSDS
Titanium dioxide, USP MSDS
Titanium tetrachloride MSDS
Titration Solvent; 1:1 Toluene-IPA MSDS
Tobramycin MSDS
Tobramycin Sulfate MSDS
Tolazoline Hydrochloride MSDS
Tolbutamide MSDS
Tolnaftate MSDS
Tolperisone Hydrochloride MSDS
Tolu balsam MSDS
Toluene MSDS
Toluene-d8 MSDS
Toluidine Blue in Alcohol MSDS
Toluidine Blue O MSDS
Toluidine Blue, 1% MSDS
Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate MSDS
Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer
MSDS
Tragacanth Gum MSDS
Tramadol Hydrochloride MSDS
trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal MSDS
trans-4-
(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylicacid
MSDS
trans-Aconitic Acid MSDS
trans-Cinnamaldehyde MSDS
trans-Cinnamic acid MSDS
trans-Ferulic Acid MSDS
Trazodone hydrochloride MSDS
Tri-n-butyl phosphate MSDS
Tri-n-octylamine MSDS
Triacetin MSDS
Triamcinolone MSDS
Triamcinolone acetonide MSDS
Triamcinolone diacetate MSDS
Triamcinolone Hexacetonide MSDS
Triamterene MSDS
Tribulus Fruit Powder MSDS
Tributyl Citrate MSDS
Tributylamine MSDS
Tributyltin Hydride MSDS
Tributyrin MSDS
Tricaine methanesulfonate MSDS
Tricaprylin MSDS
Tricaprylmethylammonium chloride MSDS
Trichlormethiazide MSDS
Trichloroacetic acid MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid 100% (w/v) Solution
MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution 85%(w/v)
MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 10% MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 15% MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 20% MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 3% MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 30% (w/v)
MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 5% MSDS
Trichloroacetic Acid Solution, 50% MSDS
Trichloroethylene MSDS
Tricine MSDS
Tridecane MSDS
Triethanolamine MSDS
Triethanolamine HCl MSDS
Triethanolamine salicylate MSDS
Triethyl Orthoformate MSDS
Triethyl phosphate MSDS
Triethylamine MSDS
Triethylcitrate MSDS
Triethylene glycol MSDS
Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate MSDS
Triethylenetetramine MSDS
Triethylphenylammonium hydroxide
(10%w/v solution in water) MSDS
Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride MSDS
Trifluoroacetic acid MSDS
Trifluoroacetic Acid-D, 99.5 Atom % D
MSDS
Trifluoroacetic anhydride MSDS
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid MSDS
Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride MSDS
Triisopropanolamine MSDS
Trimesoyl Chloride MSDS
Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride MSDS
Trimethoprim MSDS
Trimethyl Orthoacetate MSDS
Trimethyl Orthoformate MSDS
Trimethylamine, 28% MSDS
Trimipramine Maleate MSDS
Trioctylphosphine Oxide MSDS
Tripalmitin MSDS
Tripelennamine Hydrochloride MSDS
Triphenyl phosphate MSDS
Triphenyl phosphine MSDS
Triphenylmethyl Chloride MSDS
Triphenyltetrazolium chloride MSDS
Triprolidine HCl MSDS
Tripropylene glycol methyl ether MSDS
Tris Buffer 2M Solution MSDS
Tris(2-Carboxyethyl)Phosphine
Hydrochloride MSDS
Tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane HCl
MSDS
Tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane MSDS
Tristearin MSDS
Tritolyl phosphate MSDS
TRITON X-100 MSDS
TRITON X-114 MSDS
TRITON X-405 MSDS
Tromethamine MSDS
Tropaeolin O MSDS
Tropicamide MSDS
Tropinone MSDS
Trypan blue MSDS
Trypsin MSDS
Trypsin, USP MSDS
Tryptone MSDS
Tubocurarine chloride MSDS
Tungsten MSDS
Tungsten AA Standard MSDS
Tungsten oxide MSDS
Tungstic acid MSDS
Turbidity Standard 0 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 0.5 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 1 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 10 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 1000 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 20 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 200 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 4000 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 5 NTU MSDS
Turbidity Standard 800 NTU MSDS
Turmeric Extract, 8% Curcumin, Powder
MSDS
Turpentine MSDS
Turpentine, Venice, Imitation MSDS
Tutti Frutti Flavor MSDS
Tylosin Tartrate MSDS
Tyloxapol MSDS
Tyramine MSDS
Tyramine HCl MSDS
Ubidecarenone MSDS
Ultramarine blue MSDS
Undecane MSDS
Undecanoic Acid MSDS
Undecylenic acid MSDS
Uniblue A Sodium Salt MSDS
Universal Indicator Solution MSDS
Uracil MSDS
Uranium AA Standard MSDS
Urea MSDS
Urea Hydrochloride MSDS
Urease MSDS
Urethane MSDS
Uric acid MSDS
Ursodiol MSDS
Valerian Root Powder MSDS
Valerian Root Extract MSDS
Valerian Root Extract, Powder MSDS
Valeric acid MSDS
Valerophenone MSDS
Valinomycin MSDS
Vanadate-Molybdate Reagent MSDS
Vanadium MSDS
Vanadium AA Standard MSDS
Vanadium Amino Acid Chelate, 0.2% MSDS
Vanadium pentoxide MSDS
Vanadyl sulfate MSDS
Vancomycin HCl MSDS
Vanilla Extract Pure MSDS
Vanillin MSDS
Veegum MSDS
Verapamil Hydrochloride MSDS
Veratrole MSDS
Victoria blue B MSDS
Victoria blue R MSDS
Vidarabine MSDS
Vinblastine sulfate MSDS
Vincristine sulfate MSDS
Vinpocetine MSDS
Vinyl acetate MSDS
Vinyl Sulfone MSDS
Vinylbenzyl Alcohol MSDS
Vinylidene Chloride MSDS
Vinylmagnesium Chloride, 15% in
Tetrahydrofuran MSDS
Vitamin A MSDS
Vitamin A acetate MSDS
Vitamin A USP MSDS
Vitamin E MSDS
Vitamin E acetate MSDS
Vitamin E succinate MSDS
Vitride, 70% in Toluene MSDS
Wash Solution for Surfactants MSDS
Water MSDS
Water, Deionized MSDS
Water, Purified MSDS
Water, Sterile, For Irrigation MSDS
Wax MSDS
Wax (Paraffin) Beads MSDS
Wax Paraffin, Medium Flake MSDS
Wax, Emulsifying N.F. MSDS
Wheat Bran Powder, Red Fine MSDS
Wheat Germ MSDS
Wheat germ oil MSDS
Wild Cherry Bark Extract MSDS
Willow bark MSDS
Wintergreen Oil MSDS
Witch Hazel MSDS
Witepsol MSDS
Wood's alloy MSDS
Wortmannin MSDS
Wright's stain MSDS
Wright's Stain Rapid MSDS
Wright's Stain Regular MSDS
X-Gal MSDS
Xanthan gum MSDS
Xanthine MSDS
Xanthine monosodium salt monohydrate
MSDS
Xanthophyll MSDS
Xanthydrol MSDS
Xylazine Hydrochloride MSDS
Xylene cyanol FF, C.I. 42135 MSDS
Xylene cyanol FF, C.I. 43535 MSDS
Xylenes MSDS
Xylenol blue MSDS
Xylenol orange, tetrasodium salt MSDS
Yeast extract MSDS
Yeast, Calcium MSDS
Yeast, Chromium MSDS
Yeast, Copper MSDS
Yeast, Iron MSDS
Yeast, Magnesium MSDS
Yeast, Molybdenum MSDS
Yeast, Selenium MSDS
Yeast, Zinc MSDS
Yerba Mate Extract, 4:1, Powder MSDS
Ylang ylang oil MSDS
Yohimbine monohydrochloride MSDS
Ytterbium AA Standard MSDS
Yttrium AA Standard MSDS
Yttrium Nitrate MSDS
Yttrium oxide, powder MSDS
Zein MSDS
Zeolite MSDS
Zero Oxygen Standard MSDS
Zinc AA Standard MSDS
Zinc acetate MSDS
Zinc Acetate, 2N MSDS
Zinc Amino Acid Chelate MSDS
Zinc Ascorbate MSDS
Zinc aspartate MSDS
Zinc bromide MSDS
Zinc carbonate, basic MSDS
Zinc chloride MSDS
Zinc citrate dihydrate MSDS
Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate MSDS
Zinc gluconate MSDS
Zinc Glycinate Monohydrate MSDS
Zinc iodide MSDS
Zinc Lactate MSDS
Zinc Metal MSDS
Zinc Metal, Amalgamated MSDS
Zinc Metal, Ganular MSDS
Zinc Metal, Ganular 20 mesh MSDS
Zinc Metal, Ganular 30 mesh MSDS
Zinc monomethionine MSDS
Zinc nitrate hexahydrate MSDS
Zinc oxide MSDS
Zinc peroxide MSDS
Zinc phenolsulfonate MSDS
Zinc picolinate MSDS
Zinc Pyrithione, 48% Aqueous Dispersion
MSDS
Zinc Standard, 0.1mg/1ml MSDS
Zinc stearate MSDS
Zinc Stock Solution for Zinc APHA MSDS
Zinc sulfate monohydrate MSDS
Zinc Sulfate, 0.05M MSDS
Zinc sulfide MSDS
Zinc undecylenate MSDS
Zinc, Metal Powder or Dust MSDS
Zincon MSDS
Zincon Monosodium Salt MSDS
Zirconium (IV) Chloride, anhydrous MSDS
Zirconium AA Standard MSDS
Zirconium Oxide MSDS
Zirconyl (IV) Chloride, Octahydrate MSDS
Zirconyl nitrate MSDS
Zobell's Solution MSDS
01 - Rishte Naate ABSTRACTS

The following is a list of the abstracts for papers which will be presented in the FIFTH
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POLYMER SURFACE MODIFICATION The
listing is alphabetical by presenting author. This list is updated continually to add abstracts as
they become available and make appropriate corrections. This list may be conveniently searched
by using the editor provided with most popular browsers (e.g. Microsoft Explorer, Netscape, ...
etc.)

Rashidul Alam1, M Ibrahim H Mondal1 & Mubarak A. Khan2

1) University of Rajshahi

2) Radiation and polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology,
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. P.O. Box 3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Roll of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) Methacrylate on the Improvement of Chitosan Film by

Photocuring

Chitosan was prepared from chitin using a deacetylation process. The degree of deacetylation of
chitosan were determined by infrared spectroscopy respectively. Chitosan film was cures under,
ultraviolet radiation with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethaacrylate in order to improve the
mechanical properties with reduced water absorption character. A series of solution of different
silane concentrations in methanol, along with photoinitiator Darocur-1664, were prepared. The
radiation doses, monomer concentration, soaking time were optimized with the extent of grafting
of monomer and mechanical properties of the cured films. The maximum tensile strength and
elongation at break was 28 MPa and 32% respectively. The silanized chitosan films were
characterized by DSC, FTIR and SEM. All the results relevant that the silane might be reacted
with chitosan or deposited on the surface of the film. Water uptake gel content were also studied
The formulation contained 35% silane,61% MeOH and 4% photoinitiator Darocur 1664 showed
the best performance at 24th UV pass for 4 min soaking time. The effect of simulating weather,
soil and water on degradable properties of samples was also performed. The silane treated film
produced the minimum loss of the properties as well as a lower water uptake than those of the
untreated one.

Carl Lawrence Aronson1, Douglas Beloskur1, Bryce Burland1, Jared Perez1, Ali Zand1, John M.
Kokosa1 and Lars Guenter Beholz2

1) Department of Science and Mathematics, Kettering University, Flint, Michigan 48504

2) Beholz Technology, L.L.C., Flint, Michigan 48502

New Pathways for Modifying the Surface of High Density Polyethylene: Chemically Benign
Adhesion Promotion and Subsequent Functionalization

Despite the engineering versatility of high density polyethylene (HDPE), its pristine surface
cannot be easily tailored chemically due to its non-polar and unreactive nature. The surface of
HDPE was modified here using a two-step chemical process. HDPE panels were initially
immersed in a heated, aqueous hypochlorite solution containing a carboxylic acid and quenched
with deionized water at room temperature following a heterogeneous chemical reaction process
patented by Beholz (U.S. Patents 6,077,913 and 6,100,343). 1 - 10 mole percent chlorine
heteroatoms were identified on the resulting HDPE surface using ESCA techniques. The surface
chlorine concentration was measured as a function of reaction time, stoichiometry and number of
repeated treatments. The chlorinated HDPE surface was subsequently exposed to ultra-violet
(UV) light and surface alkene moieties were noted using ATR FT-IR methods along with a
concomitant reduction in surface chlorine. The free radical surface dehydrochlorination
mechanism was observed to follow first-order kinetics. Reaction of small molecular weight
molecules, including n-alkanes or aromatic compounds, with NaOCl/acetic anhydride in aqueous
solution as characterized using GC/MS techniques has further elucidated the mechanistic
pathway for HDPE chlorination. Reactivity of the surface alkene groups was demonstrated using
a variety of electrophilic addition reagents including Br2. Poly(4-hydroxy styrene) architectures
were covalently tethered to the unsaturated HDPE surface in an effort to ultimately tailor surface
polarity and adhesiveness as well as create laminate poly(-olefin) containing structures. This
efficient, economical and benign surface chlorination/photochemical treatment process produces
relatively small handling and disposal risks as well as no apparent polymer degradation.

Thomas Bahners, Klaus Opwis and Eckhard Schollmeyer; Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum

Nord-West e. V., Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, GERMANY

Shang-Lin Gao and Edith Mäder; Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden,
GERMANY

Excimer UV Lamp Irradiation Induced Crosslinking on PET Surfaces

The irradiation of a polymer by UV light effects photochemical surface modifications, if the

photons are sufficiently absorbed by the substrate. Due to their monochromatic nature, excimer
lamps allows to optimize the light source for the absorption properties of the substrate, resulting
in radical generation with a very high quantum yield.

A photo-chemical process can be considered as irradiation of the substrate in some sort of

reactive or inert atmosphere. Under the condition of a low or non-absorbing atmosphere and a
strong absorbing substrate, the actual reaction takes place at the boundary, where radical
processes are initialized. Four different types of reactions are possible: (I) Recombination of
radicals, (II) cross-linking of polymer chains, (III) addition of radicals from the reactive
atmosphere and (IV) addition of bi-functional molecules with ensuing cross-linking.

The scope of this work was to study the occurrence of cross-linking of the polymer itself
(reaction type II) and deposition of cross-linked thin-layers (reaction type IV) following a photo-
chemical surface treatment in the presence of bi-functional molecules.
Besides the study of the alkaline hydrolysis of PET fibers, which indicates barrier formation at
the surface , microscopic/nanoscopic analyses were performed. Atomic Force Microscopy
(AFM) was used as sensitive tool to investigate the outermost surface layer in nanoscale
dimensions (up to 100 nm) both nanomechanically and thermally. In addition, the topography of
modified surfaces and the adhesion forces (adhesive and attractive forces) were determined for
differently modified surfaces together with µTMA measurements to characterise the local
surface changes in comparison with the reference PET-surface.

Goknur Bayram, Guralp Ozkoc and Pinar Kurkcu; Department of Chemical Engineering,
Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, TURKEY

Improvement of Adhesion Between Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and Poly(ethylene

terephthalate) Films

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films

are two important classes of polymeric materials used in many industrial applications. PTFE,
because of its chemical inertness, heat resistance, excellent barrier properties and low coefficient
of friction, has a matchless position in the plastic markets. On the other hand, PET is an
important polyester film having high tensile strength, excellent dimensional stability, good
barrier properties, excellent optical properties, recycle-ability and reduced cost. Hence,
combination of PET and PTFE in a multilayer film construction provides high performance/cost
ratio compared to individual components. In the current study, it was aimed to improve the
adhesion in multilayer films produced by hot-pressing of PTFE and recycled-PET films at the
presence of a reactive tie layer of melt blended PTFE/Ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl
methacrylate terpolymer. The multilayer films with various compositions of tie layers (0%
PTFE, 20% PTFE, 35% PTFE and 50% PTFE) were processed at 9 different bonding-time and
bonding-temperature combinations. For the modification of PTFE to enhance adhesion,
poly(acrylic acid) was grafted to the surface of PTFE film via wet chemistry. T-peel test, contact
angle measurements, FTIR and SEM were performed to assess the adhesion between the film
layers. The results indicated that adhesion between the layers increased with increasing bonding
time and temperature. The wettability of PTFE was improved with surface modification of PTFE
film.

Dierk Knittel, Hans-Jürgen Buschmann and Eckhard Schollmeyer; Deutsches

Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West e.V. (DTNW), D-47798 Krefeld, GERMANY

Functionalization of Fiber Surfaces by Thin Layers of Chitosan and Related Carbohydrate

Biopolymers and Antimicrobial Activity of Surfaces
An increasing demand develops for imparting active agents to textile materials by chemical ways
in order to create additional properties ('functional textiles'). With synthetic fibers this may
create a better hydrophilic behaviour (water retention, sweat transport ...). On natural fibers this
could mean the anchoring of bacteriostatic or odour binding agents and similar. Such a strategy
imparts more flexibility to the textile finishing industry.

Biopolymers or their derivatives as surface modifiers can offer special properties like water
retention, hydrogel formation or complexing power. So an important task for research and
development lies in the evaluation of methods how to anchor such biopolymers permanently
onto fiber surfaces in a way that the biopolymers retain their bulk beneficial properties of action.
Some properties of the biopolymers (in bulk) and properties to be achieved by a permanent
textile finish are summarized in Tab. 1.

Tab. 1: Selected Properties of Biopolymers

Main interest is concerned with the use of chitosan which is said to have wound healing
properties and being bacteriostatic and fungistatic. It can thus be shown that chitosan imparts
antimicrobial activity to cotton fabrics even when tested under nearly neutral pH-conditions. The
finish will be durable because of chemical bonding.

Textile goods, fabrics or non-wovens, treated according to the strategies outlined above - having
a permanent finish of biopolymers - may be useful as odour masking materials in fashion, in
home textiles or for the automotive sector. Even more important will be the aspects of
biopolymer-modified textiles for the protective clothes and for medical or hygienical
applications.

Hans-Jürgen Buschmann and Eckhard Schollmeyer; Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum

Nord-West e.V., Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, GERMANY

Dendrons for the Surface Modification of Polymeric Materials

Dendrimers are fascinating molecules from the point of chemists. Due to their molecular
similarity with trees they received the general trival name dendrimers. These molecules have a
well defined structure combined with a high molecular weight. In contrast to polymers
dendrimers have a well defined molecular weight. Due to the branched structure these molecules
possess large molecular cavities and pseudocavities. During the last decade several synthetic
strategies have been developed to synthesize spherical branched molecules (dendrimers) or parts
of them (dendrons). Even single polymer chains with dendrons on their surface are known. A
new developed strategy for the surface modification of polymeric materials is the fixation of
dendrons on their surface, see Figure 1.

Figure 1: Polymer
surface with fixed
dendrons
Due to the presence of the dendrons the surface properties of the polymeric materials change,
e.g. the fixation of dendrons with hydrophobic end groups on cottons results in an increasing
hydrophobicity of the surface depending on the size of the dendrons. Fixing dendrons with a
hydrophilic shell alters a hydrophobic surface into a hydrophilic one. The cavities and the shell
of the dendrons may have the same polarity. On the other hand the dendrons may possess
hydrophilic cavities and a hydrophobic surface or vice versa. The fixation of dendrons on results
in polymeric materials with new surface characteristics. The cavities and paseudocavities of the
dendrons can be used for the storage of water or hydrophobic substances. In the case of textile
surfaces these substances can be released in contact with the human skin.

Saswati Datta; Procter & Gamble , Miami Valley Innovation Center, 11810 East Miami River
Road , Cincinnati OH 45252

Recent Advances and Industrial Applications of Plasma Polymerization for Surface

Modification

Plasma processing has traditionally been used for high value products such as microelectronics
components and various machine parts. However, applications of this surface modification
technique for lower value consumer goods has been extremely limited at best. Several factors
have contributed to this, including the limitation of batch processing due to vacuum needs, lack
of control in the chemistry of the plasma coating, and general absence of extensive studies and
knowledge of coating chemistry systems that are compatible with plasma processing for
polymeric substrates. Yet, the potential of this processing method for application to polymeric
materials used in consumer goods has been recognized for some time - both for processing
advantages and for environmental reasons. Recent advances in pulsed plasma polymerization
have revived interest in plasma processing as a method for applying polymeric coatings to
thermally sensitive substrates. Further, the development of atmospheric pressure plasma
processing equipment and systems have opened up the possibility of applying plasma surface
modification to continuous web processing without the need for expensive vacuum equipment.
This paper will focus on some specific examples of applications of vacuum plasma
polymerization for surface modification of polymeric materials that are commonly used in
consumer goods such as paper goods and diapers, showing advantages of this process over
conventional wet chemical processes. The paper will then discuss new developments in
atmospheric pressure plasma tools at Procter & Gamble, and their applications for surface
modification of fabrics and polymeric substrates.

