CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FRONT PANEL DIAGRAM FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION THEORY CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONSTRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB - 17-CE INTRODUCTION Measurement of strain has high importance in the field of science and technology, Strain ‘measurement can be done by using a variety of sensors with proper signal conditioning, This strain gauge module (ITB-17-CE) is designed to measure the strain of the cantilever beam by using a four arm bridge circuit. The strain gauges are available in many types and ranges. Based on application, proper selection of this sensor is very important. The strain measurement is also associated with an experimental stress analysis of machines and structures and the construction of force, pressure, flow and acceleration transducers. It acts as a secondary transducers. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION @ Stainless steel Thick ness (t) 7 0.25 cm Breath (B) 2.8cm Length (I) é 21.58 cm Young's modulus 2x 10°kg fem? Type Flange Mounting Strain gauge Wire wound resistance Capacity lkg Gauge Factor : 1.9 to 2.3 Bridge Resistance : 350Q +/-1Q Safety overload : 150 % of rated capacity Max . Overload 7 200 % of rated capacity Operating Temperature : 1'C-S5°C Accuracy : 0.5 % of full scale division Linearity : 0.5 % of full scale division Connection Four core shielded cable W Microsystems Pvt. Ltd, aSTRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE Gi) LED display Size 50 20 mm Type Common anode. Display t 3.5 Digit ‘Segment : Seven Segment (iii) Power supply Input 230 V AC/50 Hz Outputs +5V/LA -5.V/500 mA +12. V/ 500 mA -12.V/ 500 mA. ITB-17-CE unit Working Temperature 15°C to 50°C Accuracy 1.5 % of fall scale division Linearity : 1.875 % of full scale division Size : 370% 280 x 90 mm. Viticrosystems Pvt Itd, TISTRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER. ITB -17-CE FRONT PANEL DIAGRAM Vi Microsyetens Dvt. ltd, Chennai g Ee i 5 Z i é WiWicrosystens Pvt Ltd, 37STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER. FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION Power ON/OFF Sensor Interface Test Point (T1) Test point (T2) and (T3) Zero adjustment POT 14 TS Gain adjustment POT GND test point Seven Segment 3.5 digit display ITB - 17-CE It is used to switch ON/OFF the unit Strain sensor’s 9 pin D connector is interfaced into the ITB-17-CE trainer kit through this interface. For measuring the pressure sensor input voltage Gv) For measuring the sensor output voltage (mV) across T2 and T3 For zero Calibration. For measuring the instrumentation amplifier output voltage (mV). For measuring the signal conditioned output voltage (0 to SV) \ For Span calibration For common de ground of the circuit. For displaying the strain sensor output in terms of micro strain. Villicrosystems Pvt. Ltd,, (4)STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ITB - CANTILEVER, 9 PIN CONNECTOR DEAD WEIGHT PAN The cantilever beam is fixed on a rigid body. Strain gauges are placed on the surface of the beam, ‘When the load is applied on the end, a downward force is exerted. It tends to change the dimension of the beam. This dimensional changes are sensed by strain gauge ie placed on it, a strain occurred on the beam is calculated by the given formula, 6PL Bey Strain = ‘Where, } Applied load in Kg A Length of the beam in om ore 4 Breath of the beam in cm & Thickness of the beam in cm Y ——_& Young's modules of the material to be used in kg /em?* Vitlicrosystens Pvt Td, 131STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE RAIN GAUGES, THEORY OF The change in the value of resistance by straining the gauge may be partly explained by the normal dimensional behaviour of elastic material, Ifa strip of elastic material is subjected to tension or in other words positively strained, its longitudinal dimension will increase while there will be a reduction in the lateral dimension. So when a gauge is subjected to a positive strain, its length increases while its area of cross-section decreases. Since the resistance of a conductor is proportional {o its length and inversely proportional to its area of cross-section, the resistance of the gauge increases with positive strain. The change in the value resistance of strained conductor is more than what can be accounted for an increase in resistance due to dimensional changes. The extra change in the value of resistance is attributed to a change in the value of resistivity of a conductor when strained. This property is known as piezo-resistive effect. Let us consider a