SPSS16.

0
&
,,

2008

SPSS16.0

[2]

...............................................................................................................3
1.0 SPSS......................................................................................................3
2.0 ..................................................................................6
3.0 Viewer.........................................................................................................12
4.0 .....................................................................................................14
4.1

...............................................................................................................15

4.2 ....................................................................................17
4.3

............................................................................................19

5.0 ..........................................................................................24
5.1

Compute....................................................................................................................................24

5.2

Recode.......................................................................................................................................25

5.3

WeightCases.............................................................................................................................27

6.0 ........................................................................................................29
6.1

2........................................................................................................................................30

6.2

t.....................................................................................................................................34

6.3

(OnewayANOVA)...............................................39

6.4 (RepeatedmeasuresANOVA)........44
6.5 Wilcoxon....................................................................................................................................48
6.6

MannWhitneyU.......................................................................................................................50

6.7

KruskalWallisH.........................................................................................................................53

6.8

Friedman....................................................................................................................................55

6.9

PearsonsrSpearmansRho...............................................................56

6.10 ..................................................................................................60
6.11 ..................................................63

SPSS16.0

[3]

SPSS 16.0
Windows Vista. SPSS ,
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1.0

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SPSS16.0

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SPSS16.0
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SPSS16.0

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SPSS16.0

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[VariableView]

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SPSS16.0

[9]

SPSS
. Viewer
systemmissing(.2.1).

2.1

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Valid

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41,9

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636

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SPSS16.0
[10]

[Measure] SPSS

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SPSS16.0

[11]

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SPSS16.0

2.7

[12]

3.0

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SPSS16.0

[13]

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SPSS16.0

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SPSS16.0

[15]

,
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4.2

Frequencies

Frequencies4.1:

SPSS16.0

4.1

[16]

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

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Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

122

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SPSS16.0

4.2

[17]

Number of Children

Valid

Frequency
419

Percent
27,6

Valid Percent
27,8

Cumulative
Percent
27,8

255

16,8

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4.3

Frequencies

SPSS16.0

[18]

[OK][Statistics]
4.4.[Mean][CentralTendency]
[Std. Deviation] [Dispersion] [Median]
[CentralTendency][Range][Dispersion].

4.4

FrequenciesStatistics

(.4.3).

4.3

Statistics

Valid
Missing

Mean
Median
Std. Deviation
Range

1514
5
45,63
41,00
17,808
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SPSS16.0

[19]

.Std.Deviation.
.
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4.3

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0.111
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[Analyze > Multiple

Response>DefineSets]4.5:

SPSS16.0

4.5

[20]

DefineSets

4.5
set[VariablesinSet:].
[Variables Are Coded As] [Dichotomies]
[CountedValue:](1).
set[Name:][Add].
(.4.6):

4.6

set

SPSS16.0

[21]

4.6, [Multiple Response Sets:] set

($poleis ). sets
[Close].
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set.
(.4.7):

4.7

frequencies

4.7sets,
[Table(s) for:], [OK]. Viewer
4.5:

4.5

$poleis Frequencies

$poleis a

Total

Responses
Percent
329
47,1%
206
29,5%
163
23,4%
698
100,0%

Percent of
Cases
67,0%
42,0%
33,2%
142,2%

a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

4.5
(Responses) .

SPSS16.0

[22]

698,329,206163.47,1%
,29,5%23,4%.
(Cases).
()
142,2% 100%.
1,42.
4.5 : 67,0%
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Row(s): Columns:
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sex.
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SPSS16.0

4.9

[23]

defineranges

4.9
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1=2=.1[Minimum:]2[Maximum:].
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4.11

crosstabsoptions

SPSS16.0

[24]

4.11[Row][Column][CellPercentages].
[Percentages Based on]
(Cases) (Responses).
.

[Continue]4.10,[]
Viewer(.4.6):

4.6

crosstabs
$poleis*sex Crosstabulation

$poleis

Total

Count
% within $poleis
% within sex
Count
% within $poleis
% within sex
Count
% within $poleis
% within sex
Count

82
247
24,9%
75,1%
48,0%
77,2%
97
109
47,1%
52,9%
56,7%
34,1%
26
137
16,0%
84,0%
15,2%
42,8%
171
320

Total
329

206

163

491

Percentages and totals are based on respondents.

a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

( : Percentages and totals are based on

respondents.).2.

5.0

,
SPSS
.

5.1

Compute

[Compute].
[Transform > Compute]
5.1.