A. del Campo, C. Greiner, H. Pfaff and E. Arzt; Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung,

Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, GERMANY
Mimicking Bioadhesion Mechanisms with Polymeric Structured Surfaces

Structured surfaces are responsible for several unique effects occurring in nature (self-cleaning,
anti-reflection, drag reduction etc.). Among them, "hairy" surfaces possessing densely packed
elongated elements of micro to nanometer dimensions have been demonstrated to play an
important role in animal attachment systems. Our quantitative studies of attachment pads of
insects, spiders and lizards have revealed a powerful design principle: higher adhesion forces are
achieved in nature by splitting up a larger contact into successively finer contacts, which in the
case of the gecko reach sub-micron dimensions. This "contact splitting mechanism" has been
shown to be a theoretical consequence of contact mechanics [1-5]: according to the JKR theory,
the balance between elastic strain energy expended and the surface energy gained becomes more
favourable in smaller dimensions. Such a working principle has inspired us as materials scientists
to create dry-adhesive systems based on artificial micro and nanostructured surfaces.

Young's modulus, the surface energy and the viscoelastic response of the structural material
strongly influence the pull-off force involved in the attaching/releasing process. Design maps for
material selection criteria have been recently created and predict a Young's modulus of around
1GPa for an optimum adhesion performance [6]. Therefore polymeric systems, with
characteristic Young's moduli between 10MPa and 10 GPa, depending on their chemical
structure and physical morphology, offer the best choice for artificial adhesives.

Based on our observations in natural systems and our thorough theoretical analysis, we have
tested several different fabrication techniques to obtain arrays of pillars possessing high aspect
ratio on a soft substrate. The influence of the array geometry (diameter, aspect-ratio and packing
density of the elements), the contact geometry (punch, sphere, torus) and the material properties
on the final adhesion performance of the structured surface have been analyzed. From this,
possible paths to optimum bio-inspired adhesive systems are beginning to emerge.

1. E. Arzt, S. Gorb, R. Spolenak (2003) From micro to nano contacts in biological attachment
devices. PNAS 100 (19), 10603-10606

2. E. Arzt, S. Gorb, H. Gao, R. Spolenak (2003) Verfahren zur Herstellung mikrostruktirierter

Oberflächen mit gesteigerrter Adhäsion und adhäsionssteigernd modifizierte Oberflächen.
Patent DE 102 23 234 B4
3. K. Autumm, M. Sitti, Y. A. Liang, A. M. Peattie, W. R. Hansen, S. Sponberg, T. W. Kenny,
R. Fearing, J. N. Israelachvili, R. J. Full (2002) Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko
setae. PNAS 99 (19), 12252-12256

4. H. Gao, H. Yao (2004) Shape insensitive optimal adhesion of nanoscale fibrillar structures.
PNAS 101 (21), 7851-7856

5. R. Spolenak, S. Gorb, H. Gao, E. Arzt (2005) Effects of contact shape on the scaling of
biological attachments. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 461 (2054), 305-319

6. R. Spolenak, S. Gorb, E. Arzt (2005) Adhesion design maps for bio-inspired attachment
systems. Acta Biomaterialia 1(1), 5-13

Ezequiel Delgado1; Graham G. Allan2; Angel Andrade1, Héctor Contreras1, Higinio Regla1 and
Guillermo Toriz1.

1) Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University of Guadalajara, P.O. Box 52-93 45020
Zapopan, Jalisco, MÉXICO.

2) College of Forest Resources and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, USA

On the Chemical Modification of Cellulose Fibres Using Triazine Chemistry: from Fiber-
reactive Dyes to Molecular Encapsulation

Reviewed is the chemistry of triazines as a means to modify cellulose fibres. This paper reviews
the fixation of functionalities to fiber surface, starting from the classic fiber-reactive dyes,
hydrogen-bonding compounds, ionic compounds and zwitterions. The different approaches are
discusses in terms of the reaction kinetics, topochemistry of the reaction and effects on the
morphology of the fibers. The attachment of ionic moieties to cellulose is addressed particularly
on their effect on wet and wet-web strength of paper. A new system of fibre-fibre bonding is
presented based on zwitterions and its contributions to a greater enthalpy and balance of charges
is analyzed. Finally, the usefulness of the triazine coupling to fix cyclodextrins to cellulosic
surfaces is described and the molecular encapsulation of fluorescent dyes by means of
complexation is discussed.
Casey Finstad, John Madocks, Patrick Marcus, and Patrick Morse; Applied Process
Technologies, Inc., 546 E 25th Street, Tucson, AZ 85713

Surface Treatment for Improved Adhesion of Thin Films on Plastic Substrates Through
Ion Bombardment by an Anode Layer Ion Source

(Abastract not yet available)

M. Ghoranneviss, D. Dorranian, S. Shahidi , B. Moazzenchi, A. Rashidi, H. Hosseini and Amir

H. Sari; Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, IRAN

Investigation of Antibacterial Activing on Cotton Fabrics with Cold Plasma in the Presents
of Magnet

It has been recognized that micro-organisms, can thrive on textile substrates. Natural fibers such
as cotton are more susceptible than synthetics because their porous hydrophilic structure retains
water, oxygen and nutrients, providing a perfect environment for bacterial growth. Most textile
materials currently used in hotels and hospitals are conductive to cross infection or transmission
of diseases caused by microorganisms. A variety of antimicrobial finishes have now been
developed for application to textiles. Earlier efforts were based on insolubilization of inorganic
compounds, like copper and other organometallic salts. Copper's sterilization capabilities prevent
the growth of bacteria, fungi, and germs. Low temperature plasma is a useful technique for
surface modification of polymers and textile fibers in dry systems. In this study, we used plasma
technique for antibacterial the cotton fabrics and plasma produced by D.C discharge in a
cylindrical glass tube. The copper anode and cathode were used. The cathode particles were
scattered by attacking active ions, radicals, electrons. The antibacterial has been developed,
through incorporation of copper particles on fiber surfaces. The antibacterial properties of the
fibers are connected with the presence of copper on their surface. The details will be discussed in
full paper.

M. Ghoranneviss*, B. Moazzenchi, S. Shahidi, R. Rashidi, H. Hosseini and Amir H. Sari;

Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, IRAN
Decolorization of Denim Fabrics with Cold Plasma in The Presence of a Magnet Field at
Various Times

Denim jeans have consistently been fashionable in the world culture, it inspires strong opinions
from historians, designers, teenagers, movie stars, etc. But style have changed significantly
throughout the years. Most jeans today are stonewashed, this technique first became popular.
Now in addition to pumice stones, enzymes are used at the cotton fibers and create a
stonewashed look. Now days the plasma treatment is a cost-effective and ecological process able
to modify properties of the fabrics surface. Plasma surface treatment causes changes to a limited
depth (several molecular layers), bulk properties of even the most delicate materials remain
unchanged. In this study low temperature plasma of Argon for pick up the denim surface
dyestuffs were used. The denim fabrics were placed on the copper cathode and treated for 2.5, 5,
10, 15 minutes. By this work good varnish appeared on the fabrics like stonewash. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray difractometry techniques were used to analyze the properties
of untreated and plasma treated samples. The details will be discussed in full paper.

* Corresponding Author

Jeremy Grace, H. Kent Zhuang and Louis Gerenser, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New
York

Importance of Process Conditions in Polymer Surface Modification: a Critical Assessment

Plasma web treatment is a common practice for promoting adhesion, wettability, and other
surface or interfacial properties in the conversion industry. While the objective of creating new
surface functional groups is conceptually simple, it can be difficult to choose the most
appropriate kind and configuration of plasma source, the most appropriate feed gas composition,
and the most appropriate operating pressure for a given application. Such difficulties arise from
the variety of species that can be formed in the plasma and the variety of possible plasma-surface
interactions that can occur. A brief review of the importance of various plasma parameters (e.g.,
specific energy, species concentrations and energy distributions) and an example relating
nitrogen uptake in poly(ethylene-2, 6-naphthalate) to plasma diagnostic data in a low-radio
frequency capacitively coupled nitrogen plasma are presented. The importance of driving
frequency and treatment configuration are then discussed in detail. Uptake kinetics for samples
treated at floating potential at low radio frequency are compared with those treated in the cathode
sheath. Analysis of the treatment kinetics is based on a simple model of surface saturation. This
approach can be used not only to compare practical treatment results as a function of process
conditions, but also to compare different treatment technologies in a practical manner.

Yu. Gudimenko1, R. Ng, Z. Iskanderova1, J. Kleiman1, A. Grigorevsky2, L. Kiseleva2, M.

Finckenor3 and D. Edwards3

1) ITL Inc, Markham, Ont., CANADA

2) Komposit Institute, Korolev, Moscow region, RUSSIA

3) Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, USA

Protection of Conductive and Non-conductive Advanced Polymer-based Paints from

Highly Aggressive Oxidative Environments

Research has been continued to further improve the space durability of conductive and non-
conductive polymer-based paints and of conductive thermal control paints for space applications.
Efforts have been made to enhance the space durability and stability of functional characteristics
in ground-based space environment imitating conditions, using specially developed surface
modification treatment. The results of surface modification of new conductive paints, including
the ground-based testing in aggressive oxidative environments, such as atomic oxygen/UV and
oxygen plasma, and performance evaluation are presented. Functional properties and
performance characteristics, such as thermal optical properties (differential solar absorptance and
thermal emittance representing the thermal optical performance of thermal control paints) and
surface resistivity characteristics of pristine, surface modified, and tested materials were verified.
Extensive surface analysis studies have been performed using complementary surface analyses
including SEM/EDS and XPS. Test results revealed that the successfully treated materials
exhibit reduced mass loss and no surface morphology change, thus indicating good protection
from the severe oxidative environment. It was demonstrated that the developed surface
modification treatment could be applied successfully to charge dissipative and conductive paints.
P. Haque1, A.I. Mustafa1, and Mubarak A. Khan2

1) Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Department, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000,
BANGLADESH

2) Radiation and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology,
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 3787, Dhaka 1000, BANGLADESH.

Photografting of Chitosan Film with Ethylene Glycol and Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate
Using Ultraviolet Radiation

Natural polymer chitosan was obtained from dried prawn shell waste through the preparation of
chitin, and was characterized. Thin films of chitosan solution were prepared by casting method.
Mechanical properties like tensile strength (TS), elongations at break (Eb) of chitosan film were
studied. Five formulations were developed with ethylene glycol (EG) in presence of
photoinitiator Irgacure-651 (2%). The films were soaked in those monomer formulations in
dissimilar soaking times and irradiated under UV-radiation at different radiation intensities for
the improvement of the properties of chitosan film. The cured films were then subjected to
various characterizations like TS, Eb, polymer loading (PL), water uptake, gel content etc. The
best result was obtained at 5% EG concentration for 20 min soaking time and after 15 UV
passes. 5% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was also used as soaking formulation for
chitosan film at different UV radiation and soaking time. The film were characterized by DSC,
FTIR and UV spectrophotometer.

Liang Hong; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of

Singapore, 4 Engineering Dr 4, Singapore 117576, SINGAPORE

Creating Regularly Arrayed Pores on Polystyrene Thin Film as a Micro-Reactor

(Abstract not yet available)

Michel Ignat, Bruno A. Latella, Gerry Triani, Ken T. Short, John R. Bartlett; Laboratoire de
Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie Métallurgique, associé au CNRS, E.N.S.E.E.G., BP 75,
F-38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, FRANCE

The Adhesion of TiO2 and Al2O3 Thin Layers Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition
(ALD) on a Polycarbonate Substrate

The mechanical stability and adhesion behaviour of single and two-layered coatings fabricated
by atomic layer deposition was investigated by using tensile experiments. The systems consisted
of titania and alumina layers ,deposited on polycarbonate substrates. The tensile tests were
conducted in a micromechanical tester positioned under an optical microscope allowing in-situ
viewing of cracking damage. The strain to initiate first cracking and the crack density as a
function of strain were obtained. Moreover: the rupture strength, the fracture toughness and the
interfacial adhesion of the films on the substrate, were deduced from analytical models, in which
the experimentally determined parameters were included.

A special interest was devoted to analyse the effect induced by a prior water plasma treatement
of the polycarbonate substrate surface, on the mechanical stability of the investigated systems.
As a matter of fact, it is shown that this treatment will improve their mechanical response,
delaying the initiation of the cracking and the debonding, when it occurs

N. Inagaki, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu,

432-8561 JAPAN

Surface Modification of Liquid Crystal Polyester, Vecstar, Films for Copper Metallization

(Abstract not yet available)

Z. Iskanderova1, J.Kleiman1, Yu. Gudimenko1, R. Ng1 and D. Kaute2

1) ITL Inc, Markham, Ont., CANADA

2) PlasmaTreat, Mississauga, Ont., CANADA

Surface Treatment of Advanced Organosilicones by OpenAir Plasma to Enhance Oxidative
Resistance in Severe Environments

Several space related organosilicone materials have been treated by ground-based OpenAirTM
plasma for in-space atomic oxygen resistance enhancement and for contamination prevention.
Necessity of a drastic reduction of the outgassing of volatiles and the following contamination
has become a challenging problem. Oxygen plasma asher testing and complementary surface
analysis techniques have been used to assess the surface composition, bounding states and
atomic oxygen resistance of the treated materials. Effective surface conversion of space related
organosilicones to oxide-based protective sub-surface layers under selected preferential regimes
has been achieved and confirmed by oxygen plasma asher testing and complementary surface
analysis techniques such as SEM/EDS and XPS. As OpenAirTM plasma treatment is performed at
the atmospheric pressure, this surface modification technology may be applied to three-
dimensional complex shapes. It is easy and cost-effective to apply, these preliminary results
indicate potential opportunities of an advanced ground-based pre-treatment technology of
silicone materials for space applications. It was shown that the application of this approach may
essentially simplify the technological development to reduce or prevent contamination caused by
silicone-coated space materials and structures.

Satoru Iwamori and Yoshinori Yamada; Division of Human & Mechanical Science and
Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University: 2-40-
20 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 920-8667, Japan

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Thin Film Deposited by PVD

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films were deposited by a conventional vacuum evaporation

apparatus and characterized by measuring contact angles of water and n-hexadecane on the
PTFE thin films. Contact angles of water and n-hexadecane on the PTFE thin films shows higher
value than that of the bulk PTFE. Although contact angles of water on the PTFE thin films
deposited at the pressure between 0.01 and 10 Torr were almost the same value, those of n-
hexadecane increased with increase of pressure. Surface tension of these PTFE thin films were
calculated with the contact angles of water, n-hexadecane. Surface tension of these PTFE thin
films was almost twice higher and the polar component in the surface tension was ten times
higher than those of the bulk PTFE.
PTFE thin films were also deposited with a conventional RF sputtering apparatus at various
conditions. Atomic compositions of these PTFE thin films were analyzed with X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface tension of these PTFE thin films were calculated
with the contact angles of water, n-hexadecane and methylene iodide droplets. The surface
tension decreased with increase of fluorine content of the PTFE thin films. Although dispersion
force component of the surface tension slightly decreased, dipole force component dramatically
decreased with increase of temperature of the substrate.

P. Jovancic1, R.Molina2, E.Bertran3, D.Jocic1, M.R.Julia2, P.Erra2

1) Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy,

University of Belgrade, YUGOSLAVIA

2) Department of Surfactant Technology, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, SPAIN

3) Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, SPAIN

Wool Surface Modification and Its Influence on Related Functional Properties

Since the surface related functional properties are important for the final use of textile material,
the modern treatments for surface modification are nowadays of growing interest. Low-
temperature plasma is nowadays an intensively investigated superficial treatment of wool. Owing
to the selective modification of wool surface, low-temperature plasma treatment leads to the
formation of new surface groups and also to the "step-by-step" removal of the F-layer.
Consequently, the better wettability, shrink resistance, enhanced dyeing properties and better
polymer adhesion can be easily achieved.
In this study, we investigated the possibility of using low temperature plasma treatment as a pre-
treatment step to the subsequent enzymatic treatment in order to achieve the best technique
complying with the purpose to obtain shrink-resistant wool (Woolmark TM31) without
conventional post-application of polymer. This technique is compared to the modern chemical
treatment of wool combining liquid systems (peroxide, peroxide/enzyme), with a liquid
biopolymer system (chitosan) as well as with the low-temperature plasma/chitosan system. These
techniques are already known to control well surface characteristics of wool fiber.

To provide evidence of the extent of wool surface modification, we measured wettability,

swelling and contact angle. Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR-ATR) and XPS analysis
have been used to provide evidence about the chemical changes on the surface of the wool fiber.
SEM observation and AFM analysis have been used for routine examination and gaining
information about wool fiber topography.

Mubarak A. Khan, Rashidul Alam and S.K Bhattacharia; Radiation and Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory,Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology,

Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. P.O. Box 3787, Dhaka, BANGLADESH

Modification of Bio-blend of Chitosan and Water Soluble Polymers by Photocuring with

Acrylic and Silane Monomer

(abstract not yet available)

S. K.Bhattcacharia and Mubarak A. Khan; Radiation and Polymer Chemistry laboratory,

Nuclear Radiation Chemistry division, Institute of Nuclear Science and technology, Bangladesh
Atomic Energy Commission, P.O Box 3787, Dhaka 1000, BANGLADESH

Roll of Silane, Silicate and Sand on the Modification of the Wood Surface Properties by
Photocuring
Photocuring technique emerged as a promising technology to improve the properties of wood
surface. Low graded wood showed significant improved surfaced properties after treated with
Ultraviolet radiation using photo curable formulation. Oligomer, monomer and different types of
additives are the key ingredients of a photo curable formulation. Some of additives play a great
role to get the desired properties along reduction of the cost of the formulation. The frequently
used oligomers for photocuring are Urethane, Epoxy, and Polyester etc. Silane proves to be good
component as part of a photocurable formulation to improve the surface properties. Sand is
proved as the cheapest available additives for the photo curable formulations. Thin films are
prepared on glass plate with different photo curable formulations using UV radiation to select
which formulation could be used as top coat or a base coat. Various characteristics properties
such as Pendulum Hardness, Abrasion, Gloss (60o &20o), and Micro scratch hardness,
weathering effect, adhesion strength are studied. Then the formulations are applied on the
desired wood surface and same properties were investigated. Base coat containing magnesium tri
silicate and silica shows to be an ideal one and 3% silane in the formulation produces optimized
surface properties on a particular wood surface.

E.T. Kang and K.G. Neoh, Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,

National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, SINGAPORE 119260

Plasma Graft Copolymerization of 4-Vinylpyridine on Dense and Porous SiLK® for

Electroless Plating of Copper and for Retardation of Copper Diffusion

Argon plasma-pretreated dense and porous SiLK® films coated on Si(100) wafers (Si-SiLK®
wafers) were subjected to plasma graft polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP). X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results
revealed that the pyridine functional groups of the plasma graft-polymerized 4VP (pp4VP) could
be retained to a large extent under certain grow discharge conditions. The topography of the
pp4VP grafted Si-SiLK® (Si-SiLK-g-pp4VP) surface was studied by atomic force microscopy
(AFM). The preserved pyridine groups were used as the chemisorption sites for the palladium
complexes (without prior sensitization by SnCl2) to catalyze the electroless deposition of copper.
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
were employed to investigate the extent of copper diffusion into the pristine and graft-modified
Si-SiLK substrates after thermal annealing. The grafted pp4VP layer on the dense and porous Si-
SiLK surface served effectively as (i) a sensitization layer for the electroless plating of copper,
(ii) an adhesion promotion layer for the electrolessly deposited copper, and (iii) a diffusion
barrier for the electrolessly deposited copper. These functionalities arose from strong interactions
of the metal ions and atoms with the pyridine moieties of the grafted pp4VP layer.

