CHAPTER 9 SITE SURVEYING Please refer to Chapters 5 & 16 of the textbook. CONTENTS 91 92 9.3 9.4 9.5 SRVIZ-Q 260 uNisA INTRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION OF SPOT HEIGHTS READING/TAKING OF SPOT HEIGHTS REDUCING SPOT HEIGHTS DRAWING CONTOURS PAGE 261 263 264 268 274 ~~ Chapter 9 Engineering9.1 INTRODUCTION Please read Chapters 5 & 16 in your Textbook and familiarise yourself with the processes involved in surveying that will allow you to prepare a representation of the topography of the land that you surveyed The result of such a survey will generally be a contour plan, with or without other features such as the associated physical and natural features of the specific location Revise your Drawing 1 notes on Surveying, especially the various symbols to which you were introduced Re-read the introduction on page 2 of Chapter 1 of this Study Guide, and understand WHAT it is that you are supposed to do LEARNING OUTCOMES After completing + Describe how to take spot heights in the field ‘+ Reduce these spot heights so that it can be plotted section, you will be able to + Plot the spot heights to scale + Demonstrate your understanding of scales, as applied to drawing * Plot gridlines to a specified scale as the basis for preparing the contour plan + Interpolate between spot heights to ascertain the correct position of the contours and draw in the contours and label these contours at specific intervals + Plot and indicate any physical and natural features of the topography In other words, you will be able to produce a contour map from field observations of spot heights by applying the methodology explained in this chapter SRVIZ-O 264 Chapter 9 uNISA EngineeringThe above is demonstrated under the following headings Distribution of Spot heights 1 Know where to take spot heights 2 Convert ground distance to plan distance 3. Determine plotting accuracy Reading Spot heights 1. Describe how to take spot heights in the field 2 Able to read spot heights 3 Understand why is necessary to first read spot heights to two known points 4 Know how to and able to book spot heights Know how to take spot heights to trees Know how to handle stadia hairs when only the bottom and middle cross hairs are visible 7 Know how to draw a neat sketch, which shows the North arrow 8 Know how to orientate North, using a watch Reducing Spot heights Reduce these spot heights so that it can be plotted Reduce the vertical angle Determine the stadia distance Determine the height component Determine the height difference Determine the Height of the spot height Book the description and mark the position on the sketch Nooeone Drawing a contour plan Plot spot heights Convert stadia distance to plan distance Draw grid tines, ona Write the grid values 5 Draw contours ‘SRVI21-Q) 262 Chapter 8 UNISA Engineering‘Write in the contour values in the correct manner Know the SA co-ordinate system Know the different systems in use in SA Place the North arrow in the correct position and orientation aoero (0 Place the Scale of the plan in the correct position 9.2 DISTRIBUTION OF SPOT HEIGHTS Spot heights are taken mainly to show contours, but depending on the survey, it could be just for the detail (man made objects) Make sure of the purpose of the survey ll!" For Surveying |, the purpose is to show the lay of the land, meaning contours Contour A continuous fine joining points of equal elevation There are 5 points to consider when deciding on the Surveying method : 1 Allclear changes of slope For open terrain, a grid pattern is used For a terrain with many bushes or trees, a pattem is used which looks like the spokes of a wheel The staff person moves away from the instrument until no more spot heights can be taken on that line, then the staff person moves to the next clearing, where the surveyor can see him/her Then the staff person moves towards the instrument while spot heights are taken on that line This process is repeated until all the spot heights are recorded 2 Allphysical features Fences, buildings, roads ete Find out which symbols are used in practice for the different