SPSS16.0

[25]

[Target Variable]
, [Numeric Expression]
.
5.1 sum,
q1 + q2.
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( etos),
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5.1

5.2

[Compute]

Recode

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[Transform>Recode>IntoDifferentVariables][Transform>Recode>IntoSameVariables].

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[Transform>Recode>IntoDifferentVariables]
5.2.

SPSS16.0

5.2

[26]

[Recode]

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(.5.2.).
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5.3.

5.3

[Recode]

. [Old Value]
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SPSS16.0

[27]

[New Value]
.,
[Add][OldNew].
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15through25[NewValue]1
[Add].26through35[NewValue]2
[Add].
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5.3

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177

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SPSS16.0

[28]

1 2 .
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5.4

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SPSS16.0

5.5

[29]

[WeightCases]

[WeightCases]
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6.0

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(
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t
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Oneway ANOVA
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()

()

()

()

SPSS16.0

()

[30]

()

()

()

()

()

A()

A()

6.1

Spearman Rho
()
[]
Wilcoxon
(
2)
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Friedman
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Pearson r
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6.1

crosstabs

SPSS16.0

[31]

[Row(s):] [Column(s):] .
[Row(s):],
.

,
[Statistics...]. [Chisquare],
.
2.
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6.2

crosstabsstatistics

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6.3

crosstabscells

SPSS16.0

[32]

6.3 [Row] [Column]

[Percentages],
SPSS.
,[Continue](.6.1).

( 6.1) [OK] .
6.16.2.

6.1

()
Race of Respondent * Respondent's Sex Crosstabulation

Race of
Respondent

White

Black

Other

Total

Count
% within Race of
Respondent
% within
Respondent's Sex
Count
% within Race of
Respondent
% within
Respondent's Sex
Count
% within Race of
Respondent
% within
Respondent's Sex
Count
% within Race of
Respondent
% within
Respondent's Sex

Respondent's Sex
Male
Female
545
719

Total
1264

43,1%

56,9%

100,0%

85,7%

81,6%

83,3%

71

133

204

34,8%

65,2%

100,0%

11,2%

15,1%

13,4%

20

29

49

40,8%

59,2%

100,0%

3,1%

3,3%

3,2%

636

881

1517

41,9%

58,1%

100,0%

100,0%

100,0%

100,0%

6.1
.(%within
RaceofRespondent)
.
100 .
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6.2.
: Pearson ChiSquare.
, Sig., p, 0,05.
.

SPSS16.0

[33]

, 20%
(expectedcount)5.

6.2

2
Chi-Square Tests

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
5,011a
5,094
2,944

2
2

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
,082
,078

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df

1517

a. 0 cells (,0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 20,54.

(
race)SPSS
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222

SPSS16.0

6.2

[34]

t,.
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94
115
110
116
139
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105
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114
88
102
2
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132

SPSS16.0

[35]

, [Analyze > Compare Means > PairedSamples T

Test...].6.4.

6.4

:
[Variable1].[Variable2].
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ttest).,
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6.5

t
Paired Samples Statistics

Pair
1

To Obey
To Be Well Liked
or Popular

Mean
3,19

982

Std. Deviation
1,401

Std. Error
Mean
,045

982

,756

,024

4,60

Paired Samples Correlations

N
Pair
1

To Obey & To Be Well

Liked or Popular

Correlation
982

-,253

Sig.
,000

SPSS16.0

[36]

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

Mean
Pair
1

To Obey - To Be Well
Liked or Popular

Std. Deviation

Std. Error
Mean

1,752

,056

-1,405

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-1,515

-1,296

t
-25,129

df

Sig. (2-tailed)
981

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6.6

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1
1
1

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96
127
127
119

SPSS16.0

[37]

2
2
2
2

109
143
104
96

114

t,[Analyze>CompareMeans>Independent
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6.5

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6.6

SPSS16.0

[38]

6.6
.
1
2. , [Continue] (.
6.7),12.

6.7

[] Viewer
(.6.7):

6.7

t
Group Statistics

Age of Respondent

Respondent's Sex
Male
Female

N
636
878

Mean
44,18
46,67

Std. Deviation
17,033
18,288

Std. Error
Mean
,675
,617

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances

F
Age of Respondent

Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed

9,697

Sig.
,002

t-test for Equality of Means

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean
Difference

Std. Error
Difference

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper

-2,693

1512

,007

-2,492

,925

-4,307

-,677

-2,724

1420,931

,007

-2,492

,915

-4,287

-,698

,
.

SPSS16.0

[39]

.
Levene
,
(t).t
Levene(
Sig. 0,05).
Levene (
),(equalvariancesnotassumed).
SPSSt:t(1420,93)=
2,72,p=,007.,
(p=0,007).