strain gauge made of circular wire, The wire has the dimensions : length = L, area = A, diameter = D before being strained. The material of the wire has a resistivity p. Resistance of unstrained gauge R = pL/A Let a tensile stress s be applied to the wire. This produces a positive strain causing the length to increase and area to decrease as shown in Fig.2(a). Thus when the wire is strained there are changes in its dimensions. Let AL=change in length, AA = change in area, AD = change in diameter and AR = change in resistance. bk t——+] a o-oo Tensile force Fig.2(a). Fig.2(b) Change in dimensions of a strain gauge element when subjected to a tensile force In order to find how AR depends upon the material physical quantities, the expression for R is differentiated with respect to stress, Thus we get: aree| Ree aA At ele ale ale ® as Dividing equation, throughout by resistance R = pL/A, we have Viicrosystems Pvi. Ltd, (67DION MEASUREMENT TRAI ITB - 17-CE PdR Lok od 1 Rds Loos A ds p as Hw evielont hans the above equations, that the change in resistance per unit resistance is due to 1) Change in tenuth per unit length ALL, W) Change in atea per unit area ‘AA/A and 1) Change in resistivity per unit resistivity Apip, Fquation ean be written as VaR 1 ah 2 aD, 1 opp Rds Los Dds p as lateral stra _ OWI longitudinal strain AL/L ODID = -v * ALiL vor FAR LOL, 2 aL, 1 op R de Tas Tas o As Vor small variations, the above relationship can be written as: AR AL, 4, AL , So R L L e ‘The gauge factor in defined as the ratio of change in resistance per unit resistance to change in length, per unit length, ARIR Gaugefactor G,« BRIR mais GRPANLIIIL: AR AL or EG Gn where ¢ = strain = SL 1d, 7]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE ‘The gauge factor can be written as ARV IR ey tpt ip. TALIL AL/L If the change in the value of resistivity of a material when strained is neglected, the gauge factor is 1+ 2v Equation is valid only when Piezo-resistive Effect i.e. change in resistivity due to strain is almost negligible. The following table gives the value of gauge factors for the various materials, TABLE - Gauge Factors Material | Gauge Material Gauge Factor Nickel “12.1 Platinum +48 Manganin +0.47 Carbon +20 Nichrome 42.0 Doped 100 - 5000 Constantan 421 Crystals Soft Iron 442 ViMlicrosystems Pvt. Ltd, (8]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB - 17-CE Types of Strain Gauges The following are the major types of strain gauges Unbonded metal strain gauges Bonded metal wire strain gauges Bonded metal foil strain gauges Vacuum deposited thin metal film strain gauges Sputter deposited thin metal strain gauges Bonded semiconductor strain gauges Diffused metal strain gauges NoOwayne Strain gauges are broadly used for two major types of applications and they are ’) experimental stress analysis of machines and structures, and ii) construction of force, torque, pressure, flow and acceleration transducers. Unbonded Metal Strain Gauges ‘An unbonded metal strain gauge consists of a wire stretched between two points in an insulating ‘medium such as air. The wires may be made of various copper nickel, chrome nickel or nickel iron alloys. In Fig.3, the flexure element is connected via a rod to a diaphragm which is used for sensing the pressure. The wires are tensioned to avoid buckling when they experience a compressive force. The unbonded metal wire gauges, used almost exclusively in transducer applications, employ pre- loaded resistance wires connected in a Wheatstone bridge. At initial pre-load, the strains and resistance of the four arms are nominally equal, with the result the output voltage of the bridge, 0. Application of pressure produces a small displacement, which is about 0.004 mm (full scale), the displacement increases tension in two wires and decreases it in the other two, thereby increase the resistance of two wires which are in tension and decreasing the resistance of the remaining two wires. This causes an unbalance of the bridge producing an output voltage which proportional to the input displacement and hence to the applied pressure. Force Fig.3. Setup of a unbonded strain gauge Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd, 19]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB - 17-CE Bonded Wire Strain Gauges The bonded metal-wire strain gauges are used for both stress analysis and for construction of transducers. A resistance wire strain gauge consists of a grid which is cemented to carrier (base) which may be a thin sheet of paper, a thin sheet of Bakelite or a sheet of Teflon. The wire is covered on top with a thin sheet of material so as to prevent it from