physical features 3 Allnatural features Trees, rocky outcrops, cliffs etc SRVI2-0 Chapter 9 UNISA EngineeringFind out which symbols are used in practice for the different natural features 4 According to Scale (1 500 for this course) Determine how far apart the spot heights should be on the ground, if they should be approximately 30 mm apart on the plan (from the tip of your thumb to the first knuckle) Using the formula x mm. 30 mm = distance mm, 500 + Distance mm = 15.000 mm = 15m = approximately 15 paces 5 According to Plotting Accuracy With the sharpest pencil available, make a dot on the plan The smallest dot has a diameter of 0,00025m How large is this dot on the ground? Potting Accuracy = Scale x 0,00025m, therefore a1 500 plan has a Potting Accuracy of 500 x 0,00025m = 0.125m ‘This means that any feature which is smaller than 125 mm will be shown as a dot A practical application is, when surveying @ furrow which is 0,100m wide, it is only necessary to survey the middle of the furrow Another example is when surveying a 1 50 000 plan, the plotting accuracy is 12,5 m, thus any structure smaller than this will be represented with a dot, and described in the Legend, where the dot with ats tap etc 9.3. READING/TAKING OF SPOT HEIGHTS Procedure for observing Spot heights (Memorize this) 1 Measure and book HI (N.B) ie HI = 1,56 (accurate to the nearest centimetre) SRVI21-0 264 Chapter 9 uNIsA Engineering2 Drawa neat sketch of the area On this sketch, show your position, then number each spot height, as it is taken, relative to your position 3 Read distance directly Place the Bottom cross hair onto a whole number (a multiple of (0,1m), and read the distance directly every decimetre = 10 m, every centimetre = 1m, every millimetre = 0, 1m Example if the Bottom hair(BH) is on 1,600m, and the Top hair (TH) is on 2,194 m on the staff reading, then the Stadia distance (S) = (Top hair ~ Bottom hair) X 100 = (2,194 — 1,600) X 100 = 59,4m (See step 2 in Section 9.4 below) Staff — Stadia rod D Horizontal stadia sight ‘The general industry standard in the manufacturing of the optics used in ‘surveying instruments is such that the focal length of the instrument, divided by the actual distance between the TH and BH within the instrument, will be equal to a constant (K) for a given instrument under unchanged conditions, ‘SRVI21-Q 265 ~~ Chapter 9 uNISA EngineeringH {is the focal length of the instrument, and i is the distance between the TH and BH within the Instrument (the stadia hair), then interval factor £ is called the stadia i f In most instances, K 100 for the instruments you will be using at Toppieshoek In the above sketch, the alpha-numericals have the following meaning ° FE f From similar triangles, ab = a'b’ and hence Optical centre of the lens Focal point of lens Focal distance Distance between stadia hairs in the instrument ‘Stadia interval - this is the apparent locations of the stadia hairs on the staff or stadia rod at points A & B Horizontal distance from © to the vertical axis of the instrument Horizontal distance from the Vertical axis of the instrument to the Focal point of lens In many instances, and for the purpose of this course, the instrument is manufactured so that f+ = Horizontal distance from the focal point to the rod or staff Horizontal distance from the centre of the instrument (the vertical axis) to the rod d $ were £ = K, as s i stated above, and K is taken as 100 for this course The Horizontal distance from the centre of the instrument to the rod, D = Ks + (fc), where (f+ c)=C_ This is another constant, but, as mentioned, for the purpose of this course, f +c = 0 Hence, the horizontal distance D is ‘equal to the stadia interval factor (Kk) multiplied by the stadia interval (s) hence D = Ks where K = 100 and s = (TH — BH) for horizontal stadia SRVIZT-O UNISA Chapier 9 Engineeringsight However, most sightings are not horizontal, but at an angle This will be explained further under Section 9 4 — Reducing of spot heights If there are a lot of bushitrees, then sometimes it is not possible to see the reading on one of the