Daniel A. Kaute1 and Christian Buske2

1) PlasmaTreat North America Inc., 1-2283 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 5Z2
CANADA

2) PlasmaTreat GmbH, Bisamweg 10, 38003 Steinhagen, GERMANY

Advances in the Understanding of Open Air Plasma Technology and Latest Applications

FLUMEtm plasma systems create atmospheric pressure plasma based on Openairtm plasma
technology. They are unique in that they clean surfaces to molecular levels, and strongly activate
polymer based surfaces by creating a high amount of polar groups, mainly ketonic and hydroxile,
when using air as carrier gas. As a result, pristine and strongly activated surfaces fully wet out
with water, even low surface energy materials, like polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic olefins
(TPO), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), and ethylene/propylene/diene rubber (EPDM). This
makes possible the use of simple, water based, environmentally friendly, and cost effective
adhesives, coatings and inks without compromising the performance of the bond. Latest
advances in the understanding of the Openairtm Plasma, and case studies with latest industrial
applications are discussed.

Z. Iskanderova1, J. Kleiman1, V. Issupov1, A. Chambers2, G. Roberts2, C. White2,

1) ITL Inc, Markham, Ont., CANADA

2) School of Engineering Science, University of Southampton, UK

Oxidation Protective Surface Modification of Graphite and Polymer-based Carbon Filled
Conductive Coatings

ITL has developed in the past a number of surface modification technologies for advanced space-
related thin polymer films and polymer-based paints, including specially defined ion
implantation technology named ImplantoxTM to enhance the resistance to highly aggressive
oxidative environments. The same approach has been successfully applied to HOPG graphite. In
this presentation, an extensive study of the oxidative resistance and electro-physical
characteristics has been performed for pristine and surface modified graphite-polymer
compositions known as conductive inks and used mostly in screen-printing for micro-electronic
applications. These "thick films" materials are attractive for development of advanced atomic
oxygen sensors for real time in-situ flux measurements in long-term space missions, based on
resistivity change. Pristine and ImplantoxTM-treated 4200-Series Polymeric Resistor
Compositions have been analyzed using various surface analysis and characterization techniques,
including surface resistivity measurements and also tested in oxygen plasma and under fast (5
eV) directed anomic oxygen beam. Erosion yield measurements, surface morphology/roughness
and composition change, time dependence of resistivity have permitted to assess the suitability of
the pristine materials for atomic oxygen sensors. Joint fast atomic oxygen testing and change of
electro-physical characteristics have been used to identify the detailed mechanism of surface
conversion of the implanted materials under atomic oxygen leading to formation of self-
protecting oxides-based surface modified layer

Takaomi Kobayashi; Department of Chemistry, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1

Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, JAPAN 940-2188

Polymer Surface Treated with Ozone by Using In-situ Instrumental Analyses

Short abstract: Ozone has been used as active species to treat surface of polymers and to
decompose environmental chemicals. Such ozone effect can attribute to several non-equilibrium
reactions because of its active nature. In these applications polymer materials have been
conveniently utilized in the presence of ozone, although ozone also decomposes polymers.
However, little is known the reaction processes of ozone and polymers. In the present work, talk
focuses on reaction of ozone with polymers, which have been used as common polymers of
polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol by using in-situ FT IR and
mass spectrometry. Technical fundamentals and the application of ozone treatments of polymer
are demonstrated.

Tadanori Koga, J. L. Jerome, M. H. Rafailovich and J. C. Sokolov; Department of Materials

Science & Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-
2275

Metalizable Polymer Thin Films in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

We report an environmentally "green" method to improve adhesion at a polymer/metal interface

by using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Spun-cast polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films on cleaned Si wafers were used for this study. Film
thicknesses of both polymer films were prepared in the range varying from 100 Å to 1600 Å. We
exposed the films to scCO2 in the P-T range corresponding to the density fluctuation ridge,
where the excess swelling of both polymer films occurred, and then frozen the swollen structures
by quick evaporation of CO2. A chromium (Cr) layer with the film thickness of 300-400 Å was
deposited onto the exposed film by using E-beam Evaporator. X-ray reflectivity measurements
showed that the interfacial width between the Cr and exposed polymer layers increased by a
factor of about 2 compared to that without exposure to scCO2. In addition, the large interfacial
broadening was found to occur irrespective of the thickness of both polymer films. After the XR
measurements, the dewetting structures of the PS/Cr films induced were characterized by using
atomic force microscopy. Contact angle measurements showed that a decrease in interfacial
tension with exposure to scCO2 accompanied an increase in interfacial width. Furthermore, we
show that addition of gold nanoparticles to the polymer matrices promotes the compatibility
significantly.

Dr. Y. Koval; Physikalisches Institut III, der Universitaet Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erwin-Rommel

Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, GERMANY

Polymethylmethacrylate Modification by Low Energy Ion Bombardment

Under low-energy ion bombardment, a subsurface region of polymethylmethacrylate

(PMMA)stratifies into graphitized, cross-linked and low-molecular weight layers. The top
graphitized PMMA shows a substantial conductance. At low electric fields, the conductance is
provided by a variable range hopping with a strong influence of Coulomb interactions. Such
behavior is usual for conducting carbon-based materials (e.g. some conjugated polymers). At
high electric fields, the graphitized PMMA reveals non-Ohmic behavior with the current-voltage
characteristic typical for the conductance by Poole-Frenkel mechanism. It was found that an
increase of the ions energy leads to a substantial enhancement of the graphitized layer
conductivity. Radiation reactions in the subsurface region, which lead to the graphitization,
contribute significantly to the ion etching of PMMA. We propose a model of ion etching of
PMMA, which takes into account ion-induced reactions. Also we show that sputtering of the
graphitized layer is the limiting factor for ion etching rate of PMMA. The model allows
explaining peculiarities of ion etching of PMMA and predicting the etching rates of a wide range
of C-H-O materials under the inert ions bombardment. On the PMMA surface, ion bombardment
leads to appearance of the various topological features like bubbles, waves, and a net with a cell
of nanometer size . The stratification of the subsurface region of PMMA was demonstrated to
play an important role for the development of the surface topology.

U. Lommatzsch, M. Noeske, T. Fladung, J. Degenhardt, T. Wuebben, S. Strudthoff, G.

Ellinghorst, O.-D. Hennemann, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing and Advanced Materials,
D-28359 Bremen, GERMANY

Pretreatment and Surface Modifications of Polymers by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet

Treatment

Plasma jets operating at atmospheric pressure have recently found widespread commercial use as
a tool for the activation/pretreatment of surfaces. For this study the polymers PP, HD-PE, PVDF,
PA6, and PET are activated by a commercially available plasma jet at atmospheric pressure. The
plasma activation increases substantially the adhesive bonding strength for all polymers studied.
The improvements in adhesion are tried to correlate to the plasma-induced changes of the
surface.

In detail the effects of selected plasma treatment parameters (e.g. treatment time, treatment
distance, excitation voltage, gas type) on the adhesive bonding strength are studied by
measurements of the tensile lap shear strength. Modifications of the substrate surface are
investigated by XPS, AFM, TOF-SIMS, and contact angle measurements. In addition the
influence of time and storage conditions on the plasma-activated surface is studied.

The adhesion improvements can be related to (i) an increase in surface energy by 40-60 %, (ii) to
the incorporation of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing groups with different functionalities, and
(iii) to topological changes of the substrate surface. From using different feed gases it is derived
that chemical modifications of the substrate occur in the plasma zone but also by reactions with
ambient air after the treatment.

AFM 3-D surface images of PET before (left) and after (right) atmospheric pressure plasma jet
treatment. The plasma treatment reduces surface roughness but, at the same time, improves
substantially the adhesive bonding strength.

S. Markus, R. Wilken, S. Dieckhoff, O.-D. Hennemann, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing

and Advanced Materials (IFAM), D-28359 Bremen, GERMANY

Detection of Contaminations on Polymer Surfaces Using Laser Induced Breakdown

Spectroscopy

LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) is frequently used to analyse the elemental
composition of liquids, solids and gases. Therefore a high power laser pulse is focussed on a
sample whereby a small amount of material (0.1 ug to 1 mg of material) is ablated and forms a
plasma above the surface. The emission from atoms and ions of this plasma is analysed by a
spectrometer. The atomic spectral lines are used to determine the elemental composition and
elemental concentration of the sample.
Regarding bonding and coating processes a maximum degree of surface cleanliness is an
important requirement for high adhesive strengths. Due to the fact that contaminations in a range
of a monolayer or even submonolayer with corresponding film thicknesses of less than one nm
can cause adhesion failures, the detection of these small concentrations of surface
contaminations is a challenge for the quality assurance in bonding technology. In addition, in
many cases the detection of these species is also hampered by the similarity of the chemical
composition of the contamination and the polymer material of the substrate itself.

The applicability of LIBS as a method to detect contaminations like that on polymer surfaces
(PC (Polycarbonate), CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics)) is investigated by comparison
with XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and contact angle measurement as established
methods for surface characterization. Surfaces of polymers were coated by thin films (10-100
nm) of different contaminants (silicone, mineral and hydraulic oil). The layer thicknesses were
analysed by ellipsometry. LIBS signals obtained from contaminated surfaces were correlated
with XPS and contact angle measurements.

LIBS turned out to be applicable for detecting contaminations on polymer surfaces that can cause
detrimental effects on adhesion properties.

Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno; Department of Energetics Thermofluidynamics

and Environmental Control, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli,
ITALY

Infrared Thermography in Nondestructive Evaluation of Bonded Structures

Infrared thermography is a remote imaging system which transforms the thermal energy radiated
from objects in the infrared band of the electromagnetic spectrum into a temperature map. Such
feature is usefully exploited in many applications such as medicine, fluidynamics, agriculture,
maintenance, and so forth. Notwithstanding this, infrared thermography is still not completely
exploited; this is mainly because at first sight it seems too expensive and too difficult to use. The
purpose of the present paper would be an overview on the use of infrared thermography for
nondestructive evaluation of bonded structures.
Several different types of bonded structures were considered to include variation of materials and
types of bond. In particular, materials were chosen between plastics, fibre reinforced composites,
metals, concrete, and others and which were adhesively bonded, or welded. Such choice was
made in an effort to show examples of application which could be of interest for practitioners in
many different fields amongst others: aerospace, naval, automotive and civil engineering,
architecture and cultural heritage. Two different thermographic techniques were used, which are:
pulse thermography and lock-in thermography. The obtained results prove that infrared
thermography, by using the most appropriate method (pulse, or lock-in), is capable of supplying
information about the bondline thickness in adhesively bonded joints, the extent of the heat
affected zone in welded joints, the presence of many types of defects in bonded structures such
as disbonding, slag inclusions, detachments and materials modifications.

Carosena Meola1 and Giuseppe Giorleo2

1) Department of Energetics Thermofluidynamics and Environmental Control

University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, ITALY

2) Department of Materials and Production Engineering

University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, ITALY

Characterization of Polymer Induced Modifications

Today we are surrounded by plastics: shopping bags, furnitures, transport vehicles, packaging;
almost everything is entirely, or partially, made of plastic. The suitability of plastic to each
application is tailored through specific compounding and treatments. As an example, the weak
polyethylene, through the crosslinking process, can be transformed into a superior material
which may be resistant to temperature, pressure, corrosion, and which could be used in a large
variety of applications.

Caution is indeed needed since treatments may induce undesired polymer modifications which
could led to material degradation and premature failure of products, or otherwise to formation of
toxins in materials destined to foodstuff, or medicine, packaging. Thus, testing of end products
with effective techniques is vital to assess the suitability of a material to the specific use.
Modifications induced in polymers by treatments like silane grafting, or irradiation, or other
coupling agents are analysed. The attention is mainly focused on the characterization of:

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) crosslinked in two different ways: via silane grafting and
electron beam irradiation. Such polyethylene is mainly used as thermoshrinking blanket
insulation for low and medium voltage electrical cables and for communication cables.

Polyvinylalcohol crosslinked through bifunctional reagents. Such polymer is frequently used as a

matrix for the immobilization of enzymes and cells. The investigated PVOH-based films were
obtained adding to a PVOH-water solution the crosslinking agent (i.e., dialdheyde) and the
catalyzer of the crosslinking reaction (HCl). Different amounts of the crosslinking agent were
added to obtain films at different crosslinking degree.

Carosena Meola1, Antonino Squillace2, Francesco Bellucci2 and Vincenza Marzocchi2

1) Department of Energetics, Thermofluidynamics and Environmental Control

University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, ITALY

2) Department of Materials and Production Engineering

University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, ITALY

Coatings: Deposition Procedures and Testing

The deposition of a coating over a solid surface generates interfaces between dissimilar materials
and involves considerations about wettability, interface evolution, and adhesion. The
performance of a coating depends not only on the inherent characteristics of the coating (and
substrate) but also on the coating-to-substrate adhesion. Wettability promotes adhesion through
physical, chemical, and/or mechanical bonds acting across the interface between coating and
substrate. Typical defects are microporosity, cracking, peeling, rusting and poor local adhesion
over the substrate. These defects are generally caused by the modalities of application of
coatings, conservation of the coated artefact and start up of the working conditions. Of
paramount importance in many applications is the so-called pre-treatment which involves
cleaning and preparation of the surface to be coated.

Particular attention is devoted to aluminum anodization; the bare metal, the polished surface and
the anodized surface are analysed with microscopy and infrared thermography. In particular,
infrared thermography, as a remote imaging system, is helpful for assessing the pre-treatment
uniformity and then the coating integrity, the sub-surface conditions of the coating system and
for detecting many types of defects such as delamination, blisters and many others which are not
noticeable by visual observation. Infrared thermography, if routinely used for inspection of parts
in service, allows detection of corrosion at the incipient stage before catastrophic failure has
occurred.

Renate Mix, K. Hoffmann, R. Decker, U. Resch-Genger, J. Friedrich

Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin,
GERMANY

Covalent Coupling of Fluorophors to Surface-bonded Functional Groups

Plasma modification of polymer surfaces, particularly functionalization or plasma

polymerization with functional group-carrying monomers are useful techniques to adjust the
hydrophilicity, adsorption, and wetting properties of polymeric surfaces.

To an increasing degree chemical reactions are carried out at surface bonded functional groups to
attach substances with special features to produce tailored surfaces for different applications.

Here, first results are presented showing the covalent coupling of fluorophors to functional
groups on polymer surfaces based on different synthesis concepts.
The first attempt is based on oxygen plasma-treated polypropylene which was wet-chemically
reduced to transform the different O-containing groups into OH-groups. The resulting surface
hydroxyl groups were reacted with diisocyanates (HDI, TDI, MDI) followed by the reaction with
water and dansyl chloride or NH2-functionalized fluorophors. Kinetic studies of the reaction of
surface bonded OH groups with TDI and MDI provide information about the efficiency of the
polyurethane coupling.

The second way is directed to the reaction of plasma polymerized allylamine deposited on PP. At
first, the generated amino groups were coupled to 1,5-glutardialdehyde. The so produced
aldehyde-terminated surfaces were reacted with different commercially available dansyl,
rhodamine and fluorescein labels, as well as with diamines followed by the reaction with
fluorescein-isothiocyanate.

Comparison of fluorescence spectroscopic and XPS investigations and efforts to correlate these
results are presented.

R. Molina1 , J.P. Espinós2, E. Bertran1, P. Erra3 and A.R. González-Elipe2

1) Dpto. Física Aplicada y Óptica, Universidad de Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal 647, 08028,
Barcelona, SPAIN.

2) Departamento de Química Inorgánica ,Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-

Universidad de Sevilla), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, SPAIN.

3) Dpto. de Tecnología de Tensioactivos, IIQAB-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona,

SPAIN.

Surface Chemical Modification of Down Stream Plasma Treated Wool

The superficial hydrophobicity of keratin fibers plays an important role in many processes such
as shrinkage, dyeing and polymer adhesion. For this reason plasma treatment is used as an
ecological friendly process in order to confer hydrophilicity to keratin fibers. In this work, the
surface chemical modification promoted by air plasma as a function of the treatment time by
means of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) without previous exposure to the air
atmosphere is studied. In order to know the contribution of the different air plasma active
species, plasma treatments have been carried out with nitrogen, oxygen, oxygen/water vapor
mixture, and water vapor.

The results have evidenced the effects induced by the different active species generated by
plasma from the different components of the air. In general, the intensity of C-C peak decreases
and the C-O, C=O and O-C=O peaks increase when a gas containing oxygen species is used.
Simultaneously, the intensity of the S-S peak decreases and that of the sulphonate peak (SO3-)
increases. The extent and characteristics of the oxidation and functionalisation of the
hydrocarbon chains of the F-layer depend on the nature of gas. Thus, whereas treatments with
plasmas of air and water vapor strongly affect the hydrocarbon chains of the F-layer, oxygen is
less effective in the oxidation process. It has been also noted that the active species formed in the
nitrogen plasma do not induce any significant change in the surface composition of the wool
fibers.

Moreover, the "in-situ" XPS analysis of the treated samples has permitted to differentiate
between the plasma effects produced "in situ" and those other linked to the air atmosphere
exposure after the treatment. The X-ray analysis also reveals an evolution of the surface
chemical composition as a function of the ageing time in air atmosphere.

J. Zeng and A. N. Netravali; Fiber Science Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4401

Pulsed Excimer Laser Treatment of Vectran® Fibers and its Effect on Surface
Characteristics and Adhesion to Epoxy Resin
Vectran®, liquid crystalline polyester fibers were treated with pulsed XeCl excimer laser (308
nm) to improve their surface topography and chemistry to improve their adhesion to epoxy resin.
The treatments were carried out separately in air and diethelenetriamine (DETA) environments
and the laser fluence and number of pulses were varied. The fiber surface was characterized
using various techniques including SEM, AFM, XPS, dynamic wettability etc. and the
fiber/epoxy interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was carried out using microbead test. The results
suggest that the laser treatments in air were more sever than in DETA and caused significant
periodic roll (wavy) structure on the fiber surface transverse to the fiber axis. AFM results
indicated surface roughness to increase 3.5 times to control fibers in the case of air and about 2.5
times in DETA environment. The dispersion component of the surface energy increased from
near zero for the control fibers to 8.8 mJ/m2 in the case of air and 18.0 mJ/m2 in the case of
DETA. The XPS studies indicated oxygen on the surface of both and nitrogen on fibers treated in
DETA environment. The IFSS of fibers treated in air increased by 75% from 19.5 MPa to 34.7
MPa at the fluence of 60 mJ/(pulse*cm2) and 75 pulses on each side (total of 150 pulses). For
fibers treated in DETA, the maximum IFSS value obtained was 27.7 MPa was obtained at the
fluence of 60 mJ/(pulse*cm2) and total of 60 pulses. It was concluded that the surface roughness
was the predominant factor controlling the IFSS.

A. Priola and R. Bongiovanni; Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering,

Politecnico Di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino ITALY

Design and Control of Surface Properties of UV-Curable Systems

The use of proper functional monomers as additives in UV-curable systems allows to design
specific surface properties of the cured polymers. Under thermodynamically or kinetically driven
conditions, these additives tailor the polymeric surfaces, as requested by the application. The
mechanism is based on their selective segregation at the interfaces. The very fast UV-curing
reaction allows to freeze and stabilize the structure and morphology created.

For the surface in contact with air, wettability, chemical resistance, gloss, stain resistance are
important. These properties can be assured using appropriate surfactant monomers. Concerning
the surface in contact with the substrate, adhesion is the key parameter for the performance of the
systems. To promote adhesion, functionalised monomers able to react or interact with the groups
present on the substrate can be introduced.

These topics will be presented considering UV-curable systems based on acrylic and epoxy
resins, containing fluorinated or polysiloxane structures, coated on different substrates.

L.Cernakova1, D.Kovacik2, J. Rahel2, M. Cernak2, and P. Tsai3

1) Faculty of chemical and food technology, Slovak Technical University, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37
Bratislava, SLOVAKIA

2) Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynska dolina F2,

842 48, SLOVAKIA

3) Textiles and Nonwovens Knoxville Development Center (TANDEC), The University of

Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-1950, USA

Low-cost High-speed Plasma Activation and Post-plasma Grafting of Polymer Materials

In-line surface activation of polymer webs using atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasmas

is emerging as the most environmentally acceptable and economically viable concept in meeting
the needs of converters and end use suppliers. However, the complexity, slow speed and high
operational cost of the existing atmospheric-pressure plasma treaters made them impractical for
this particular application. The crux of this technique is the availability of a robust, reliable and
cost effective plasma source, which can be used in tandem with existing high-speed production
lines without the use of expensive helium gas.

The Diffuse Coplanar Surface Barrier Discharge - DCSBD [1] generates thin (on the order of 0.1
mm) diffuse plasma layers of the order of 100 W/cm3 power density, resulting in extremely short
exposure times well below 1 sec. At such high power densities the macroscopically uniform
plasma can be generated easily and in an economic way in any, even in strongly electron-
attaching, reactive gas mixtures, like ambient air or oxygen.

