M

Handout 7 -
:

M
VII () . 2009/2010.

... ...
( )
(, )
( p po ;

T To ;

c co ). ,

(, ) (),
().
E = Ex + An
= E +

, - .
, ( T To )
- .
,
. .
1.
1 2 ,
.
, .
() /,
(1) (2) .

To

po
119

 , ,
( po = idem, To = idem, co = idem )

p1 p2 p
o
1

p1

p A p2

pA

2
Q

oa
Q

s
p

po

2
2

-Wmax,12 = (U1 -U 2 ) - To ( S1 - S 2 )

:
Q12 + W12 = U 2 -U1Q12 = -Q1o 2 o
2o

dQ = T dS Q1o 2 o = To dS = To ( S 2 o - S1o ) = To ( S1 - S 2 )
1o

DSo + DS RS = DS IS
DS IS = ( S2 o - S1o ) + ( S 2 - S1 ) =

Q1o 2 o
+ ( S 2 - S1 ) 0
To

: DS IS = 0

120

-W12 = (U1 -U 2 ) + Q12 = (U1 -U 2 ) - Q1o 2 o = (U1 -U 2 ) - To ( S1 - S 2 ) = -Wmax,12

:
DSo = DS IS -DS RS
( S2 o - S1o ) = DS IS - ( S2 - S1 )
: Q1o 2 o = To ( S1 - S 2 ) + To DS IS
-W12 = (U1 -U 2 ) - To ( S1 - S 2 ) - To DS IS
-W12 = -Wmax,12 - To DS IS

-DW = -Wmax,12 + W12 = To DS IS

-Wg = Exg = To DS IS -
(2) (),
:
-Wmax* ,1o = (U1 -U o ) - To ( S1 - So )

( ) To ,
po .

121

 Wmax* ,12 2 p v
.

p
1

1-2

'''' ( )
kor
Wmax
po V1 Vo
* W
max*

V2 Vo
( ) :
kor
Exz Wmax
U1 U o To S1 So po V1 Vo
*
,1o

kor
Exz Wmax
* m
u1 uo To s1 so po v1 vo m exz

exz

Exz
u1 uo To s1 so po v1 vo
m

, :

T
p
exz cv T1 To To c p ln 1 R ln 1 po v1 vo
To
po

122

 p v T s

123

124

 , , :
Ex g To S IS

-
. .
(, ) .

E g = To ( S2 - S1 )

E g = To ( S2 - S1 )

125

2.

po To .
:

( p T po To )
( )

w ,
( ) z ,
:
ex exter exkin ex pot

exter ex fiz exhem
m ex
Ex

W ,
Ex

J
ex
kg

w2

Ex m exter exkin ex pot m exter

g z Ex
ter Exkin Ex pot
2

Exter Ex fiz Exhem

- 1 p , T
Ex
fiz
1 1

po , To .

. Ex
( ).
fiz

Ex
hem -
.
Ex
Ex
Ex

Ex
ter
kin
pot

, Ex

Ex
kin
pot
exkin , ex pot

- M ,
(= )

exkin ekin
ex pot e pot

126

 ''TS'' , ,
''1'' '''' ,
( )
, , .

p1
t

w 1A

h1

ho

h, s, w, z

po

q 1A

wt

To

q Ao = wtAo = To ( so - s1 )

w1to = w1t A + wtAo

ho , so , w = 0, z = 0
s

Q W t dE
Q12 W12t E2 E1W12t E2 E1 Q12
_________________________________
S IS S RS So 0S RS So 0 -

S2 S1 S2o S1o 0 S2o S1o

Q1o 2 o

To

Q1o 2 o To S1 S 2 Q12

W12t E2 E1 To S1 S 2 /
w12t e2 e1 To s1 s2

1
m

127

( 2 = )
w1to eo e1 To so s1

w2
w1to ho h1 To so s1 0
g 0 z
2

ex wt

pov

w2

h1 ho To s1 so
0 g z 0

ex
ex
fiz
pot
ex
kin

m ex -
Ex
1 p1 , T1 po , To .
( , )
S IS S2 S1 S 2 o S1o 0

S2o S1o S IS S2 S1
Q To S IS To S1 S 2

T S
Ex
g
o
IS

ex h1 ho To s1 so ex fiz -
w2
gz
e h
2
e ex an

a - e

e p e h

e h1 ho To s1 so an
ex h1 ho To s1 so
an ho To s1 so
:

h1 ho c p T1 To
s1 so c p ln

T1
p
R ln 1
To
po

T
p
ex ex f c p T1 To To c p ln 1 R ln 1 f p, T
To
po

128

 ( )
p v T s

129

 '' h - s ''

130

3.