cross hairs Then place the Bottom hair on a whole number and read the distance directly up to the Middle hair, and multiply your answer by 2. This method must be used if your Top hair falls off the staff, and only the Bottom and Middle hairs are on the staff Remember to book the Middle hair as itis 4 Place MH preferably on HI, and book MH reading ‘Show staff holder to move to next position Read and book direction (2-22-32) ‘Only use Circle Left for all Spot heights ‘When taking a spot height to a tree, itis not possible to put the staff into the middle of the tree Place the staff at right angles to the tree, so that you are still the same distance from the instrument All spot height readings are taken to the staff, except for the direction reading, which is taken to the middle of the tree 7 Read and book vertical circle reading (85-45-53) Only use Circle Left for all Spot heights Try always to put the MH on the HI reading 8 Book spot height description SRVIETO 267 Ghapter 8 uNIsA EngineeringSite Surveying Field book Field book showing the Observations for one Spot height Field book :Site Surveying survey Observer Weather, Bacon description, ee Taser [ie |e wa 7 aanaae| tron | sta | ounce | ae wna | neom | oitin | wevaten | sense ant | Te _| sistance oie | MrT component | Elevation | Sketches | = | al 1 1 paper Tear | RET ae eesie | i= as aa | [eft tt _ l _t _ __ | Practical At Toppieshoek, you are required to take 100 Spot heights from your ovin T1 point, and complete the Site Plan, as learnt in Drawing | 9.4 REDUCING SPOT HEIGHTS The Site Surveying Field book is shown above The example below shows the Order of the Calculations - 4 —6, in bold Field book :Site Surveying ‘survey observer Wiather, Beacon description, te rom | sade | ostene | ate | vane | soe | omin | eton | vue | | comoanant | Sarton “a ery 1-6 below represent the order in which you must calculate and bock the readings See the completed Field Book at the end of this section ‘SRVIRT-O Chapter 9 uNisa EngineeringOrder of the Calculations 1 Vertical Angle = Alpha («) = 90° - Vertical Circle reading This calculation is done for ALL the Vertical Circle readings, before continuing further 1 = 90 - 85*45:53 note the angles must be converted to decimal = 90 — 85,76472° = 4.235278" a= 414-07 This is entered above the direction, 85+45+53, in this instance The + or ~ is very important, because that is the sign which must be placed in the Height Component column, now! 2 Horizontal Distance = H = SCos’a Remember, we are now working with a sloping stadia distance, not a horizontal one, as explained under point 3 in Section 9 3, above Stadia distance (S) J] Top cross hair (2,194) | Middle cross hair ~ (1.897) Bottom cross hair (1,600) Horizontal distance (H) In the triangle shown with the dark dashed line, Cos « = H 8 Thus, H = Scos a" SRVIAT-O 268 ~~ Chapter 9 uNisa EngineeringNote this is an S written in capitalsit!! Now, this “S" the Stadia distance, is replacing the D = Horizontal distance referred to in Section, 93, above Top hair(2,194) Stadia distance Required distance =h =s iddle hair (1,897) But the Stadia distance (S) was read using the Top and Bottom cross hairs Notice that the cross hairs are not at right angles with the staff ‘This means that the Stadia distance is not correct - The sketch above addresses the inclined plane The triangle above is similar to the large trangle, therefore the angle cis the same Thus, Cos a =h, therefore h = sCoso. s Now, this h, in lower case, is only half of the total distance between the TH and BH The whole distance from the TH to the BH is “S” and this is the same distance that was referred to in 9 2, above This means that the Stadia distance (s) can be changed to the correct distance h, by applying Cosx (You do not need to prove or demonstrate this ) The formula now becomes H = SCos’x Where H = Horizontal distance ‘SRVI21-O 270 Chapter 9 uNisa EngineeringNow, $ = Stadia distance = (Top hai = (2,194 1,600) x 100 =59,4m 2. He 59,4 X cos"4-14-07 59,076 m Reread point 3 in 93, above Note what is said about the procedure to follow Bottom hair)x100 