DCSBD plasma source has been successfully tested for the surface plasma activation, post-
plasma grafting, and plasma polymerization of a wide scale of polymeric webs [2], including the
surface activation, permanent hydrophilization, and chitosan grafting of PP and PLA nonwovens
for hygiene applications. The results to be presented indicate that for this particular applications
the cost efficiency achieved by this technique is unmatched by any other known finishing
technology.

[1] M. Simor, J. Rahel, P. Vojtek, M. Cernak, A. Brablec, Appl. Phys. Letters 81 (2002)2716

[2] M. Cernak, US Patent Appl. No. 20040194223

E. Sancaktar, J. Kim and D. Ahn; Department of Polymer Engineering

The University of Akron, Akron, OH44325-0301

The Effects of Excimer Laser Ablation on Surface Morphology and Crystallinity of

Uniaxially Stretched Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Films

In order to evaluate the effects of excimer laser ablation on surface morphology and crystal
structure, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films uniaxially stretched 100% and 300%,
(UPET100 and UPET300, respectively) were prepared from PET cast films (UPET-CAST).
When the 100%- and 300%-stretched PET films were irradiated by excimer laser (TPET100 and
TPET300, respectively), channel-type surface microstructures were obtained by means of surface
melt processes. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, it was observed that more
prominent channel-type surface microstructures perpendicular to the stretching direction were
readily developed by excimer laser irradiation at higher stretching ratio, owing to the enhanced
contrast between amorphous and crystalline parts. According to the wide angle X-ray diffraction
(WAXD) patterns and the thermograms obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the
degree of crystallinity and perfection of crystal structure increased with excimer laser treatment
due to the etching rate difference between the random amorphous domains and highly oriented
domains. Another important factor in determining the surface morphology and crystal structure
was free volume effect generated by evaporation of broken chain during excimer laser
irradiation. The presence of significant amount of free volume was confirmed by the fact that
glass transition temperatures (Tg) and onset temperatures of cold crystallization (Tc,onset) decreased
after excimer laser treatments. In addition, by virtue of free volumes located in the highly
oriented domains, the perfection of crystal structure as well as the degree of crystallinity
increased at low environmental temperature, where melting process was highly restricted. From
these experimental results, we were able to predict the ablation mechanisms of PET films by
excimer laser irradiation. The channel-type microstructures could be initiated by the difference
of etching rate between randomly oriented amorphous domains and highly oriented domains at
first few pulses. After the initiation step, the surface microstructures would be propagated by
means of surface melt flow and cooperative molecular motion without melting. In other words,
the surface microstructures would grow via the surface melt flow when the thermal energy given
by laser irradiation was high enough to melt the PET crystals in fusion layer. On the other hand,
the surface microstructures and the more perfect crystal structures would be formed through a
cooperative molecular motion facilitated by enlarged free volumes when the thermal energy
corresponding to the temperature between Tg and melting temperature(Tm) were introduced to the
heated layer.

E. Schollmeyer1, J. Zorjanovi1,, R. Zimehl1, O. Petracic2, W. Kleemann2, T. Textor1, Th.

Bahners1 and D. Knittel1

1) Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West e. V., 47798 Krefeld, GERMANY

2) Laboratorium für Angewandte Physik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität, 47048 Duisburg,

GERMANY

Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Filaments

Ferromagnetic materials like iron oxides behave superparamagnetic if the volume of the
magnetic crystals falls below a critical size. Superparamagnetic particles offer a high potential
for several applications in different areas such as ferrofluids, color imaging, controlled transport
of anti-cancer drugs or for the separation of bio molecule from solution.

In this lecture we would like to introduce a method for the stabilization of maghemite and
magnetite particles in a polysiloxane matrix for the coating of synthetic textile materials (like
polyester, PETP). The aim of this work is to produce flexible materials with "switchable"
magnetic qualities.
Firstly the polyester materials were functionalized with amino groups by incorporation of
dodecylamine in the polyester matrix. Then the iron oxide particles (particles coated with silica
and uncoated) were stabilized in 2-propanol with GPTMS. Because the amino groups react with
the epoxy groups of GPTMS the polyester surfaces were coated by dip-coating. Finally the
polyester material was heated for 3 hours at 130°C. The particles sizes were determined by
transmission electron microscopy and the x-ray diffraction. The magnetic studies of coated
polyester materials were performed by use of a super-conducting quantum interference device
(SQUID) magnetometer in the temperature range between 10 to 300 K.

Eckhard Schollmeyer; Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West e.V. (DTNW), D-47798

Krefeld, FRG

Electrokinetic Investigations on Polymer Fibres

In the present paper at first some electrokinetic effects are discussed by means of linear
nonequilibrium thermodynamics introduced for this purpose by Prigogine. After a critical
examination of the capillary bundle models, which are used to determine the zeta-potentials of
fibres, two methods are proposed to yield comparable zeta-potential of different fibres: A plug
model derived analytically for fibres arranged parallel to the streaming fluid and a model for
selective adsorption of ionic species derived by means of thermodynamics in analogy to Nernst's
equation.

Some relations between electrokinetic properties are shown. First by means of phenomenological
equations, the electroviscose effect is explained to be due to the electroosmotic backstreaming. It
is shown that in principle the equivalence of streaming-current- and streaming-potential-methods
to get zeta-potentials is included in these equations. This equivalence was used first by
Smoluchowski to derive his equation for the zeta-potential for the special case of a single
capillary. The equation he found concerning the relations between both zeta-potential and
streaming-potential and streaming current between the ends of a capillary was extended by
different authors to bundles of capillaries and then to plugs. It is discussed, which of the
extensions are correct and which properties should be included in a so-called "porosity factor".
From a mathematical treatment of the surface conductivity in case of capillaries it is shown that
zeta-potentials can be obtained in principle by measuring the conductivity of the system plug-
electrolyte. For this system a procedure is deduced to calculate approximately the porosity factor
from measurements of the electrical resistance.

An apparatus is described to measure streaming-potentials as well as streaming-current at

different concentrations of the solid. Zeta-Potentials calculated according to Smoluchowski's
equation can be corrected by conductance measurements using Ag/AgCl-eletrodes directly in
dilute aqueous solutions containing more than 10-3 mol/l KCl. They are in good agreement with
the real dependence of zeta-potentials from the "porosity" of the plug. For KCl concentrations
smaller than 10-3 mol/l, this correction must be done separately from measurements of streaming-
potential according to the method of Fairbrother and Mastin at higher electrolyte concentrations.

Among the different porosities given by Konzeny-Carman, Goring and Mason, Biefer and Maso,
and Fairbrother and Mastin, the latter describes best the dependence of the zeta-potential on the
concentration of solid for any kind of plug. These results and the limits of the approximation
method are discussed.

It is shown that the conductivity of an arrangement of fibres in a liquid depends rather

insensitively on the zeta-potential (s) calculated according to the Smoluchowski equation. The
reason suggested also makes doubtful the theoretical deduction of the Fairbrother-Mastin method
to correct the porosity dependence of the s-potential.

An investigation of the porosity dependence of the three independent coefficients of the

phenomenological equations of arbitrary fibres gives an explanation for the fact, that this relation
is found to fit in the most cases with the porosity dependence of the s-values. A different
arrangement of fibres forming a plug shows that the use of the Smoluchowski equation cannot be
expanded from capillaries to plugs using simple corrections.

Finally the time dependence of the streaming current and the streaming potential is discussed and
compared with the velocity of the streaming fluid and with the electrical properties of the
measuring cell.
More over a thermodynamic description of the zeta-potential is proposed, which leads under
special conditions to the application of Nernst's equation on the Gouy-Chapman-layer. Thus the
behaviour of the streaming current can be explained by adsorption of different electrolytes at
solids. Finally, a relation of electrokinetic effects with redox electrodes is proposed, which might
be able to result in the determination of absoulte thermodynamic normal potentials.

An equation is derived to relate the streaming current of an arrangement of cylinders parallel to a

streaming fluid with the zeta-potential of the solid-liquid interface. The derivation is in analogy
to the principles used by Smoluchowski to caculate the streaming current of a single capillary,
i.e. a laminar streaming fluid and the applicability of Poisson's equation. It is shown that both
equations are identical.

E. Schollmeyer, D. Knittel, T. Textor, T. Bahners, R. Zimehl and J. Zorjanovi; Deutsches

Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West e. V.

Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, GERMANY

Nanotechnology to Functionalization of Textile Materials

Particles with particle sizes in the area of 1 to 100 nm enjoy a great popularity in research and in
industrial applications. These particles and many materials, they are combined of nano particles
have another physical and chemical behavior than material with a macroscopic structure. Such
inorganic nano particles (e. g. metal oxide semiconductor) show special nano effects that also
can be used to functionalize textile materials. The aim of this lecture is to show some of the
aspects to permanent and directly linking of nano particles (particles size < 100 nm) about
chemical bonds on the polymer surfaces.

One of the processes to realize this is the in-situ deposition by sol gel or LPD technology. TiO2
(rutile or anatase) or ZnO can be deposited directly on the polymer surface about covalent bonds
to come to materials with completely changed properties (such as UV protection or photo
catalyst). An anther way to linking of particles on the textile materials (e. g. polyester) is based
on a more-step reaction schema: firstly the particles must be stabilized of colloid chemistry
ways. The stabilization of particles can be achieved by steric stabilization with (3-
glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The polyester materials also have to be
functionalized. For this work the polyester were functionalized with amino groups by
incorporation of 1-dodecylamine in the polyester matrix. Because the amino groups react with
the epoxy groups of GPTMS the polyester surfaces were coated by dip-coating. Finally the
polyester material was heated at 130°C. On this way polymer surfaces can be coated with nano
particles (such as TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, Al2O3) about covalent bonds to come to materials with
completely changed properties. The studies have shown that on this way e. g. the abrasion
resistant and UV protection of textile materials can be improved.

Thomas Schuman, Maninder Singh, and James Stoffer; University of Missouri-Rolla,

Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Rolla, MO 65409

An In-mould Application of Adhesion Promoter to Polyolefin Substrates

Adhesion promotion treatment of olefinic plastic surfaces is necessary due to their low surface
energy. A corona, flame, plasma, or post fabrication spray treatment of the polymer surface
increases the surface energy available for wetting and adhesive interactions. A potentially simple
process would involve application of an adhesion promoter chemistry at the time of object
fabrication, e.g., during a moulding process. Mould application of several common chlorinated
polyolefins (CPOs) onto the surface of polypropylene (PP) and a commercial thermoplastic
polyolefin (TPO) was made using a 30 ton injection moulding machine into a standard ASTM
dogbone mould using optimized moulding conditions. Adhesion promotion on the order of that
observed by convention applications was observed as a function of the specific CPO used.
Though adhesion gradually decreased as a function of the number of mould injection cycles, a
single mold treatment uniformly applied adhesion promoter to parts over several consecutive
mould injection cycles, which was shown by surface analysis. Thus, a single mould treatment of
adhesion promoter material resulted in several, adherent, molded parts. The molded part surface
finish appeared unaffected though occasionally sticky release was observed for thermoplastic
polyolefin substrates.

Thomas Schuman1 and Shelby Thames2

1) University of Missouri-Rolla,Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Rolla,

MO 65409
2) The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Polymers and High Performance Materials,
Hattiesburg, MS 39402

Role of Solvent in Producing Adhesion to Molded Polymer Surfaces

Adhesion is of paramount importance to durability and quality of any coating system. The
industrial trends towards usage of waterborne coatings affects surface wetting and adhesion of
coatings to molded polymer surfaces, which are typically hydrophobic and many are apolar and
inert. What is the role of solvent in achieving adhesion to plastics? Information presented by
Ryntz, Stoffer, Foster, Winnik, and deGenne in the characterization of polymer interfaces and/or
adhesion to plastic surfaces has led to limited understanding, i.e., solvents play a role in surface
adhesion development in addition to wetting. A different approach found that adhesion-
promoting solvents generated surface topographies different than the as-molded interface and
different than solvent exposures were adhesion was not improved. Interestingly, the quality of
the solvent to promote adhesion was not measured by how "good" the solvent was for the
polymer material, e.g., as suggested by solubility parameter or swelling. Instead, the ability to
cause a significant change in the molded plastic surface topography was related to the measured
adhesion. Poor adhesion by the coating was measured when exposure of the plastic surface to the
coating solvents alone left an unaltered, as-molded surface topography. Measured improvements
in adhesion thus appeared to result from improved surface area contact or altered fracture
mechanics, and not necessarily improved polymer chain mobility or polymer entanglement.

Gerhard Seyfriedsberger1, Wolfgang Kern2

1) Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, A-8700 Leoben, AUSTRIA

2) Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Organic Materials,
A-8010 Graz, AUSTRIA

Surface Modification of Polymers Towards Antimicrobial Properties

The modification of polymer surfaces is a common technique to tailor their surface properties.
The present work aims at polyethylene surfaces with antimicrobial properties. In one approach
LLDPE surfaces were modified with SO3H groups via photosulfonation. Antimicrobial
properties were then achieved by immobilization of antimicrobially active polycations onto the
sulfonated LLDPE surface (ionic interaction). In another approach a bulk modification of
LLDPE with polymer-based biocides was carried out. For the physico-chemical characterisation
of the modified LLDPE surfaces FTIR spectroscopy, surface roughness measurements (confocal
microscopy), zeta potential and contact angle techniques were applied. Antimicrobial properties
of sample surfaces towards E.Coli and Staph. Aureus were determined with the film adherence
method (Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Z 2801). This standardised test evaluates remaining
colony forming units (cfu) at surfaces. The biofilm formation potential of the LLDPE surfaces
was assessed following the (preliminary) standard CEN TC164/WG3/AHG3. In all cases,
polyethylene surfaces with highly antimicrobial properties were achieved while maintaining the
mechanical properties of polyethylene. Moreover, the test-samples displayed a large reduction of
biofilm formation. Polymer modification strategies, mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, assays
and characterisation techniques are discussed together with regard to practical application.

Sam Siau, Alfons Vervaet, Andre Van Calster and Daniël Baert; Department of ELIS,
University Ghent, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, BELGIUM

The Development of Epoxy Polymer Surface Roughness Due to Wet Chemical Treatments
and its Relevance to Adhesion of Electrochemically Deposited Copper

The mechanisms that influence the kinetics of surface roughness development due to various
chemical treatments are investigated. A sequence of sweller solutions and oxidizers are
considered. The surface of the polymer consists of a number of functionalities that break the
polymer chain down and are transmitted through the chain as the polymer is etched. These
groups are unevenly distributed atop of the surface, causing a difference in etching speed, which
creates the roughness on the surface. Prior to the treatment the surface of the epoxy polymer
layer is almost perfectly flat.

Usage of a sweller agent increases the number of break down groups on the surface and hence
increases the speed of roughness formation. The activation of the surface due to a sweller agent
saturates and is caused by a reaction between the sweller present inside the free volume of the
polymer and the polar groups of the polymer chains. The surface topography of the oxidized
epoxy polymer layer develops into a fractal surface due to small fluctuations in the number of
polymer break down groups. For limited oxidation treatment times there is direct correlation
between AFM measured surface line length increase and the peel strength of electrochemically
deposited copper.

G. Szeiffova 1, B. Alince, 2, J. Gigac 1 and R. Tino 3

1) Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Lamacska 3, Bratislava, SLOVAKIA

2) Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CANADA

3) Department of Chemical Technology of Wood, Pulp and Paper, FChPT, Slovak University of
Technology, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, SLOVAKIA

Modification of Surface Charge of Pulp Fibers and the Effect on Wet Web Strength

Breaking of paper during wet end operations causes high cost expenses in papermaking. Tensile
strength of paper depends on the solid content. After the free water removal, there is an area
where wet swollen fibers does not create chemical bonding yet and surface tension of water is
not the force holding fibers together anymore. This is the area of interest - around 30 % of solid
content. Our work tries to understand the processes and mechanism of fibers consolidation. The
idea was to overcome the electrostatic repulsion by inter-fiber bridging adding various cationic
polymers common used in papermaking. Next step was to change the surface charge of fibers
followed by trying to bridge modified fibers by negative polymers. The deposition of polymers
onto cellulose fibers was studied as well as the effect of surface tension of water and beating on
tensile strength.. The wet web strength of blank paper and strength of paper made from treated
fibers was compared.

Daliana G. Abreu1, Wagner Dasilva1,2 Alan Entenberg3, Thomas Debies2

and Gerald A. Takacs1

1) Department of Chemistry, Center for Materials Science and

Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623

2) Xerox Corporation, Webster, NY 14580

3) Department of Physics, RIT, Rochester, NY, 14623

Chemistry at the Cu-fluoropolymer Interface: Relevance to Adhesion

Fluoropolymers, like Teflon(r)PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), FEP fluorinated thylene-

propylene co-polymer) and PFA polytetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), have
been extensively used in space applications, protective coatings, microelectronic packaging and
biotechnology. However, their low surface energy properties present considerable challenges for
adhesion when bonding to other materials, such as, the conductor copper.

During recent investigations of the surface modification of PTFE, FEP and PFA using vacuum
UV photo-oxidation, the adhesion of sputtered Cu to the modified surface was found to increase
with treatment for PTFE while FEP and PFA demonstrated good practical adhesion at short
treatment times and cohesive failure at long treatment times. Therefore, this study was conducted
to investigate: (1) the depth of polymer on the failure surface with argon ion etching and (2) the
chemistry near the interface with X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, results
will be reported on the surface modification of untreated PTFE, FEP and PFA with thin films of
Cu formed from two sources having different energies of metallization; thermal evaporation and
sputter deposition.

Takeshi Tanaka; Department of Electronics and Photonic Systems Engineering, Hiroshima

Institute of Technology, Hiroshima 731-5193, JAPAN

Surface Modification of Polymer Thin Films by PBII

Plasma source ion implantation (PSII) is a rapidly advancing technique that is highly suitable for
the surface treatment of three-dimensional workpieces. Many plasma sources have been
employed to produce ions for implantation, including filament discharge, rf discharge,
microwave discharge and metal arc discharge. PSII using an external pulsed inductively coupled
plasma (ICP) source has been shown to be an effective method for modifying the surface
characteristics of polymer films and forming amorphous carbon layers on films and bottles . In
this study, we have reviewed the barrier effectiveness of polymer films modified using this
technique, and have characterized the amorphous carbon layers by various methods to
investigate their crystal structure, chemical bonding, and surface morphology.

Susanne Temmel1, Wolfgang Kern2, Thomas Luxbacher3

1) Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, A-8700 Leoben, AUSTRIA

2) Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Organic Materials,
A-8010 Graz, AUSTRIA
3) Anton Paar GmbH, A-8054 Graz, AUSTRIA

Surface Modification of Polyethylene by Photosulfonation

The present work is focused on the surface modification of LDPE by UV irradiation with a Hg
lamp in the presence of sulfur dioxide and air. This process, also called photosulfonation, results
in the introduction of sulfonic acid groups onto the polymer surface. To characterize the
modified LDPE surfaces, FTIR-spectroscopy, contact angle testing as well as zeta potential
measurements were applied. An FTIR spectroscopic examination of photosulfonated LDPE
surfaces showed new bands typical of -SO3H groups (1170 and 1037 cm-1). These FTIR signals
were getting stronger with increasing UV irradiation time but remained constant after prolonged
UV irradiation. Contact angle measurements showed a similar trend: the contact angle q of water
(sessile drop) decreased from q = 99° to about q = 30° and then remained constant. This indicates
highly polar surfaces. The zeta potential z of the modified LDPE surfaces shifted to less negative
values with increasing UV irradiation time (from z = -35 mV to z = -18 mV at pH = 8). This
result is explained by an increase of the hydrophilicity of the LDPE surface. Concomitantly the
isoelectric point was shifted to lower pH values (from IEP = 4 to IEP ~ 2) which indicates an
increasing amount of -SO3H groups present at the sample surface. Moreover, LDPE samples
were cross-linked by e-beam irradiation and then subjected to the photosulfonation process.
Cross-linked LDPE offers a higher degree of modification with -SO3H groups. This is explained
by a lower amount of extractable components as a result of radiation-induced network formation.

A. Kokkinis1, I. Raptis1 , J. C. Statharas2 and E. S. Valamontes3

1) Institute of Microelectronics, NCSR "Demokritos", 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi GREECE.

2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of Chalkis,

34400 Psahna, Euboea, GREECE.

3) Department of Electronics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Aegaleo,

GREECE.

Dissolution Properties of Ultrathin Photoresist Films with Multiwavelength Interferometry

According to the ITRS, a significant decrease in lateral resolution and thickness of resists is
anticipated for the forthcoming decade. In order to study in-situ the dissolution of thin resist
films, a set-up based on multiwavelength interferometry was developed. Using this set-up and an
appropriate fitting algorithm, based on the interference function, the resist thickness vs. time is
calculated.