. ( )
.
(, )
.
(!) .
( ).
-
, ( ) () .
Q ExQ AnQ
= .
.

Q 12 ExQ 12 AnQ 12

Ti idem

:
2i

1i

Ti

T = Ti = const

( ExQ )12

T = Ti = const

dQ

dQ
= dSQ
Ti

dW = d ExQ

1p

2p

To

( AnQ )12

To = const

dQo = d AnQ

To = const

dQo
= dSQo
To

Q ExQ AnQ
dSQi dSQo

Qo To

Q Qo
Tti

Q
Ti

To

0
-

AnQ Qo To dSQi

131

 ExQ Q AnQ Q To

ExQ Q 1

To
Ti

Q
Ti

C
T Q

W Q Qo Q AnQ ExQ Q 1

To

Ti

T
ExQ 1 o Q TC Q
T1
T
AnQ o Q
Ti

Ti idem
T

1i
2

2i

1i

( ExQ )12

2i

TdS

DsTi

To

1i

2i
1

(Q)12

( ExQ )12
4

To

2p

1p

1p

2p

To

( AnQ )12

( AnQ )12
s

132

sti srs so 0

srs 0
sti

so

Q
T

Qo
To

Qo , pov
To

An

Q 1 2

To

W povr Q Qo Q AnQ Q 1
AnQ

To
Q
T

Ex

2
T
1 o
1
T

Q 12

To
ExQ
T

T T idem T idem To ,
.

- Q
ExTi Ex
Ti
Q C Q 1 To
Ex
Ti
Ti
t
Ti
TTi
Ti To
Ti To

Qi 0
Qi 0

0
Ex
Ti

ExTi 0
0
Ex

Ti To

Ti

ExTp Ex
Tp

Q 1 To
Ex
Tp
Tp
TTp

TTp To

0
Ex
Tp

TTp To

0
Ex
Tp

TTp To

133

4.

Tti

Wdov

Ex
Q , dov

Ex
ul

dEx
KZ
0
dt

Ex
Q ,odv

Ex
izl
Z

Wodv

Ttp

Exg
Exg To S IS

x

x

dov

odv

Ex

Ex
Q
ul

dov

Wul

iz

odv

Wodv

Ex

Ex
Q

Ex

Ex
g

dov

Ex

odv

:
Sankey-je ....
Grassmann-

134

5. SANKEY-JEB & GRASSMANN-OB

/
SANKEY-JE ....
GRASSMANN-

135

5.

( t - ).
:

'' '' ( ) .
:

Ex

Ex

Ex
Ex
Ex
1

Ex
Ex
Ex
ocuvano

ul

ul

ul

ul

, ()
:

t
Ex
ocuvano Exiz W P

Ex

Ex

Ex
Ex

Ex
ex
gs
iskorisceno
isk ul
1 gs

ul
Ex
ex
Ex
Ex
ul
ul
ul

.
:
exul wt ex1

exocuvano ex2

exg exul exocuvano

136

6.

6.1 :

6.2 :

137

6.3 :

138

 :
1. . , ,
.
2. H.D. Baehr, Thermodynamik, Springer-Verlag, 1966.
3. ENERGIE UND EXERGIE, mit Beitraegen von H. Baehr, E. Bergmann, F. Bosnjakovic,
P. Grasmann, J. van Lier, Z. Rant, H. Roegener, K. Schmidt, VDI-VERLAG,
Duesseldorf, 1965.
4. E. Doering, H. Schedwill, M. Dehli, Grundlagen der Technischen Thermodynamik, 2005.
5. . , , 2007.
6. ., ., ., , 1980.
7. N. Kalinina, V. Brodanskogo, i dr. Eksergija i energija, Izdateljstvo, Moskva, 1967,
1968. (na ruskom)

139