when you cannot see the top hair You will need to follow this procedure in doing the Tutorial following this section If in doubt, ask 3 HI-MH=1,56- 1,897 =- 0,337 4 Height component V = $ SinaCosa Stadia distance (S) Top cross hair(2,194) Middle cross hair (1,897) Height component (V) Bottom cross hair(1,600) Pao aee The Height component is the distance from the MH, down to the horizontal, called V Sina=V therefore V = Ssin o” S$ So, Vis also dependent on SS is also corrected by applying Cos: and ‘once again, you do not have to prove this Thus, the formula becomes V = $ Sina°Gosa® = 59,4 Sin (4°14:07) °Cos (4*14+07) ° += 59,4 Sin(4,235278) °Cos(4,235278) ° = +4,375 m SRVI2T-O UNISA CChapier 8 Engineering(Remember that the sign was obtained from your first calculation of the Vertical angle) 5 Height difference Height difference = calculation 3 + calculation 4 =-0,337 + 4,375 = + 4,038 m 6 Height of point T4 If the height of T1 is unknown as is the case here, and the height of B3 was known, (1 223,450) then calculation 6 would be 1 223,450 — 4,038 = 1 219,412 If the height of T1 is known (1 219,412), and the height of B3 was unknown, then calculation 6 would be 1 219,412 + 4, 038 = 1 223,450 NB ALL height differences are added or subtracted from the height ofT1 Completed Field book :Site Surveying for the above example Survey Observer Weather, Bescon description ete wu | signe Elevation | Ramerks and wo | Some |" |S | | “tamer” | a} wen} TERT | FORE SET | GT | SAaTS SEO TORT | Ss PTE) seats | + Continue on to 72, 1, etc until you have completed all your readings at Toppieshoek, SRVIRTO, we Chapter 9 uNisA EngineeringTUTORIAL 10 - SPOTHEIGHTS T10 1 Use the following Tacheometric readings to complete the standard field bock form below, and reduce it fully @Pri Stadia readings (to comer of house) Bottom hair = 1,500 Middle hair = 1,863, Top hair = not visible 65m) Direction to comer of house = 2243311 Vertical reading = 87+45+12 Peg height at P7 = 123,410 Field book :Site Surveying Survey Observer Wisther, Beacon description, ste na T102 Use the following Tacheometric readings to complete the standard fieldbook form below, and reduce it fully Stadia readings (to comer of house) Bottom hair = 1,200 Middle hair = 1,678 Top hair = not visible SRVIZ-O 28 Chapter 9 UNISA EngineeringFieldbook :Site Surveying ae Tae T wae |_| mam | ig | oti | seaton | amt nt Ta 1 T2578 | SOPpoIC | ToT | 20s | HET | —— ‘ence "| am 9.5 DRAWING CONTOURS In practice, once you have reduced the field book, you will plot the spot heights toa specific scale on suitable paper However, you first need to establish how big the drawing will be and whether you will be able to plot it to the specified scale on the available paper The first thing you need to do is to establish the maximum and minimum co- ordinates of the survey, and then devise a grid at suitable intervals of say 50 metres both ways ‘Once you have established the grid interval, you must plot the grid, and then the co-ordinates of all the stations in your survey From these station co-ordinates you will then be able to plot your spot heights However, for the practical exercise you will be doing at Toppieshoek, we will use a slightly different approach, as described below (If you add-up all the Y & X co-ordinates and divide these two answers by the number of co-ordinates, you will have the mean co-ordinate of the survey, which you can then the centre of your page by drawing a light, construction cross in the middle of the page ) The format you will use at Toppieshoek follows: Preparation of the field book The first thing you need to do is to change ALL the horizontal distances to distances on the plan with the formula SRVI2-O Chapter 9 UNISA Engineeringx mm = distance mm ‘Scale ‘Where the Scale =1 500 Example 59,976 X 1.000 mm = 118 mm ‘500 These calculated plan distances, can be written in the left hand side margin Field book fe Surveying Weather, Beacon description, ote T Ta ea Tae from | sua | ontncs | wis ee | HH ttn | eration | Remar and om 1% TOA 18 sia | iors | TaRT~) aenen | RETEST] 037 [TTT] 44088 [RATART] Stn i 8 ea’ |asa0s fie] aneanai fase] 6 [Waar [35787] amie o 88 [Sasa PTH] taaaaas Pore] 0 [Taz] az [ETAT] ins ih eel nee Notice the data has been highlighted (made Bold) It is only the distance on the plan, the names, the directions and the heights That is all that is needed for plotting a plan Of course a ruler, pencil, paper and protractor are also needed Plotting spot heights 1 Across the middle of the paper, draw a vertical and a horizontal line, very faintly (construction fine) Make sure that the two lines are at right angles with each other Check it with the protractor 2 Where the two lines cross, draw a double circle around the middle, and name it T1 (double circles are used for surveyed survey stations, like Traverse stations) 3 Write down the height, without the constant Write in the 19 to the left of, the double circle, and the 4 to the right (round off height to nearest decimetre) “SRVI21-Q 278 ‘Chapter 9 uNIsA EngineeringPlace the protractor over T1 and line up the 0° to the line closest to you (orientation), and line up the 90° with the left hand side line (checking orientation) On the side of the protractor mark off the Directions, and write their names next to the mark Remove the protractor when the marks become too dense It is usually good to do only 10 spot heights at a time Place the 0 on the ruler on T1, and line up the ruler with the mark which is named 83 Measure off the distance which was calculated = 148mm Make a dot at the 118mm mark Remove the ruler Write down the height, without the constant, and rounded off to the nearest decimetre To the left hand side of the dot, write in 23, and to the right of the dot, write 5 Example 23-5 The dot represents the comma or point you would normally use Notice that the dot is called a spot, thus the name spot height! Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8 with each of the other 9 spot heights Rub out the marks and names and put down the protractor over Tt again Now mark off the next 10 spot heights etc, ete in the Toppieshoek Practical Plotting Grid lines. Look at the co-ordinates of T1 and determine in which quadrant they fall Ti -83 486,897 42.345 677,76X -,+ means that this survey falls in the 4" quadrant This also tells us how the Y co- ordinates must be written Imagine that you are standing on the Central Meridian (OY), and you are looking at the co-ordinate It must be written so that you will read it upright SRvIaa 26 Chapter 9 unis Engineering+ 2.345 677,760X +55 789,420 Y AO A068'98h £8 - Write the co-ordinates of T1 onto the faint construction lines drawn through T1 The Y co-ordinate to the right of the line, because of the minus value, and the X co-ordinate on top, as shown above Draw in a North Arrow, always in the top right hand comer of the plan ‘White in the Scale, aways in the bottom right hand comer of the plan Scale=1 500 The Scale indicates what the Grid interval must be What ever the Scale, take away the last zero, leaving you with 50, in this case This ‘means 50m on the ground, and it also means that the Grid lines must be multiples of 50, and 50m apart Using x mm = distance mm calculate the 50m distance on the plan Scale 100 mm, x mm = 50 000mm ‘500 Y Grid lines Calculate how far the Grid line will be to the left of the Y co-ordinate for 71, by first rounding off the co-ordinate to a multiple of 50 which is lower than T1's Y co-ordinate value hence -83 486,890Y’ = - 83 450Y Now subtract it from the co-ordinate of T1 83 486,890 — 83 450 = 36,890 m (ignore the signs) Using x mm = distance mm calculate the distance on the plan Scale SRVI21-Q ~ aT ~~ Chapter 9 UNISA Engineering10 " 12 x mm = 36. 