Figure 1: Multiwavelength dissolution rate monitoring apparatus.

In the present work, the dissolution of PMMA films in a 20-300nm thickness range is studied.
First results showed, that in the case of ultra thin films of high molecular weights (996K, 350K),
dissolution proceeds smoothly after an initial surface inhibition period, while thicker films
present a more complex dissolution curve. In the case of low molecular weight (15K) the surface
inhibition period is negligible and dissolution proceeds smoothly for the whole thickness range
examined. PMMA films exposed with various DUV doses exhibit similar behaviour with the
unexposed films in terms of dissolution inhibition.

Further research on PMMA dissolution properties using additional developer solutions and
broader PAB temperature range is in progress.

Benoit Viallet; INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 TOULOUSE cedex 4, FRANCE

Adhesion Improvement of Epoxy-Siloxane Resist on a BCB Layer: Application to

Nanoimprint Lithography

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) are low cost technologies used to reproduce nanometer size
patterns. In the approach involving a curable polymer, the adhesion between this polymer and the
underlying layer is an important issue. The imprinted polymer used in this study is an epoxy-
siloxane and the underlying layer is made with poly-
bis*(*benzocyclobutenyl*)*divinyltetramethylsiloxane (BCB). BCB is a resist used in
microelectronics and optoelectronic for its low dielectric constant, its transparency up to 1700
nm, its high chemical resistance and thermal stability.

The poor adhesion between epoxy-siloxane and non treated BCB does not allowed NIL with
nanometer size patterns. The effect of different surface treatments : UV/ozone, O_2 plasma,
SF_6 /O_2 plasma and adhesion layers deposition on the quality of imprinted patterns has been
studied. The degradation of surface layer of BCB by UV/ozone photochemical treatment has
been analyzed by various methods: XPS, SIMS, chemical solubility and contact angle. This
analyze reveals the creation of three layers: an oxidized surface with a near SiO_2 composition, a
polymer degraded layer and the non modified BCB. The application of surface treatments on
inorganic surfaces (LaF_3 , GaAs) will also be presented and a comparison will be done between
organic and inorganic surface.

Zhi-Kang Xu, Zhen-Gang Wang, Xiao-Jun Huang; Institute of Polymer Science, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. CHINA

Surface Modification of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Membranes by Chemical Reactions

Membranes were prepared from poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) (PANCMA) and

poly(acrylonitrile-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PANCHEMA) containing carboxyl groups
and hydroxyl groups respectively. To suppress the protein adsorption and platelet adhesion on
these membrane surface, chemical reactions were used to immobilize biocompatible
macromolecules (such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and heparin) on the PANCMA membrane
and to generate phospholipid moieties on the PANCHEMA membranes. It was found that the
carboxylic groups can be conveniently conversed into anhydride and then esterified with PEG.
The antifouling property and biocompatibility of PANCMA membrane are effectively improved
by the immobilization of PEG on the membrane surface, in which PEG-400 modified membrane
shows the best performance. Moreover, membranes tethered with heparin shows the best blood
compatibility. On the other hand, a novel approach for the surface modification of PANCHEMA
membranes by introducing phospholipid moieties is presented, which involved the reaction of
the hydroxyl groups on the membrane surface with 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane
(COP) followed by the ring-opening reaction of COP with trimethylamine. It was found that the
bovine serum albumin adsorption and platelet adhesion were suppressed significantly with the
introduction of phospholipid moieties on the membranes surface. These results demonstrated that
the described process was an efficient way to improve the surface biocompatibility for the
acrylonitrile-based copolymer membrane.

V. Zaporojtchenko, J. Zekonyte, U. Schuermann and F. Faupel; Faculty of Engineering, Chair

for Multicomponent Materials, Chirstian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel,
GERMANY

Metallization of Polymer Surfaces after Ion Beam Treatment. Mechanism of Adhesion

Improvement and Degradation

Ion beam treatment of polymers induces different phenomena in the near surface layer of
polymers, and promotes adhesion to metals. Using XPS, FTIR, TEM and AFM surfaces of
different polymers ( PS, PP, PMMA, BPA-PC, etc.) were examined after low energy ion-beam
treatments with oxygen, nitrogen and argon ions in the ion fluence range from 1012 to 1016 cm-2 to
clarify the following points: removal of the surface layers, chemical reaction after treatment in
vacuum and after exposition to air, identification of adsorption-relevant species for metal atoms,
formation of cross-links in the outermost polymer layer. Depending on the ion-polymer
interaction these effects contribute in a synergistic manner to significant or negligible
enhancement of the metal-polymer adhesion. The early stages of metal-polymer interface
formation during metallization play also a crucial role in the metal-polymer adhesion. Therefore,
the influence of the ion fluence and ion chemistry as well as substrate temperature on the
condensation of metals, film growth and peel strength were measured. For some polymers, the
peel strength showed a maximum at a certain fluence depending on ion chemistry. The locus of
failure changed at the same time from interfacial failure for untreated polymer surfaces to
cohesive failure in the polymer for modified surfaces. A multilayer model of the metal-polymer
interface after ion treatment is discussed.

Ze Zhang1, Lê H. Dao2, Dominic Tessier2, Xiaoping Jiang1, Robert Guidoin1, Martin King3

1) Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University and Saint-François d'Assise

Hospital Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, CANADA

2) INRS-Energy-Materials-Telecommunication, University of Quebec, Varennes, Quebec,

CANADA
Polypyrrole-Grafted Polyester Fabrics: Preparation, Electrical stability and
Biocompatibility

Conductive polypyrrole (PPy) has been shown to support cell growth and to modulate cellular
behaviors through electrical stimulation. However, because of its highly conjugated chemical
structure, pure PPy is unprocessable. In this study, PPy was grafted onto the surface of
poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics through a three-step method, including
phosphonylation or plasma treatment to active fabric surface, grafting of 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)
pyrrole, and copolymerization of pyrrole monomers with the grafted pyrrole groups. The surface
chemistry and morphology of the grafted PPy were studied with XPS and SEM. The electrical
stability of the PPy-grafted PET fabrics was investigated using an in vitro model. Finally, the
biocompatibility of the PPy-grafted fabrics was analyzed through cell culture and animal
experiments. The results showed that a very thin and stable PPy layer formed on the surface of
the PET microfibres, rendered the composite fabrics electrically conductive with a surface
resistivity in the range of 10-3-10-5 ohm/square. The decay of electrical conductivity in aqueous
condition was related to the dedoping and oxygen uptake of the PPy. The PPy-grafted fabrics
proved biocompatible.

Regulation of Pharma Excipients in Europe:

Implications for Manufacturers and
Suppliers
By Kevin McGlue, Director Global Quality Assurance, Colorcon Inc.
A key barrier to developing effective legislation has been the disparate nature of the excipient market,
with players in the sector spanning commodity food ingredient manufacturers through to companies
that specialize in functional ingredients for pharmaceuticals.
Tuesday, January 01, 2008
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Pharmaceutical manufacturers and their excipient suppliers
are facing an uncertain future with the formal introduction
of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements in the
European Union. However, there is still considerable debate
about the form these will take as well as opportunities for
stakeholders to have their say.

The European Commission says it has a clear mandate to

draw up legislation, at least for some high-risk excipients
(see Table 1), in the interest of public health. This stems
from a series of cases in which excipients have caused in
major public health problems as well as from other concerns
including the possibility of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE) contamination in animal derived
excipients.
In 2006, 21 people died in Panama after taking a
government-made cough syrup containing diethylene glycol
that had been mislabeled as glycerol, a widely used excipient.
Another 38 people suffered side effects including
disorientation and kidney failure.

Several countries, including Panama, issued a major recall

of toothpaste made in China in 2007 because it contained
diethylene glycol that had again been mislabeled as glycerol.
While no deaths were reported in this case, previous
contamination episodes involving medicines have been far
more serious. In 1996, glycerol contaminated with diethylene
glycol killed 88 people in Haiti, while in 1990-1992
paracetamol syrup contaminated with diethylene glycol from
propylene glycol led to 236 deaths in India and Bangladesh.
In 1990, 47 people died in Nigeria after taking cough syrup
contaminated with solvents.

The complex supply chain in the Panama case, which saw

the glycerol/diethylene glycol pass from a supplier in China
not registered to supply pharmaceutical-grade products
through the hands of several companies and traders before
being bought by the Panamanian government. This
illustrates the view that, in most cases, problems with
excipients have occurred because of a failure in good
distribution practice (GDP) rather than GMP.

The Commission's aim is to develop a set of agreed

guidelines, incorporating both GMP and GDP, which will
harmonize the regulation of excipients. The EC has already
completed a major overhaul of pharmaceutical legislation
and brought in new GMP standards for active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) as part of Directive
2004/27/EC.

Critically, this reform has made the extension of GMP

requirements to at least some excipients inevitable, as
Directive 2004/27/EC states that "this point (GMP for
starting materials) shall also be applicable to certain
excipients, the list of which as well as the specific conditions
of application shall be established by a Directive adopted by
the Commission."

The scope of such a Directive is clear and designed to

safeguard supply chains in Europe regardless of the source
of ingredients. It will apply to both total and partial
manufacture or import of starting materials, and the various
processes of dividing up, packaging or presentation of the
starting materials prior to its incorporation into a medicinal
product. This includes repackaging or re-labeling, such as
might be carried out by a distributor.

A draft Directive entitled "Specific Conditions on the

Application of Principles and Guidelines of GMP for Certain
Excipients" was drawn up in December 2006. The main
topics covered by the Draft can be seen in Table 2.
Public health problems in recent years put the need for some
form of GMP for excipients beyond doubt. The debate at the
moment is all about setting GMP requirements appropriate
to excipients, and not simply mirroring those developed for
active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Excipient industry
A key barrier to developing effective legislation has been the
disparate nature of the excipient market, with players in the
sector spanning commodity food ingredient manufacturers
through to companies that specialize in functional
ingredients for pharmaceuticals. Overall, more than 1,200
excipients are used in medicinal products - not including
colors and flavors - but only about 300-400 have
monographs in recognized pharmacopoeia.

This wide range of excipients - from simple sugars to

complex polymers - means that 'pharmaceutical' GMP
standards, i.e. those enshrined in Eudralex vol IV Part 2 for
active pharmaceutical ingredients, are unlikely to be
appropriate for all but a handful of excipients. Meanwhile,
other standards such as ISO 9001, widely used in other
industries such as food, do not go far enough.

For example, Part 2 calls for full 'three batch' validation

programs as is standard in the pharmaceutical world, but it
is unlikely that a manufacturer of a simple 'food ingredient'
with minimal pharmaceutical use would do this. In reality,
for such excipients it should be sufficient to demonstrate
consistency, for example using capability studies.

Likewise, Part 2 also demands full ongoing stability studies

for active pharmaceutical ingredients, while for excipients it
should be possible to refer to historical data, given that the
shelf life of many common excipients is well defined.

So for manufacturers of ingredients and medicines alike,

there is uncertainty about the GMP standards, which may
be required in the forthcoming EC Directive, and questions
remain about how those standards will be monitored and
enforced in practice.

Added to that is the fear that if the regulations are too strict
or require major administrative, operational and/or capital
expenditures, some suppliers may choose to exit the market
for pharmaceutical excipients altogether. This is particularly
likely for companies whose sales to the pharmaceutical
industry may represent only a small part of their overall
business.

The consequences
The consequences for pharmaceutical companies could be
damaging and expensive. One option is of course to find a
new supplier, although this could require additional stability
and/or bioequivalence studies to assure the clinical
performance of the affected product is not compromised. If
another supplier proves hard to locate, they may be forced
to reformulate with a new excipient, which could involve
new clinical studies. In extreme cases pharmaceutical
companies may decide the only option is to withdraw a
product, and this in turn could have health care and legal
consequences.

Adoption of GMP for excipients is also likely to have a

major impact on pharmaceutical manufacturers in terms of
the quality assurance process. They have the responsibility
to ensure that listed excipients are compliant, and should
ideally inspect their suppliers' manufacturing sites and
processes. This could mean that companies have to inspect
an increasingly large number of suppliers, and indeed that
suppliers themselves face multiple inspections that could
prove impossible to cope with.

Assurance problems could also arise if pharmaceutical

companies are denied access to an audit, or indeed if the
supply chain is complex and involves suppliers outside the
EU. Pharmaceutical products manufactured outside the EU
or under contract also raise assurance issues as
pharmaceutical companies cannot readily test for
compliance, yet the Qualified Person (QP) signing off for
sale must ensure that any listed excipients contained in them
were manufactured in accordance with EU excipient GMP.
A system will therefore need to be developed so to ensure
that only excipients made to EU GMP guidelines have been
used - perhaps by writing this into contracts. Consideration
also has to be given to how manufacturing changes made by
suppliers could affect compliance with EU excipient GMP.

Commission consultation
Mindful of the possible consequences of the proposed
legislation, the Commission has initiated consultations to
gauge the impact of the legislation in its draft form, identify
what quality systems are already being used by companies
and identify areas where modifications need to be made.

It has developed two questionnaires: one for excipient

manufactures (which can also be completed by distributors)
and another for excipient users and distributors. They had a
deadline of July 30, 2007 for submission, but feedback from
this process is still awaited.

The consultation process at the EC could lead to several

possible outcomes. One is that it results in the formation of
formal legislation, including GMP principles as outlined in
draft guidelines issued in December.

The Commission could also opt for a more hands-off

approach, for example by adopting detailed guidelines
similar to those in the GMP Guide for Pharmaceutical
Excipients drawn up by the International Pharmaceutical
Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality
Group (PQG)in 2006 that aims to provide harmonized
guidance for excipients and takes into account the existing
standards that manufacturers have been using.
Alternatively, it could opt for risk-management principles
and tools, such as those laid out in the International
Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q9) framework, and
allow the industry to self-regulate by applying its own GMP
principles based on an assessment of risks to the patient.

The hope is that for some manufacturers the EC's

deliberations could simply be a formalization of the quality
standards they are already applying in practice, as some
companies have already adopted GMP systems in
accordance with the IPEC/PQG guide.

Developments outside the EU

The current concerns about health risks posed by
fraudulent, contaminated or poor excipients are being
mirrored by regulators elsewhere, notably the USA and
China. In the US, for example, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) recently published non-binding
guidance that asks for testing of every received container of
glycerin for diethyl glycol as part of an effort to draw
attention to the possible risks to public health from
contaminated or mislabeled excipients.

Meanwhile, China has tabled its own legislation on GMP for

excipients and - perhaps stung by the negative publicity
about the products tainted from use of Chinese ingredients
and allegations of weak enforcement of regulations -
announced in June 2007 it plans to go even further,
implementing a series of new controls on food and drug
imports and exports as well as random testing of medicines
for quality.
In Europe it is encouraging that the Commission has
embarked on such an inclusive consultation procedure, and
the hope is that it will be successful in formulating legislation
which strikes the right balance between avoiding risks to
public health from quality-impaired products, and avoiding
excessive regulation that could affect the ability of suppliers
to supply the market.

At the moment, the identity of the actual list of excipients

that look set to come under the EC's regulatory oversight is
currently under discussion, but a short-list of candidate
groups has been established based on the probability and
severity of adverse events that could occur (see Table 1).

Excipients on the list are those known to have history of

problems, such as glycerol, or those which have a high-risk
route of administration, have an important function in the
medicinal product, are used in high quantities or in products
that patients take over a long period, or are biologically
derived. Other considerations include, for example, whether
the excipient is made in multipurpose or multiprocess plant,
which could increase the risk of contamination.

Table 1
Table 2
Excipients Used In Solid Dosage Form And Their
Effects
Solid dosage forms from self-emulsifying lipidic formulations
Lipid excipients present a problem for tablet dosage forms, but bioavailability enhancing liquid
and semi-solid formulations can change that.

Apr 1, 2008
By: Delphine Marchaud, Sophie Hughes
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

123
Next »

There has been growing interest in the use of lipidic excipients in

formulations and, in particular, in self-emulsifying lipid formulations
(SELFs) because of their ability to solubilize poorly water-soluble
'lipophilic' drugs and overcome the problem of poor drug absorption.

These formulations have also attracted interest because they can improve
the bioavailability of compounds that fall into Class II of the
biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). Class II compounds are
poorly water soluble and highly permeable.1 This bioavailability enhancing property has been
associated with a number of in vivo properties of lipidic formulation including:

 The formation of fine dispersions and micellar suspensions to prevent precipitation and
recrystallization of the drug compound.
 The ability of certain lipid compounds and their metabolites to initiate changes in the
gastrointestinal fluid to favour improved drug absorption.
 The inhibition of cellular efflux mechanisms, which keep drugs out of the circulation.
 Certain lipidic excipients are associated with selective drug uptake into the lymphatic
transport system, thereby reducing the effect of first-pass drug metabolism in the liver.2

The mechanisms by which lipids influence drug delivery, digestion and absorption are complex
and not yet fully understood. Nevertheless, it is well known that lipidic excipients provide a safe
and effective way of enhancing bioavailability, and offer an additional approach to 'mechanical'
or 'chemical' strategies for dealing with poorly water-soluble compounds (i.e., techniques such as
nanomilling and altering the physicochemical properties of the compound).

Provided the formulator succeeds in addressing the challenges of drug solubility and absorption,
the next big challenge is the delivery of the drug in an acceptable dosage form. It is an
undisputed fact that oral dosage forms are the preferred drug administration route, and lipid
formulations offer versatility for oral dosage forms because they can be
formulated as solutions, and semi-solid and solid forms.
Within these oral dosage forms, lipids are formulated as simple
emulsions, self-emulsifying and self-micro-emulsifying formulations.
SELF systems comprise a defined mixture of lipid excipients, including
simple oils, nonionic surfactants and cosurfactants. SELF systems act
as carriers for drugs by forming fine emulsions, or micro-emulsions,
under gentle stirring when diluted in water or physiological media with
physiological motion. Drug molecules are either dissolved or Figure 1 Schematic
suspended in the SELF system, which maintains the drug in very fine diagram of SEDDS and
dispersion droplets inside the intestinal lumen, providing optimal SMEDDS.
conditions for absorption.

Two types of SELF systems exist: self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) and self-
micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs). Both SEDDSs and SMEDDSs have
distinct features associated with improved drug delivery properties. SEDDS formulations can be
simple binary systems: lipophilic phase and drug, or lipophilic phase, surfactant and drug. The
formation of a SMEDDS requires the use of a cosurfactant to generate a micro-emulsion. SEDDS
formulations are characterized by in vitro lipid droplet sizes of 200 nm–5 mm and the dispersion
has a turbid appearance.

SMEDDSs, however, have a smaller lipid droplet size (<200 nm) and the dispersion has an
optically clear-to-translucent appearance. Both systems are associated with the generation of
large surface area dispersions that provide optimum conditions for the increased absorption of
poorly soluble drugs. The choice of whether a SEDDS or a SMEDDS is the preferred formulation
option often depends on the interplay between the intrinsic properties of the drug compound and
its solubility and dissolution profile during in vitro screening with a number of excipients. The
two systems are illustrated schematically in Figure 1.

In terms of dosage form, SELFs are principally liquid or semi-

solid formulations and, therefore, ideal for soft or hard capsule
filling. Currently, drugs that utilize SEDDs are exclusively
developed in soft or hard gelatin capsules (Table 1). This is
because, until recently, getting a SELF into tablet form was a
Table 1 Examples of formulation challenge because of the nature of excipients and
pharmaceutical products formulation techniques. That is not to say that formulating for a
formulated as self-emulsifying solid dosage form that utilizes a SELF is impossible, but the
systems. starting point for such a formulation requires the use of semi-
solid excipients.

SELFs have been transformed into solid dosage forms using techniques such as melt granulation,
where the lipid excipient acts as a binder and solid granules are produced on cooling. Solvents or
supercritical fluids can be used with semi-solid excipients, which are solubilized and then the
solvent evaporated to produce a waxy powder. Spraying techniques can be used to produce
powder form formulations. These techniques enable the production of granules or powders that
can then be compressed into a tablet form or filled into capsules. In all cases, the lipidic
excipients used must be semi-solid at room temperature.

However, in many cases, because of the nature of lipidic excipients, the SELF system is a liquid-
based formulation rather than a semi-solid formulation and, therefore, an alternative approach is
required. This article describes the development and optimization of a solid SELF system to
produce a tablet from a liquid SELF.