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30(3030),
t,
.

6.3

(OnewayANOVA)

()(..,
).
t,


,6.8.

6.8

Groups
1
3
3

Scores
9
8
6

SPSS16.0

[40]

2
3
3

2
2

7
9
6

10
19

11

,[Analyze>CompareMeans>
OneWayANOVA]6.8.

6.8

[Dependentlist:](,
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).
.

[Options]6.9.[Descriptive]
[Homogeneity of
variance test] Levene. [Continue]
(6.8).

SPSS16.0

6.9

[41]

Options

[].(.6.9):

6.9

Descriptives

Highest Year of School Completed

White
Black
Other
Total

N
1262
199
49
1510

Mean
13,06
11,89
12,47
12,88

Std. Deviation
2,955
2,677
4,001
2,984

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
12,89
13,22
11,52
12,27
11,32
13,62
12,73
13,03

Std. Error
,083
,190
,572
,077

Minimum
0
3
3
0

Maximum
20
20
20
20

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Highest Year of School Completed
Levene
Statistic
9,539

df1

df2
1507

Sig.
,000

ANOVA
Highest Year of School Completed

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
240,725
13195,994
13436,719

df
2
1507
1509

Mean Square
120,362
8,756

F
13,746

Sig.
,000

SPSS16.0

[42]

(
, ).
Levene.
,
,Levene.


(. ).
.

,
Levene

. : F(2, 1507)=13,75, p<.001. ,
.

.
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.;

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WhiteBlack

WhiteOther

BlackOther

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SPSS16.0

[43]

. SPSS ,
.
Bonferroni.

SPSS,[PostHoc]
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6.10

PostHoc

E Bonferroni [Continue] .
[OK](.6.10).

6.10
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Highest Year of School Completed
Bonferroni

(I) Race of Respondent

White
Black
Other

(J) Race of Respondent

Black
Other
White
Other
White
Black

Mean
Difference
(I-J)
1,162*
,587
-1,162*
-,575
-,587
,575

Std. Error
,226
,431
,226
,472
,431
,472

Sig.
,000
,520
,000
,670
,520
,670

95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound
,62
1,70
-,45
1,62
-1,70
-,62
-1,71
,56
-1,62
,45
-,56
1,71

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

SPSS16.0

[44]

,
.6.10
WhiteOther
.

6.4

(RepeatedmeasuresANOVA)

(..,)
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. ,
6.11.

6.11

Mnths_6
124
94
115
110
116
139
116
110
129
120
105
88
120
120
116
105

123

Mnths_12
45
12
32
56
87
45
34
65
65
76
89
08
66
88
32
23

343

Mnths_24
114
88
102
2
2
2
2
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2
2
2
2

132

[Analyze >
GeneralLinearModel>RepeatedMeasures]6.11.

SPSS16.0

6.11

[45]

[NumberofLevels][Add].
(.6.12).

6.12

[Define](.6.13).

SPSS16.0

6.13

[46]

5.12 [WithinSubjects Variables (factor1):]

.
[Options](.6.14).

6.14

Options

SPSS16.0

[47]

6.14[DescriptiveStatistics][Display]
[Continue].[].
, 6.12
.

6.12
Descriptive Statistics
To Obey
To Be Well Liked or
Popular
To Think for Oneself

Mean
3,19

Std. Deviation
1,401

4,60

,756

982

2,03

1,274

982

982

Mauchly's Test of Sphericityb

Measure: MEASURE_1

Epsilon
Within Subjects Effect
factor1

Mauchly's W
,741

Approx.
Chi-Square
293,346

df

Greenhous
e-Geisser
,794

Sig.
,000

Huynh-Feldt
,796

Lower-bound
,500

Tests the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is
proportional to an identity matrix.
a. May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of significance. Corrected tests are displayed in
the Tests of Within-Subjects Effects table.
b.
Design: Intercept
Within Subjects Design: factor1

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1
Source
factor1

Error(factor1)

Sphericity Assumed
Greenhouse-Geisser
Huynh-Feldt
Lower-bound
Sphericity Assumed
Greenhouse-Geisser
Huynh-Feldt
Lower-bound

Type III Sum

of Squares
3248,149
3248,149
3248,149
3248,149
3591,851
3591,851
3591,851
3591,851

df
2
1,589
1,591
1,000
1962
1558,767
1560,884
981,000

Mean Square
1624,075
2044,202
2041,430
3248,149
1,831
2,304
2,301
3,661

F
887,129
887,129
887,129
887,129

Sig.
,000
,000
,000
,000

.
.
( p ),

SPSS16.0

[48]

GreenhouseGeisser Sphericity Assumed.

