Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Laplace Transform Study Notes

    Uploaded by

    SunnyArora
    17 views20 pages
    18593_laplace Transform Study Notes (1)

    Original Title

    18593_laplace Transform Study Notes (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    18593_laplace Transform Study Notes (1)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    17 views20 pages

    Laplace Transform Study Notes

    Uploaded by

    SunnyArora
    18593_laplace Transform Study Notes (1)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 20
    trv he alse bre Be Historical Profiles sei tere 15.1 INTRODUCTION (Our frequency-domain analysis has heen limited to circuits with sinu soidal inputs. In other words, we have assumed sinusoidal time-varyi excitations in all our non-decircuits. This chapter introduces the Laplace tansform, a very powerful tool for analyzing circuits with sinusoidal or ‘nonsinusoidal inputs “The idea of transformation should be familiarby now. When using phasors for the analysis of circuite, we transform the circuit from the time domain to the frequency or phasor domain, Once we obtain the phasor result, we transform it hack to the time domain. The Laplace transform ‘method follows the same pracess: we use the Laplace transformation tw transform the circuit from the time domain to the frequency domain, obtain the solution, and apply the inverse Laplace transform to the resull twtransform it buck to the time domain “The Laplace transform is significant for a number of re itcan beapplicd to a wider variety of inputsthan phasor ana it provides an easy way to solve circuit problems involvi ditions, because it allows us to work with algebraic equations insicad of differential equations. Third, the Laplace transform is capable of provid s,inone single operation, the taal response ofthe circuit compris both the natural and forced responses. ‘We bein with the definition of the Laplace transform and use it to derive the transforms of some basic, important functions. We consider some properties of the Laplace transtorm that are very helpful in circuit analysis. We then consider the inverse Laplace transform. transfer func tions, and convolution. Finally, we examine how the Laplace transform, is applied in circuit analysis, network stability, and network synthesis 15.2 DEFINITION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM Givena function f(t). its Laplace transform, denoted by F(x) or LF (Ut). where s is a complex variable given by sso+Jo Since the argument sf of the exponent ¢ in Eq. (15.1) must be dimension less, it follows that s hasthe dimensions of frequency and usits- seconds (5~!)- In Eq. (15.1), the lower limit is specified as 0 atime just before = 0. We usc O- as the lower limittoinclude the origin and capture any discontinuity of f(t) at = 0; this will accommodate functions—such as sinzularity functions—that may be discontinuous at 1=6. Whe ‘The Laplace transform is an integral transformation of funetion ft) fram the time domain into the complex frequency domain. giving Fs). We ssumein Ti (151) that f) signee ford <0. To ease fats the case, a futons ten mati bythe uit step, Ths ‘The Liplae tans ii (oc wileral Laplace tins, The 0-1 anor igen by purposes ie ely type of Laplace asf tt we wi eat ia his took A funcion f(t) may nt have a Laplace wansform, tn order fr bafiite vale. Since |e forany valu ofthe integral converges hes [oerwoa < 0 i Coen FOI cote FO) cist’ TG) 6 mdse st te Foes darcy Retell cea of eed aca Tabu ty decoveer cet wg Us) acre Laat A comps th din Lape orn mE (01) joguatanea eto aly erwr=s0=3h fo" Hea ‘her the interion i prfomed along astraiht ine (0+ je, 20 < ee ‘icc apliitiow of Eg. (15.5) involves some knowledge about complex analysis