The concept works by the adsorption/absorption of a liquid SELF onto a neutral carrier (i.e.,
neutral silicate). Although surprisingly straightforward, developing this solid dosage form
technique has required extensive investigation of critical success parameters including:

 Extensive screening of different neutral carriers to evaluate their ability to adsorb

maximum levels of the liquid SELF.
 Maximum loading value of the carrier and effect on tablet compression.
 Absorption onto the carrier and effect on flowability — an essential feature for tablet
compression.
 Evaluation of the integrity of the system with a poorly soluble API to examine the effect
of transforming a liquid into a powder on drug solubility and dissolution rate.

Solid dosage forms from self-emulsifying lipidic formulations

Lipid excipients present a problem for tablet dosage forms, but bioavailability enhancing liquid
and semi-solid formulations can change that.

Apr 1, 2008
By: Delphine Marchaud, Sophie Hughes
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

« Previous
Performance criteria

This case study describes the development of Piroxicam tablets using a liquid SELF. The
resulting tablets were analysed for key performance criteria, including dissolution testing, tablet
cohesion (hardness) and stability.

Piroxicam was selected as model drug: it is a very poorly

soluble, BCS Class II molecule with a LogP value of 1.5. The
formulation consisted of 10% w/w Piroxicam to obtain a 20 mg
per unit dose and 90% SELF. Although Piroxicam is only
partially soluble in the SELF, it emulsifies completely on
dilution in large amounts of water (900 mL) at 20 mg per unit
dose. The liquid SELF was adsorbed onto a selected silicate by a Figure 2 Dissolution properties
simple mixing process in a traditional high shear mixer (loading of solid SELF Piroxicam
from 60–70%). The resulting powder was then filled into hard formulations in tablet and
gelatine capsules or formulated with additional excipients and capsule form.
compressed into a tablet. To make a tablet, the powder was
mixed with a diluent — microcrystalline cellulose — and a super-disintegrant, and then
compressed.
The integrity and performance of the Piroxicam tablets and capsules was evaluated by
performing dissolution studies that compared the dissolution profiles of pure Piroxicam, the
liquid SELF Piroxicam formulation (SMEDDS), the solid tablet form and the capsule form
(SMEDDS; Figure 2).

The tablets contained 50% of the loaded silicate and the amount of liquid SELF corresponded to
30% in the tablet formulation. The tablet contained 3% Piroxicam and its hardness was 80 N.

Stability testing is currently underway using the Piroxicam tablets. The initial 3-month results are
promising, with demonstrable stability for 3 months at 25 °C and 40 °C.

Optimizing product performance

As with any formulation, certain parameters need to be optimized to deliver the end-product
performance required. Important points to consider when developing a solid SELF from a liquid
SELF starting point are:

 If tablet cohesion properties are not satisfactory, the ratio of silicate to diluent can be
adjusted and/or a binder can be added.
 The dose requirement of active in the final form of the solid SELF because the active
compound is diluted during each step of creating the final dosage form.
Solid dosage forms from self-emulsifying lipidic formulations
Lipid excipients present a problem for tablet dosage forms, but bioavailability enhancing liquid
and semi-solid formulations can change that.

Apr 1, 2008
By: Delphine Marchaud, Sophie Hughes
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

« Previous
123

Conclusions

This straightforward solid SELF approach enables the development of tablets using a liquid
SELF for a poorly water-soluble API. A high content of liquid SELF was loaded (up to 70%)
onto a carrier (up to 70%), which maintained good flowability, and enabled the production of
tablets with good cohesive properties and good content uniformity in both capsules and tablets.
Both the tablet and hard capsules produced good dissolution profiles. The tablets have proven
stability for 3 months with positive results for 6 months anticipated.

SELF systems have been developed for liquid and semi-solid dosage forms and it is now feasible
to develop solid dosage forms using a liquid SELF as the starting material. This clearly expands
the options available to the formulator. Naturally, the development of the optimal SELF system
requires an in-depth level of understanding of the properties of lipidic excipients, and
particularly an understanding of the behaviour of the formulation system created when two or
more excipients are mixed together (i.e., SEDDS and SMEDDS), as well as the properties of the
API.

In addition to providing the obvious in vivo benefits of a SELF system in tablet dosage form
(improved drug absorption, etc.), the benefits of developing a solid SELF system are that a high
content of liquid SELF can be loaded onto a carrier and the process gives good content (granule)
uniformity. In terms of functionality and performance, the solubilizing properties of the final
solid dosage form should remain unaffected by both the adsorption of the liquid SELF on to a
carrier and the state of the drug in the lipid formulation (solubilized versus suspended). The
formulation and process is remarkably straightforward and few challenges can be envisaged at
the industrial scale. This technique offers formulators an additional option in the quest to achieve
product performance, product design and manufacturability.

Delphine Marchaud is a technical manager for Gateffosse Pharmaceutical Products. She has
been with the company for 10 years , during which she has developed proprietary techniques
with Gateffosse liquids, including self-micro-emulsifying lipid formulations (SMEDDS). Her
aim and that of her laboratory team is to improve understanding of how lipid-based drug
delivery works in vitro and in vivo, and how formulation techniques can be applied to address
the drug development challenges faced by the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.

Sophie Hughes is marketing manager for Gateffosse Pharmaceutical Products. She is

responsible for new product development, communication and the development of training
programmes about the use of Gateffosse lipidic excipients and lipid-based drug delivery.

References

1. C.Y. Wu. et al., Pharmaceutical Research 22(1), 11–23 (2005).

2. C.J.H. Porter et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6(3), 231–248 (2007).

The effect of storage conditions on the physical stability of tablets

This article reviews the effect of moisture on the postcompaction properties of pharmaceutical
solid dosage forms. It was stated that the amount of moisture adsorbed by drugs or excipients
influences hardness, disintegration time of compacts and the dissolution rate of drugs. These
changes may alter bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, even though the drug potency and
purity appear unaltered.

Jan 1, 2007
By: Ali Nokhodchi, Yousef Javadzadeh
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe
Volume 19, Issue 1
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Water interacts with pharmaceutical solids at virtually all stages of manufacture, from synthesis
of raw materials to the storage of the final dosage form. The interactions of water with powders
is, therefore, a major factor in the formulation, processing and product performance of solid
pharmaceutical dosage forms.

The amount of water associated with a solid at a particular relative humidity (RH) and
temperature depends on its chemical affinity for the solid and the number of available sites of
interaction, the surface area and the nature of material.1 The physicochemical properties of
pharmaceutical solids (such as flow, compaction, hardness and dissolution rate) are dependent on
the presence of moisture, and several reports have been made in the literature to this effect.2–11

Influence of storage conditions

Because of the importance of polymers in tablet and sustained-release matrices, the influence of
storage conditions on the mechanical properties of tablets will be discussed separately.
Compaction of powders into coherent specimens requires the formation of interparticulate
attractions between the particles during the compression phase.

However, after ejection of the tablet from the die, the tablet strength can change.5,12–21 This means
that interparticulate attractions are also formed or disturbed during the postcompaction storage
phase. Three main mechanistic explanations for the formation of interparticulate attractions have
been proposed:

 Rearrangement of solid material at the particle surfaces within the tablet.5,13,14

 Continuing deformation of particles in the compact after compaction.14–19
  Crystallization of dissolved material between neighbouring particles because of the
movement of water within the tablet.5,20

The first of these mechanisms is one of the main reasons for the postcompaction changes in the
tensile strength of tablets. The rearrangement in the second mechanism can lead to either the
formation of solid bridges between particles or to an increase in the bonding surface area of
intermolecular attraction forces.

It seems that this restructuring of solid materials is mediated or facilitated by the presence of
adsorbed water and that water can show this function — although the point has not been reached
where the state and thickness of the adsorbed water vapour allows a true dissolution of the solid
material.

For example, the first mechanism was proposed as an explanation for the postcompaction
increase in tensile strength of tablets compacted from fine particulates (20–40 μm) of two water-
soluble materials, saccharose and sodium chloride.5,10

There are several factors that can change the effect of storage conditions including RH on the
tensile strength of tablets. These factors will be discussed in this article.

Solubility of powders and RH. For tablets of saccharose and sodium chloride, the tablet strength
increased generally during the storage.11 Although saccharose and sodium chloride are both
water-soluble, larger differences in tensile strength of saccharose tablets were observed in
comparison with tablets of sodium chloride after storage for 1 week.

For water-insoluble excipients, such as tablets of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, the
tablet strength did not vary with time or storage conditions.11 Changes in tensile strengths of
sodium chloride and saccharose could be correlated to the changes in surface area of tablets.11

It has been shown that there is transport or movement of solid material within the tablet during
the storage results in a rearrangement of the material such that new interparticulate attractions are
formed. This seems to be facilitated by the uptake of water from the environment. It seems
reasonable that the RH of the environment during storage of tablets affects both the rate and the
amount of water uptake. Thus, both the rate and the total degree of movement of solid material
and the subsequent formation of interparticulate attractions are related to the amount of sorbed
water.

Criticality of functional excipients and decoding methods during generic product development
Jun 1, 2006
By: Arvind K. Bansal
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe
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Generic drugs offer a cost-effective substitute for high priced innovator or branded products and
play an important role in reducing spending on prescription drugs, especially in the case of a
chronic treatment. The generic industry operates at a relatively low investment, low risk, and
concentrates on developing low-cost products of off-patent molecules.1

Introduction of the drug price competition and patent term restoration act (Hatch–Waxman)
amendments in the US has led to significant increase in the number of generic products filed.
Generics share in US prescription drug market today has risen to nearly 50% in volume compared
with 19% in 1984, the time when the Hatch–Waxman act was enacted.

The cost of marketing a new drug is about $802 million and involves an average time of 14 years
compared with an investment of $1–2 million and an average time of 3–5 years for its generic
counterpart.2,3 Recent figures indicate a growth rate of 24% for generics in the US, while it is only
8% for branded products and forthcoming patent expirations of about 50 blockbuster drugs will
further boost the prospects of generic products.4–6

Generic product development typically consists of preformulation studies, prototype formulation

development, scale-up, bioequivalence testing and finally abbreviated new drug application
(ANDA) submission. Although the Hatch–Waxman act has eliminated the duplicative clinical
trials required for generic product approval, a generic applicant must scientifically demonstrate
that its product is a 'therapeutic equivalent' to the innovator product.

This includes pharmaceutical equivalence (contains the same active ingredient[s] at the same
strength, similar dosage form with same route of administration) and bioequivalence (similar in
vivo performance as that of the reference listed drug).

Bioequivalence remains the most crucial development step and contributes significant costs of
about $250000 and is therefore the highest risk.7

The most sensible strategy for the development of a bioequivalent generic product would be to
match innovator formulation qualitatively and quantitatively, which requires comprehensive
characterization of innovator formulation with respect to solid-state properties of the active
pharmaceutical ingredient (API), identification and quantitative determinations of critical
excipients, and identification of the manufacturing process.

A decision tree on the development of generic products has been proposed, taking into
consideration various aspects, such as physicochemical properties of the API and excipients.8

Generic products containing an API belonging to the biopharmaceuticals classification system

(BCS) class II would benefit more from the innovator product characterization because of the
greater sensitivity of these products to composition and manufacturing
process to achieve bioequivalence. Particle size reduction of APIs and
inclusion of solubility modifying excipients are the preferred strategies
to improve oral bioavailability in such cases.

Critical excipients in solid dosage forms

Apart from dissolution/solubility modifying agents various other

categories of critical excipients are generally included in various Table 1 Solid dosage
formulations. Some of them are stabilizers, preservatives and buffering forms having one or
agents. We studied the qualitative formulae of 100 top-selling more ´critical´ functional
formulations of 2004 for the presence of critical or functional excipients in their
excipients. The frequency of occurrence of various 'critical' excipients formulations out of the
is listed in Table 1.9 top 100 selling drugs in
Criticality of functional excipients and decoding methods during generic the
product
US indevelopment
2004 (69
Jun 1, 2006 products out of 100 are
By: Arvind K. Bansal solid dosage forms).
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

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Out of 100 top-selling products, about 69 products are solid dosage

forms and 37 (53.6%) of these solid dosage forms contain drug
substances having solubility problems (sparingly or poorly soluble). Out Figure 1 Effect of 0.5%
of these products, many contain solubility/dissolution modifying agents SLS present in the
such as surfactants, solvents or polymers. dissolution medium on
dissolution profiles of
Surfactants constituted a major section of these with about 70.3% share, CEL formulations
while four products contained more than one surfactant. The other containing 50 mg, 25
components added into these solid dosage forms are the stabilizers, mg of SLS and no
either as buffers (pH-modifying) or preservatives or antioxidants. SLS.

About 32.4% of products contained one or more stabilizers in their

formulations. Looking at the widespread use of solubilizers in delivery of poorly soluble drugs, a
study was performed to identify the criticality of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), as a solubility
modifier in the capsule formulation of celecoxib (CEL). CEL is a widely used selective COX-2
inhibitor which exhibits very poor aqueous solubility and thus solubility limited absorption.10

It is marketed as a capsule formulation under the brand name Celebrex by its innovator
company, Pharmacia Upjohn. The label of Celebrex claims the qualitative formula as lactose
monohydrate, povidone, sodium lauryl sulphate, crosscarmellose sodium, and magnesium
stearate, as well as the labelled amount of CEL.

A number of generic versions of Celebrex are available in the Indian market. Celcox (Lupin
Pharma, India) was selected as a reference formulation instead of Celebrex because of the non-
availability of the latter. The formulation was characterized and the role and importance of
functional excipients added into it was explored using a discriminatory dissolution method.

Materials

CEL was purchased from Cadila Healthcare (India). Dissolution medium components, that is,
SLS, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Loba
Chemie (India). Formulation excipients such as lactose monohydrate and crosscarmellose sodium
were purchased from Meggle Group (Germany) and JRS (Germany) respectively.

Magnesium stearate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K–30 (PVP) were gifted by Fine Chemical
Laboratories (India) and ISP Tech (USA), respectively. All chemicals used were of analytical
grade and were used as received.

Development of discriminating dissolution method

A simple dissolution method was developed and utilized to discriminate the effects of SLS added
into the formulation. A phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 with varying content of SLS was screened for
the purpose. 'In-house' formulations of CEL were prepared without SLS and with 15 mg, 25 mg
and 50 mg of SLS.

The dissolution studies were performed using USP 24 apparatus-II at 75 rpm and at 37 °C in
vessels containing 900 mL of buffer. Samples were withdrawn in 5 mL aliquots at specified time
intervals (and replaced with fresh buffer) and analysed spectrophotometrically at 254 nm to
obtain the dissolution profiles.

Formulation analysis

The quantification of few of the ingredients of Celecox was achieved by chromatography. The
identification and quantification of SLS, PVP and lactose present in the formulations was done
using in-house developed and validated liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC System from
Shimadzu Corporation [Japan]).

The separation of PVP was achieved on an Ultrahydrogel 500 column (7.8 × 300 mm, 500 Å) and
an Ultrahydrogel guard column (Waters, Massachusetts, USA) using 25 mM sodium phosphate
buffer containing 5 mM of sodium hexane sulfonate, at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min and detection
was performed at 205 nm.
Criticality of functional excipients and decoding methods during generic product development
Jun 1, 2006
By: Arvind K. Bansal
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe
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The quantification of SLS was performed using a similar column as above using 25 mM sodium
phosphate buffer, but using a refractive index (RI) detector. The analysis of lactose was
performed using water as mobile phase on LiChrocart 250-4, LiChroSpher 100 RP 18 (250 mm ×
4.6 mm, 5 μm) and a guard column of LiChrocart 4-4, LiChroSpher RP 18 endcapped (Merck,
Germany).

Results and discussion

Formulation of in-house/test product — unit formula estimation.

The qualitative formulation of Celebrex as obtained from Physicians Desk Reference includes
SLS, povidone, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium and magnesium stearate apart
from the labelled amount of celecoxib.

SLS was identified as the critical excipient. Confirmation of presence and quantification of SLS
in Celecox was performed using an in-house developed size exclusion HPLC method.
Additionally, quantification of povidone and lactose in Celcox was performed using different
validated HPLC methods developed in our laboratory. Based on these analyses, the unit formula
for the in-house formulation was developed on the following lines.

The net content of Celcox capsules was determined as 275 mg. The quantified amounts of lactose
monohydrate, povidone and SLS in the formulation were found to be 45 mg, 1.5 mg and 15 mg
respectively, and these were subtracted along with the labelled amount of CEL (200 mg) from the
total weight of capsule.

Concentration of magnesium stearate was fixed at 1.5% based on its normal usage concentration
of 1–2%. The final weight of the capsule was adjusted to 275 mg by incorporating 10 mg of
croscarmellose sodium.

Identification of manufacturing process

The microscopic observation (Leica DMLP, Germany) of powder contents of Celcox capsules
revealed no useful information about the manufacturing process. CEL is practically insoluble in
water, and when CEL was added in its native crystalline form to the dissolution medium it floated
on the surface.

Similarly simple mixing of the components according to the unit formula specified above,
resulted in floating of the formulation mix although it contains SLS. But, the contents of
reference formulation were found to wet quickly. This indicates that SLS is either added in the
solution form and mixed well or high-shear mixing was employed.

However, absence of granules in the reference product eliminates the possibility of usage of SLS
in solution form or wet granulation method. Blending of components in a mortar and pestle
produced a powder, which is not only similar in appearance to reference, but also matched in
wetting characteristics thus indicating use of high-shear mixing for manufacturing of the
formulation.

The in-house or test formulation was developed by titrating the components as per the unit
formula in a mortar with pestle, applying the principle of above deduced manufacturing process
of using high- shear mixing. These test formulations were further evaluated and compared with
reference formulation.

Discriminating dissolution method

A drug in the solution form at the site of absorption is a prerequisite for the absorption process
and hence dissolution acts as an important quality control (QC) technique for solid oral dosage
forms for assuring batch-to-batch similarity and bioequivalence.

Dissolution tests can act as a surrogate for the latter only if it is sensitive enough to discriminate
between 'good' and 'bad' formulations. In the present context, SLS was identified as the 'critical'
excipient for dissolution and hence dissolution methodology should be able to discriminate the
effect of various concentrations of SLS.

In the absence of a compendial monograph of CEL, a dissolution method using phosphate buffer
of pH 6.8 was developed. Regarding the compendial requirements, the amount of buffer in the
dissolution vessel should provide sink conditions, that is, three times the solubility of the amount
of drug present in the formulation.11 As a common practice, surfactants are incorporated into
dissolution media for poorly soluble drugs to meet the above requirement. Hence, SLS was
incorporated into the dissolution medium for CEL formulations.
Criticality of functional excipients and decoding methods during generic product development
Jun 1, 2006
By: Arvind K. Bansal
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

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Phosphate buffers of pH 6.8 were prepared containing various concentrations of SLS; 1%, 0.5%,
0.25% and no SLS were prepared, and the their influence on dissolution of CEL was analysed as
explained below. Also in-house formulations containing various concentrations of SLS were
prepared and the effect on dissolution profiles was recorded.

Evaluation of effect of SLS on dissolution of CEL

The literature shows wide usage of SLS in dissolution media.12–14 The

dissolution profiles of three formulations containing 50 mg, 25 mg of
SLS (18% and 9% w/w of the total weight) and no SLS was performed
in a dissolution medium containing 0.5% w/w of SLS (Figure 1). The
figure shows no significant difference between the dissolution profiles
of three formulations containing considerably different amounts of SLS, Figure 2 Effect of SLS
thus proving non-discriminatory nature of the dissolution medium. present in the
Hence, it can be conjectured that creation of dissolution medium on
sink conditions in dissolution medium can the dissolution profile
reduce its capability to discriminate effect of of CEL.
'critical' excipients.
Similarly, the effect of SLS concentration present in dissolution
medium on dissolution profile of an in-house prepared CEL
formulation containing 25 mg of SLS (9% w/w of tablet weight)
was studied and is presented in Figure 2. Here also almost over-lapping
dissolution profiles in all the dissolution media were obtained.
As the next strategy, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer Figure 3 Effect of SLS without SLS was used as
dissolution buffer, although it does not provide present in formulations sink condition as per the
compendial requirements. on the dissolution of
CEL in dissolution
Three formulations containing 50 mg, 25 mg medium containing no of SLS and no SLS, were
evaluated in the dissolution medium. The SLS. dissolution profile of the
formulation containing no SLS showed incomplete solubilization
of CEL.

However, the dissolution medium could discriminate between various concentrations of SLS
(Figure 3). Addition of even 25 mg of SLS into the formulation drastically improved the
dissolution of CEL. These results stress on two important issues

 The criticality of the concentration of functional excipients on

dissolution performance of formulations.
 Developing an analytical tool sensitive enough to discriminate
their effect on dissolution.