any mechanical damage. The spreading of wire permits a uniform distribution of stress over the grid. The carrier is bonded with an adhesive ‘material to the specimen under study. This permits a good transfer of strain from carrier to grid of wires. The wires cannot buckle as they are embedded in a matrix of cement and hence faithfully follow both the tensile and compressive strains of the specimen. Since, the materials and the wire sizes used for bonded wire strain gauges are the same as used for unbonded wire strain gauges, the gauge factors and resistance for both are comparable. For excellent and reproducible results, it is desirable that the resistance wire strain gauges should have the following characteristics: i) The strain gauge should have a high value of gauge factor G,. A high value of gauge factor indicates a large change in resistance for a particular strain resulting in high sensitivity. i) The resistance of the strain gauge should be as high as possible since this minimizes the effects of undesirable variations of resistance in the measurement circuit Although a high resistance value of strain gauges is desirable from the point of view of swamping out the effects of variations of resistance in other parts of the bridge circuit in which they are invariably used but it results in lower sensitivity Carerbae) Sr tale (4) Linear strain gouge anal Wire id Wire grid Fig, Resistance wire strain gauge Vii (10)STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAII ITB -17-CE Thus in order to get high sensitivity higher bridge voltages have to be used. The bridge voltage is limited by the maximum current carrying capacity of the wires which is typically 30 mA. iii) The strain gauges should have a low resistance temperature co-efficient. This is essential to minimize errors on account of temperature variations which affect the accuracy of ‘measurements. iv) The strain gauge should not have any hysteresis effects in its response. ¥) __ Inorder to maintain constancy of calibration over the entire range of the strain gauge, it should have linear characteristics i.e., the variations in resistance should be a linear function of the strain vi) The strain gauges are frequently used for dynamic measurements and hence their frequency response should be good. The linearity should be maintained within accuracy limits over the entire frequency range. Bonded Metal Foil Strain Gauges This class of strain gauges is only an extension of the bonded metal wire strain gauges. The bonded metal wire strain gauges have been completely superseded by bonded metal foil strain ‘gauges. Metal foil strain gauges use identical or similar materials to wire strain gauges and are ‘used today for most general purpose stress analysis applications and for many transducers. Foil soldered, "connect ions Fig. 5 Foil type gauges have a much greater heat dissipation capacity as compared with wire wound strain gauges on account of their greater surface area for the same volume. For this reason, they can be used for higher operating temperature range. Also the large surface area leads to better bonding. Villicrosystems Pvt. Itd., Til)ITB - 17-CE STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER. The sensing elements of foil gauges are formed from sheets by photo-etching processes, which allow greater flexibility with regard to shape. This local increase in area reduces the transverse sensitivity which is a spurious input since the gauge is designed to measure the strain component along the length of grid elements. Hooke's law gives a relationship between stress and strain for linear stress-strain curve (i.e. for elastic limits) in terms of modulus of elasticity of the material under stress. Hooke's law may be written as : Strain € = s/E where €, s and E are respectively the strain, stress and modulus of elasticity. The units for stress and modulus of elasticity are N/m’. Semiconductor Strain Gauges Tnorder to have a high sensitivity, a high value of gauge factor is desirable. A high gauge factor means a relatively higher change in resistance which can be easily measured with a good degree of accuracy. Semiconductor strain gauges are used where a very high gauge factor and a small envelope are required. The resistance of the semi-conductors changes with change in applied strain. Unlike in the case of metallic gauges where the change in resistance is mainly due to change in dimensions when strained, the semi-conductor strain gauge depend for their action upon piezo- resistive effect i.e. the change in the value of the resistance due to change in resistivity. Gold wire Base ‘Semiconductor Terminals Fig.6 Semi-conducting materials such as silicon and germanium are used as resistive materials for semiconductor strain gauges. A typical strain gauge consists of a strain sensitive crystal material and leads that are sandwiched in a protective matrix. The production of these gauges employs conventional semi-conductor technology using semi-conducting wafers or filaments and bonding them on a suitable insulating substrates, such as Teflon. Gold leads are generally employed for ‘making the contacts. These strain gauges can be fabricated along with integrated circuit (IC) operational amplifiers which can act as pressure sensitive transducers. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., (12)STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB - 17-CE ‘Advantages i) Semi conductor strain gauges have a high gauge factor. ji) Hysteresis characteristics of semi-conductor strain gauges are excellent. Disadvantages i) The semi-conductor strain gauges are very sensitive to changes in temperature. ii) Linearity of the semi-conductor strain gauge is poor. iii) Semiconductor strain gauges are more expensive and difficult to attach to the object under study. Diffused Strain Gauges ‘The diffused strain gauges are primarily used in transducers. The diffusion process used in IC manufacture is employed. In pressure transducers, for ‘example, the diaphragm would be of silicon rather than metal and the strain gauge effect would be realized by depositing impurities in the diaphragm to form an intrinsic strain gauge. This type of construction may allow lower ‘manufacturing costs in some designs, as a large number of diaphragms can be made on a single silicon wafer. Uses of Strain Gauges 1. Strain gauges are used extensively for analysing the dynamic strains in complex structures such as the stress and the strain in bridges, automobiles, roads etc. where the output of the bridge can be recorded with an oscillograph calibrated to read the instantaneous strain or stress. 2. Resistance strain gauges are very useful for measurement of tension, torque, force, stresses in structures. They are particularly useful where a minimum disturbance by the presence of transducer is required as in wind tunnel measurements. 3. Strain gauges are used in load cells and proving rings to measure force by the strain produced. The proving ring is usually made of steel. The strain produced in the load ring is measured with a strain gauge. The strain is a measure of the force applied to the ring Gauge Sensitivity Fig.9 shows a single strain gauge mounted on a cantilever beam. When a force is applied to the beam, the gauge is subjected to a tensile stress. Therefore, the resistance of the strain gauge increases. This increase in resistance is measured using a Wheatstone bridge as shown in fig.10 Wiiicrosystems Pvt. itd, T7137STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE The bridge is balanced under unstrained conditions, but becomes unbalanced when the gauge is strained,. The change in resistance of gauge AR, = AR, (Ry/R,) where AR, = change in R,, to rebalance the bridge after the strain is applied. Now AR; =(R,/R,) Re, Output of bridge = KAR, where K = scale factor of AR, readout or indicator, Strain F gauge, Rg 4 ezza_| Fig.9 Force acting on a cantilever and measured by using single strain gauge Ss Strain gauge Fig.10 Strain gauge bridge for arrangement of fig.S Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd, 114]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB-17-CE Gauge sensitivity KAR? __ KAR? t € AR,, / Ry, G R, 2 AR TR Ka G gl ‘el 3 when R,=R, and R, and R, Gauge sensitivity S,=Krg G, ” Now if Ry = R,=R)=R=R The output voltage from the bridge is Ge 4 ‘Temperature Compensation (One ofthe ways in which temperature error can be eliminated by using adjacent arm compensating gauge is to use a dummy gauge in the adjacent arm. This arrangement is shown in fig. 1. Gauge 1 is installed on the test specimen (called active gauge) while gauge 3, called a dummy gauge is installed on a like piece of material and is not subjected to any strain. The gauges installed on the test piece and the dummy gauge are at the same temperature. A gauge is called dummy gauge in case it is not subjected to any strain. Active gauge is one which is subjected to strain, Initially when the bridge is balanced, Supposing a change in temperature occurs, the resistance R, and R, change by an amount AR, and AR, respectively.STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER. ITB - 17-CE. Gauge-3 (A Faw Hence for balance, or —*(R, + AR) = &R, + AR) or “*R «ar R, + AR rs 7 3 nr : But R, Ry GEAR, AR, Suppose Ry = R,. This