beyond the sop of hisbook. Forts reason, we wil at use (15) fo find the immerse Laplace wanform. Weil rater use 1 fed as Laplace transform pair where Fo) 2 rasforn of cach ofthe filling functions (a) a), (b)e-*ut a> O,and(c) 5). a) For the ait ep funtion w(t), shown in Fig ewin= [war (For he wit imps fncton, shown in Fig 15. [sneraaeret Siting property aE (73) has bcnappid Datei the Laplace tansfem of ft) formof te sme Find be Laplace tansorm of ft) = cost ‘The properties of the Laplace transform help us to obtain transform pairs \yus we did in Examples 13.1 and of the Laplace transform in Eq. (15.1) Linearity f Fils)and Fs) are, respectively, the Laplace transforms of f(t) and fo(t), then Jay Flt) +a flO = ay Fs) +0, Fels 4 and a are constants. Equation 15.7 expresses the linearity property ofthe Laplace transform. The proof of Ea. (15, from the definition of the Laplace transform in Eq. For example, by the linearity property in Eq. (1 Sealing If F(s) isthe Laplace transfarm of f(r). then where of the Laplace transform in replaced by +/ar while the ef is replaced by x. Hence, we obtain the scaling property expan = 4 (2) saz) For example, we know from Exampl. Cisin ot) Time Stitt If F(s) is the Laplace transform of J (#), then etfe -am ani = fF ed say But a(t — a) = Ofort a. Hence, cute —au(r—an= [fe —ade" de ste Ie we let x = dr and! =< +a. Ast + a,x Oand ne =f foe nee dix =e [foe a ELF (t — allt —a)] =e Find In other words, function is delayed in time by a. the result in the s domain is multiplying the Laplace transform of the function (without the delay) by e~**. This is called the time-delay or time-shift property of the Laplace transform. Asan example, we know from Bq. (15.9) that Ecos] = Using the time-shift property i osm(t —alu(t—a)] Frequency Shift Ie F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(#), then fle fin= fe Fitve = fo sie [semyon= Fo +a | (15.19) (1) can be obtained tram the This is known ty we obtain the Laplace transform of the damped sine and damped cosine functions as a sinew] = | the Laplace transform (A-Loer om ‘To imtcgrate this by parts, we let wt = €° (dffaeydr “Fat). Then © [Gi] - teen [Pf sen-nenar du = —se~" dt, and dv = Fos) — fi «us23y FU) is a repeated ELF ON — FO") = s1eF (a) — F0-)] — FO-) (s) — sf") — F'0-) ()) =F) — sf 0") — FO) Continuing in this manner, we can obtain the Laplace transform af the it derivative of f (0) as = sindst. Using Eq. (15.23) and the scali [sF(s) — f0™)) as expected Time tn If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), the Laplace transform of its imegral is If find [ feras| ear “To imegrate this by pats, we let [ fede. da = finde wa] -[froa] “Erm For the frst term on the right-hand side of the equation, term at f = o« yields zero due to ¢-*™ and evaluatin; 0. Thus the first erm is zero, and e[[ 0a] -drw Asan cxample ifwelet /(0) = u(0), fomEnample 15.1(a) F(a) = [fm] =en 1 eer Similarly, using integration by pats, we can show that [fr] freed Frequency Differentiation IF F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), then ree [poe “ing ae wi pet $F puycrenar = [estoy and the frequency differentiation property becomes dF(s) cui =—F ‘Repeated applications of this equation lead to cuesion= (ep SE fx came noe om Esl) ht ce = (+0 Uae nope nb )-a 19 a4 (1529 rene eg 330 Tine ay Ucn pt actin ch abn 183 Serena ram cael acs ao a eb pores FO) = fill) + fol) + fA) + Fert) Ap tne Thott eT, thatis, - fil) = Fontua) ute —71 ssw joa [l — Ogter thre om ‘Wenow trasform ech erin Eg, (15.36) and appl the time shit po ery ng (1317) We Oban FU) = Rls) + Fe + Fie + FUNC + SAGE betes cen a elSt Demmi hyena ee he 82 Lee ey ifs <1. Hee, shows that he Laplce ransom of pero fn the transom ofthe rst pred ofthe function divide by |" Inia! and Finat