890mm = 73,8 mm to the left of -83 486,890 500 At the top and bottom of the plan, measure and put a dot at 73,8 mm to the left of the vertical faint line which passes through T1, making sure that itis parallel to the faint line Draw the Grid fine through these two dots, up to the edge of the paper This line must be darker ‘Write the full Grid Value on both sides of the line, one on the top cf the page, and the other at the bottom of the page, as described in pont 1, above Grid value 83 450 Y - This is your first grid line, from where you will plot the other grid lines From this Grid fine, measure 100 mm (= 50m) to the right, and draw in the Grid line Write the full Grid value on both sides of the line as described in 9 above Grid value = - 83 500 Y X Grid fines Repeat steps 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 for the X Grid lines Put in Grid lines to cover the whole sheet of paper If you have co-ordinates for many points, then it is advisable that you determine the mean Y and X co-ordinates Use the mean Y and X values in the same way you used the co-ordinates for T1 Plotting co-ordit 1 The Grid lines must first be drawn, following the procedure in the previous section 2 Look carefully at one of the co-ordinates (ie -83 486,89Y), and dacide between which two Grid lines does it fall Hold your finger there 3 Now look carefully at the other co-ordinate (ie +2 345 677,76X, and decide between which two Grid lines does it fall Tr TO haptior 8 uNIsA EnoinesringSubtract the smaller Grid value from the co-ordinate Calculate the distance on the plan, and measure the plan distance from the smaller Grid value If you did this with the Y co-ordinate of the point, then draw a perpendicular line, very faintly Do the same as step 4 with the X co-ordinate, and draw a horizontal line, faintly The centre of the point is where the two faint ines cross It is a surveyed point, therefore draw a double circle around it and write its name next to the double circle Drawing Contours, Contour A continuous line joining points of equal elevation NB When drawing @ contour it is extremely important to start with the LOWEST contour Draw ONLY this contour, where it appears, for the whole plan DO NOT try to draw more than ONE contour! Refer to the sketch, below Contour interval The contour interval is decided by the Scale of the plan If the Scale is 1 1000, you must see this as 1,000m Notice that the comma moved 3 places to the left Example Contour interval fora 1 500 plan = 0,500m, Do not extrapolate This means that when a contour passes through between two spot heights when drawing near the edge of the plan, you must not extend it more than tom You cannot make assumptions on how the contour most probably would look like Contour values are written on both sides and in the middle of a contour = 3 times Ifit is a closed contour, then write the contour values on either side, in the middle = 2 times Contour values are written at right angles with the contour Contours values are ALWAYS written so that if you are standing at the lowest value, you can read the values upright ‘SRVIZIQ 278 ‘Chapier 9 UNISA EngineeringDrawing contours by estimation Remember, the scale is 1 1 000 (calculated above) shown on plan If you where given a straight line between 2 points, (spotheights 11,4 and 13.6) and told to divide it up in such a manner as to show where the whole numbers should be, approximately, ie 12 and 13 below = 12 and 13 contours Imagine the shortest straight distance between the two points, - what is the height difference between these points? From 11,4 to 12,0=0,6m From 2,0 to 13,0 = 1,0m From 13,0 to 13,6 = 0,6 m Now, by estimation, decide where the 12 and 13 m contours should be Looking at the following spotheights, you will estimate between 10,3 and 13,4, from 10,3 to 12,5 and from 10,3 to 13, 47 ie , to all the points around you 1344 AT sols 14 ‘SRVI21-0 280 Chapter 9 UNISA EngineeringContours The 11m contour = Lowest contour SRVIRT-O uNisa 100 1 U 128 eae, te a > 160 te ad 6 ees © 140 1m “A , wor 7 Scale 1 1.000 Bat Chapter 9 EngineeringContours The 12m contour 1 14 t 20 VP ws 12~_-—" 12 to to 152 y, 1 103 Scale 1 1.000 Please remember to contact your tutor, should you get stuck This is a correspondence course, so the tutor does not know that you have trouble with a ‘concept, unless you contact him Also, at the practical workshop, you will got a better understanding of the actual process of surveying Please adhere to the guidelines set-out in this Study Guide ‘SRVIZ-Q 282 Chapier 9 uNisa Engineering