requires that AR, = AR, It means that for the bridge to remain insensitive to variations in temperature the gauges R, and R, should have their resistance change by equal amount when subjected to variation in temperature, Therefore the active range R, and the dummy gauge R, should be identical. The use of dummy gauge for temperature compensation is simple and effective and should be employed whenever possible. WiWicrosystens Pvt Ltd, 116]STRA\ Me SUREMENT TRAINER IB Use of Four Active Gauges Fig. 12 shows a cantilever using 4 strain gauges for the measurement of strain, All the four gauges are similar and have equal resistance when strained icc R, =Ry These gauges are connected in the arms of a Wheatstone bridge as shown in Fig.13. Since the bridge has 4 active gauges with one gauge in each of the four arms, itis called a Full Bridge. Rg Ray {oT y ST Rg, Rag, (compression) Fig.12 Use of four strain gauges for measurement of strain b ei Fig.13 Bridge circuit for measurement of strain four using active gauges. ‘When no strain is applied the potential of points b and d are both equal to ¢/2 and hence the output voltage e = 0. ‘When strained, the resistance of various gauges are For Ry, and Ry : R(1 + AR/R) and for Ry and Ry: R(I - AR/R) Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd, 117]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE Potential of b when strain is applied R(l+AR/R) fe 1+ ARR, R(1 +A R/R) + RU - ARR) ' 2 ' Potential of d when strain is applied = RQ -AR/R) R(1 - A RR) + RL + A RR) Therefore change in output voltage Ag, = +75 AR ~ AS = ARI Re, = G, €e, Four active-active arm bridges are extensively used when strain gauges are used as secondary transducers to give maximum sensitivity combined with full temperature compensation. The effect of increasing the number of active gauges is the same ifa low impedance detector is used. The gauge sensitivity of a full bridge 4KR,G,STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION In the strain measurement trainer (ITB-17-CE), a cantilever beam strain sensor is used . It consists of a four arm strain gauge bridge circuit. Strain gauges are placed on the cantilever beam. One end of the beam is fixed . When the force applied at other end of the beam, a displacement is occurred on the beam. Since a strain gauge is a passive transducer. Input voltage for a strain gauge is getting from the unit through 9 pin D type male connector's RED and BLACK wires in the range of SV. Due to applied force, the longitudinal changes on the surface of the beam are sensed by the strain gauge and corresponding a resistance variation applied to the four arm bridge circuit. It is basically a Wheatstone bridge . The zero adjustment POT is used to balance the bridge and also nullify the sensor output at initial condition. The strain sensor output voltage in the range of (0-5) mV carries through the GREEN and YELLOW wires of the connector. 9 PIN "D" MALE CONNECTOR RED 1 acy 6 GREEN . we oz BLACK 5 let YELLOW» ®} 9 5 e le DE excrtarion fe ‘SOURCE Block Diagram for ITB-17-CE Vitlicrosystems Pvt. td, 1197STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINE ITB - 17-CE The sensor output is n iven {0 an Instrumentation amplifier. It is a differential voltage gain device ‘hat amplifies the difference between the voltage existing at its two input terminals. Instrumentation amplifier has following features are 1. High input impedance High CMRR Low output offset Low output impedance They are commonly used in environments with high common mode noise such as in data acquisition systems and where remote sensing of input variables is required. The output of the Instrumentation Amplifier is in the range (0-50) mV. That is given to the Non inverting amplifier for amplify the sensor signal. The gain of the amplifier is adjusted by gain adjusting POT. The signal conditioned output voltage is given to the seven segment 3.5 digit display, displays the applied strain in terms of micro strain Interfacing and Calibration Procedure 1. The strain sensor 9 pin. 'D' type male connector is interfaced to 'S' pin 'D' type female connector, fixed on the ITB-17-CE module. 2. First, unload the beam and nullify the display by using zero adjustment POT. 3, Apply the maximum load of 1Kg to the beam and adjust the display to 3702 strain by using gain adjustment POT. 4. After this initial calibration, the unit should not be disturbed until the completion of the experiment. SAFETY PRECAUTION 1. During offset adjustment, the beam should not be loaded. 2. The beam should not be disturbed during the experiment. 