.

.
, factor 1
(p<0,001).

.
,SPSS
.
t
.Bonferroni
.
,(,
, ).
0,05/3=0,17.
p<0,017.

6.5

Wilcoxon

Wilcoxont.
.

[Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > 2 Related Samples]

6.15:

6.15

Wilcoxon

SPSS16.0

[49]

:
[Variable1]. [Variable2].
,SPSS
(
Wilcoxon).
, [] Viewer (.
6.13):

6.13 Wilcoxon
Ranks
N
To Be Well Liked or
Popular - To Obey

Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total

205a
777b
0c
982

Mean Rank
337,99
532,00

Sum of Ranks
69288,00
413365,00

a. To Be Well Liked or Popular < To Obey

b. To Be Well Liked or Popular > To Obey
c. To Be Well Liked or Popular = To Obey

Test Statisticsb

Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

To Be Well
Liked or
Popular To Obey
-19,742a
,000

a. Based on negative ranks.

b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

.SPSS(Mean
Rank).

p.
(p<0,001).

Wilcoxon
. SPSS
,
.

SPSS16.0

6.6

[50]

MannWhitneyU

MannWhitney U t .

.

[Analyze>NonparametricTests>2IndependentSamples]
6.16:

6.16

MannWhitneyU

[Test Variable List:] (

).

[GroupingVariable:](,
)t
[Define
Groups].

[]Viewer
6.14.

SPSS16.0

[51]

6.14 MannWhitneyU
Ranks
Respondent's Sex
Male
Female
Total

Age of Respondent

N
636
878
1514

Mean Rank
726,92
779,65

Sum of Ranks
462319,50
684535,50

Test Statisticsa
Age of
Respondent
259753,500
462319,500
-2,317
,021

Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

a. Grouping Variable: Respondent's Sex

.SPSS
(MeanRank).

( ) p.
(p=0,021).

MannWhitney U
.SPSS,
[Means].

[Analyze > Compare Means > Means]

6.17:

6.17

Means

SPSS16.0

[52]

[DependentList:]
[IndependentList:][Options]
6.18:

6.18

MeansOptions

[CellStatistics:][Mean][StandardDeviation]
[Median] [Range].
.
6.19:

6.19

MeansOptions()

SPSS16.0

[53]

[Continue] ,
[]Viewer6.15:

6.15 Means
Report
Age of Respondent
Respondent's Sex
Male
Female
Total

N
636
878
1514

Range
71
71
71

Median
41,00
42,00
41,00

,.

6.7

KruskalWallisH

KruskalWallis H
.
.
[Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Independent Samples]
6.20:

6.20

KruskalWallisH

[Test Variable List:] (

).

SPSS16.0

[54]

[GroupingVariable:](
). t ,
([DefineRange]).

[] Viewer
(.6.16):

6.16 KruskalWallisH
Ranks
Highest Year of
School Completed

Race of Respondent
White
Black
Other
Total

N
1262
199
49
1510

Mean Rank
779,33
616,52
706,22

Test Statisticsa,b

Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.

Highest Year
of School
Completed
25,460
2
,000

a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: Race of Respondent

. SPSS
(MeanRank).

p.
(p<0,001).

MannWhitney U
.SPSS,
Means,
MannWhitneyU.

.
,SPSS
.
MannWhitney U

SPSS16.0

[55]

. Bonferroni
.
,(,,
).
0,05/3=0,17.
p<0,017.

6.8

Friedman

Friedman
.
.

[Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Related Samples]

6.21:

6.21

Friedman

[Test
Variables:]. , []
(.6.17):

SPSS16.0

[56]

6.17 Friedman
Ranks
To Obey
To Be Well Liked or
Popular
To Think for Oneself

Mean Rank
1,89
2,72
1,39

Test Statisticsa
N
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.

982
884,275
2
,000

a. Friedman Test

.SPSS(Mean
Rank).

(),(ChiSquare),
(df) p (Asymp. Sig.).
(p<0,001).

Wilcoxon
. SPSS
,
.

6.9

PearsonsrSpearmansRho

Pearsons r
SpearmansRho,,
6.18.

6.18
IQ
102
108

GPA
2.75
4.00

SPSS16.0

[57]

109
118
79
88

85

2.25
3.00
1.67
2.25

2.50

[Analyze>Correlate>Bivariate...]6.22.
[Variables:]
[OK](.6.19).

