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We measure the strength of a bond by the energy required to pull
the ions apart.
More highly charged ions will have a stronger ionic bonds (most
important).
Smaller ions will have stronger ionic bonds (considered after
charge).
Ex 1:
Rank the following ionic compounds in order of decreasing bond
strength.
LiCl
NaCl
MgCl2
MgF2
MgO
CaO
The energy to break an ionic bond is the energy required to take
the ions in a compound and pull them apart to individual ions.
This will be an endothermic process (breaking bonds required
energy).
This will be the same as the energy released if individual ions form
an ionic solid (forming bonds in an exothermic process).
The energy of the ionic bonds is called the lattice energy. A
reaction to make a solid from gaseous ions would be very difficult.
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
According to Hesss Law, we can
find a different set of steps that
have the same overall result, we
can find the energy.
This process is called the BornHaber Cycle. This cycle uses the
enthalpy of formation and a series
of steps to find the lattice energy
Born-Haber Cycle
1. Sublimation energy
2. Bond strength (covalent)
3. Ionization energy
4. Electron affinity
5. Lattice energy
Net reaction: enthalpy of formation.
Ex 2:
Using data from your text (p.362), Data Booklet and The diagram
above, to find the lattice energy for KF.
Problems
9.17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
CO2
SO32-
N2
O2
HCN
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
There can be times when a double bond
can equally be placed at two positions;
the choice of which is arbitrary.
In the Lewis Structure for NO2- the
double bond can be placed with either
oxygen.
The result is half of each. This is a
resonance structure.
Draw the Lewis structure for:
SO3
O3
CH3COO-
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
H Dbroken D formed
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
4.4 VSEPR
The shapes of covalent molecules can be explained
using the VSEPR theory: Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion.
Electron pairs (bonding and non-bonding) will
arrange themselves to maximize the distance
between them so to minimize their potential energy.
The shapes that the atoms adopt depend on the
number of electron pairs around the central atom.
These arrangements allow the electron pairs to be as
far apart as possible.
You need to know the names and angles for these
VSEPR geometries.
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
4.4 VSEPR
Note the position of the lone pairs in the triganol
bipyramidal geometry.
All positions are equal in the octahedral
arrangements.
Example 1:
Give the VSEPR geometry and molecular
geometry (including angles) for:
NH3
XeF4
SeCl4
SO2
O3
I3-
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
The second type of covalent bond is a pi bond. This bond
forms if a double or triple bond is necessary. In a multiple bond
the first bond is a sigma bond and the second and third bond are pi
bonds. These bonds are outside of the axis between the two atoms
IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Notice that the geometry of the sp2 hybrids is trigonal planer.
This is where the trigonal planer geometry comes from.
Pi bonds are also weaker than sigma bonds. This is why a double
bond is not twice as strong as a single bond.
A bond is stronger if the orbital overlap is greater and if the
electrons can spend more time in the shared orbital.
To make two pi bonds, an atom must have two p orbitals that are
not hybridized. This can occur if an atom is making a triple bond
or two separate double bonds.
To have two p orbitals for pi bonding, there is only one p for
hybridization.
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
To determine the p orbitals that are hybridized, subtract any
needed for pi bonds, hybridize the rest.
Example 1: Draw the following molecules indicating the bonding
orbitals:
a) Ammonia (NH3)
b) Oxygen
c) C2H4
d) HCN
e) H2C=C=CH2
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
The last aspect we will examine is bond
delocalization. This allows us to explain
resonance.
In this diagram of NO2, what is the
hybridization of each atom?
Each atom must be able to form a pi bond. The electrons in the
pi bond are actually shared among all of the p orbitals.
Bond delocalization adds stability to molecules. Breaking a
delocalized bond is harder, because it involved more atoms.
Example 2: Draw the bonding for the following molecules:
a) Ozone (O3)
b) NO3
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Different types of bonding can be seen in the allotropes of carbon:
diamond, graphite and fullerene (bucky ball).
A diamond has carbon atoms that are sp3 hybridized. Each carbon
is bonded to four other carbons in a three dimensional matrix.
What properties could this give to carbon?
Graphite is made of carbon atoms that are sp2 hybridized. They are
like benzene rings that continue in large layers. The electrons are
delocalized between the layers of carbon atoms. Properties?
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Example 1:
Determine if the following have a dipole:
CH4
NH3
H2O
CO2
Cl2
SO2
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Dipole bonding attracts molecules together. The stronger the
bonding, the higher the temperature must be before the substance
will boil or melt.
Solid
Liquid
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Example 2:
Explain the following trends:
B.P of noble gasses
B.P. of halogens
Example 3:
Explain the trends in the graph below.
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
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IB Chemistry 4 Bonding
Some compounds can form large, covalently bonded molecules,
macro-molecules.
Diamond is an example of a network covalent solid. Melting a
diamond involves breaking the covalent bonds between
carbon atoms.
Are these inter- or
intra-molecular bonds?
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