Values ‘The initial-value and fnal-yalue properticsallow usto finde initial value f (0) and the final value f(20) of fe) direetly from its Laplace tr form Fe). To oblain these properties, we begin with the differeaistion property in Eg. (15.23), namely, any _ pas wren for) e[ 7] [fen ‘exponential factor. and Eq. (15.41) becomes Eq. (15212) that Using the initial-value theorem, Fics) = lim + Fw ‘This is referred tos the final-value theorem. In order forthe final-valve theorem 10 hold, all poles of F(x) must be located in the left half of the Piles Ge Fae. ESN or Fie. 5.905 thet bo te pion rd ew aceetive real paris, The only exception to this requirement is the case in which Fs} has asi 0, because the effect of 1,'s will be aullified re = Fe Applying te final-value thearcen. Fo) = tieg eee) — tiny as expectod trom the given f(t). As another ext so that docs not have a limit sx —+ sc. Thus, the final-valuc theorem cunnot hee usc ta find the final value of f(#) — sin. becatee F(x) has poles ats = +), which are not in the left half of the s plane. In general, the final-value theorem does not apply in finding the final values of sinusoidal functions —these functions oscillate forever and do not have final values The initial-value and final-value theorems depict the relationship between the origin and infinity in the time domain and the s domain serve as useful checks on Laplace transforms. Table 15.1 provides list of the properties of the Laplace transform. The last property (on convolution) will be proved in Section 15.7. There are other properties, butthese are enough for present purposes. Table 15.2 ace transforms of somc common functions. We have omitted the factor w(t) except where it is necessary. br (2) Eanes Find the Laplase transform of f(t) =c0s21-+¢-*1 > 0. Answer: Determine the Laplace ansform of f(t) =F sin 2 w(). Solution: Wehnow that ctsin2n . FEE 1 roquencydiferaiton i Eg, (15 Fo) =cir'sinay = 1 & (2) “ales (EENMMSMN Find the Laplae transform of f(t) = 120s 3 Find the Laplase transform ofthe Solution: We can express the 2 ui -3)) Since we know the Laplace transform of w(t}, we apply the ime-shift property and obin pictetoe w, wom Foe Paice Pr For Example Fer Pace Prt 156 Find the Laplace transform ofthe Function hit) in Fig. 15.6 Answer: (Calculate the Laplace transform of the periodic function in Fi Solutio “The period ofthe function is T = 2. Tospply Ea. (15.40). we fist obwin the transform of the fst period ofthe function Ailt) =e) — ult — 1)] = Beat) — Bewie — 2am) — 210 — 14 ult — 1) = 2ue(t) —2¢¢ — Nutt — 1) —2u — 1) Using the time- shin property “Thus, the transform ofthe periicfanction in Fi Fis)= Determine the Laplace transform of the periodic function in F Le Answer: mn aea eetieeue cana (ill os the pvicn ple where We ial omiicne Lae ook provided, we frst acedto deicrmine the partial fractions. Since there a thre poles, me let where A, B, and C are the constants to be determined. We can find the ‘Constants using two approaches ETHOD J Residue method: [METHOD Algebraic method: Multiplying both sides of Ea, (159.0) by sts-+ 25 43) gives fe +3) + Bale +3) + Cl +2) Eaquating the coefficients of like powers of s gives Constant: 12 = 64 38 +2¢ Fy =2- By finding the inverse transform of exch term, we obtain ft) = 2at) — Se 120, PT Solute Wii he prevousexamplesonsipleroos ths example som epested ross Lt 10s Dy Retdac method sasr) |= B=U+nve) a (ioe ~aiess f° +1200) — Or +4) +1) ETHOD IAL Algenrate metnod: Muluplying Eq. (3.10.1) by ls? 4 4-= AG? 4 Ss° + 8644)4 BU + ar +4) + CGF +5) + DP 3 + Eaquating coefficients BAS4E+C42D => 4840420 SA+4B+C43D => 484043 A+B+D + B+D=-1 nullancous equations gives A= 1, B = —14,C = DI. so that “Toking the inverse transform of cach term. we set u(t)

    You might also like