3, Remove the load from the beam, after completion of the experiment . Otherwise wire wound strain gauge will damage. 4. If youare getting an un satisfactory reading, then vary the zero and span POT ‘minimum to maximum. 5. Maximum load should not be exceed 1 kg. 6. Once calibrated, the setting should not be disturbed till the end of this experiment Vitlicrosystems Pvt. Utd, 120]AIN MEASUREM STRAINMEASUREMENT TRAINER ETB IT-CE EXPERIMENTAL SECTION EXPERIMENT-1 AIM. To study the character bridge voltage istics between strain applied to the cantilever beam strain sensor and the APPARATUS REQUIRED i ITB-17-CE Trainer kit ii, multimeter (mV) ili, Cantilever beam strain sensor setup iv. Weights (100 g ram x 10 Nos) v. Power chord FORMULA Theoretical strain PL 6x1 «21.58 BOY 28 x 0.25? x 2 x 108 Where, Applied load to the beam(P) kg Thick ness of the beam (1) 0.25 em . Breath of the beam (B) 2.8m Length of the beam (L) : 21.580m ‘Young's modulus (¥) of the beam : 2x 10°kg fem? Wticrosystems Pvt. itd, [21]SPRON WE SURE AUENT TRAINER TWICE PROOEDERE a SwRA ONT ade metal soa) onload the Beans and nullity the bridge voltage by using zero adjustment ror S Now sep ite nad to the Doam train will develop on the beam and measure abe Dextge vokage (mV) across TD and TS Gradually merease the Road on the beam and note down applied load and the dexige votage (mV). Tabuaate the values of anphed load theoretical stain and the bridge voltage (mV). S plot a graph beoween theoretical. strain versus bridge voltage (mV). TABULAR COLUMN Bridge voltage av) MODEL GRAPH Viticosystens Prt Tid, 13]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE ‘The graph between theoretical strain and bridge voltage are drawn. (i) Theoretical strain (us) Vs Bridge Voltage (mV) Bridge voltage(mv) SAMPLE READING: Theoretical strain (us) = 370 ps Bridge Voltage (V) = 5 mV RESULT ‘Thus the characteristics between strain applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the bridge voltage was studied and graph was plotted Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd, [23]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TR. EXPERIMENT -2¢ 4) ITB -17-CE AIM ‘To study the characteristics between strain applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the signal conditioned sensor output voltage. APPARATUS REQUIRED i, ITB+17--CE Trainer kit ii, Multimeter (V) iii, Cantilever beam strain sensor setup iv, Weights (100 gram x 10 Nos) v. Power chord FORMULA TO BE USED E% ~ Theoretical Strain= Actual Strain ,, Full Scale Division Theoretical strain = ORL 6x 1x 258 _ 370, serain BeY 28 x 0.25? x 2x 10% - Where, Max. applied load (P) to beam : 1Kg Thick ness (1) of the beam : 0.25em Breath (B) of the beam 2 28em Length (L) of the beam 2 21S8em Young's modulus (Y) 1 2x 10%kg fem? Witticrosystems Pvt. Ita, T2347SURAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB - 17-CE PROCEDURE Install the cantilever beam strain sensor setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB-17-CE kit Connect the multimeter in Volt mode across TS and GND for the signal conditioned sensor voltage measurement. 3. Switch "ON" the module. 4. Initially, unload the beam and nullify the display by using zero adjustment POT. [zero calibration]. 5. Apply the maximum load of IKg to the beam and adjust the display to 370 strain by using gain adjustment POT [ gain calibration] 6 Now apply the load to the beam , a strain will develop on the beam and measure the signal conditioned sensor output voltage (V) across TS and GND. 7. Gradually increase the load and note down the signal conditioned sensor output voltage (V) and actual strain, 8. Tabulate the values of theoretical strain, actual strain and signal conditioned sensor output voltage 9. Plot a graph between theoretical strain and signal conditioned sensor output voltage (V) Note ‘When 100 gram load is applied to the beam. The actual strain should be 37 js. TABULATION Theoretical strain (Strain) Signal conditioned sensor output voltage (V) Actual strain (strain) Villicrosystems Pvt. Utd, [25]STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER ITB -17-CE MODEL GRAPH "The graph between theoretical strain and signal conditioned sensor output voltage ) ‘The graph between theoretical strain and % Error (i) Theoretical strain (ys) Vs Output Voltage (V) 4 - —> Theoretical strain (us) ——> Output Voltage (mV) ‘SAMPLE READING: Applied load = 1Kg Theoretical strain (us) = 370 ys Output Vontage (V) =5V ‘Strain MeasurementErrar Chart RESULT Thus the characteristics between strain applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the signal conditioned output voltage was studied and graph was plotted. Vi Microsystems Pvt Ltd, 126]