6.22

Pearsonsr

6.19 Pearsonsr
Correlations

To Obey

To Be Well Liked or
Popular
To Think for Oneself

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

To Be Well
Liked or
To Think
Popular
To Obey
for Oneself
1
-,253**
-,532**
,000
,000
982
982
982
-,253**
1
-,120**
,000
,000
982
982
982
-,532**
-,120**
1
,000
,000
982
982
982

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

SPSS16.0

[58]

Pearsons r
.1.
1
.

Pearsonsr,p
.

(.).

,
.

Spearman Rho,
, [Correlation Coefficients]
PearsonsrSpearmansRho,
6.23.

6.23

SpearmansRho

SpearmansRho(.6.20):

SPSS16.0

[59]

6.20 SpearmansRho
Correlations

Spearman's rho

To Obey

To Be Well Liked or
Popular
To Think for Oneself

Correlation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Correlation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Correlation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

To Be Well
To Think
Liked or
To Obey
for Oneself
Popular
1,000
-,418**
-,529**
.
,000
,000
982
982
982
-,418**
1,000
-,038
,000
.
,229
982
982
982
-,529**
-,038
1,000
,000
,229
.
982
982
982

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Pearsonsr.
(scatterplot),
, [Graphs > Legacy
Dialogs>Scatter/Dot].6.24[Define]
[SimpleScatter].

6.24

Scatter/Dot

[XAxis:][Axis:](.6.25).,[]
Viewer.

SPSS16.0

6.25

[60]

SimpleScatterplot

6.10
[Analyze > Regression >
Linear].6.26.[Dependent:]
()[Independent(s):]
( ).
,.

6.26

LinearRegression

SPSS16.0

[61]

[OK](.6.21).

6.21
Variables Entered/Removedb
Variables
Model

Variables Entered

Highest Year of

Removed

Method

School

. Enter

Completed

a. All requested variables entered.

b. Dependent Variable: Take Active Part in World Affairs

Model Summary

Model
1

R
,198a

R Square
,039

Adjusted R

Std. Error of

Square

the Estimate

,038

,423

a. Predictors: (Constant), Highest Year of School Completed

ANOVAb
Sum of
Model
1

Squares
Regression

df

7,260

Mean Square
1

7,260

Residual

177,920

993 ,179

Total

185,180

994

Sig.

40,517 ,000a

a. Predictors: (Constant), Highest Year of School Completed

b. Dependent Variable: Take Active Part in World Affairs

Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients
Model
1

B
(Constant)
Highest Year of School
Completed

Std. Error

Beta

1,624 ,061
-,029 ,005

a. Dependent Variable: Take Active Part in World Affairs

Coefficients
Sig.

26,736 ,000
-,198

-6,365 ,000

SPSS16.0

[62]

(b)().SPSS,
.
6.21
Viewer. (
:HighestYearofSchoolCompleted&:TakeActivePartinWorldAffairs)
(Enter).
(ModelSummary)R(0,198),
, R2 (0,039
) Adjusted R2 (0,038 ),
(Highest Year of School Completed) 4%
(Take Active Part in World Affairs).
, 4%
.
,ANOVA,
F 0,000 (p<,001).
.,/
.
(Coefficients) : .
SPSS
(unstandardized regression coefficient). 0,029.
1 ,
,029.()(constant)SPSS.
1,624
().Beta0,198.
.
(standardscores),
.ttest:

.,
ttest b .
. ,

SPSS16.0

[63]

ttest (p<.001),
.

6.11

.
(..,Micceri,1989)
(latent),

;
,
.
1. . [Graphs > Legacy Dialogs >
Histogram].(6.27)()
[Variable:],()

[Display normal curve]. ,

6.27

Histogram

SPSS16.0

[64]

2. PP plots (ProportionProportion).

.
[Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > PP Plots] ( 6.28)
[Variables:].
[]6.29.

6.28

PPPlots

6.29

PPplot

SPSS16.0

[65]

3. (skew & kurtosis). [Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >

Descriptives](6.30)[Variables:]
.

6.30

Descriptives

[Options](6.31)
[Kurtosis] [Skewness]. [Continue], [] Viewer
.

6.31

Descriptives:Options

SPSS16.0

[66]

+22.+1
1 (>300).
(<100),

1,96:

(100 < < 300),

3,29.
4. . KolmogrovSmirnov (
SPSS ShapiroWilk). [Analyze > onparametric Tests > 1
Sample KS...] [Test Variable List:] 6.32
.

6.32

OneSampleKolmogorovSmirnovTest

[OK](.6.22).

SPSS16.0

[67]

6.22 KolmogorovSmirnov

(p=.555),
.
( > 300)
,.

.