Comparison of dissolution profiles of reference and test formulations

The 'discriminatory' dissolution method was now used to statistically

compare the in-house formulation with the reference product (Figure 4). Figure 4 Dissolution
« Previous profiles of reference and
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methodology in
discriminating
dissolution medium.
 ADVERTISEMENT
Criticality of functional excipients and decoding methods during generic product development
Jun 1, 2006
By: Arvind K. Bansal
Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

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A very good similarity for the dissolution profiles (f2 = 99.97) was observed between test and
reference formulations, in the discriminating dissolution medium.15,16 This further proves the
assumption that, targeting critical excipients in innovator formulation can help to increase the
chances of bioequivalence.

Taking a case study of one poorly soluble drug molecule, CEL, the role and importance of SLS, a
solubilizer, added into its formulation, is demonstrated, by showing the failure of regularly used
dissolution medium to identify the minor differences between in-house and reference
formulations, and how the decoding of reference formulation helps in overcoming the obstacles
anticipated during bioequivalence testing.

The in-house product which is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that of reference product
was developed by delineating two steps:

 The complete decoding of the unit formula of reference formulation

 The identification of manufacturing process applied in preparing the reference
formulation.

Conclusions

The safe and foremost strategy during generic product development is to use same qualitative
formula as that of the innovator product to minimize the stability and compatibility related risks.

Matching qualitative formula only may not suffice to meet the strategic criteria of
bioequivalence, which may further demand similar quantitative formula. As in most of the cases
it would be difficult to completely decode the quantitative formula, the approach of matching the
critical components of the formulation such as functional excipients is recommended.

The speculations were confirmed experimentally by taking a case study of a poorly soluble drug,
CEL, and using dissolution as a surrogate for bioequivalence. The present study clearly
demonstrates that identification and quantitative matching of critical excipients can give better
chances of meeting.

Mudassar Mulla is a postgraduate from the department of pharmaceutical technology

(formulations), NIPER, India.

Vasu Kumar Kakumanu is a PhD scholar in the department of pharmaceutical technology

(formulations), NIPER, India.

Arvind K. Bansal is an associate professor at the department of pharmaceutical technology

(formulations), NIPER, India.

References

1. D.M. Kirking, J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 41(4) 517–518 (2001).

2. A.C. Jones, Scrip123 13–15 (2003).

3. C.P. Milne and C. Cairns, Pharm. Dev. Regulations1(1) 11–17 (2003).

4. Anon, Scrip Daily (March), 1–3 (2004).

5. J.M. Peny, Scrip122 13–17 (2003).

6. W.F. Jakob and Y.H. Kwak, Technovation 23(4), 291-296 (2003).

7. J.A. Cook and H.N. Bockbrader, Disso. Technol.9(2) 25–27 (2002).

8. A.K. Bansal and V. Koradia, Pharm. Tech. 29(8), 50–55 (2005).

9. http://www.rxlist.com/top200_sales_2004.htm (Accessed on Sept 2005).

10. S.K. Paulson et al., J. Pharmacol. Expt. Therap. 297(2) 638–645 (2001).
Criticality of functional excipients and decoding methods during generic product development
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Pharmaceutical Technology Europe

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11. B.R. Rohrs, Disso. Technol.8(8), 1–5 (2001).

12. J.B. Dressman et al., Pharm. Res. 15(1) 11–22 (1998).

13. J.R. Crison, N.D. Weiner and G.L. Amidon, J. Pharm. Sci.86(3) 384–388 (1997).

14. V.P. Shah et al., Pharm. Res.6(7) 612–618 (1989).

15. P. Costa and J.M.S. Lobo, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.13(2) 123–133 (2001).

16. T. Hara et al., Pharm. Sci. Tech. Today1(5) (1998).?

A Fresh Coat: Innovation in Excipients

Sophisticated excipient development, especially for coatings, is staying on top of new challenges
and meeting expanding industry needs.

Nov 2, 2008
By: Maribel Rios
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 11, pp. 46-56

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In 1985, when Hubertus Folttmann, now head of global marketing

excipients at BASF (Limbergerhof, Germany) started his career in the
pharmaceutical industry, his company manufactured a drug product in
three strengths, including an 80-mg tablet and a 120-mg tablet. To
manufacture the 80-mg tablet, formulators simply replaced 40 mg of
active ingredient in the 120 mg tablet with filler. "At that time, the world
of pharma was okay," he says, "Health costs were not a topic, and
manufacturing costs in the pharmaceutical industry were of minor
(ALEX CAO, RAY importance."
MASSEY/GETTY
IMAGES. Today, concerns about manufacturing costs and process times are at the
ILLUSTRATION: forefront of fiscal budgets, and improving formulations is on every
M.MCEVOY) company's agenda. "Nowadays, smaller tablets are the advantage, and if
you need less active ingredient, you are happy because then you need
less excipients to formulate it." Not only do patients want to swallow
smaller tablets, but if the capacity of process equipment determines the batch size, then there are
more smaller tablets in a batch, which means less batch documentation, smaller packaging, less
volume for transportation, and so forth. "Nowadays, these issues count," says Folttmann.
"Excipients that perform their functions at lower concentration so that less material needs to be
handled have a good chance of success in the marketplace."
Functionality and QbD

The US Food and Drug Administration's quality-by-design (QbD) initiative has changed the
way excipient suppliers develop, characterize, and manufacture their materials. "We have seen
some benefits of implementing QbD into the pharmaceutical manufacturing process, including a
reduction in approval delays, a more streamlined approval process and an easier course for
implementing postapproval changes," says Nandu Deorkar, director of research and development,
laboratory and pharmaceutical products at Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). "However, the
concept of QbD can present implementation opportunities and challenges to both raw-material
(excipient) suppliers and pharmaceutical manufacturers. As a part of the QbD system, raw-
material characteristics and their variability on the process and product quality or performance
should be studied and documented. As such, raw materials must be well-characterized and
developed using QbD principles to reduce variability"
QbD principles also can facilitate the evaluation of excipient functionality performance and its
correlation with physical and chemical properties. Better
understanding of excipient properties related to intended uses can
help design better dosage forms. "That is where we are getting
involved now," says Dave Schoneker, director of global
regulatory affairs at Colorcon (West Point, PA), "to build quality
into the design from the beginning in terms of what customers
want to achieve to make it a better product in the marketplace. In
(IMAGES ARE COURTESY
the past there has been a limited number of people within some
OF BASF.)
pharmaceutical companies who could to do that." The company
has built a computer-aided design program to help pharmaceutical clients virtually design their
dosage forms, including size, shape, and color and produce physical models before producing
placebo-type coated tablets. The modeling tool allows manufacturers to get a firm grasp of the
tablet designs they want to take forward in development.

Engineering and coprocessing are additional sophisticated tools that can help excipient suppliers
enhance their materials to the high-quality level demanded by drug makers. "QbD initiatives
require well-characterized and highly functional excipients to enable their implementation by
drug formulators," says Deorkar. "Excipient technology development is centered on particle
engineering and new chemical entities." For example, Mallinckrodt Baker recently developed
"PanExcea" performance excipients, spherical homogeneous particles for immediate-release oral
dosage forms and orally disintegrating tablet forms, using a proprietary particle engineering
technology. This technology enables the precise tailoring of physical attributes such as particle
size, distribution, porosity, and density in homogeneous particles containing multiple
components, without changing the chemistry. "This reduces unfavorable attributes, while
enhancing the functional characteristics of individual components through synergistic effects,"
says Deorkar.
A Fresh Coat: Innovation in Excipients
Sophisticated excipient development, especially for coatings, is staying on top of new challenges
and meeting expanding industry needs.

Nov 2, 2008
By: Maribel Rios
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 11, pp. 46-56

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Coating functionality

Optimum functionality is a primary goal for many types of excipients. Take into account, for
example, materials used in coating systems. The industry's basic needs in terms of functional
coating are generally the same as they have always been. There is still demand for coating
systems to aid in achieving various drug-release profiles while providing good flexibility, taste
masking, adhesion, mechanical strength, and ability to withstand small variations in processing.
Industry does not always agree, however, that these needs are actually being met. "Although the
fundamental needs have not changed, needs are not currently being met satisfactory to the
industry overall," says John Brown, marketing director at International Specialty Products
(Wayne, NJ). "Those manufacturers have been able to work with what is available, but if you ask
them they would tell you that it is not delivering 100% of what they are looking for. In some
cases, it has been a product-driven market, so there is still a void. As the industry comes under a
considerable amount of pressure because of cost savings, brand extension, and patent expiration,
companies are looking to gain functionality."

There are several ways to increase the functionality of coating systems and other excipients, both
for immediate-release and for modified-release purposes. The following describes a chemical and
a statistical technique.

A polymer approach. Coatings are continuously improving in terms of the types of polymer
systems, and excipient users and makers seek materials that will provide better performance at
faster coating times. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), for example, is one of the most
commonly used polymers for tablet coating because of it forms films easily. However, the
disadvantage with HPMC is that it has low flexibility, and brittle tablets with HPMC coatings
may swell under the high humidity storage conditions present in some areas of the world.
Swollen tablets then crack the coating. To avoid the effects of humidity, tablets must either be
packaged in 100% sealed blisters, which require an expensive polymer or plastic foil as opposed
to the typical PVC blisters that don't protect against humidity, or plasticizers must be added to the
coating formula. However, as Folttmann observes, the disadvantage of plasticizers is that they
may either migrate into the tablet core and interact with the active ingredient or they may migrate
out of the film, outside of the tablet, making the coating brittle again.

In addition, aqueous coating polymers are spray dried, and the process time, energy, and amount
of material required varies greatly, depending on the particular polymer used. For example,
HPMC is diluted in water and then a plasticizer, color, and other materials are added before being
sprayed onto tablets. However, only very low concentrations (~12%) of HPMC solution can be
made, because when diluted in water, HPMC greatly increases the viscosity of the solution.
Moreover, in a spray-drying coating process there is a lot of heat involved with the warm inlet air
and the colder exhaust air and the energy that is used to remove the water. "When you work with
a low concentration of a polymer such as HPMC, the spray process is rather long to get enough
polymer onto the tablets, and you have to remove quite a lot of water to end up with a solid
coating," explains Folttmann.
A Fresh Coat: Innovation in Excipients
Sophisticated excipient development, especially for coatings, is staying on top of new challenges
and meeting expanding industry needs.

Nov 2, 2008
By: Maribel Rios
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 11, pp. 46-56

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Improving polymers to reduce time, energy, and material is thus

an important research area for coating formulators. BASF's
instant-release coating material is a chemically new polymer (as
opposed to a new mixture or a new coprocessed polymer) made
of well-known polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) covalently bonded as a graft polymer, in which the
sidechains of PVA are chemically bonded to a PEG backbone
Figure 1: Grafted polymers,
("Kollicoat IR," see Figure 1). "Because PEG is part of the
such as polyethylene glycol
polymer and because it is chemically bound to PVA, it cannot
with polyvinyl alcohol, provide
migrate to the core nor escape the surface, and remains an
flexibility and reduce spray-
extremely flexible film for all types of tablets," says Folttmann.
coat time. (IMAGES ARE
Kollicoat IR can be diluted to concentration of up to 30%, so the
COURTESY OF BASF.)
spray process requires less water and a shorter period of time. As
Folttmann observes, the challenge, as with many new excipients, is that companies are reluctant
to try a formulation that has not been reviewed by regulators or monographed in a pharmacopeia.
This year, Kollicoat IR received a draft monograph in PharmEuropa, which is expected to
become final in the next year. (Visit the online exclusive article regarding the International
Pharmaceutical Excipients Council's new efforts to reduce regulation hurdles for new excipients).

A statistical strategy. When ISP entered the pharmaceutical coating segment of the industry in
2005, it set out to apply a statistical design of experiment (DOE) to create databases that would
facilitate the design of coating formulations and to ascertain the ideal processing conditions for a
given platform. "This approach has not been exploited to a high degree," says Stuart Porter,
senior science fellow of film coating technology at ISP. "When you look at FDA's quality-by-
design inititiatives, clearly using a statisitical DOE is one of the preferred approaches to creating
the knowledge about the product. We have taken that same approach and created knowledge
about our component of that product, which is the coating system."

The key variables of the database are the various properties of the coating systems, including
mechanical strength, flexibility, adhesion, disintegration, dissolution, film roughness or
smoothness, gloss, and cost. All responses are measured for each formulation in the DOE and the
database is created as the ratio of ingredients and the types of ingredients in the formulation are
manipulated. The database allows minimum values to be set in one area that needs to be achieved
and how much the formulation can change to maintain those minimum values while improving
the value in a different characteristic that is also important.
A Fresh Coat: Innovation in Excipients
Sophisticated excipient development, especially for coatings, is staying on top of new challenges
and meeting expanding industry needs.

Nov 2, 2008
By: Maribel Rios
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 11, pp. 46-56

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For example, consider the three important physical properties of coatings: strength, flexibility,
and adhesion. "Making a coating with high film strength and high adhesion can be challenging
because when you improve film strength, you have a negative effect on film adhesion and vice
versa. So the challenge is to come up with a coating system that is a compromise between good
enough film strength and good film adhesion characteristics that are required for that given
application. Because typically when you manipulate the formulation, you gain something in one
area and you lose something in another. There is a fine line between how much can you afford to
give up in one area to gain something in another area," says Porter. "You can never say with a
high degree of certainty that the formulation that seemed to have ideal properties for an
application last week is going to be ideal for another similar application. There are so many
variables. You might pick out a formulation today that meets 60% of the market needs and
tomorrow it might be 20% and you have to come up with a variant of that formulation to meet
those other 80%. The needs keep on changing. That's why having the database and the capability
of manipulating it to meet these changing needs is so important."

The DOE database also factors in various process environments and the types of equipment. "The
database gives us flexibility to make micro adjustments as necessary as we gain feedback
information from customers. Having this information has allowed our regional labs to access this
database and work at that customer interface level wherever they are. Anyone can access the
database, the expertise is not centered within one or two individuals for ongoing business," says
Brown. "Our interest educates our customers about what film coatings are and how they are
tested, what they look like, and demystifying what these systems are really about, how they work,
and why they work the way they do."

On-dosage differentiation

The technical knowledge gained from particle engineering, Figure 2: Using the basic
polymer science, and statistical design is of critical importance principles of reflected light
as companies strive to establish brand recognition, combat (top), Colorcon has developed
counterfeiting, and prevent medication errors. There are easily pearlescent pigments (left).
visible distinguishing markers such as edible ink branding and The effect of a subcoat color
two-dimensional barcodes that can be placed on individual (e.g., light or dark tablet
tablets. Other technologies include coatings of unique color. surface) influences the degree
Colorcon's aqueous film coating "Opadry fx," for example, is a of pearlescence. (IMAGES
pearlescent pigmentation that applies light-reflection principles ARE COURTESY OF
with both dark and light tablet cores (see Figure 2). COLORCON.)

Most anticounterfeiting efforts have focused on packaging, including radio frequency

identification (RFID), holograms, and specialty labels. It is now equally, if not more, important to
have on-dosage chemical and physical solutions built into the product. Chemical and physical
taggants are covert technologies that can be added into a coating. "A chemical taggant may be an
excipient that is not typically part of the coating formulation that acts as a marker within the
coating at the parts per million or even parts per billion levels. "You can't detect that it's there
through standard analytical technology unless you know it's there in the first place and you have
specific systems that allow you to read it," says Schoneker. Physical taggants or microtaggants
are particles that contain unique features or images. These microtaggants may be present at very
low levels and can be easily assessed to determine authentic product versus a counterfeit. "In
many cases, a counterfeiter wouldn't know these taggants are there. Or even if they knew they
were there, they would have no ability to be able to make or get these unique microtaggants to try
to counterfeit it," adds Schoneker. "It allows you to authenticate the products throughout the
supply chain even if they have been repackaged or diverted."
A Fresh Coat: Innovation in Excipients
Sophisticated excipient development, especially for coatings, is staying on top of new challenges
and meeting expanding industry needs.

Nov 2, 2008
By: Maribel Rios
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 11, pp. 46-56

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 Encryption. In 2000, the company NanoInk (Chicago, IL) was
founded by licensing technology from the Northwestern School
of Nanotechnology to place nanoscale features on certain
substrates in a patterned manner. NanoGuardian, the brand
protection division of NanoInk, used many of the aspects of that
initial technology to develop pharmaceutical NanoEncryption, a
(IMAGES ARE COURTESY
state-of-the-art technology that places micron-scale and nano-
OF COLORCON.)
scale security features on-dosage via manipulation of a finished
product's coating. A proprietary "NanoEncrypter" typically located at the manufacturer's site,
works to manipulate the coating of tablets (as well as capsules and vial caps) to place multitiered
security features on each dose without affecting bioavailability, dissolution, and other
performance characteristics. The technology has also been proven with uncoated tablets.

As Dean Hart, executive vice-president at NanoGuardian explains, the technology places three
levels of security within the coating. The first is an overt feature, meaning it can be seen with the
naked eye by authorities, pharmacies, investigators, and others just by knowing what to look for.
The second level is a covert feature, which is a security mark placed within the easily visible
overt mark. Detection of the covert mark requires the use of a handheld tool such as a microscope
or jeweler's loupe.

The final security feature is at the forensic level and consists of specific "NanoCodes" placed
within the coating. According to Hart, approximately 350 NanoCodes can fit in the width of a
human hair, and NanoCodes can be associated with an unlimited amount of information. "A
NanoCode can be associated with, for example, 30 different data points, and those data points can
be manufacturing oriented such as batch number, lot number, production location and production
date; product oriented such as strength and expiration date; or distribution oriented such as the
state or country of distribution, and even the specific wholesaler or distributor to whom the
product was sent. And once e-pedigree gets its legs, the NanoCode can be associated with the on-
package RFID code, or two-dimensional barcode," says Hart.

"There are two things that pharmaceutical manufacturers need to accomplish to ensure
protection of their products," says Hart. "The first is authenticity, which is easily done by
NanoGuardian's overt and covert security features. The second is the ability to track and trace
each product along the supply chain." NanoGuardian's forensic NanoCodes help manufacturers
achieve that second 'need' by capturing an unlimited amount of distribution data on each dosage,
thereby giving manufacturers the ability to trace each tablet, capsule, or vial back to its original
packaging.

"When you look at the value of coatings, and the benefits of on-dosage security, that is where the
real value of this technology comes into play," says Hart. "ePedigree will only tell you that this is
the same piece of cardboard and piece of plastic that came from the plant all the way down the
supply chain to the pharmacist. It doesn't really tell you that this is the same pill that was in that
bottle to begin with. That is a risky assumption at the heart of ePedigree. But if you can take each
dose and connect it to the on-package ePedigree technology that was used to track it through the
supply chain, you remove that assumption and you have a closed loop of security that protects the
medication from plant to patient."
Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing Lactose
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

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With the introduction of instrumented single and multistation tablet

presses, directly compressible materials have gained increasing
importance in tablet formulations. Materials comprising individual
unmodified particles are not often suitable as filler–binders because of
their lack of flowability (e.g., native starches), lack of binding
properties (e.g. α lactose monohydrate 100#), and lubricant sensitivity
(e.g., native starches). Although binding properties can be improved
with physical modifications such as dehydration, partial
AUTHORS pregelatinization, and coating, the flow properties of these products
are often still insufficient (1). Coprocessed multicomponent-based
excipients help achieve better powder characteristics and tableting properties than when a single
substance or a physical mixture is used (2), and several coprocessed filler–binders have appeared
in the pharmaceutical market in recent years.

This study evaluated six binders: the traditional binders hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC),
guar gum, acacia, and polyethylene glycol (PEG); colloidal silicon dioxide, which has been
reported to increase the hardness of the tablets (3); and starch, which exhibits both binding and
disintegrant properties when it is incorporated either as a paste or dry before granulation with
other agents. Wet granulation was used because of its simplicity.

Several studies have reported the influence of individual binders on the tensile strength of tablets
(4–9). Very few studies have actually combined more than one binder in a single formulation and
evaluated their influence on tensile strength (10). In this study, the Plackett-Burman statistical
design was used to screen the factors affecting a certain attribute (11–14). These variables were
optimized to achieve the desirable response after initial screening (15). Various combinations of
the six binders were used according to the Plackett-Burman design to
prepare a directly compressible adjuvant.

Experiment
Materials. Lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), starch,
PEG, and HPMC 15 cps were received as generous gifts from Bombay
Tablets (Gandhinagar, India). Acacia, guar gum, magnesium stearate, and
colloidal silicon dioxide were received from Torrent Research Centre
(Gandhinagar, India).
Table I: Factors in the
Plackett-Burman
Experimental design to prepare agglomerates
screening design.
Six binders were used to prepare coprocessed
directly compressible adjuvant containing lactose and DCP. Table I
lists the binders used and the amount used of each. The binders were
screened using a 12-run Plackett-Burman design. Table II shows the
composition of each batch of agglomerates prepared using various
binders as per the Plackett-Burman design. Fifty grams of lactose and
25 g of DCP were mixed. The binders were added according to the
Plackett-Burman design. The whole system was mixed, and water was
Table II: Formulation of added as an agglomerating agent. PEG when used was dissolved in
various batches of water before being added to the main bulk. The mass was forced
agglomerates using a through a 20# sieve and dried in a hot air oven at 80 ° C. The dried
Plackett-Burman design agglomerates were sifted through a 40# sieve. The agglomerates of 40–
and results of evaluation 200# were collected and stored in an airtight container until further use.
Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing Lactose
parameters.
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

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Evaluation of agglomerates
Angle of repose. The angle of repose θ for each powder was determined by placing 30 g of the
powder in a funnel. The tip of the orifice of the funnel was fixed and the powder was allowed to
flow only under gravity. The angle of repose θ was calculated from the equation tan(θ) = h/r, in
which h is the height of the pile of powder and r is the radius of the base of the cone (16).

Carr's index. Thirty grams of each sample were poured through a funnel into a 100-mL tarred
graduated cylinder. The cylinder was then lightly tapped twice to collect all the powder sticking
on the wall at the bottom of the cylinder. The volume was then read off directly from the cylinder
and used to calculate the bulk density. For tap density, the cylinder was tapped from a height of
2.5 cm for 100 times on a wooden bench top before a constant reading was obtained. The
percentage compressibility (Carr's index) was calculated as 100 times the ratio of the difference
between tapped density and bulk density to the tapped density (17).

Evaluation of compressional characteristics

Preparation of blank tablets. The agglomerates (97%) of each batch of Plackett-Burman design
were blended with 2% talc for 5 min and with 1% magnesium stearate for 2 min. Tablets were
compressed by using 9-mm diameter flat-faced punches and die on a single–punch tablet machine
(Cadmach Machinery Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad).

Crushing strength of blank tablets (CSB). The crushing strength of the tablets was determined
after 24 h of compression, which allowed time for stress relaxation of the compression, using a
tablet tester (Tablet Tester 8M, Dr. Schleuniger Pharmatron, Solothurn, Switzerland).

Preparation of tablets containing acetaminophen. The capacity of a direct-compression tablet

diluent is the maximum proportion of other materials that can be mixed with it, while still
obtaining tablets of acceptable quality. The capacity will depend on the nature of the materials
added because the tableting properties of the drug itself will contribute to the overall tablet
strength. Gohel et. al. have used acetaminophen as a model poorly compressible drug (10).
Therefore, to test the capacity of the prepared agglomerates, tablets containing 30%
acetaminophen were prepared. Tablets (n ≥ 50) containing acetaminophen (150 mg) and
agglomerates of each run (350 mg), talc (10 mg), magnesium stearate (5
mg) were prepared on a single-punch tablet machine (Cadmach Machinery
Ltd., Ahmedabad). The tablets containing acetaminophen were evaluated
for crushing strength (CSP).

Optimization design. Based on the results of the screening experiment,

three potential binders were identified to affect the properties of the
agglomerates. These were further studied for optimization using a 23
factorial design, consisting of 3 binders at 2 levels. The design experiment
was set up to investigate the effect of significant variables and their Table III:
interactions on the agglomerates' characteristics. Table III shows the batch Composition of
composition of the experimental design. The procedure followed for the batches of
preparation of the agglomerates was same as that used in the Plackett- agglomerates using a
Burman design. The agglomerates were evaluated for angle of repose and 23 factorial design,
showing level of
factors and their
measured responses.
compressibility index. Blank tablets were prepared using agglomerates and evaluated for crushing
strength (CSB). Tablets containing acetaminophen were prepared using 30% acetaminophen and
70% agglomerates, which were then evaluated for crushing strength (CSP).

Friability. Friability was evaluated as the percentage weight loss of 20 tablets tumbled in a
friabilator (model EF2, Electrolab, India) for 4 min at 25 rpm. The tablets were dedusted, the loss
in weight caused by fracture or abrasion was recorded, and the percentage friability was
calculated (18).
Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing Lactose
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

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Disintegration time. A disintegration test was performed using standard disintegration test
apparatus (model ED2, Electrolab, India) at 37 °C in 900 mL of distilled water for six tablets in
accordance with USP 24 (19).

In vitro dissolution study. An in vitro dissolution study of the tablets was carried out in
phosphate buffer (pH 5.8, 900 mL, 37 ± 0.5 °C) using USP 23 paddle apparatus (50 rpm).
Samples (5 mL) were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals, filtered through 0.45 αm filter,
and assayed at 246 nm using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Jasco V530, Japan) to determine the
percentage of drug released. The same volume (5 mL) of fresh dissolution medium (37 ± 0.5 °C)
was replenished immediately after the sample was withdrawn (20).

Results and discussion

Analysis of the data. The response parameters were fitted to a

first-order polynomial model Y = B0 + B1 X1 + B2X2 + B3X3+ B4X4
+ B5X5 + B6X6 by performing multiple linear regression analysis
Table IV: Regression analysis using Design Expert 7.13 trial (Statease stastical software
data for the parameters package). ANOVA was performed on the response parameters to
evaluated as per Plackett- identify the statistically significant factors (see Table IV).
Burman experimental design.
Evaluation of agglomerates. Angle of repose (Y1). Regression
analysis showed that acacia has the highest effect on angle of repose, but the value of its
coefficient is positive, which indicates that as the amount of acacia increases, the value of angle
of repose increases, resulting in poor flow. Starch was the best in improving the flow properties.
Although the remaining four excipients had similar effect in improving the flow properties, the
effect was less pronounced than when starch was used.

Carr's index (Y2). HPMC, starch, and silicon dioxide, when used for granulation, had significant
effects (p < 0.01) on the compressibility index. The negative sign of their coefficients indicates
that they reduce the compressibility index values and thus yield agglomerates with better flow.
Guar gum and PEG also improved flow but to a lesser extent. Acacia had a significant effect on
compressibility index, but the positive sign of its coefficient indicated that it resulted in poor
flow. These findings are similar to those of Chukwu et. al., who reported the poor flow properties
of granules prepared using acacia (21).
Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing Lactose
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

« Previous
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Next »

Evaluation of crushing strength of blank tablets (Y3). PEG has the most significant effect (p <
0.005) on the blank tablets' crushing strength. All the batches exhibiting hardness >100 N showed
the presence of PEG. PEG alone, however, may not be a very good binder. The binder may have
occupied the voids between the particles, decreasing the porosity of the tablet. Thus the addition
of binder with a low yield-pressure value and a relatively small elastic-recovery value (e.g., PEG
and PVP) results in tablets of low porosity and high tensile strength (22). The other excipients
also tended to increase the hardness of the blank tablet, except acacia.

Evaluation of tablets containing acetaminophen (Y4). Table IV shows that guar gum had the
most significant effect on the crushing strength of the tablets containing acetaminophen. HPMC,
acacia, and silicon dioxide increased the hardness of acetaminophen-containing tablets, and PEG
and starch decreased the hardness of the tablets. Acetaminophen is a poorly compressible drug;
therefore, the filler–binder must be robust enough to take up this poorly compressible material
and still retain its compressibility. The interaction with the other components of the system might
have caused the lower values of coefficients of PEG and starch in the equation for the calculation
of CSP. The directly compressible diluent thus behaves in a different manner in presence of
acetaminophen. Many researchers have emphasized the fact that the directly compressible diluent
behaves differently in presence of drugs; therefore, it is necessary to choose a right directly
compressible diluent for a particular drug (23).

23 factorial design. The Placket-Burman design indicated that starch, silicon dioxide, and HPMC
had pronounced effect on the compressibility index. Starch was a common ingredient affecting
the angle of repose and compressibility index. The results of crushing strength indicate that guar
gum and polyethylene glycol had predominant effects on the crushing strength of the blank
tablets. Guar gum was a common factor affecting the crushing strength of the blank tablets and
that of acetaminophen-containing tablets. Hence the 23 factorial design was applied, with starch
and guar gum as constant excipients along with the lactose and DCP and hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose (A), silicon dioxide (B), and polyethylene glycol (C) were varied at two levels in
accordance with the data shown in Table III.

Results from the analysis of data obtained for each response parameter were fitted into a linear
polynomial equation of the form

Y = b0 + aA + bB + cC + abAB + bcBC + caCA + abcABC

in which Y is the level of response parameter, b0 is the arithmetic Table V: Regression analysis
average of eight response and a, b, c, ab, bc, ca, and abc are the data for the parameters
estimated coefficients for the factors A, B, C and the interaction evaluated as per 23 factorial
terms AB, BC, CA and ABC, respectively. ANOVA was design indicating the values of
performed to eliminate the non-significant terms from the coefficients for the factors and
equation. their interactive terms
Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing Lactose
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

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Next »

The results of regression analysis (see Table V) indicate that silicon

dioxide had a significant effect on the angle of repose (Y1) and
compressibility index (Y2) of the agglomerates. Silicon dioxide had

Figure 1, (All figures are

courtesy of the authors.)
the lowest values of the coefficients in the regressed equations for the angle of repose and Carr's
index. The high-value coefficients for silicon dioxide in equations for CSB (Y3) and CSP (Y4)
indicate that using silicon dioxide increases the hardness of the tablets more than using both
HPMC and PEG. The role of silicon dioxide in increasing the
hardness of tablets also been has appreciated by Linden et. al (3).
The combination of starch, guar gum and silicon dioxide was thus
vital to achieving the desirable attributes for the tablets.
Figure 1 indicates that for obtaining the lower values of angle of
repose, the amount of all three components should be kept low. At
higher amounts of HPMC and silicon dioxide, the interaction
between the two components becomes more prominent, and the
graph loses its linearity. Nevertheless the angle of repose values are
<25 for all combinations of HPMC and silicon dioxide when PEG is Figure 2, (All figures are
absent. courtesy of the authors.)
Figure 2 indicates that a high level of HPMC and a low level of silicon
dioxide gives lower values of Carr's index and vice versa. The
interaction between the three components plays a major role in
determining the value of compressibility index, as indicated by the high
value of the coefficient of interaction term in the equation for
determining Carr's index. Similarly, Figure 3 indicates higher levels of
HPMC and silicon dioxide are required for obtaining higher
values of CSB; and Figure 4 indicates that a higher level of
Figure 3, (All figures are silicon dioxide is required to achieve the higher value of
courtesy of the authors.) CSP.
For a material to be a good filler–binder, it should be free
flowing and at the same time have good compaction properties (24). The lower values
of angle of repose and compressibility index and higher values of crushing strength
are indicative of the same. It was therefore decided that the angle of repose values
<25, compressibility index <15, CSB >50 N, and CSP >50 N would be constraints for
the selection of the best batch. Figure 4, (All figures are
Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing courtesyLactose of the authors.)
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

« Previous
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Next »
 Figure 5 shows the overlay plot. Superimposing the contour of individual
responses to achieve a region that satisfies the constraints for all the
attributes generated the overlay plot. All combinations falling in the yellow
region satisfy the selected constraints. Batch F3 falls is this region and
therefore was selected as the best of the batches prepared according to the
23 factorial design. Tablets containing 30% acetaminophen and 70%
agglomerates of batch F3 had friability values <1% and disintegration time
<15 min. The in vitro dissolution study indicated that more than 90% of
Figure 5, (All figures the drug released in 30 min, indicating the noninterference of the filler–
are courtesy of the binder with drug release.
authors.) Validation of the evolved mathematical models. To
validate the evolved mathematical models, two check
points were selected. Two batches CH1 and CH2 were prepared and evaluated
(see Table VI). To further validate the model an optimum batch OPT was
located using grid analysis where angle of repose was 23°, Carr's index was 12,
Table VI: Validation of the
crushing strength of blank tablet was 110 N, and crushing strength of
evolved mathematical models.
acetaminophen containing tablets was 51 N. Close agreement was found
between observed and predicted values, thus strengthening the predictability of the mathematical
model.

Conclusion

Various binders were screened for their effect on agglomerates of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate diydrate. Each binder shows marked effect on various aspects of the agglomerate. If
HPMC, starch, and silicon dioxide enhance the flow properties, acacia has a negative effect on
these properties. PEG increases the crushing strength of blank tablets. Guar gum increased the
hardness of tablets containing acetaminophen. Combination of binders for agglomeration of
lactose and DCP to yield a directly compressible product with desirable attributes could be
isolated using the 23 factorial design.

Anita Lalwani* is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics at the K.B. Institute
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-23, Gh-6 Road, Gandhinagar-382023, Gujarat,
India, tel. 91 98983 20018, anitanlalwani@yahoo.co.in
Jolly Parikh is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics at A.R. College of
Pharmacy and G.H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Gujarat, India.

*To whom all correspondence should be addressed.

What would you do differently? Email your thoughts about this paper to ptweb@advanstar.com
and we may post them to the site.

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Pharm. Pharma. Sci. 8 (1), 76–93 (2005).

3. R. Linden et al., "Response Surface Analysis Applied to the Preparation of Tablets Containing
a High Concentration of Vegetable Spray-Dried Extract," Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 26 (4), 441–446
(2000).

4. Y.K. Agrawal and K. Prakasam, "Effect of Binders on Sulfamethoxazole Tablets," J. Pharm.

Sci. 77 (10), 885–888 (1988).

5. H.M. Elsabbagh, A.M. Sakr, and S.E. Abd-Elhadi, "Effect of Guar Gum on the Dissolution
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Effect of Binder Type and Binder Level on the Properties of Agglomerates Containing Lactose
and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
The authors studied the effect of the combination of binders on the flow and compressibility
characteristics of the agglomerates of binary combination of lactose and dibasic calcium
phosphate dihydrate.

Oct 2, 2008
By: Anita Lalwani, Jolly Parikh
Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 54-64

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 Similar
Table of
Product
Contents
s

Kline & Company is pleased to present a newly expanded syndicated report series focusing on the U.S.
and Western European markets for specialty excipients for oral solid-dosageform (OSDF)
pharmaceuticals. These reports provide a comprehensive analysis of this complex, fragmented, and
regulatory-driven market, including:

 Distinct and detailed analyses of four major specialty excipient categories and more than 25
individual products
 Industry dynamics, regulatory issues, and key trends, including an assessment of the business
implications of these issues
 An assessment of key technology trends and drivers in oral solid-dosage-form delivery systems
 A detailed assessment of specialty excipient procurement practices
 Business profiles of leading and niche specialty excipient and technology suppliers
 Overall business outlook and appraisal through 2008

Overview The Global Outlook for Specialty Excipients for Oral-Solid Dosage-Form Pharmaceuticals is
a continuation of Kline's benchmark series of syndicated reports. The program has been specifically
designed to assist current and potential specialty excipient suppliers in understanding the market
dynamics of each significant global region and in capitalizing on the developing business opportunities.

The U.S. and Western European markets for specialty excipients for oral-solid-dosage-form
pharmaceuticals are highly competitive and are together valued at upward of $800 million in 2003, as
shown in Figure 1.

Each region is being affected by a variety of internal and external factors, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Specialty excipient suppliers are considering the strategic implications of many of these trends and
issues on their global and/or regional businesses, including such questions as:

 How can we compete successfully and profitably in the global excipients market?
 How will customer expectations and purchasing criteria and practices change over the next
five years?
 How will future regional government regulations impact the current product landscape and
the development of new specialty excipients?
  What are the growth opportunities for specialty excipients in each significant global region?
 Should we market a broader excipient product range? Why?
 What could global harmonization mean to our business?

The Report

A key component of successful and actionable strategic business plans is a real-world understanding of
the market for specialty excipients in selected key regional markets and a detailed assessment of the
current and potential customer base, supply-chain dynamics, and the current and potential
competitive arena.

Kline's authoritative analysis, The Global Outlook for Specialty Excipients for Oral Solid-Dosage- Form
Pharmaceuticals, will provide subscribers with the necessary customer, competitive, and business
intelligence to develop effective strategic business plans and will serve as a critical reference source to
answer the industry's most challenging questions. The foundation of information and insights will help
facilitate the efficient allocation of financial, marketing, and manufacturing resources needed for
future business development.

Research Methodology

Kline's research approach places the greatest emphasis on primary research to ensure that the
foundation of business intelligence and insight is accurate and current.

During the course of the field research in each region, we conducted in-depth discussions with more
than 300 knowledgeable industry participants to define and verify, in an exacting manner, the nature
of the current and future competitive and business environment. We have found that Directed
Discussions™, our professional-to-professional field research methods, are unmatched in their ability
to gather hard-to-get market and competitive intelligence with a high degree of confidence.

The project team conducted interviews in each region with: (1) leading manufacturers and marketers
of pharmaceutical OSDF products; (2) leading manufacturers, marketers, and distributors of specialty
excipients; and (3) pertinent government agencies and trade associations.

The report also draws upon a search of recent trade and technical literature; and analysis of statistical
data from government agencies, trade associations, and industry organizations; and nonconfidential
data from Kline's library and files. Primary research comprises more than 90% of the overall research
methodology for this syndicated report. Subscription Options and Conditions

The Global Outlook for Specialty Excipients for Oral Solid-Dosage-Form Pharmaceuticals is only
available by subscription. Two subscription options are available to subscribers:

1. Full reports
2. Individual sections

Full-Report Subscriber Benefits

 One day of consultation time with members of the project team at Kline Group's offices in
Little Falls, NJ, or Brussels, Belgium, to be used at the client's discretion within one year of
receipt of the report. This meeting can be used as a company-specific work session to help
each subscriber obtain maximum value from the program.
 The option of hard copy or online versions of the report. Subscribers can elect to receive three
hard copies of the report or, alternatively, the online version. The online version includes
unlimited online access to the report contents for employees of the subscribing company, plus
one hard copy. Additional copies of the report will be made available for a nominal fee.

Also Available:

Volume II: Western Europe

Excipients Technology By UPS

Enhancing Performance. Providing Solutions.

Building on a strong foundation in polymer and material sciences, ISP offers a comprehensive
range of excipients to enhance the performance of oral solids, liquids, parenterals and ophthalmic
dosage forms. ISP has been providing solutions to formulators of pharmaceutical and dietary
supplement dosage forms for 50 years. Our excipients products are based on science; let us work
with you to bring your formulation to market faster

Quality

We are committed to supplying the pharmaceutical industry with the highest-quality products,
always manufactured to the highest industry standards. To this end, our quality groups
continuously monitor, audit, train and upgrade our quality systems. Manufactured in state-of-the-
art facilities, our products for pharmaceutical applications are made to suitable cGMP standards
and conform to the current monographs in the United States, European and Japanese
pharamacopeias. 

As a founding member of the International Excipients Council (IPEC), we support and follow
IPEC guidelines.
USP Verified Pharmaceutical Ingredients

The following products used in pharmaceutical manufacturing

have been awarded the use of the “Verified Pharmaceutical
Ingredients” mark by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP):

 Plasdone® C/K Povidones

 Plasdone® S-630 Copovidone,
 Polyplasdone® XL and XL-10 Crospovidones

The USP Verified Pharmaceutical Ingredients Program is a rigorous voluntary verification

program initiated by the USP in response to increasing concerns about the quality and
consistency of pharmaceutical ingredients. The USP Verified mark is awarded to companies and
pharmaceutical ingredients that pass all USP verification requirements, including a GMP audit,
thorough documentation review, and testing for purity and potency. The USP Verified
Pharmaceutical Ingredient Mark is displayed on every container of verified ingredients, as well
as on accompanying certificates of analysis, confirming the quality and integrity of the products.
In addition, verified ingredients become part of the List of Ingredients Verified by USP,
displayed on the USP web site.

ISP’s USP-verified pharmaceutical products have also been issued a USP Certificate of
Standards Compliance – currently the highest-quality and most comprehensive verification on
the market. Pharmaceutical manufacturers that purchase ISP products verified by USP are
assured that they are consistent in quality from batch to batch; meet label or certificate of
analysis claims for identification, strength, purity, and quality; are manufactured in accordance
with the internationally accepted Good Manufacturing Practices for Excipients; and meet
requirements for acceptable limits of contamination.

Our USP-verified products are manufactured at our excipient production plants in Calvert City,
Kentucky or Texas City, Texas.